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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Consolidated Income Tax Expense

The consolidated income tax expense consists of the following for the years ended December 31 ($ in millions):

	2018				2017				2016
Current provision
Federal	$	498			$	421			$	485
State and local	107				14				22
Total current provision	605				435				507
Deferred provision	(131		)		(109		)		92
Total income tax expense	$	474			$	326			$	599

Reconciliation Of Tax Provision At The U.S. Federal Statutory Rate To Income Tax Expense

The reconciliation of the tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate to income tax expense for the years ended December 31 is as follows ($ in millions):

	2018				2017				2016
Earnings from operations, before income tax expense	$	1,368			$	1,134			$	1,160
Loss (earnings) attributable to flow through noncontrolling interest	4				15				(8		)
Earnings from operations, less noncontrolling interest, before income tax expense	1,372				1,149				1,152
Tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate	288				402				402
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit	52				11				10
Nondeductible compensation	33				58				23
ACA Health Insurer Fee	149				—				162
Income Tax Reform	—				(125		)		—
Valuation Allowance	(28		)		14				10
Other, net	(20		)		(34		)		(8		)
Income tax expense	$	474			$	326			$	599

Tax Effects Of Temporary Differences Which Give Rise To Deferred Tax Assets And Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below for the years ended December 31 ($ in millions):

	2018				2017
Deferred tax assets:
Medical claims liability	$	78			$	46
Nondeductible liabilities	128				41
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	77				94
Compensation accruals	109				129
Premium and trade receivables	76				45
Other	61				11
Deferred tax assets	529				366
Valuation allowance	(53		)		(81		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	476			$	285
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets	$	343			$	342
Prepaid assets	31				23
Fixed assets	132				84
Investments in joint ventures	27				20
Deferred revenue	19				26
Other	6				17
Deferred tax liabilities	558				512
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	(82	)		$	(227	)

Summary of Reserve for Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company maintains a reserve for uncertain tax positions that may be challenged by a tax authority. A rollforward of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax positions, exclusive of related interest and penalties, is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period	$	257			$	102
Gross increases:
Current year tax positions	7				43
Prior year tax positions	14				113
Gross decreases:
Statute of limitation lapses	(1		)		(1		)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, end of period	$	277			$	257

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of unrecognized tax benefits for which a material change is reasonably possible in the next twelve months, typically including the nature of the uncertainty, the event(s) that could cause a material change, and an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change or a statement that an estimate of the range cannot be made. An unrecognized tax benefit is the difference between a tax position taken in a tax return and the amounts recognized in the financial statements for which it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits of the position, that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination.

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