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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Consolidated Income Tax Expense
The consolidated income tax expense consists of the following for the years ended December 31 ($ in millions):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Current provision
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
498

 
$
421

 
$
485

State and local
107

 
14

 
22

Total current provision
605

 
435

 
507

Deferred provision
(131
)
 
(109
)
 
92

Total income tax expense
$
474

 
$
326

 
$
599

Reconciliation Of Tax Provision At The U.S. Federal Statutory Rate To Income Tax Expense
The reconciliation of the tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate to income tax expense for the years ended December 31 is as follows ($ in millions):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Earnings from operations, before income tax expense
$
1,368


$
1,134


$
1,160

Loss (earnings) attributable to flow through noncontrolling interest
4

 
15

 
(8
)
Earnings from operations, less noncontrolling interest, before income tax expense
1,372

 
1,149

 
1,152

 
 
 


 
 
Tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate
288

 
402

 
402

State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit
52

 
11

 
10

Nondeductible compensation
33

 
58

 
23

ACA Health Insurer Fee
149

 

 
162

Income Tax Reform

 
(125
)
 

Valuation Allowance
(28
)
 
14

 
10

Other, net
(20
)
 
(34
)
 
(8
)
Income tax expense
$
474

 
$
326

 
$
599

Tax Effects Of Temporary Differences Which Give Rise To Deferred Tax Assets And Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below for the years ended December 31 ($ in millions):
 
2018
 
2017
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Medical claims liability
$
78

 
$
46

Nondeductible liabilities
128

 
41

Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards
77

 
94

Compensation accruals
109

 
129

Premium and trade receivables
76

 
45

Other
61

 
11

Deferred tax assets
529

 
366

Valuation allowance
(53
)
 
(81
)
Net deferred tax assets
$
476

 
$
285

 
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Intangible assets
$
343

 
$
342

Prepaid assets
31

 
23

Fixed assets
132

 
84

Investments in joint ventures
27

 
20

Deferred revenue
19

 
26

Other
6

 
17

Deferred tax liabilities
558

 
512

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
$
(82
)
 
$
(227
)
Summary of Reserve for Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company maintains a reserve for uncertain tax positions that may be challenged by a tax authority. A rollforward of the beginning and ending amount of uncertain tax positions, exclusive of related interest and penalties, is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period
$
257

 
$
102

Gross increases:
 
 
 
Current year tax positions
7

 
43

Prior year tax positions
14

 
113

Gross decreases:
 
 
 
Statute of limitation lapses
(1
)
 
(1
)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, end of period
$
277

 
$
257