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Stock Incentive Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock Incentive Plans Stock Incentive Plans
 
The Company's stock incentive plans allow for the granting of restricted stock or restricted stock unit awards and options to purchase common stock. Both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options can be awarded under the plans. However, an immaterial amount of options were granted, exercised, or outstanding in 2022. The plans have 17 million shares available for future awards.

Compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock unit awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, generally three to five years for stock options and one to three years for restricted stock or restricted stock unit awards. Vesting is accelerated by one year for individuals who qualify under the Company's retirement eligible provisions. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined using the previous day's market close price at the time of grant. The fair value of stock options is determined based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Forfeitures for all stock awards are recognized as they occur. Certain restricted stock unit awards contain performance-based as well as service-based provisions. Certain awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control as defined in the plans. The total compensation cost that has been charged against income for the stock incentive plans was $234 million, $203 million, and $281 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized in the Statements of Operations for stock-based compensation arrangements was $48 million, $35 million, and $34 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

A summary of the Company's non-vested restricted stock and restricted stock unit shares as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below (shares in thousands):
 SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested balance, December 31, 20217,142 $65.30 
Granted2,944 84.18 
Converted (1)
917 82.65 
Vested(3,553)67.70 
Forfeited(877)70.38 
Non-vested balance, December 31, 20226,573 $74.20 
(1) Magellan awards converted in connection with the acquisition.

The total fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was $298 million, $264 million, and $364 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, there was $249 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans; that cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan and issued 449 thousand shares, 516 thousand shares, and 487 thousand shares in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.