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Intangible Assets other than Goodwill | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill [Abstract] |
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill |
21. | Intangible Assets other than Goodwill
(1) | Intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:
|  |  |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquisition cost |  |  | Government grants |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Accumulated impairment losses |  |  | Book value |
|  |  |  |  | In millions of won |
Software |  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 619,662 |  |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | (461,981 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 157,261 |
Licenses and franchises |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,398 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,398 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 97,033 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,921 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,112 |
Mining rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 561,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,421 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 534,524 |
Development expenditures |  |  |  |  |  |  | 878,462 |  |  |  | (2,110 | ) |  |  | (785,976 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,376 |
Intangible assets under development |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83,381 |  |  |  | (10,564 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,845 | ) |  |  | 59,972 |
Usage rights of donated assets and other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 459,682 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (372,671 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87,011 |
Leasehold rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,482 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,930 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,552 |
Greenhouse gas emissions rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,050 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,050 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 333,621 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (104,486 | ) |  |  | (12,051 | ) |  |  | 217,084 |
|  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 3,069,716 |  |  |  | (13,094 | ) |  |  | (1,805,784 | ) |  |  | (24,896 | ) |  |  | 1,225,942 |
|  |  |  |  | 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquisition cost |  |  | Government grants |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Accumulated impairment losses |  |  | Book value |
|  |  |  |  | In millions of won |
Software |  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 707,731 |  |  |  | (235 | ) |  |  | (542,736 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 164,760 |
Licenses and franchises |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,398 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,398 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102,828 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (40,389 | ) |  |  | (9,178 | ) |  |  | 53,261 |
Mining rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 584,969 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28,456 | ) |  |  | (512,790 | ) |  |  | 43,723 |
Development expenditures |  |  |  |  |  |  | 916,834 |  |  |  | (1,492 | ) |  |  | (822,972 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 92,351 |
Intangible assets under development |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73,335 |  |  |  | (11,029 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,845 | ) |  |  | 49,461 |
Usage rights of donated assets and other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 582,825 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (389,664 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 193,161 |
Leasehold rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,989 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,671 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,318 |
Greenhouse gas emissions rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41,656 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,656 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 557,749 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | (119,446 | ) |  |  | (11,939 | ) |  |  | 426,285 |
|  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 3,597,314 |  |  |  | (12,835 | ) |  |  | (1,967,732 | ) |  |  | (546,771 | ) |  |  | 1,069,976 |
(2) | Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:
|  |  |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Beginning balance |  |  | Acquisition |  |  | Disposal |  |  | Amortization |  |  | Impairment(*) |  |  | Others |  |  | Ending balance |
|  |  |  |  | In millions of won |
Software |  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 125,891 |  |  |  | 10,861 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (53,755 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74,685 |  |  |  | 157,681 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (188 | ) |  |  | (420 | )
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,981 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,665 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 51,781 |  |  |  | 67,112 |
Mining rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 539,633 |  |  |  | 29,687 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,186 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31,610 | ) |  |  | 534,524 |
Development expenditures |  |  |  |  |  |  | 84,518 |  |  |  | 823 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,100 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,245 |  |  |  | 92,486 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,702 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,591 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (2,110 | )
Intangible assets under development |  |  |  |  |  |  | 139,910 |  |  |  | 67,383 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,912 | ) |  |  | (127,845 | ) |  |  | 70,536 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,540 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | (823 | ) |  |  | (10,564 | )
Usage rights of donated assets and other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101,658 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,307 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  |  | 87,011 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Leasehold rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,044 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (667 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,175 |  |  |  | 5,552 |
Greenhouse gas emissions rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,050 |  |  |  | 7,050 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 181,225 |  |  |  | 1,805 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (14,114 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 48,190 |  |  |  | 217,084 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 1,187,121 |  |  |  | 110,587 |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (118,938 | ) |  |  | (8,140 | ) |  |  | 55,321 |  |  |  | 1,225,942 |
(*) | Includes ￦8,104 million of impairment loss on the intangible assets under development in relation to the technology development of heat transfer tube owned by KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd., 96.36% owned subsidiary.
|  |  |  |  | 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | Beginning balance |  |  | Acquisition |  |  | Disposal |  |  | Amortization |  |  | Impairment(*1) |  |  | Others(*2) |  |  | Ending balance |
|  |  |  |  | In millions of won |
Software |  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 157,681 |  |  |  | 42,694 |  |  |  | (774 | ) |  |  | (81,883 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 47,277 |  |  |  | 164,995 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (235 | )
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67,112 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | (325 | ) |  |  | (9,196 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,501 | ) |  |  | 53,261 |
Mining rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 534,524 |  |  |  | 8,742 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,186 | ) |  |  | (513,519 | ) |  |  | 21,162 |  |  |  | 43,723 |
Development expenditures |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,486 |  |  |  | 687 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28,901 | ) |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 29,639 |  |  |  | 93,843 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,110 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 833 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (215 | ) |  |  | (1,492 | )
Intangible assets under development |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,536 |  |  |  | 56,082 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (66,128 | ) |  |  | 60,490 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,564 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (465 | ) |  |  | (11,029 | )
Usage rights of donated assets and other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,632 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 121,782 |  |  |  | 193,161 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Leasehold rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,552 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (741 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 5,318 |
Greenhouse gas emissions rights |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,050 |  |  |  | 118,743 |  |  |  | (7,058 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (77,079 | ) |  |  | 41,656 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 217,084 |  |  |  | 2,307 |  |  |  | (164 | ) |  |  | (14,413 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 221,572 |  |  |  | 426,364 |
(Government grants) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | (79 | )
|  | ￦ |  |  |  |  | 1,225,942 |  |  |  | 229,426 |  |  |  | (8,321 | ) |  |  | (156,915 | ) |  |  | (513,609 | ) |  |  | 293,453 |  |  |  | 1,069,976 |
(*1) | KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd. and KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd., 100% owned subsidiaries, performed an impairment test over the mining rights and the Company recognized the amount of the carrying amount in excess of its recoverable amount as an impairment loss.
(*2) | ‘Others’ include the business rights amounting to ￦172,434 million increased from the business combination between Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd. and Eumseong Natural Gas Power Co., Ltd. (see note 51)
(3) | Significant specific intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:
2018
Type |  | Description |  | Currency |  | Amount |  |  | Remaining useful lives
|  | In millions of won and thousands of Australian dollars
Software |  | ERP system and others |  | KRW |  |  | 783 |  |  | 2 years and 2 months ~ 2 years and 4 months
|  | Electricity sales information system |  | KRW |  |  | 6,477 |  |  | 4 years
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  | Smart technology verification and standard design project conducting right |  | KRW |  |  | 9,256 |  |  | 3 years and 9 months
|  | Contributions to ARP NRC DC |  | KRW |  |  | 46,594 |  |  | 9 years
Mining rights |  | Mining right of Bylong mine |  | AUD |  |  | 401,225 |  |  | — (*)
Development expenditures |  | Electricity sales information system |  | KRW |  |  | 22,337 |  |  | 3 years and 3 months
Usage rights of donated assets and others |  | Sejong Haengbogdosi sharing charge Dangjin power plant load facility usage right |  | KRW KRW |  |  | 35,923 14,167 |  |  | 7 years and 11 months 2 years and 3 months
Others |  | Occupancy and use of public waters |  | KRW |  |  | 97,858 |  |  | 18 years and 1 month
(*) | Mining rights are amortized using the units-of-production method and the amortization has not commenced yet.
2019
Type |  | Description |  | Currency |  | Amount |  |  | Remaining useful lives
|  | In millions of won and thousands of Australian dollars
Software |  | ERP system and others |  | KRW |  |  | 432 |  |  | 1 year and 2 months ~ 1 year and 4 months
|  | Electricity sales information system |  | KRW |  |  | 4,824 |  |  | 3 years
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights |  | Smart technology verification and standard design project conducting right |  | KRW |  |  | 6,787 |  |  | 2 years and 9 months
|  | Contributions to ARP NRC DC |  | KRW |  |  | 34,755 |  |  | 8 years
Mining rights |  | Mining right of Bylong mine |  | AUD |  |  | — |  |  | — (*)
Development expenditures |  | Electricity sales information system |  | KRW |  |  | 15,283 |  |  | 2 years and 3 months
Usage rights of donated assets and others |  | Sejong Haengbogdosi sharing charge Dangjin power plant load facility usage right |  | KRW KRW |  |  | 31,385 7,870 |  |  | 6 years and 11 months 1 year and 3 months
Others |  | Occupancy and use of public waters |  | KRW |  |  | 92,446 |  |  | 17 years and 1 month
|  | Business rights |  | KRW |  |  | 171,955 |  |  | 29 years and 11 months
(*) | The carrying amount of mining right does not exist, because KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd. and KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd. recognized impairment losses in full during the year ended December 31, 2019.
(4) | For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company recognized research and development expenses of ￦721,437 million, ￦723,888 million and ￦735,715 million, respectively.

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