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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____
Commission file numb er 001-37386
FTAI AVIATION LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands |  | 98-1420784
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1345 Avenue of the Americas, 45th Floor | New York | NY |  | 10105
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (212) 798-6100
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) N/A
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class: |  | Trading Symbol: |  | Name of exchange on which registered:
Ordinary shares, $0.01 par value per share |  | FTAI |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market
8.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series A Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares |  | FTAIP |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market
8.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series B Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares |  | FTAIO |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market
8.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Series C Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares |  | FTAIN |  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | þ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

1

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting ordinary equity of FTAI Aviation Ltd. held by non-affiliates as of the close of business as of June 30, 2022 was approximat ely $1.6 billion.
There wer e 99,728,786 ordinary shares outstanding a t February 22, 2023.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the registrant's 2023 annual meeting, to be filed within 120 days after the close of the registrant's fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
INDEX TO FORM 10-K

| PART I |
| Forward-Looking Statements | 5
Item 1. | Business | 6
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 27
Item 2. | Properties | 28
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 28
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 28
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 29
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 31
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 49
Item 8. | Consolidated Financial Statements of F TAI Aviation Ltd.: | 51
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 52
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 2 and 202 1 | 54
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 55
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 56
| Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 57
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 58
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 60
| Note 1: Organization | 60
| Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 60
| Note 3: Discontinued Operations | 64
| Note 4: Leasing Equipment, net | 69
| Note 5: Property, Plant and Equipment, net | 70
| Note 6: Investments | 71
| Note 7: Intangible Assets and Liabilities, net | 72
| Note 8: Debt, net | 73
| Note 9: Fair Value Measurements | 74
| Note 1 0: Revenues | 74
| Note 11: Equity-Based Compensation | 80
| Note 1 2: Income Taxes | 77
| Note 1 3: Management Agreement and Affiliate Transactions | 79
| Note 1 4: Segment Information | 80
| Note 1 5: Earnings per Share and Equity | 88
| Note 1 6: Commitments and Contingencies | 89
| Note 1 7: Subsequent Events | 89
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 90
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 90
Item 9B. | Other Information | 91
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 92
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 92
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 92
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 92
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 92

3

Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 92
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits | 92
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 94
| Signatures | 94

4

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact but instead are based on our present beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as “outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report are based upon our historical performance and on our current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us, that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved.
Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business, prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. The following is a summary of the principal risk factors that make investing in our securities risky and may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. This summary should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this report. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to:
•changes in economic conditions generally and specifically in our industry sectors, and other risks relating to the global economy, including, but not limited to, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and any related responses or actions by businesses and governments;
•reductions in cash flows received from our assets, as well as contractual limitations on the use of our aviation assets to secure debt for borrowed money;
•our ability to take advantage of acquisition opportunities at favorable prices;
•a lack of liquidity surrounding our assets, which could impede our ability to vary our portfolio in an appropriate manner;
•the relative spreads between the yield on the assets we acquire and the cost of financing;
•adverse changes in the financing markets we access affecting our ability to finance our acquisitions;
•customer defaults on their obligations;
•our ability to renew existing contracts and enter into new contracts with existing or potential customers;
•the availability and cost of capital for future acquisitions;
•concentration of a particular type of asset or in a particular sector;
•competition within the aviation sector;
•the competitive market for acquisition opportunities;
•risks related to operating through joint ventures, partnerships, consortium arrangements or other collaborations with third parties;
•our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses;
•obsolescence of our assets or our ability to sell, re-lease or re-charter our assets;
•exposure to uninsurable losses and force majeure events;
•the legislative/regulatory environment and exposure to increased economic regulation;
•exposure to the oil and gas industry’s volatile oil and gas prices;
•difficulties in obtaining effective legal redress in jurisdictions in which we operate with less developed legal systems;
•our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the fact that maintaining such exemption imposes limits on our operations;
•our ability to successfully utilize leverage in connection with our investments;
•foreign currency risk and risk management activities;
•effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting;
•exposure to environmental risks, including natural disasters, increasing environmental legislation and the broader impacts of climate change;
•changes in interest rates and/or credit spreads, as well as the success of any hedging strategy we may undertake in relation to such changes;
•actions taken by national, state, or provincial governments, including nationalization, or the imposition of new taxes, could materially impact the financial performance or value of our assets;
•our dependence on our Manager and its professionals and actual, potential or perceived conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager;
5

•effects of the merger of Fortress Investment Group LLC with affiliates of SoftBank Group Corp.;
•volatility in the market price of our shares;
•the inability to pay dividends to our shareholders in the future; and
•other risks described in the “Risk Factors” section of this report.
These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this report. The forward-looking statements made in this report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement except as required by law, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We caution that you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Furthermore, new risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us.
PART I
Item 1. Business
Our Company
FTAI Aviation Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company, was formed on December 8, 2017 and is the surviving parent company upon completion of the transactions completed in that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger”) on November 10, 2022 between Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC and FTAI Aviation Ltd. and certain other parties thereto. Except as otherwise specified, “we”, “us”, “our”, “FTAI”, “FTAI Aviation” or “the Company” refer to us and our consolidated subsidiaries. Our business has been, and will continue to be, conducted through FTAI Aviation Holdco Ltd. (“Holdco”) for the purpose of acquiring, managing and disposing of transportation and transportation-related equipment assets.
We are externally managed by FIG LLC (the “Manager”), an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortress”), which has a dedicated team of experienced professionals focused on the acquisition of transportation and infrastructure assets since 2002. On December 27, 2017, SoftBank Group Corp. (“SoftBank”) acquired Fortress (the “SoftBank Merger”). In connection with the SoftBank Merger, Fortress operates within SoftBank as an independent business headquartered in New York.
We own and acquire high quality aviation equipment that is essential for the transportation of goods and people globally. Additionally, we own and lease offshore energy equipment. We target assets that, on a combined basis, generate strong cash flows with potential for earnings growth. We believe that there are a large number of acquisition opportunities in our markets and that our Manager’s expertise and business and financing relationships, together with our access to capital, will allow us to take advantage of these opportunities. As of December 31, 2022, we had total consolidated assets o f $2.4 billion and total equity of $19.4 million.
As of December 31, 2022, our operations consisted of Aviation Leasing and Aerospace Products. Our Aviation Leasing business acquires assets that are designed to carry cargo or people. Aviation equipment assets are typically long-lived, moveable and leased by us on either operating leases or finance leases to companies that provide transportation services. Our leases generally provide for long-term contractual cash flow with high cash-on-cash yields and include structural protections to mitigate credit risk. Our Aerospace Products business develops and manufactures through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aftermarket components for aircraft engines.
Our Strategy
In general, we seek to own a diverse mix of high-quality aviation assets and equipment within our target sectors that generate predictable cash flows in markets that we believe provide the potential for strong long-term growth and attractive returns on deployed capital. We believe that by investing in a diverse mix of assets, we can select from among the best risk-adjusted investment opportunities.
We take a proactive investment approach by identifying key secular trends as they emerge within our target sectors and then pursuing what we believe are the most compelling opportunities within those sectors. We look for unique investments, including assets that are distressed or undervalued, or where we believe that we can add value through active management. We consider investments across the size spectrum, including smaller opportunities often overlooked by other investors, particularly where we believe we may be able to grow the investment over time. We believe one of our strengths is our ability to create attractive follow-on investment opportunities and deploy incremental capital within our existing portfolio.
Within each sector, we consider investments in aviation and offshore assets, including equipment that we lease to operators. We believe that as owners of both aviation and offshore assets, we have access to more opportunities and can be a more attractive counterparty to the users of our assets. Our Manager has significant prior experience in all of our target sectors, as well as a network of industry relationships, that we believe positions us well to make successful acquisitions and to actively manage and improve operations and cash flows of our existing and newly-acquired assets. These relationships include senior executives at lessors and operators, end users of aviation and offshore energy assets, as well as banks, lenders and other asset owners.
Asset Acquisition Process
Our strategy is to acquire assets that are essential to the transportation of goods and people globally. We acquire assets that are
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used by major operators of transportation networks. We seek to acquire assets and businesses that we believe operate in sectors with long-term macroeconomic growth opportunities and that have significant cash flow and upside potential from earnings growth and asset appreciation.
We approach markets and opportunities by first developing an asset acquisition strategy with our Manager and then pursuing optimal opportunities within that strategy. In addition to relying on our own experience, we source new opportunities through our Manager’s network of industry relationships in order to find, structure and execute attractive acquisitions. These relationships include senior executives at industry leading operators, end users of the assets as well as banks, lenders and other asset owners. We believe that sourcing assets both globally and through multiple channels will enable us to find the most attractive opportunities. We are selective in the assets we pursue and efficient in the manner in which we pursue them.
Once attractive opportunities are identified, our Manager performs detailed due diligence on each of our potential acquisitions. Due diligence on each of our assets always includes a comprehensive review of the asset itself as well as the industry and market dynamics, competitive positioning, and financial and operational performance. Where appropriate, our Manager conducts physical inspections, a review of the credit quality of each of our counterparties, the regulatory environment, and a review of all material documentation. In some cases, third-party specialists are hired to physically inspect and/or value the target assets.
We and our Manager also spend a significant amount of time on structuring our acquisitions to minimize risks while also optimizing expected returns. We employ what we believe to be reasonable amounts of leverage in connection with our acquisitions. In determining the amount of leverage for each acquisition, we consider a number of characteristics, including, but not limited to, the existing cash flow, the length of the lease or contract term, and the specific counterparty.
Management Agreement and Services and Profit Sharing Agreement
On July 31, 2022, in connection with our spin-off, we entered into a new management agreement with the Manager (the “Management Agreement”), an affiliate of Fortress, pursuant to which the Manager is paid annual fees in exchange for advising us on various aspects of our business, formulating our investment strategies, arranging for the acquisition and disposition of assets, arranging for financing, monitoring performance, and managing our day-to-day operations, inclusive of all costs incidental thereto. On November 10, 2022, in connection with the closing of the Merger, we entered into a Services and Profit Sharing Agreement, pursuant to which the Master GP is entitled to receive incentive payments on substantially similar terms as it was entitled to receive such payments prior to the Merger.
Please refer to Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details regarding our Management Agreement and Services and Profit Sharing Agreement.
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Our Portfolio
We own and acquire high quality aviation and offshore energy equipment that is essential for the transportation of goods and people globally. We currently invest across two market sectors: aviation leasing and aerospace products. We target assets that, on a combined basis, generate strong and stable cash flows with the potential for earnings growth and asset appreciation.
Aviation Leasing
As of December 31, 2022, in our Aviation Leasing segment, we own and manage 330 aviation assets, consisting of 106 commercial aircraft and 224 engine s, including four aircraft and one engine that were still located in Ukraine and eight aircraft and seventeen engines that were still located in Russia.
As of December 31, 2022, 79 of our commercial aircraft and 127 of our engines were leased to operators or other third parties. Aviation assets currently off lease are either undergoing repair and/or maintenance, being prepared to go on lease or held in short term storage awaiting a future lease. Our aviation equipment was approximately 71% utilized during the three months ended December 31, 2022, based on the percent of days on-lease in the quarter weighted by the monthly average equity value of our aviation leasing equipment, excluding airframes. Our aircraft currently have a weighted average remaining lease term of 42 months, and our engines currently on-lease have an average remaining lease term of 11 months. The table below provides additional information on the assets in our Aviation Leasing segment:

Aviation Assets | Widebody |  | Narrowbody |  | Total
Aircraft |  |  |  |  |
Assets at January 1, 2022 | 13 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 108 |
Purchases | 1 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 39 |
Sales | (3) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (8) |
Transfers | (3) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (33) |
Assets at December 31, 2022 | 8 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 106 |
Engines |  |  |  |  |
Assets at January 1, 2022 | 68 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 207 |
Purchases | 2 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 64 |
Sales | (36) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (71) |
Transfers | 6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 24 |
Assets at December 31, 2022 | 40 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 224 |

Aerospace Products
The Aerospace Products segment develops and manufactures through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aircraft engines and aftermarket components primarily for the CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B commercial aircraft engines. Our engine and module sales are facilitated through The Module Factory, a dedicated commercial maintenance program, designed to focus on modular repair and refurbishment of CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, performed by a third party. Used serviceable material is sold through our exclusive partnership with AAR Corp, who is responsible for the teardown, repair, marketing and sales of spare parts from our CFM56 engine pool. We also hold a 25% interest in the Advanced Engine Repair JV which focuses on developing new cost savings programs for engine repairs.
Corporate and Other
In addition to the above investments, our Corporate and Other segment includes offshore energy related assets which consist of vessels and equipment that support offshore oil and gas activities and are typically subject to operating leases.
Asset Management
Our Manager actively manages and monitors our portfolios of assets on an ongoing basis, and in some cases engages third parties to assist with the management of those assets. Our Manager frequently reviews the status of all of our assets, and in the case that any are returning from lease or undergoing repair, outlines our options, which may include the re-lease or sale of that asset. Our Manager plays a central role in developing and executing operational, finance and business development strategies. On a periodic basis, our Manager discusses the status of our acquired assets with our board of directors.
In some situations, we may acquire assets through a joint venture entity or own a minority position in an investment entity. In such circumstances, we will seek to protect our interests through appropriate levels of board representation, minority protections and other structural enhancements.
We and our Manager maintain relationships with operators worldwide and, through these relationships, hold direct conversations as to leasing needs and opportunities. Where helpful, we reach out to third parties who assist in leasing our assets. As an example, we often partner with Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (“MRO”) facilities in the aviation sector to lease engines and support airlines’ fleet management needs.
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While we expect to hold our assets for extended periods of time, we and our Manager continually review our assets to assess whether we should sell or otherwise monetize them. Aspects that will factor into this process include relevant market conditions, the asset’s age, lease profile, relative concentration or remaining expected useful life.
Credit Process
We and our Manager monitor the credit quality of our various lessees on an ongoing basis. This monitoring includes interacting with our customers regularly to monitor collections, review periodic financial statements and discuss their operating performance. Most of our lease agreements are written with conditions that require reporting on the part of our lessees, and we actively reach out to our lessees to maintain contact and monitor their liquidity positions. Furthermore, many of our leases and contractual arrangements include credit enhancement elements that provide us with additional collateral or credit support to strengthen our credit position.
We are subject to concentrations of credit risk with respect to amounts due from customers on our direct finance leases and operating leases. We attempt to limit credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations. See “Customers.”
Customers
Our customers primarily consist of global operators of transportation networks and global industrial companies, including airlines and offshore energy service providers. We maintain ongoing relationships and discussions with our customers and seek to have consistent dialogue. In addition to helping us monitor the needs and quality of our customers, we believe these relationships help source additional opportunities and gain insight into attractive opportunities in the aviation and offshore energy sectors. A substantial portion of our revenue has historically been derived from a small number of customers. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, no customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenue and two of our customers accounted for 20% and 12% of total accounts receivable, net. We derive a significant percentage of our revenue within specific sectors from a limited number of customers. However, we do not think that we are dependent upon any particular customer, or that the loss of one or more of them would have a material adverse effect on our business or the relevant segment, because of our ability to re-lease assets at similar terms following the loss of any such customer. See “Risk Factors-Contractual defaults may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows by decreasing revenues and increasing storage, positioning, collection, recovery and lost equipment expenses.”
Competition
The business of acquiring, managing and marketing aviation and offshore-equipment related assets is highly competitive. Market competition for acquisition opportunities includes traditional aviation and offshore energy companies, commercial and investment banks, as well as a growing number of non-traditional participants, such as hedge funds, private equity funds, and other private investors.
Additionally, the markets for our products and services are competitive, and we face competition from a number of sources. These competitors include engine and aircraft parts manufacturers, aircraft and aircraft engine lessors, airline and aircraft services and repair companies, aircraft spare parts distributors, offshore services providers, maritime equipment lessors and other transportation equipment lessors and operators.
We compete with other market participants on the basis of industry knowledge, availability of capital, and deal structuring experience and flexibility, among other things. We believe our Manager’s experience in the aviation and offshore industries and our access to capital, in addition to our focus on diverse asset classes and customers, provides a competitive advantage versus competitors that maintain a single sector focus.
Governmental Regulations
We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants to air and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites and noise and emission levels. Under some environmental laws in the United States and certain other countries, strict liability may be imposed on the owners or operators of assets, which could render us liable for environmental and natural resource damages without regard to negligence or fault on our part. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines and third-party claims for property or natural resource damage and personal injury, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations in connection with our or our lessee’s or charterer’s current or historical operations. While we typically maintain liability insurance coverage and typically require our lessees to provide us with indemnity against certain losses, the insurance coverage is subject to large deductibles, limits on maximum coverage and significant exclusions and may not be sufficient or available to protect against any or all liabilities and such indemnities may not cover or be sufficient to protect us against losses arising from environmental damage. In addition, changes to environmental standards or regulations in the industries in which we operate could limit the economic life of the assets we acquire or reduce their value, and also require us to make significant additional investments in order to maintain compliance.
Sustainability
As part of our strategy, we are focused on supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy and aim to provide sustainable aviation and offshore solutions by leveraging our Manager’s expertise and business and financing relationships, as well as our access to capital. Certain of our current sustainability solutions and investments are highlighted below, and we expect to continue to explore additional sustainability-related opportunities.
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Aerospace
As previously announced, in December 2021 we entered into an agreement with AAR CORP. (NYSE: AIR) to create Serviceable Engine Products, an exclusive seven-year CFM56 used serviceable material (“USM”) partnership. The partnership aims to build USM inventory for the global aviation aftermarket and our own consumption at The Module Factory™, a dedicated commercial maintenance program, designed to focus on modular repair and refurbishment of CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, performed by a third party. Through its worldwide network, AAR is expected to manage the teardown, repair, marketing and sales of spare parts from our CFM56 engine pool totaling over 200 engines and growing. We believe our partnership with AAR will help maximize the life of our engine assets and reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact.
Human Capital Management
Our Manager provides a management team and other professionals who are responsible for implementing our business strategy and performing certain services for us, subject to oversight by our board of directors. As of December 31, 2022, we also have approximately 40 employees at certain subsidiaries across our business segments. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and we focus heavily on employee engagement. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team, and our human capital management objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees. To facilitate attraction and retention, we strive to create a diverse, inclusive, and safe workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation and benefits programs.
Insurance
Our leases generally require that our customers carry physical damage and liability insurance providing primary insurance coverage for loss and damage to our assets as well as for related cargo and third parties while the assets are on lease. In addition, in certain cases, we maintain contingent liability coverage for any claims or losses on our assets while they are on hire or otherwise in the possession of a third-party. Finally, we procure insurance for our assets when they are not on hire or are otherwise under our control.
Conflicts of Interest
Although we have established certain policies and procedures designed to mitigate conflicts of interest, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures will be effective in doing so. It is possible that actual, potential or perceived conflicts of interest could give rise to investor dissatisfaction, litigation or regulatory enforcement actions.
One or more of our officers and directors have responsibilities and commitments to entities other than us. In addition, we do not have a policy that expressly prohibits our directors, officers, security holders or affiliates from engaging in business activities of the types conducted by us for their own account. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Manager-There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager.”
Our key agreements, including our Management Agreement, the services and profit sharing agreement (the “Services and Profit Sharing Agreement”) with our subsidiary Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC and Fortress Worldwide Transportation and Infrastructure Master GP LLC (“Master GP”) and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association (as amended from time to time, the ‘‘Articles’’) were negotiated among related parties, and their respective terms, including fees and other amounts payable, may not be as favorable to us as terms negotiated on an arm’s-length basis with unaffiliated parties. Our independent directors may not vigorously enforce the provisions of our Management Agreement against our Manager. For example, our independent directors may refrain from terminating our Manager because doing so could result in the loss of key personnel.
We may compete with entities affiliated with our Manager or Fortress for certain target assets. From time to time, affiliates of Fortress may focus on investments in assets with a similar profile as our target assets that we may seek to acquire. These affiliates may have meaningful purchasing capacity, which may change over time depending upon a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, available equity capital and debt financing, market conditions and cash on hand. Fortress has multiple existing and planned funds focused on investing in one or more of the sectors in which we acquire assets, each with significant current or expected capital commitments. We may co-invest with these funds in certain target assets. Fortress funds generally have a fee structure similar to ours, but the fees actually paid will vary depending on the size, terms and performance of each fund.
Our Manager may determine, in its discretion, to make a particular acquisition through an investment vehicle other than us. Investment allocation decisions will reflect a variety of factors, such as a particular vehicle’s availability of capital (including financing), investment objectives and concentration limits, legal, regulatory, tax and other similar considerations, the source of the opportunity and other factors that the Manager, in its discretion, deems appropriate. Our Manager does not have an obligation to offer us the opportunity to participate in any particular investment, even if it meets our asset acquisition objectives. In addition, employees of Fortress or certain of its affiliates—including personnel providing services to or on behalf of our Manager—may perform services for Fortress affiliates that may acquire or seek to acquire aviation and offshore energy-related assets.
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Where Readers Can Find Additional Information
FTAI Aviation Ltd. is a Cayman Islands exempted company. Our principal executive offices are located at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105. FTAI Aviation Ltd. files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Exchange Act, with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov.
Our internet site is http://www.www.ftaiaviation.com. We will make available free of charge through our internet site our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website in the ‘‘Investor Center - Corporate Governance’’ section are charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating Committee, as well as our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics for our officers, and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this Form 10-K in evaluating us and our shares. Any of the following risks, as well as additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. The risk factors generally have been separated into the following categories: risks related to our business, risks related to our Manager, risks related to taxation and risks related to the Company’s shares. However, these categories do overlap and should not be considered exclusive.
Risks Related to Our Business
Uncertainty relating to macroeconomic conditions may reduce the demand for our assets, result in non-performance of contracts by our lessees or charterers, limit our ability to obtain additional capital to finance new investments, or have other unforeseen negative effects.
Uncertainty and negative trends in general economic conditions in the United States and abroad, including significant tightening of credit markets and commodity price volatility, historically have created difficult operating environments for owners and operators in the transportation industries. Many factors, including factors that are beyond our control, may impact our operating results or financial condition and/or affect the lessees and charterers that form our customer base. For some years, the world has experienced weakened economic conditions and volatility following adverse changes in global capital markets. Excess supply in oil and gas markets can put significant downward pressure on prices for these commodities, and may affect demand for assets used in production, refining and transportation of oil and gas. In the past, a significant decline in oil prices has led to lower offshore exploration and production budgets worldwide. These conditions have resulted in significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity in the credit markets. A number of governments have implemented, or are considering implementing, a broad variety of governmental actions or new regulations for the financial markets. In addition, limitations on the availability of capital, higher costs of capital for financing expenditures or the desire to preserve liquidity, may cause our current or prospective customers to make reductions in future capital budgets and spending.
Further, demand for our assets is related to passenger and cargo traffic growth, which in turn is dependent on general business and economic conditions. Global economic downturns could have an adverse impact on passenger and cargo traffic levels and consequently our lessees’ and charterers’ business, which may in turn result in a significant reduction in revenues, earnings and cash flows, difficulties accessing capital and a deterioration in the value of our assets. We have in the past been exposed to increased credit risk from our customers and third parties who have obligations to us, which resulted in non-performance of contracts by our lessees and adversely impacted our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We cannot assure you that similar loss events may not occur in the future.
Instability in geographies where we have assets or where we derive revenue could have a material adverse effect on our business, customers, operations and financial results.
Economic, civil, military and political uncertainty exists and may increase in regions where we operate and derive our revenue. Various countries in which we operate are experiencing and may continue to experience military action and civil and political unrest. We have assets in the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe, including some assets in Russia and Ukraine. In late February 2022, Russian military forces launched significant military action against Ukraine. Sustained conflict and disruption in the region is likely. The impact to Russia and Ukraine, as well as actions taken by other countries, including new and stricter export controls and sanctions by Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the U.S. and other countries and organizations against officials, individuals, regions, and industries in Russia and Ukraine, and each country’s potential response to such sanctions, tensions and military actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business and delay or prevent us from accessing certain of our assets. We are actively monitoring the security of our remaining assets in the region.
The aviation industry has experienced periods of oversupply during which lease rates and asset values have declined, particularly during the most recent economic downturn, and any future oversupply could materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.
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The oversupply of a specific asset is likely to depress the lease or charter rates for and the value of that type of asset and result in decreased utilization of our assets, and the industries in which we operate have experienced periods of oversupply during which rates and asset values have declined, particularly during the most recent economic downturn. Factors that could lead to such oversupply include, without limitation:
•general demand for the type of assets that we purchase;
•general macroeconomic conditions, including market prices for commodities that our assets may serve;
•geopolitical events, including war, prolonged armed conflict and acts of terrorism;
•outbreaks of communicable diseases and natural disasters;
•governmental regulation;
•interest rates;
•the availability of credit;
•potential reduced cash flows and financial condition, including potential liquidity restraints;
•restructurings and bankruptcies of companies in the industries in which we operate, including our customers;
•manufacturer production levels and technological innovation;
•manufacturers merging or exiting the industry or ceasing to produce certain asset types;
•retirement and obsolescence of the assets that we own;
•increases in supply levels of assets in the market due to the sale or merging of operating lessors; and
•reintroduction of previously unused or dormant assets into the industries in which we operate.
These and other related factors are generally outside of our control and could lead to persistence of, or increase in, the oversupply of the types of assets that we acquire or decreased utilization of our assets, either of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. In addition, aviation lessees may redeliver our assets to locations where there is oversupply, which may lead to additional repositioning costs for us if we move them to areas with higher demand. Positioning expenses vary depending on geographic location, distance, rates and other factors, and may not be fully covered by drop-off charges collected from the last lessees of the equipment or pick-up charges paid by the new lessees. Positioning expenses can be significant if a large portion of our assets are returned to locations with weak demand, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The airline industry is heavily regulated, and if we fail to comply with applicable requirements, our results of operations could suffer.
The Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and equivalent regulatory agencies have increasingly focused on the need to assure that airline industry products are designed with sufficient cybersecurity controls to protect against unauthorized access or other unwanted compromise. A failure to meet these evolving expectations could negatively impact sales into the industry and expose us to legal or contractual liability.
Governmental agencies throughout the world, including the FAA, prescribe standards and qualification requirements for aircraft components, including virtually all commercial airline and general aviation products. Specific regulations vary from country to country, although compliance with FAA requirements generally satisfies regulatory requirements in other countries. If any material authorization or approval qualifying us to supply our products is revoked or suspended, then sale of the product would be prohibited by law, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
From time to time, the FAA or equivalent regulatory agencies in other countries propose new regulations or changes to existing regulations, which often are more stringent than existing regulations. If such proposals are adopted and enacted, we may incur significant additional costs to achieve compliance, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Recent trends by China’s aviation authority to relax restrictions on airspace may be reversed, and anticipated new regulations loosening airspace restrictions may not materialize, which could impact sales prospects in China for our commercial aerospace businesses.
The retirement or prolonged grounding of commercial aircraft could reduce our revenues and the value of any related inventory.
We sell aircraft components and replacement parts. If aircraft or engines for which we offer aircraft components and replacement parts are retired or grounded for prolonged periods of time and there are fewer aircraft that require these components or parts, our revenues may decline as well as the value of any related inventory.
Contractual defaults may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows by decreasing revenues and increasing storage, positioning, collection, recovery and lost equipment expenses.
The success of our business depends in large part on the success of the operators in the sectors in which we participate. Cash flows from our assets are substantially impacted by our ability to collect compensation and other amounts to be paid in respect of such assets from the customers with whom we enter into leases, charters or other contractual arrangements. Inherent in the nature of the leases, charters and other arrangements for the use of such assets is the risk that we may not receive, or may
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experience delay in realizing, such amounts to be paid. While we target the entry into contracts with credit-worthy counterparties, no assurance can be given that such counterparties will perform their obligations during the term of the leases, charters or other contractual arrangements. In addition, when counterparties default, we may fail to recover all of our assets, and the assets we do recover may be returned in damaged condition or to locations where we will not be able to efficiently lease, charter or sell them. In most cases, we maintain, or require our lessees to maintain, certain insurances to cover the risk of damages or loss of our assets. However, these insurance policies may not be sufficient to protect us against a loss.
Depending on the specific sector, the risk of contractual defaults may be elevated due to excess capacity as a result of oversupply during the most recent economic downturn. We lease assets to our customers pursuant to fixed-price contracts, and our customers then seek to utilize those assets to transport goods and provide services. If the price at which our customers receive for their transportation services decreases as a result of an oversupply in the marketplace, then our customers may be forced to reduce their prices in order to attract business (which may have an adverse effect on their ability to meet their contractual lease obligations to us), or may seek to renegotiate or terminate their contractual lease arrangements with us to pursue a lower-priced opportunity with another lessor, which may have a direct, adverse effect on us. See “-The industries in which we operate have experienced periods of oversupply during which lease rates and asset values have declined, particularly during the most recent economic downturn, and any future oversupply could materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.” Any default by a material customer would have a significant impact on our profitability at the time the customer defaulted, which could materially adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects. In addition, some of our counterparties may reside in jurisdictions with legal and regulatory regimes that make it difficult and costly to enforce such counterparties’ obligations.
We acquire a high concentration of a particular type of asset, or concentrate our investments in a particular sector, and our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected by changes in market demand or problems specific to that asset or sector.
If we acquire a high concentration of a particular asset, or concentrate our investments in a particular sector, and our business and financial results could be adversely affected by sector-specific or asset-specific factors. If the market demand for a particular asset declines, it is redesigned or replaced by its manufacturer or it experiences design or technical problems, the value and rates relating to such asset may decline, and we may be unable to lease such asset on favorable terms, if at all. Any decrease in the value and rates of our assets may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We operate in highly competitive markets.
The business of acquiring aviation assets is highly competitive. Market competition for opportunities includes traditional transportation companies, commercial and investment banks, as well as a growing number of non-traditional participants, such as hedge funds, private equity funds and other private investors, including Fortress-related entities. Some of these competitors may have access to greater amounts of capital and/or to capital that may be committed for longer periods of time or may have different return thresholds than us, and thus these competitors may have certain advantages not shared by us. In addition, competitors may have incurred, or may in the future incur, leverage to finance their debt investments at levels or on terms more favorable than those available to us. Strong competition for investment opportunities could result in fewer such opportunities for us, as certain of these competitors have established and are establishing investment vehicles that target the same types of assets that we intend to purchase.
In addition, some of our competitors may have longer operating histories, greater financial resources and lower costs of capital than us, and consequently, may be able to compete more effectively in one or more of our target markets. We likely will not always be able to compete successfully with our competitors and competitive pressures or other factors may also result in significant price competition, particularly during industry downturns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Certain liens may arise on our assets.
Certain of our assets are currently subject to liens under separate financing arrangements entered into by certain subsidiaries in connection with acquisitions of assets. In the event of a default under such arrangements by the applicable subsidiary, the lenders thereunder would be permitted to take possession of or sell such assets. In addition, our currently owned assets and assets that we purchase in the future may be subject to other liens based on the industry practices relating to such assets. Until they are discharged, these liens could impair our ability to repossess, re-lease or sell our assets, and to the extent our lessees or charterers do not comply with their obligations to discharge any liens on the applicable assets, we may find it necessary to pay the claims secured by such liens in order to repossess such assets. Such payments could materially adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.
The values of our assets may fluctuate due to various factors.
The fair market values of our assets may decrease or increase depending on a number of factors, including the prevailing level of charter or lease rates from time to time, general economic and market conditions affecting our target markets, type and age of assets, supply and demand for assets, competition, new governmental or other regulations and technological advances, all of which could impact our profitability and our ability to lease, develop, operate, or sell such assets. In addition, our assets depreciate as they age and may generate lower revenues and cash flows. We must be able to replace such older, depreciated assets with newer assets, or our ability to maintain or increase our revenues and cash flows will decline. In addition, if we
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dispose of an asset for a price that is less than the depreciated book value of the asset on our balance sheet or if we determine that an asset’s value has been impaired, we will recognize a related charge in our consolidated statement of operations and such charge could be material.
We may not generate a sufficient amount of cash or generate sufficient free cash flow to fund our operations or repay our indebtedness.
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness as required depends on our ability to generate cash flow in the future. This ability, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. If we do not generate sufficient free cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, including interest payments and the payment of principal at maturity, we may have to undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our debt, selling assets, reducing or delaying capital investments or seeking to raise additional capital. We cannot provide assurance that any refinancing would be possible, that any assets could be sold, or, if sold, of the timeliness and amount of proceeds realized from those sales, that additional financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, if at all, or that additional financing would be permitted under the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect. Furthermore, our ability to refinance would depend upon the condition of the finance and credit markets. Our inability to generate sufficient free cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our obligations on commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis, would materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our use of joint ventures or partnerships, and our Manager’s outsourcing of certain functions, may present unforeseen obstacles or costs.
We have acquired and may in the future acquire interests in certain assets in cooperation with third-party partners or co-investors through jointly-owned acquisition vehicles, joint ventures or other structures. In these co-investment situations, our ability to control the management of such assets depends upon the nature and terms of the joint arrangements with such partners and our relative ownership stake in the asset, each of which will be determined by negotiation at the time of the investment and the determination of which is subject to the discretion of our Manager. Depending on our Manager’s perception of the relative risks and rewards of a particular asset, our Manager may elect to acquire interests in structures that afford relatively little or no operational and/or management control to us. Such arrangements present risks not present with wholly-owned assets, such as the possibility that a co-investor becomes bankrupt, develops business interests or goals that conflict with our interests and goals in respect of the assets, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition, our Manager expects to utilize third-party contractors to perform services and functions related to the operation and leasing of our assets. These functions may include billing, collections, recovery and asset monitoring. Because we and our Manager do not directly control these third parties, there can be no assurance that the services they provide will be delivered at a level commensurate with our expectations, or at all. The failure of any such third-party contractors to perform in accordance with our expectations could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are subject to the risks and costs of obsolescence of our assets.
Technological and other improvements expose us to the risk that certain of our assets may become technologically or commercially obsolete. For example, as manufacturers introduce technological innovations and new types of aircraft, some of our assets could become less desirable to potential lessees. Such technological innovations may increase the rate of obsolescence of existing aircraft faster than currently anticipated by us. In addition, the imposition of increased regulation regarding stringent noise or emissions restrictions may make some of our aircraft less desirable and less valuable in the marketplace. In our offshore energy business, development and construction of new, sophisticated, high-specification assets could cause our assets to become less desirable to potential charterers, and insurance rates may also increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to potential charterers. Any of these risks may adversely affect our ability to lease, charter or sell our assets on favorable terms, if at all, which could materially adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.
The inability to obtain certain components from suppliers could harm our business.
Our business is affected by the availability and price of the component parts that we use to maintain our products or to manufacture products. Our ability to manage inventory and meet delivery requirements may be constrained by our suppliers’ ability to adjust delivery of long-lead time products during times of volatile demand. The supply chains for our business could also be disrupted by external events such as natural disasters, extreme weather events, pandemics, labor disputes, governmental actions and legislative or regulatory changes. As a result, our suppliers may fail to perform according to specifications when required and we may be unable to identify alternate suppliers or to otherwise mitigate the consequences of their non-performance.
Transitions to new suppliers may result in significant costs and delays, including those related to the required recertification of parts obtained from new suppliers with our customers and/or regulatory agencies. Our inability to fill our supply needs could jeopardize our ability to fulfill obligations under customer contracts, which could result in reduced revenues and profits, contract penalties or terminations, and damage to customer relationships. Further, increased costs of such components could reduce our profits if we were unable to pass along such price in-creases to our customers.
We could be negatively impacted by environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and sustainability-related matters.
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Governments, investors, customers, employees and other stakeholders are increasingly focusing on corporate ESG practices and disclosures, and expectations in this area are rapidly evolving. We have announced, and may in the future announce, sustainability-focused investments, partnerships and other initiatives and goals. These initiatives, aspirations, targets or objectives reflect our current plans and aspirations and are not guarantees that we will be able to achieve them. Our efforts to accomplish and accurately report on these initiatives and goals present numerous operational, regulatory, reputational, financial, legal, and other risks, any of which could have a material negative impact, including on our reputation and stock price.
In addition, the standards for tracking and reporting on ESG matters are relatively new, have not been harmonized and continue to evolve. Our selection of disclosure frameworks that seek to align with various voluntary reporting standards may change from time to time and may result in a lack of comparative data from period to period. Moreover, our processes and controls may not always align with evolving voluntary standards for identifying, measuring, and reporting ESG metrics, our interpretation of reporting standards may differ from those of others, and such standards may change over time, any of which could result in significant revisions to our goals or reported progress in achieving such goals. In this regard, the criteria by which our ESG practices and disclosures are assessed may change due to the quickly evolving landscape, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. The increasing attention to corporate ESG initiatives could also result in increased investigations and litigation or threats thereof. If we are unable to satisfy such new criteria, investors may conclude that our ESG and sustainability practices are inadequate. If we fail or are perceived to have failed to achieve previously announced initiatives or goals or to accurately disclose our progress on such initiatives or goals, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
We may be affected by fluctuating prices for fuel and energy.
Volatility in energy prices could have a significant effect on a variety of items including, but not limited to, the economy and demand for transportation services.
International, political, and economic factors, events and conditions, including current sanctions against Russia related to its invasion of Ukraine, affect the volatility of fuel prices and supplies. Weather can also affect fuel supplies and limit domestic refining capacity. A severe shortage of, or disruption to, domestic fuel supplies could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.
Our assets generally require routine maintenance, and we may be exposed to unforeseen maintenance costs.
We may be exposed to unforeseen maintenance costs for our assets associated with a lessee’s or charterer’s failure to properly maintain the asset. We enter into leases and charters with respect to some of our assets pursuant to which the lessees are primarily responsible for many obligations, which generally include complying with all governmental requirements applicable to the lessee or charterer, including operational, maintenance, government agency oversight, registration requirements and other applicable directives. Failure of a lessee or charterer to perform required maintenance during the term of a lease or charter could result in a decrease in value of an asset, an inability to re-lease or charter an asset at favorable rates, if at all, or a potential inability to utilize an asset. Maintenance failures would also likely require us to incur maintenance and modification costs upon the termination of the applicable lease or charter; such costs to restore the asset to an acceptable condition prior to re-leasing, charter or sale could be substantial. Any failure by our lessees or charterers to meet their obligations to perform required scheduled maintenance or our inability to maintain our assets could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Some of our customers operate in highly regulated industries and changes in laws or regulations, including laws with respect to international trade, may adversely affect our ability to lease, charter or sell our assets.
Some of our customers operate in highly regulated industries such as aviation and offshore energy. A number of our contractual arrangements-for example, our leasing aircraft engines or offshore energy equipment to third-party operators-require the operator (our customer) to obtain specific governmental or regulatory licenses, consents or approvals. These include consents for certain payments under such arrangements and for the export, import or re-export of the related assets. Failure by our customers or, in certain circumstances, by us, to obtain certain licenses and approvals could negatively affect our ability to conduct our business. In addition, the shipment of goods, services and technology across international borders subjects the operation of our assets to international trade laws and regulations. Moreover, many countries, including the United States, control the export and re-export of certain goods, services and technology and impose related export recordkeeping and reporting obligations. Governments also may impose economic sanctions against certain countries, persons and other entities that may restrict or prohibit transactions involving such countries, persons and entities. If any such regulations or sanctions affect the asset operators that are our customers, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
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Certain of our assets are subject to purchase options held by the charterer or lessee of the asset which, if exercised, could reduce the size of our asset base and our future revenues.
We have granted purchase options to the charterers and lessees of certain of our assets. The market values of these assets may change from time to time depending on a number of factors, such as general economic and market conditions affecting the industries in which we operate, competition, cost of construction, governmental or other regulations, technological changes and prevailing levels of charter or lease rates from time to time. The purchase price under a purchase option may be less than the asset’s market value at the time the option may be exercised. In addition, we may not be able to obtain a replacement asset for the price at which the asset is sold. In such cases, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.
The profitability of our offshore energy assets may be impacted by the profitability of the offshore oil and gas industry generally, which is significantly affected by, among other things, volatile oil and gas prices.
Demand for assets in the offshore energy business and our ability to secure charter contracts for our assets at favorable charter rates following expiry or termination of existing charters will depend, among other things, on the level of activity in the offshore oil and gas industry. The offshore oil and gas industry is cyclical and volatile, and demand for oil-service assets depends on, among other things, the level of development and activity in oil and gas exploration, as well as the identification and development of oil and gas reserves and production in offshore areas worldwide. The availability of high quality oil and gas prospects, exploration success, relative production costs, the stage of reservoir development, political concerns and regulatory requirements all affect the level of activity for charterers of oil-service vessels. Accordingly, oil and gas prices and market expectations of potential changes in these prices significantly affect the level of activity and demand for oil-service assets. Oil and gas prices can be extremely volatile and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, such as: worldwide demand for oil and gas; costs of exploring, developing, producing and delivering oil and gas; expectations regarding future energy prices; the ability of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) to set and maintain production levels and impact pricing; the level of production in non-OPEC countries; governmental regulations and policies regarding development of oil and gas reserves; local and international political, economic and weather conditions; domestic and foreign tax or trade policies; political and military conflicts in oil-producing and other countries; and the development and exploration of alternative fuels. Any reduction in the demand for our assets due to these or other factors could materially adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.
We may not be able to renew or obtain new or favorable charters or leases, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our operating leases are subject to greater residual risk than direct finance leases because we will own the assets at the expiration of an operating lease term and we may be unable to renew existing charters or leases at favorable rates, or at all, or sell the leased or chartered assets, and the residual value of the asset may be lower than anticipated. In addition, our ability to renew existing charter or leases or obtain new charters or leases will also depend on prevailing market conditions, and upon expiration of the contracts governing the leasing or charter of the applicable assets, we may be exposed to increased volatility in terms of rates and contract provisions. For example, we do not currently have long-term charters for our constructions support vessel and our ROV support vessel. Likewise, our customers may reduce their activity levels or seek to terminate or renegotiate their charters or leases with us. If we are not able to renew or obtain new charters or leases in direct continuation, or if new charters or leases are entered into at rates substantially below the existing rates or on terms otherwise less favorable compared to existing contractual terms, or if we are unable to sell assets for which we are unable to obtain new contracts or leases, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Litigation to enforce our contracts and recover our assets has inherent uncertainties that are increased by the location of our assets in jurisdictions that have less developed legal systems.
While some of our contractual arrangements are governed by New York law and provide for the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in the state of New York, our ability to enforce our counterparties’ obligations under such contractual arrangements is subject to applicable laws in the jurisdiction in which enforcement is sought. While some of our existing assets are used in specific jurisdictions, transportation and aviation assets by their nature generally move throughout multiple jurisdictions in the ordinary course of business. As a result, it is not possible to predict, with any degree of certainty, the jurisdictions in which enforcement proceedings may be commenced. Litigation and enforcement proceedings have inherent uncertainties in any jurisdiction and are expensive. These uncertainties are enhanced in countries that have less developed legal systems where the interpretation of laws and regulations is not consistent, may be influenced by factors other than legal merits and may be cumbersome, time-consuming and even more expensive. For example, repossession from defaulting lessees may be difficult and more expensive in jurisdictions whose laws do not confer the same security interests and rights to creditors and lessors as those in the United States and where the legal system is not as well developed. As a result, the remedies available and the relative success and expedience of collection and enforcement proceedings with respect to the owned assets in various jurisdictions cannot be predicted. To the extent more of our business shifts to areas outside of the United States and Europe, such as Asia and the Middle East, it may become more difficult and expensive to enforce our rights and recover our assets.
Our international operations involve additional risks, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We and our customers operate in various regions throughout the world. As a result, we may, directly or indirectly, be exposed to political and other uncertainties, including risks of:
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•terrorist acts, armed hostilities, war and civil disturbances;
•acts of piracy;
•potential cybersecurity attacks;
•significant governmental influence over many aspects of local economies;
•seizure, nationalization or expropriation of property or equipment;
•repudiation, nullification, modification or renegotiation of contracts;
•limitations on insurance coverage, such as war risk coverage, in certain areas;
•political unrest;
•foreign and U.S. monetary policy and foreign currency fluctuations and devaluations;
•the inability to repatriate income or capital;
•complications associated with repairing and replacing equipment in remote locations;
•import-export quotas, wage and price controls, imposition of trade barriers;
•U.S. and foreign sanctions or trade embargoes;
•restrictions on the transfer of funds into or out of countries in which we operate;
•compliance with U.S. Treasury sanctions regulations restricting doing business with certain nations or specially designated nationals;
•regulatory or financial requirements to comply with foreign bureaucratic actions;
•compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations;
•changing taxation policies, including confiscatory taxation;
•other forms of government regulation and economic conditions that are beyond our control; and
•governmental corruption.
Any of these or other risks could adversely impact our customers’ international operations which could materially adversely impact our operating results and growth opportunities.
We may make acquisitions in emerging markets throughout the world, and investments in emerging markets are subject to greater risks than developed markets and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
To the extent that we acquire assets in emerging markets-which we may do throughout the world-additional risks may be encountered that could adversely affect our business. Emerging market countries have less developed economies and infrastructure and are often more vulnerable to economic and geopolitical challenges and may experience significant fluctuations in gross domestic product, interest rates and currency exchange rates, as well as civil disturbances, government instability, nationalization and expropriation of private assets and the imposition of taxes or other charges by government authorities. In addition, the currencies in which investments are denominated may be unstable, may be subject to significant depreciation and may not be freely convertible or may be subject to the imposition of other monetary or fiscal controls and restrictions.
Emerging markets are still in relatively early stages of their development and accordingly may not be highly or efficiently regulated. Moreover, emerging markets tend to be shallower and less liquid than more established markets which may adversely affect our ability to realize profits from our assets in emerging markets when we desire to do so or receive what we perceive to be their fair value in the event of a realization. In some cases, a market for realizing profits from an investment may not exist locally. In addition, issuers based in emerging markets are not generally subject to uniform accounting and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to issuers based in more developed countries, thereby potentially increasing the risk of fraud and other deceptive practices. Settlement of transactions may be subject to greater delay and administrative uncertainties than in developed markets and less complete and reliable financial and other information may be available to investors in emerging markets than in developed markets. In addition, economic instability in emerging markets could adversely affect the value of our assets subject to leases or charters in such countries, or the ability of our lessees or charters, which operate in these markets, to meet their contractual obligations. As a result, lessees or charterers that operate in emerging market countries may be more likely to default under their contractual obligations than those that operate in developed countries. Liquidity and volatility limitations in these markets may also adversely affect our ability to dispose of our assets at the best price available or in a timely manner.
As we have and may continue to acquire assets located in emerging markets throughout the world, we may be exposed to any one or a combination of these risks, which could adversely affect our operating results.
We are actively evaluating potential acquisitions of assets and operating companies in other aviation sectors which could result in additional risks and uncertainties for our business and unexpected regulatory compliance costs.
While our existing portfolio primarily consists of assets in the aviation sector, we are actively evaluating potential acquisitions of assets and operating companies in sectors of the aviation market in which we do not currently operate and we plan to be flexible as other attractive opportunities arise over time. To the extent we make acquisitions in other sectors, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with the required investment of capital and other resources and with combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls. Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws
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and regulations and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. Many types of transportation assets, including certain aviation assets, are subject to registration requirements by U.S. governmental agencies, as well as foreign governments if such assets are to be used outside of the United States. Failing to register the assets, or losing such registration, could result in substantial penalties, forced liquidation of the assets and/or the inability to operate and, if applicable, lease the assets. We may need to incur significant costs to comply with the laws and regulations applicable to any such new acquisition. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations could cause us to incur significant costs, fines or penalties or require the assets to be removed from service for a period of time resulting in reduced income from these assets. In addition, if our acquisitions in other sectors produce insufficient revenues, or produce investment losses, or if we are unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations, our results of operations will be adversely affected, and our reputation and business may be harmed.
The agreements governing our indebtedness place restrictions on us and our subsidiaries, reducing operational flexibility and creating default risks.
The agreements governing our indebtedness, including, but not limited to, the indentures governing our Senior Notes and the second amended and restated revolving credit facility entered into on September 20, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of November 22, 2022 (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), contain covenants that place restrictions on us and our subsidiaries. The indentures governing our Senior Notes and the Revolving Credit Facility restrict among other things, our and certain of our subsidiaries’ ability to:
•merge, consolidate or transfer all, or substantially all, of our assets;
•incur additional debt or issue preferred shares;
•make certain investments or acquisitions;
•create liens on our or our subsidiaries’ assets;
•sell assets;
•make distributions on or repurchase our shares;
•enter into transactions with affiliates; and
•create dividend restrictions and other payment restrictions that affect our subsidiaries.
These covenants could impair our ability to grow our business, take advantage of attractive business opportunities, pay dividends on our ordinary shares or successfully compete. A breach of any of these covenants could result in an event of default. Cross-default provisions in our debt agreements could cause an event of default under one debt agreement to trigger an event of default under our other debt agreements. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under any of our debt agreements, the lenders or holders thereof could elect to declare all outstanding debt under such agreements to be immediately due and payable.
Terrorist attacks or other hostilities could negatively impact our operations and our profitability and may expose us to liability and reputational damage.
Terrorist attacks may negatively affect our operations. Such attacks have contributed to economic instability in the United States and elsewhere, and further acts of terrorism, violence or war could similarly affect world trade and the industries in which we and our customers operate. In addition, terrorist attacks or hostilities may directly impact airports or aircraft or our physical facilities or those of our customers. In addition, it is also possible that our assets could be involved in a terrorist attack or other hostilities. The consequences of any terrorist attacks or hostilities are unpredictable, and we may not be able to foresee events that could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Although our lease and charter agreements generally require the counterparties to indemnify us against all damages arising out of the use of our assets, and we carry insurance to potentially offset any costs in the event that our customer indemnifications prove to be insufficient, our insurance does not cover certain types of terrorist attacks, and we may not be fully protected from liability or the reputational damage that could arise from a terrorist attack which utilizes our assets.
Our leases and charters typically require payments in U.S. dollars, but many of our customers operate in other currencies; if foreign currencies devalue against the U.S. dollar, our lessees or charterers may be unable to meet their payment obligations to us in a timely manner.
Our current leases and charters typically require that payments be made in U.S. dollars. If the currency that our lessees or charterers typically use in operating their businesses devalues against the U.S. dollar, our lessees or charterers could encounter difficulties in making payments to us in U.S. dollars. Furthermore, many foreign countries have currency and exchange laws regulating international payments that may impede or prevent payments from being paid to us in U.S. dollars. Future leases or charters may provide for payments to be made in euros or other foreign currencies. Any change in the currency exchange rate that reduces the amount of U.S. dollars obtained by us upon conversion of future lease payments denominated in euros or other foreign currencies, may, if not appropriately hedged by us, have a material adverse effect on us and increase the volatility of our earnings.
Our inability to obtain sufficient capital would constrain our ability to grow our portfolio and to increase our revenues.
Our business is capital intensive, and we have used and may continue to employ leverage to finance our operations. Accordingly, our ability to successfully execute our business strategy and maintain our operations depends on the availability and cost of debt and equity capital. Additionally, our ability to borrow against our assets is dependent, in part, on the appraised value of such
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assets. If the appraised value of such assets declines, we may be required to reduce the principal outstanding under our debt facilities or otherwise be unable to incur new borrowings.
We can give no assurance that the capital we need will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. Our inability to obtain sufficient capital, or to renew or expand our credit facilities, could result in increased funding costs and would limit our ability to:
•meet the terms and maturities of our existing and future debt facilities;
•purchase new assets or refinance existing assets;
•fund our working capital needs and maintain adequate liquidity; and
•finance other growth initiatives.
In addition, we conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”). As such, certain forms of financing such as finance leases may not be available to us. Please see “- If we are deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.”
The effects of various environmental regulations may negatively affect the industries in which we operate which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants to air and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites and noise and emission levels and greenhouse gas emissions. Legislative and regulatory measures currently under consideration or being implemented by government authorities to address climate change could require reductions in our greenhouse gas or other emissions, establish a carbon tax or increase fuel or energy taxes. These legal requirements are expected to result in increased capital expenditures and compliance costs, and could result in higher costs and may require us to acquire emission credits or carbon offsets. These costs and restrictions could harm our business and results of operations by increasing our expenses or requiring us to alter our operations. The inconsistent international, regional and/or national requirements associated with climate change regulations also create economic and regulatory uncertainty.
Under some environmental laws in the United States and certain other countries, strict liability may be imposed on the owners or operators of assets, which could render us liable for environmental and natural resource damages without regard to negligence or fault on our part. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines and third-party claims for property damage and personal injury, as a result of violations of or liabilities under environmental laws and regulations in connection with our or our lessee’s or charterer’s current or historical operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a variety of new legislation is being enacted, or considered for enactment, at the federal, state and local levels relating to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. While there has historically been a lack of consistent climate change legislation, as climate change concerns continue to grow, further legislation and regulations are expected to continue in areas such as greenhouse gas emissions control, emission disclosure requirements and building codes or other infrastructure requirements that impose energy efficiency standards. Government mandates, standards or regulations intended to mitigate or reduce greenhouse gas emissions or projected climate change impacts could result in increased energy and transportation costs, and increased compliance expenses and other financial obligations to meet permitting or development requirements that we may be unable to fully recover (due to market conditions or other factors), any of which could result in reduced profits and adversely affect our results of operations. While we typically maintain liability insurance coverage and typically require our lessees to provide us with indemnity against certain losses, the insurance coverage is subject to large deductibles, limits on maximum coverage and significant exclusions and may not be sufficient or available to protect against any or all liabilities and such indemnities may not cover or be sufficient to protect us against losses arising from environmental damage. In addition, changes to environmental standards or regulations in the industries in which we operate could limit the economic life of the assets we acquire or reduce their value, and also require us to make significant additional investments in order to maintain compliance, which would negatively impact our cash flows and results of operations.
The discontinuation of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate may have an impact on our business.
On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA"), which regulates LIBOR, announced that it will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR rates after 2021. On November 30, 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration, or the IBA, the administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the United States Federal Reserve and the FCA, announced plans to consult on ceasing publication of LIBOR on December 31, 2021, for only the one-week and two-month LIBOR tenors, and on June 30, 2023, for all other LIBOR tenors. The U.S. Federal Reserve concurrently issued a statement advising banks to stop new LIBOR issuances by the end of 2021. The IBA ceased publication of one-week and two-month USD LIBOR settings after December 31, 2021 and intends to cease publishing the remaining USD LIBOR settings after June 30, 2023.
In the United States, the Alternative Reference Rate Committee (“ARRC”), a group of diverse private-market participants assembled by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, was tasked with identifying alternative reference rates to replace LIBOR. The Secured Overnight Finance Rate (“SOFR”) has emerged as the ARRC's preferred alternative rate for LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by Treasury
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securities in the repurchase agreement market. At this time, it is not possible to predict how markets will respond to SOFR or other alternative reference rates.
A cyberattack that bypasses our information technology (“IT”), security systems or the IT security systems of our third-party providers, causing an IT security breach, may lead to a disruption of our IT systems and the loss of business information which may hinder our ability to conduct our business effectively and may result in lost revenues and additional costs.
Parts of our business depend on the secure operation of our IT systems and the IT systems of our third-party providers to manage, process, store, and transmit information associated with aircraft leasing. We have, from time to time, experienced threats to our data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks. A cyberattack that bypasses our IT security systems or the IT security systems of our third-party providers, causing an IT security breach, could adversely impact our daily operations and lead to the loss of sensitive information, including our own proprietary information and that of our customers, suppliers and employees. Such losses could harm our reputation and result in competitive disadvantages, litigation, regulatory enforcement actions, lost revenues, additional costs and liabilities. While we devote substantial resources to maintaining adequate levels of cyber-security, our resources and technical sophistication may not be adequate to prevent all types of cyberattacks.
If we are deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We conduct our operations so that neither we nor any of our subsidiaries are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company for certain privately-offered investment vehicles set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act.
We are a holding company that is not an investment company because we are engaged in the business of holding securities of our wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, which are engaged in transportation and related businesses which lease assets pursuant to operating leases and finance leases. The Investment Company Act may limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to enter into financing leases and engage in other types of financial activity because less than 40% of the value of our and our subsidiaries’ total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis can consist of “investment securities.”
If we or any of our subsidiaries were required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, the registered entity would become subject to substantial regulation that would significantly change our operations, and we would not be able to conduct our business as described in this report. We have not obtained a formal determination from the SEC as to our status under the Investment Company Act and, consequently, any violation of the Investment Company Act would subject us to material adverse consequences.
Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, you may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited.
We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon our directors or officers, or enforce judgments obtained in the United States courts against our directors or officers.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands (the ‘‘Cayman Companies Act’’) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are different from what they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and certain states, such as Delaware, may have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholders derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
We have been advised by Maples and Calder (Cayman) LLP, our Cayman Islands legal counsel, that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (1) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state; and (2) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances,
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although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.
As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a United States company.
The Financial Action Task Force has increased monitoring of the Cayman Islands.
In February 2021, the Cayman Islands was added to the Financial Action Task Force (‘‘FATF’’) list of jurisdictions whose anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist and proliferation financing practices are under increased monitoring, commonly referred to as the ‘‘FATF grey list.’’ The FATF was established in July 1989 by a Group of Seven (G-7) Summit and is a task force composed of member governments who agree to fund the FATF on temporary basis with specific goals and projects– it is an international policy-making body that sets international anti-money laundering standards and counter-terrorist financing measures. The FATF monitors countries to ensure they implement the FATF Standards fully and effectively and holds countries to account that do not comply. When the FATF places a jurisdiction under increased monitoring, it means the country has committed to resolve swiftly the identified strategic deficiencies within agreed timeframes and is subject to increased monitoring during that timeframe. Following its October 2022 plenary, it has been confirmed that the Cayman Islands has fully satisfied 62 out of 63 FATF recommendations and must now only demonstrate that it is prosecuting all types of money laundering cases in line with the jurisdiction’s risk profile. The Cayman Islands' progress towards satisfying this final recommended action will be assessed at the next FATF Plenary meeting in February 2023. Despite the progress the Cayman Islands has made on satisfying the final outstanding recommendation, it is still unclear how long this designation will remain in place and what ramifications, if any, the designation will have for the Company.
The Cayman Islands are included in the EU AML High-Risk Third Countries List.
On March 13, 2022, the European Commission (‘‘EC’’) updated its list of ’high-risk third countries’ (‘‘EU AML List’’) identified as having strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing regimes to add nine countries, including the Cayman Islands. The EC has noted it is committed to there being a greater alignment between the EU AML List and the FATF listing process. The addition of the Cayman Islands to the EU AML List is a direct result of the inclusion of the Cayman Islands on the FATF grey list in February 2021. It is unclear how long this designation will remain in place and what ramifications, if any, the designation will have for the Company. Our assets are exposed to unplanned interruptions caused by events outside of our control which may disrupt our business and cause damage or losses that may not be adequately covered by insurance.
Projects in the aerospace products and services sector are exposed to a variety of unplanned interruptions which could cause our results of operations to suffer.
Projects in the aerospace products and services sector are exposed to unplanned interruptions caused by breakdown or failure of equipment, aging infrastructure, employee error or contractor or subcontractor failure, limitations that may be imposed by equipment conditions or environmental, safety or other regulatory requirements, fuel supply or fuel transportation reductions or interruptions, labor disputes, difficulties with the implementation or operation of information systems, power outages, pipeline or electricity line ruptures, catastrophic events, such as hurricanes, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, floods, explosions, fires, or other disasters. Any equipment or system outage or constraint can, among other things, reduce sales, increase costs and affect the ability to meet regulatory service metrics, customer expectations and regulatory reliability and security requirements. Operational disruption, as well as supply disruption, and increased government oversight could adversely impact the cash flows available from these assets. In addition, the cost of repairing or replacing damaged assets could be considerable. Repeated or prolonged interruption may result in temporary or permanent loss of customers, substantial litigation or penalties for regulatory or contractual non-compliance, and any loss from such events may not be recoverable under relevant insurance policies. Although we believe that we are adequately insured against these types of events, no assurance can be given that the occurrence of any such event will not materially adversely affect us.
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Risks Related to Our Manager
We are dependent on our Manager and other key personnel at Fortress and may not find suitable replacements if our Manager terminates the Management Agreement or if other key personnel depart.
Our officers and other individuals who perform services for us are employees of our Manager or other Fortress entities. We are completely reliant on our Manager, which has significant discretion as to the implementation of our operating policies and strategies, to conduct our business. We are subject to the risk that our Manager will terminate the Management Agreement and that we will not be able to find a suitable replacement for our Manager in a timely manner, at a reasonable cost, or at all. Furthermore, we are dependent on the services of certain key employees of our Manager and certain key employees of Fortress entities whose compensation is partially or entirely dependent upon the amount of management fees earned by our Manager or the incentive payments distributed to Master GP and whose continued service is not guaranteed, and the loss of such personnel or services could materially adversely affect our operations. We do not have key man insurance for any of the personnel of the Manager or other Fortress entities that are key to us. An inability to find a suitable replacement for any departing employee of our Manager or Fortress entities on a timely basis could materially adversely affect our ability to operate and grow our business.
In addition, our Manager may assign our Management Agreement to an entity whose business and operations are managed or supervised by Mr. Wesley R. Edens, who is a principal, Co-Chief Executive Officer and a member of the board of directors of Fortress, an affiliate of our Manager, and a member of the management committee of Fortress since co-founding Fortress in May 1998. In the event of any such assignment to a non-affiliate of Fortress, the functions currently performed by our Manager’s current personnel may be performed by others. We can give you no assurance that such personnel would manage our operations in the same manner as our Manager currently does, and the failure by the personnel of any such entity to acquire assets generating attractive risk-adjusted returns could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In connection with the SoftBank Merger, Fortress operates within SoftBank as an independent business headquartered in New York.
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager.
Our Management Agreement and the Services and Profit Sharing Agreement and our Articles were negotiated among affiliated parties, and their terms, including fees and other amounts payable, may not be as favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third-party.
There are conflicts of interest inherent in our relationship with our Manager insofar as our Manager and its affiliates invest in aviation assets and whose investment objectives overlap with our asset acquisition objectives. Certain opportunities appropriate for us may also be appropriate for one or more of these other investment vehicles. Certain members of our board of directors and employees of our Manager who are our officers also serve as officers and/or directors of these other entities. For example, some of our directors and officers are also directors or officers of FTAI Infrastructure, Inc. (“FTAI Infrastructure”). Although we have the same Manager, we may compete with entities affiliated with our Manager or Fortress for certain target assets. From time to time, entities affiliated with or managed by our Manager or Fortress may focus on investments in assets with a similar profile as our target assets that we may seek to acquire. These affiliates may have meaningful purchasing capacity, which may change over time depending upon a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, available equity capital and debt financing, market conditions and cash on hand. Fortress has multiple existing and planned funds focused on investing in one or more of our target sectors, each with significant current or expected capital commitments. We have previously purchased and may in the future purchase assets from these funds, and have previously co-invested and may in the future co-invest with these funds in aviation assets. Fortress funds generally have a fee structure similar to ours, but the fees actually paid will vary depending on the size, terms and performance of each fund.
Our Management Agreement generally does not limit or restrict our Manager or its affiliates from engaging in any business or managing other operating companies similar to us or pooled investment vehicles that invest in assets that meet our asset acquisition objectives. Our Manager has also engaged in additional transportation and infrastructure related management with FTAI Infrastructure in our recent spin-off of our infrastructure assets, and may be involved in other investment opportunities in the future, any of which may compete with us for investments or result in a change in our current investment strategy. In addition, our Articles provide that if Fortress or an affiliate or any of their officers, directors or employees acquire knowledge of a potential transaction that could be a corporate opportunity, they have no duty, to the fullest extent permitted by law, to offer such corporate opportunity to us, our shareholders or our affiliates. In the event that any of our directors and officers who is also a director, officer or employee of Fortress or its affiliates acquires knowledge of a corporate opportunity or is offered a corporate opportunity, provided that this knowledge was not acquired solely in such person’s capacity as a director or officer of FTAI and such person acts in good faith, then to the fullest extent permitted by law such person is deemed to have fully satisfied such person’s fiduciary duties owed to us and is not liable to us if Fortress or its affiliates pursues or acquires the corporate opportunity or if such person did not present the corporate opportunity to us.
The ability of our Manager and its officers and employees to engage in other business activities, subject to the terms of our Management Agreement, may reduce the amount of time our Manager, its officers or other employees spend managing us. In addition, we may engage (subject to our strategy) in material transactions with our Manager or another entity managed by our Manager or one of its affiliates, which may include, but are not limited to, certain acquisitions, financing arrangements, purchases of debt, co-investments, consumer loans, servicing advances and other assets that present an actual, potential or perceived conflict of interest. Our board of directors adopted a policy regarding the approval of any “related person transactions” pursuant
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to which certain of the material transactions described above may require disclosure to, and approval by, the independent members of our board of directors. Actual, potential or perceived conflicts have given, and may in the future give, rise to investor dissatisfaction, litigation or regulatory inquiries or enforcement actions. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential, actual or perceived conflicts of interest. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including causing an inability to raise additional funds, a reluctance of counterparties to do business with us, a decrease in the prices of our equity securities and a resulting increased risk of litigation and regulatory enforcement actions.
The structure of our Manager’s and Master GP’s compensation arrangements may have unintended consequences for us. We have agreed to pay our Manager a management fee and Master GP is entitled to receive incentive payments from the Company or its subsidiaries that are each based on different measures of performance. Consequently, there may be conflicts in the incentives of our Manager to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns for us. In addition, because Master GP and our Manager are both affiliates of Fortress, the income incentive payment paid to Master GP may cause our Manager to place undue emphasis on the maximization of earnings, including through the use of leverage, at the expense of other objectives, such as preservation of capital, to achieve higher incentive payments. Investments with higher yield potential are generally riskier or more speculative than investments with lower yield potential. This could result in increased risk to the value of our portfolio of assets and our ordinary shares.
Our directors have approved a broad asset acquisition strategy for our Manager and will not approve each acquisition we make at the direction of our Manager. In addition, we may change our strategy without a shareholder vote, which may result in our acquiring assets that are different, riskier or less profitable than our current assets.
Our Manager is authorized to follow a broad asset acquisition strategy. We may pursue other types of acquisitions as market conditions evolve. Our Manager makes decisions about our investments in accordance with broad investment guidelines adopted by our board of directors. Accordingly, we may, without a shareholder vote, change our target sectors and acquire a variety of assets that differ from, and are possibly riskier than, our current asset portfolio. Consequently, our Manager has great latitude in determining the types and categories of assets it may decide are proper investments for us, including the latitude to invest in types and categories of assets that may differ from those in our existing portfolio. Our directors will periodically review our strategy and our portfolio of assets. However, our board will not review or pre-approve each proposed acquisition or our related financing arrangements. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, the directors will rely primarily on information provided to them by our Manager. Furthermore, transactions entered into by our Manager may be difficult or impossible to reverse by the time they are reviewed by the directors even if the transactions contravene the terms of the Management Agreement. In addition, we may change our asset acquisition strategy, including our target asset classes, without a shareholder vote.
Our asset acquisition strategy may evolve in light of existing market conditions and investment opportunities, and this evolution may involve additional risks depending upon the nature of the assets we target and our ability to finance such assets on a short or long-term basis. Opportunities that present unattractive risk-return profiles relative to other available opportunities under particular market conditions may become relatively attractive under changed market conditions and changes in market conditions may therefore result in changes in the assets we target. Decisions to make acquisitions in new asset categories present risks that may be difficult for us to adequately assess and could therefore reduce or eliminate our ability to pay dividends on our ordinary shares or have adverse effects on our liquidity or financial condition. A change in our asset acquisition strategy may also increase our exposure to interest rate, foreign currency or credit market fluctuations. In addition, a change in our asset acquisition strategy may increase our use of non-match-funded financing, increase the guarantee obligations we agree to incur or increase the number of transactions we enter into with affiliates. Our failure to accurately assess the risks inherent in new asset categories or the financing risks associated with such assets could adversely affect our results of operations and our financial condition.
Our Manager will not be liable to us for any acts or omissions performed in accordance with the Management Agreement, including with respect to the performance of our assets.
Pursuant to our Management Agreement, our Manager will not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder in good faith and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Our Manager, its members, managers, officers, employees, sub-advisers and any other person controlling or Manager, will not be liable to us or any of our subsidiaries, to our board of directors, or our or any subsidiary’s shareholders or partners for any acts or omissions by our Manager, its members, managers, officers, employees, sub-advisers and any other person controlling or Manager, except liability to us, our shareholders, directors, officers and employees and persons controlling us, by reason of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of our Manager’s duties under our Management Agreement. We will, to the full extent lawful, reimburse, indemnify and hold our Manager, its members, managers, officers and employees, sub-advisers and each other person, if any, controlling our Manager harmless of and from any and all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims of any nature whatsoever (including attorneys’ fees) in respect of or arising from any acts or omissions of an indemnified party made in good faith in the performance of our Manager’s duties under our Management Agreement and not constituting such indemnified party’s bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence or reckless disregard of our Manager’s duties under our Management Agreement.
Our Manager’s due diligence of potential asset acquisitions or other transactions may not identify all pertinent risks, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
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Our Manager intends to conduct due diligence with respect to each asset acquisition opportunity or other transaction it pursues. It is possible, however, that our Manager’s due diligence processes will not uncover all relevant facts, particularly with respect to any assets we acquire from third parties. In these cases, our Manager may be given limited access to information about the asset and will rely on information provided by the seller of the asset. In addition, if asset acquisition opportunities are scarce, the process for selecting bidders is competitive, or the timeframe in which we are required to complete diligence is short, our ability to conduct a due diligence investigation may be limited, and we would be required to make decisions based upon a less thorough diligence process than would otherwise be the case. Accordingly, transactions that initially appear to be viable may prove not to be over time, due to the limitations of the due diligence process or other factors.
Risks Related to Taxation
We expect the Company to be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) and it could be a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may result in adverse tax considerations for U.S. shareholders.
We expect the Company to be treated as a PFIC and it could be treated as a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If you are a U.S. person and do not make a valid qualified electing fund (“QEF”) election with respect to us and each of our PFIC subsidiaries, then, unless we are a CFC and you own 10% or more of our shares (by vote or value), you would generally be subject to special deferred tax with respect to certain distributions on our shares, any gain realized on a disposition of our shares, and certain other events. The effect of this deferred tax could be materially adverse to you. Alternatively, if you are such a shareholder and make a valid QEF election for us and each of our PFIC subsidiaries, or if we are a CFC and you own 10% or more of our shares (by vote or value), you will generally not be subject to those taxes, but could recognize taxable income in a taxable year with respect to our shares in excess of any distributions that we make to you in that year, thus giving rise to so called “phantom income” and to a potential out-of-pocket tax liability. No assurances can be given that any given shareholder will be able to make a valid QEF election with respect to us or our PFIC subsidiaries. See “U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations —Considerations for U.S. Holders—PFIC Status and Related Tax Considerations.”
Assuming we are a PFIC, distributions made by us to a U.S. person will generally not be eligible for taxation at reduced tax rates generally applicable to “qualified dividends” paid by certain U.S. corporations and “qualified foreign corporations” to individuals. The more favorable rates applicable to other corporate dividends could cause individuals to perceive investment in our shares to be relatively less attractive than investment in the shares of other corporations, which could adversely affect the value of our shares.
Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential impact of these rules on their investment in us.
To the extent we recognize income treated as effectively connected with a trade or business in the United States, we would be subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis, which could adversely affect our business and result in decreased cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
If we are treated as engaged in a trade or business in the United States, the portion of our net income, if any, that is “effectively connected” with such trade or business would be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at maximum corporate rates, currently 21%. In addition, we may be subject to an additional U.S. federal branch profits tax on our effectively connected earnings and profits at a rate of 30%. The imposition of such taxes could adversely affect our business and would result in decreased cash available for distribution to our shareholders. Although we (or one or more of our non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries) are expected to be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, it is currently expected that only a small portion of our taxable income will be treated as effectively connected with such U.S. trade or business. However, no assurance can be given that the amount of effectively connected income will not be greater than currently expected, whether due to a change in our operations or otherwise.
If there is not sufficient trading in our shares, or if 50% of our shares are held by certain 5% shareholders, we could lose our eligibility for an exemption from U.S. federal income taxation on rental income from our aircraft or ships used in “international traffic” and could be subject to U.S. federal income taxation which would adversely affect our business and result in decreased cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
We expect that we will be eligible for an exemption under Section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which provides an exemption from U.S. federal income taxation with respect to rental income derived from aircraft and ships used in international traffic by certain foreign corporations. No assurances can be given that we will continue to be eligible for this exemption as changes in our ownership or the amount of our shares that are traded could cause us to cease to be eligible for such exemption. To qualify for this exemption in respect of rental income, the lessor of the aircraft or ships must be organized in a country that grants a comparable exemption to U.S. lessors. The Cayman Islands and the Marshall Islands grant such exemptions. Additionally, certain other requirements must be satisfied. We can satisfy these requirements in any year if, for more than half the days of such year, our shares are primarily and regularly traded on a recognized exchange and certain shareholders, each of whom owns 5% or more of our shares (applying certain attribution rules), do not collectively own more than 50% of our shares. Our shares will be considered to be primarily and regularly traded on a recognized exchange in any year if: (i) the number of trades in our shares effected on such recognized stock exchanges exceed the number of our shares (or direct interests in our shares) that are traded during the year on all securities markets; (ii) trades in our shares are effected on such stock exchanges in more than de minimis quantities on at least 60 days during every calendar quarter in the year; and (iii) the aggregate number of our shares traded on such stock exchanges during the taxable year is at least 10% of the average number of our shares outstanding in that class during that year. If we were not eligible for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code, we expect that our U.S. source rental income would generally be subject to U.S. federal taxation, on a gross income basis,
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at a rate of not in excess of 4% as provided in Section 887 of the Code. If, contrary to expectations, we or certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries did not comply with certain administrative guidelines of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), such that 90% or more of the U.S. source rental income of the Company or any of such subsidiaries were attributable to the activities of personnel based in the United States (in the case of bareboat leases), or from “regularly scheduled transportation” as defined in such administrative guidelines (in the case of time charter leases), our, or such subsidiary’s, U.S. source rental income would be treated as income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. In such case, such U.S. source rental income would be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at the maximum corporate rate as well as state and local taxation. In addition, the Company or such subsidiary would be subject to the U.S. federal branch profits tax on its effectively connected earnings and profits at a rate of 30%. The imposition of such taxes could adversely affect our business and would result in decreased cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
We or our subsidiaries may become subject to unanticipated tax liabilities that may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Some of our subsidiaries are subject to income, withholding or other taxes in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions by reason of their jurisdiction of incorporation, activities and operations, where their assets are used or where the lessees of their assets (or others in possession of their assets) are located, and it is also possible that taxing authorities in any such jurisdictions could assert that we or our subsidiaries are subject to greater taxation than we currently anticipate. Further, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) is conducting a project focused on base erosion and profit shifting in international structures, which seeks to establish certain international standards for taxing the worldwide income of multinational companies. In addition, the OECD is working on a “BEPS 2.0” initiative, which is aimed at (i) shifting taxing rights to the jurisdiction of the consumer and (ii) ensuring all companies pay a global minimum tax. On October 8, 2021, the OECD announced an agreement among over 140 countries delineating an implementation plan, on December 20, 2021, the OECD released model rules for the domestic implementation of a 15% global minimum tax, on December 15, 2022, the member states of the European Union unanimously voted to adopt the OECD’s minimum tax rules and phase them into national law, and on February 2, 2023 the OECD released technical guidance on the global minimum tax which was agreed by consensus of the BEPS 2.0 signatory jurisdictions. Legislatures in multiple countries outside of the EU have also drafted legislation consistent with the OECD’s minimum tax proposal. As a result of these developments, the tax laws of certain countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could increase our liabilities for taxes, interest and penalties, and therefore could harm our business, cash flows, results of operations and financial position. In addition, a portion of certain of our or our non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries’ income is treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business and is accordingly subject to U.S. federal income tax or may be subject to gross-basis U.S. withholding tax. It is possible that the IRS could assert that a greater portion of our or any such non-U.S. subsidiaries’ income is effectively connected income that should be subject to U.S. federal income tax or subject to withholding tax.
Risks Related to Our Shares
The market price and trading volume of our ordinary and preferred shares may be volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our shareholders.
The market price of our ordinary and preferred shares may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our ordinary and preferred shares may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our ordinary or preferred shares declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above your purchase price, if at all. The market price of our ordinary and preferred shares may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our shares include:
•a shift in our investor base;
•our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other comparable companies;
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant investments, acquisitions or dispositions;
•the failure of securities analysts to cover our ordinary shares;
•changes in earnings estimates by securities analysts or our ability to meet those estimates;
•the operating and share price performance of other comparable companies;
•prevailing interest rates or rates of return being paid by other comparable companies and the market for securities similar to our preferred shares;
•additional issuances of preferred shares;
•whether we declare distributions on our preferred shares;
•overall market fluctuations;
•general economic conditions; and
•developments in the markets and market sectors in which we participate.
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Stock markets in the United States have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Market fluctuations, as well as general political and economic conditions, such as acts of terrorism, prolonged economic uncertainty, a recession or interest rate or currency rate fluctuations, could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary and preferred shares.
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our shares.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our shares is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our shares is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to shareholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions will likely affect the market price of our shares. For instance, if market interest rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our shares could decrease, as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our shares or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest. In addition, rising interest rates would result in increased interest expense on our outstanding and future (variable and fixed) rate debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flows and our ability to service our indebtedness and pay distributions.
We are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls, and the outcome of that effort may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
As a public company, we are required to comply with Section 404 (“Section 404”) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Section 404 requires that we evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for that fiscal year. Section 404 also requires an independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, and report on, management’s assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting. The outcome of our review and the report of our independent registered public accounting firm may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. During the course of our review, we may identify control deficiencies of varying degrees of severity, and we may incur significant costs to remediate those deficiencies or otherwise improve our internal controls. As a public company, we are required to report control deficiencies that constitute a “material weakness” in our internal control over financial reporting. If we discover a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, our share price could decline and our ability to raise capital could be impaired.
Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted in the future.
Your percentage ownership in FTAI may be diluted in the future because of equity awards granted and may be granted to our Manager pursuant to the Management Agreement and the Incentive Plan. Since 2015, we granted our Manager an option to acqui re 3,903,010 ordinary shares in connection with equity offerings. In the future, upon the successful completion of additional offerings of our ordinary shares or other equity securities (including securities issued as consideration in an acquisition), we will grant to our Manager options to purchase ordinary shares in an amount equal to 10% of the number of ordinary shares being sold in such offerings (or if the issuance relates to equity securities other than our ordinary shares, options to purchase a number of ordinary shares equal to 10% of the gross capital raised in the equity issuance divided by the fair market value of an ordinary share as of the date of the issuance), with an exercise price equal to the offering price per share paid by the public or other ultimate purchaser or attributed to such securities in connection with an acquisition (or the fair market value of an ordinary share as of the date of the equity issuance if it relates to equity securities other than our ordinary shares), and any such offering or the exercise of the option in connection with such offering would cause dilution.
Our board of directors has adopted the Incentive Plan, which provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including restricted shares, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance awards, restricted share units, tandem awards and other equity-based and non-equity based awards, in each case to our Manager, to the directors, officers, employees, service providers, consultants and advisors of our Manager who perform services for us, and to our directors, officers, employees, service providers, consultants and advisors. We have initially reserved 30,000,000 ordinary shares for issuance under the Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2022, rights relating to 1,720,316 of our ordinary shares were outstanding under the Incentive Plan. In the future on the date of any equity issuance by us during the remaining portion of the ten-year term of the Incentive Plan (including in respect of securities issued as consideration in an acquisition), the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the Plan will be increased to include an additional number of ordinary shares equal to ten percent (10%) of either (i) the total number of ordinary shares newly issued by us in such equity issuance or (ii) if such equity issuance relates to equity securities other than our ordinary shares, a number of our ordinary shares equal to 10% of (A) the gross capital raised in an equity issuance of equity securities other than ordinary shares during the ten-year term of the Incentive Plan, divided by (B) the fair market value of an ordinary share as of the date of such equity issuance.
Sales or issuances of our ordinary shares could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.
Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares. The issuance of our ordinary shares in connection with property, portfolio or business acquisitions or the exercise of outstanding options or otherwise could also have an adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares.
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The incurrence or issuance of debt, which ranks senior to our ordinary shares upon our liquidation, and future issuances of equity or equity-related securities, which would dilute the holdings of our existing ordinary shareholders and may be senior to our ordinary shares for the purposes of making distributions, periodically or upon liquidation, may negatively affect the market price of our ordinary shares.
We have incurred and may in the future incur or issue debt or issue equity or equity-related securities to finance our operations, acquisitions or investments. Upon our liquidation, lenders and holders of our debt and holders of our preferred shares (if any) would receive a distribution of our available assets before ordinary shareholders. Any future incurrence or issuance of debt would increase our interest cost and could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. We are not required to offer any additional equity securities to existing ordinary shareholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, additional issuances of ordinary shares, directly or through convertible or exchangeable securities warrants or options, will dilute the holdings of our existing ordinary shareholders and such issuances, or the perception of such issuances, may reduce the market price of our ordinary shares. Any preferred shares issued by us would likely have a preference on distribution payments, periodically or upon liquidation, which could eliminate or otherwise limit our ability to make distributions to ordinary shareholders. Because our decision to incur or issue debt or issue equity or equity-related securities in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts. Thus, ordinary shareholders bear the risk that our future incurrence or issuance of debt or issuance of equity or equity-related securities will adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.
Our determination of how much leverage to use to finance our acquisitions may adversely affect our return on our assets and may reduce funds available for distribution.
We utilize leverage to finance many of our asset acquisitions, which entitles certain lenders to cash flows prior to retaining a return on our assets. While our Manager targets using only what we believe to be reasonable leverage, our strategy does not limit the amount of leverage we may incur with respect to any specific asset. The return we are able to earn on our assets and funds available for distribution to our shareholders may be significantly reduced due to changes in market conditions, which may cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from our assets.
While we currently intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to our shareholders, we may change our dividend policy at any time.
Although we currently intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to holders of our ordinary shares, we may change our dividend policy at any time. Our net cash provided by operating activities has been less than the amount of distributions to our shareholders. The declaration and payment of dividends to holders of our ordinary shares are at the discretion of our board of directors in accordance with applicable law after taking into account various factors, including actual results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, net cash provided by operating activities, restrictions imposed by applicable law, our taxable income, our operating expenses and other factors our board of directors deem relevant. There can be no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends in amounts or on a basis consistent with prior distributions to our investors, if at all. Because we are a holding company and have no direct operations, we will only be able to pay dividends from our available cash on hand and any funds we receive from our subsidiaries and our ability to receive distributions from our subsidiaries may be limited by the financing agreements to which they are subject. In addition, our existing indebtedness does, and our future indebtedness may, limit our ability to pay dividends on our ordinary and preferred shares. Moreover, pursuant to the Services and Profit Sharing Agreement, Master GP is entitled to receive incentive payments before any amounts are distributed by us based both on our consolidated net income and capital gains income in each fiscal quarter and for each fiscal year, respectively. Furthermore, the terms of our preferred shares generally prevent us from declaring or paying dividends on or repurchasing our ordinary shares or other junior capital unless all accrued distributions on such preferred shares have been paid in full.
Anti-takeover provisions in our Articles could delay or prevent a change in control.
Provisions in our Articles may make it more difficult and expensive for a third party to acquire control of us even if a change of control would be beneficial to the interests of our shareholders. For example, our Articles provides for a staggered board, requires advance notice for proposals by shareholders and nominations, places limitations on convening shareholder meetings, and authorizes the issuance of preferred shares that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt. The market price of our shares could be adversely affected to the extent that provisions of our operating agreement discourage potential takeover attempts that our shareholders may favor.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they downgrade their recommendations regarding our ordinary shares, our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our ordinary shares are influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If any of the analysts who cover us downgrades our ordinary units or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our ordinary share price may decline. If analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our ordinary share price or trading volume to decline and our ordinary shares to be less liquid.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
We have no unresolved staff comments.
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Item 2. Properties
An affiliate of our Manager leases principal executive offices at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10105. We also lease office space from an affiliate of our Manager in Ireland and Dubai. Additionally, our aviation leasing business and offshore energy business lease office space in New York, Florida, Wales and Singapore, respectively. We believe that our office facilities and properties are suitable and adequate for our business as it is contemplated to be conducted.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are and may become involved in legal proceedings, including but not limited to regulatory investigations and inquiries, in the ordinary course of our business. Although we are unable to predict with certainty the eventual outcome of any litigation, regulatory investigation or inquiry, in the opinion of management, we do not expect our current and any threatened legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations. Given the inherent unpredictability of these types of proceedings, however, it is possible that future adverse outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our ordinary shares were previously listed on the NYSE from May 15, 2015, the date of the IPO. Our ordinary shares were transferred from the NYSE to The Nasdaq Global Select Market on April 26, 2022, continuing to be listed under the ticker symbol “FTAI”. As of February 22, 2023, there were approximately 17 record holders of our ordinary shares. This figure does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name.
Although we currently intend to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends to holders of our ordinary shares, we may change our dividend policy at any time and no assurances can be given that any future dividends will be paid or, if paid, as to the amounts or timing. The declaration and payment of dividends to holders of our ordinary shares will be at the discretion of our board of directors in accordance with applicable law after taking into account various factors, including actual results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, net cash provided by operating activities, restrictions imposed by applicable law, our taxable income, our operating expenses and other factors our board of directors deem relevant. In addition, our existing indebtedness does, and our future indebtedness may, limit our ability to pay dividends on our ordinary and preferred shares.
On February 23, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend on our ordinary shares of $0.30 per share for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, payable on March 22, 2023 to the holders of record on March 10, 2023.
Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan
In 2015, in connection with the IPO, we established a Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan (“Incentive Plan”) referred to then as the Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan, which provides for the ability to award equity compensation awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and performance awards to eligible employees, consultants, directors, and other individuals who provide services to us, each as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. On November 10, 2022, in connection with the Merger, the Incentive Plan was assumed by FTAI Aviation Ltd. and renamed the FTAI Aviation Ltd. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan, and on February 23, 2023, the Incentive Plan was amended to provide for the ability to award equity compensation awards in the form of restricted stock units in addition to the other forms of award described above. As of December 31, 2022, the Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of up to 29.8 million shares.
The following table summarizes the total number of outstanding securities in the Incentive Plan and the number of securities remaining for future issuance, as well as the weighted average strike price of all outstanding securities as of December 31, 2022.

|  | Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (1)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 1,735,316 |  |  | $ | 22.67 |  |  | 29,817,943 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 1,735,316 |  |  |  |  | 29,817,943 |

______________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Excludes 25,000 stock options and 157,057 ordinary shares issued to directors as compensation.
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Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total return for our ordinary shares (share price change plus reinvested dividends) with the comparable return of three indices: S&P Mid Cap 400, Russell 2000, and Dow Jones US Transportation Services. The graph assumes an investment of $100 in our ordinary shares and in each of the indices on December 31, 2017, and that all dividends were reinvested. The past performance of our shares is not an indication of future performance.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among FTAI Aviation Ltd., the S&P Midcap 400 Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the Dow Jones US Transportation Services Index
*$100 each invested on December 31, 2017 in stock and index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.

(in whole dollars) | December 31,
Index | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
FTAI Aviation Ltd. | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 78.85 |  |  | $ | 118.21 |  |  | $ | 161.17 |  |  | $ | 210.02 |  |  | $ | 156.58 |
S&P Midcap 400 | 100.00 |  |  | 88.92 |  |  | 112.21 |  |  | 127.54 |  |  | 159.12 |  |  | 138.34 |
Russell 2000 | 100.00 |  |  | 88.99 |  |  | 111.70 |  |  | 134.00 |  |  | 153.85 |  |  | 122.41 |
Dow Jones US Transportation Services | 100.00 |  |  | 60.49 |  |  | 82.03 |  |  | 98.28 |  |  | 147.14 |  |  | 89.63 |

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Item 6. [Reserved]
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help you understand FTAI Aviation Ltd. Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes, and with Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
A discussion of our cash flows for 2021 compared to 2020 is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, under Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
We own, lease and sell aviation equipment. We also develop and manufacture through a joint venture, and repair and sell, through exclusivity arrangements, aftermarket components for aircraft engines. Additionally, we own and lease offshore energy equipment. We target assets that, on a combined basis, generate strong cash flows with potential for earnings growth and asset appreciation. We believe that there is a large number of acquisition opportunities in our markets and that our Manager’s expertise and business and financing relationships, together with our access to capital, will allow us to take advantage of these opportunities. We are externally managed by FIG LLC (the “Manager”), an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group LLC (“Fortr ess”), which has a dedicated team of experienced professionals focused on the acquisition of transportation assets since 2002. As of December 31, 2022, we had total consolidated assets of $2.4 billion and total equity of $19.4 million.
Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine
Due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine during the first quarter of 2022, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and others have imposed economic sanctions and export controls against Russia and Russia’s aviation industry. The sanctions include but are not limited to the ban on the export and sale or lease of all aircraft, engines, and equipment and on all related repair and maintenance services to Russia and Russian airlines. We have complied, and will continue to comply, with all applicable sanctions and we have terminated the leases of all our aircraft and engines with Russian airlines. As a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines and related lease terminations, we recognized approximately $47.1 million in provision for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2022.
We continue to pursue efforts to remove and repossess all of our aircraft and engines from Russia and Ukraine. As of December 31, 2022, four aircraft and one engine were still located in Ukraine and eight aircraft and seventeen engines were still located in Russia. We determined that it is unlikely that we will regain possession of the aircraft that had not been recovered from Ukraine and Russia during the first quarter of 2022. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge totaling $120.0 million, net of maintenance deposits, to write-off the carrying value of leasing equipment assets that we have not recovered from Ukraine and Russia for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Our lessees are required to provide insurance coverage with respect to leased aircraft and engines, and we are named as insureds under those policies in the event of a total loss of an aircraft or engine. We also purchase insurance which provides us with coverage when our aircraft or engines are not subject to a lease or where a lessee’s policy fails to indemnify us. The insured value of the aircraft and engines that remain in Ukraine and Russia is approximately $274.0 million. We are pursuing all our claims under these policies. However, the timing and amount of any recoveries under these policies are uncertain.
The extent of the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the related sanctions on our operational and financial performance, including the ability for us to recover our leasing equipment in the region, will depend on future developments, including the duration of the conflict, sanctions and restrictions imposed by Russian and international governments, all of which remain uncertain.
Spin-Off of FTAI Infrastructure Inc. (“FTAI Infrastructure”)
On August 1, 2022, Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC (“we”, “us”, “our”, “FTAI” or the “Company” pre-Merger, as defined below, and FTAI Aviation Ltd. post-Merger) effected a spin-off of the Company’s infrastructure business held by FTAI Infrastructure (a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company as a distribution of all of the shares owned by the Company of common stock of FTAI Infrastructure to the holders of the Company’s ordinary shares as of July 21, 2022.
FTAI Infrastructure is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and holds, among other things, the Company’s previously held interests in the (i) Jefferson Terminal business, (ii) Repauno business, (iii) Long Ridge investment, and (iv) Transtar business. FTAI Infrastructure retained all related project-level debt of those entities. In connection with the spin-off, FTAI Infrastructure paid a dividend of $730.3 million to the Company. The Company used these proceeds to repay all outstanding borrowings under its 2021 bridge loans, $200.0 million of its 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025, and approximately $175.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility. FTAI retained the aviation business and certain other assets, and FTAI’s remaining outstanding corporate indebtedness.
In connection with the spin-off, the Company and the Manager assigned the Company’s then-existing management agreement to FTAI Infrastructure, and FTAI Infrastructure and the Manager executed an amended and restated agreement. The Company and
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certain of its subsidiaries executed a new management agreement with the Manager. The new management agreement has an initial term of six years. The Manager is entitled to a management fee and reimbursement of certain expenses on substantially similar terms as the previous arrangements with the Manager, which were assigned to FTAI Infrastructure. Prior to the Merger described below, our Manager remained entitled to incentive allocations (comprised of income incentive allocation and capital gains incentive allocation) on the same terms as they existed prior to spin-off. Following the Merger, the Company entered into a Services and Profit Sharing Agreement (the “Services and Profit Sharing Agreement”), with a subsidiary of the Company and Fortress Worldwide Transportation and Infrastructure Master GP LLC (“Master GP”), pursuant to which Master GP is entitled to incentive payments on substantially similar terms as the previous arrangements.
On November 10, 2022, the Company completed the transactions set forth in the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger”) between Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC (“FTAI”) and FTAI Aviation Ltd. (“FTAI Aviation”) and certain other parties, with FTAI becoming a subsidiary of the company. As a result of the merger, the FTAI became a Cayman Islands exempted company. Upon merger completion, Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC public common shareholders’ shares of the Company were exchanged automatically for shares of FTAI Aviation Ltd. without any further action from the shareholders.
Operating Segments
As a result of the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure effective August 1, 2022, the Company reevaluated its operating segments. The key factors used to identify the reportable segments are the organization and alignment of our internal operations and the nature of our products and services. Our two reportable segments are (i) Aviation Leasing and (ii) Aerospace Products. The Aviation Leasing segment owns and manages aviation assets, including aircraft and aircraft engines, which it leases and sells to c ustomers. The Aerospace Products segment develops and manufactures through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aircraft engines and aftermarket components for aircraft engines. Prior periods have been restated to reflect the change in accordance with the requirements of ASC 280, Segment Reporting.
Corporate and Other primarily consists of debt, unallocated corporate general and administrative expenses, shared services costs, and management fees. Additionally, Corporate and Other also includes offshore energy related assets, which consist of vessels and equipment that support offshore oil and gas activities and production which are typically subject to operating leases.
Our Manager
On December 27, 2017, SoftBank Group Corp. (“SoftBank”) completed its acquisition of Fortress (the “SoftBank Merger”). In connection with the Softbank Merger, Fortress operates within SoftBank as an independent business headquartered in New York.
Results of Operations
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)
The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) utilizes Adjusted EBITDA as the key performance measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). This performance measure provides the CODM with the information necessary to assess operational performance and make resource and allocation decisions. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful metric for investors and analysts for similar purposes of assessing our operational performance.
During the third quarter of 2022, the Company updated its measure of segment profit to include the add back of dividends on preferred shares in Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations, adjusted (a) to exclude the impact of provision for (benefit from) income taxes, equity-based compensation expense, acquisition and transaction expenses, losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations, changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments, asset impairment charges, incentive allocations, depreciation and amortization expense, dividends on preferred shares and interest expense, (b) to include the impact of our pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities and (c) to exclude the impact of equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated entities and the non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA.
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The following table presents our consolidated results of operations:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 178,874 |  |  | $ | 172,117 |  |  | $ | 177,476 |  |  | $ | 6,757 |  |  | $ | (5,359) |
Maintenance revenue | 148,846 |  |  | 128,819 |  |  | 101,462 |  |  | 20,027 |  |  | 27,357 |
Finance lease income | 440 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | (1,307) |  |  | (513) |
Asset sales revenue | 208,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 208,500 |  |  | — |
Aerospace products revenue | 153,550 |  |  | 23,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,249 |  |  | 23,301 |
Other revenue | 18,201 |  |  | 9,599 |  |  | 16,736 |  |  | 8,602 |  |  | (7,137) |
Total revenues | 708,411 |  |  | 335,583 |  |  | 297,934 |  |  | 372,828 |  |  | 37,649 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 248,385 |  |  | 14,308 |  |  | — |  |  | 234,077 |  |  | 14,308 |
Operating expenses | 132,264 |  |  | 59,615 |  |  | 40,121 |  |  | 72,649 |  |  | 19,494 |
General and administrative | 14,164 |  |  | 13,448 |  |  | 14,106 |  |  | 716 |  |  | (658) |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 13,207 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | 9,868 |  |  | (4,704) |  |  | 8,043 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | 3,562 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 5,446 |  |  | 2,878 |  |  | (4,762) |
Depreciation and amortization | 152,917 |  |  | 147,740 |  |  | 141,286 |  |  | 5,177 |  |  | 6,454 |
Asset impairment | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |  |  | 126,756 |  |  | (23,515) |
Interest expense | 169,194 |  |  | 155,017 |  |  | 87,442 |  |  | 14,177 |  |  | 67,575 |
Total expenses | 870,912 |  |  | 419,186 |  |  | 332,247 |  |  | 451,726 |  |  | 86,939 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | (369) |  |  | (1,403) |  |  | (1,932) |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 529 |
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net | 77,211 |  |  | 49,015 |  |  | (300) |  |  | 28,196 |  |  | 49,315 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | (19,859) |  |  | (3,254) |  |  | (6,943) |  |  | (16,605) |  |  | 3,689 |
Other income (expense) | 207 |  |  | (490) |  |  | 94 |  |  | 697 |  |  | (584) |
Total other income (expense) | 57,190 |  |  | 43,868 |  |  | (9,081) |  |  | 13,322 |  |  | 52,949 |
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (105,311) |  |  | (39,735) |  |  | (43,394) |  |  | (65,576) |  |  | 3,659 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 5,300 |  |  | 3,126 |  |  | (4,343) |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | 7,469 |
Net loss from continuing operations | (110,611) |  |  | (42,861) |  |  | (39,051) |  |  | (67,750) |  |  | (3,810) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | (101,416) |  |  | (87,845) |  |  | (64,641) |  |  | (13,571) |  |  | (23,204) |
Net loss | (212,027) |  |  | (130,706) |  |  | (103,692) |  |  | (81,321) |  |  | (27,014) |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Discontinued operations | (18,817) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (16,522) |  |  | 7,655 |  |  | (9,950) |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | 27,164 |  |  | 24,758 |  |  | 17,869 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 6,889 |
Net loss attributable to shareholders | $ | (220,374) |  |  | $ | (128,992) |  |  | $ | (105,039) |  |  | $ | (91,382) |  |  | $ | (23,953) |

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | (137,775) |  |  | $ | (67,619) |  |  | $ | (56,920) |  |  | $ | (70,156) |  |  | $ | (10,699) |
Add: Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 5,300 |  |  | 3,126 |  |  | (4,343) |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | 7,469 |
Add: Equity-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Acquisition and transaction expenses | 13,207 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | 9,868 |  |  | (4,704) |  |  | 8,043 |
Add: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations | 19,859 |  |  | 3,254 |  |  | 6,943 |  |  | 16,605 |  |  | (3,689) |
Add: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Asset impairment charges | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |  |  | 126,756 |  |  | (23,515) |
Add: Incentive allocations | 3,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | — |
Add: Depreciation & amortization expense (1) | 190,031 |  |  | 175,718 |  |  | 171,632 |  |  | 14,313 |  |  | 4,086 |
Add: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares | 196,358 |  |  | 179,775 |  |  | 105,311 |  |  | 16,583 |  |  | 74,464 |
Add: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities (2) | 40 |  |  | (1,203) |  |  | (1,932) |  |  | 1,243 |  |  | 729 |
Less: Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | 369 |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | (1,034) |  |  | (529) |
Less: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) | $ | 428,097 |  |  | $ | 322,828 |  |  | $ | 266,469 |  |  | $ | 105,269 |  |  | $ | 56,359 |

__________________________________________________
(1) Includes the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: (i) depreciation and amortization expense of $152,917, $147,740 and $141,286, (ii) lease intangible amortization of $13,913, $4,993 and $3,747 and (iii) amortization for lease incentives of $23,201, $22,985 and $26,599, respectively.
(2) Includes the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: (i) net loss of $(369), $(1,403) and $(1,932), and (ii) depreciation and amortization expense of $409, $200 and $0, respectively.
Revenues
Presentation of assets sales
During the third quarter of 2022, we updated our corporate strategy based on the opportunities available in the market such that the sale of aircraft and engines is now an output of our recurring, ordinary activities. As a result of this update, the transaction price allocated to the sale of assets is included in Revenues in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the third and fourth quarters of 2022 and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. The corresponding net book values of the assets sold are recorded in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the third and fourth quarters of 2022. Sales transactions of aircraft and engines prior to the third quarter of 2022 were accounted for in accordance with ASC 610-20, Gains and losses from the derecognition of nonfinancial assets and were included in Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, as we were previously only occasionally selling these assets. Generally, assets sold were under leasing arrangements with customers prior to sales and are included in Leasing equipment, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Total revenues increased $372.8 million, primarily due to an increase in Asset sales revenue, Aerospace Products revenue, maintenance revenue, other revenue and lease income.
Asset sales revenue increased $208.5 million primarily due to an increase in the sale of commercial aircraft and engines in our Aviation Leasing segment during 2022. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales.
Aerospace Products revenue increased $130.2 million driven by an increase in sales relating to the CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory as operations continue to ramp-up in 2022. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales.
Maintenance revenue increased $20.0 million primarily due to an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease, higher aircraft and engine utilization and higher end-of-lease return compensation, partially offset by a decrease in the recognition of maintenance deposits due to the early redelivery of aircraft in the prior year and lower maintenance billings related to the early termination of aircraft leases with Russian airlines as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines during the first quarter of 2022.
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Other revenue increased $8.6 million primarily due primarily due to an increase in end-of lease redelivery compensation.
Lease income increased $6.8 million primarily due to an increase in the Offshore Energy business as two of our vessels were on-hire longer in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase was partially offset by the early termination of aircraft and engine leases as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines during the first quarter of 2022. Basic lease revenues from our owned aircraft and engines leased to Russian airlines was approximately $39.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease is partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease during the year.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $451.7 million primarily due to higher (i) cost of sales, (ii) asset impairment charges, (iii) operating expenses, (iv) interest expense, (v) depreciation and amortization, and (vi) management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate partially offset by lower (vii) acquisition and transaction expenses.
Cost of sales increased $234.1 million primarily as a result of an increase in asset sales and Aerospace Product sales and the gross presentation of asset sales revenue and Aerospace Product revenues as described above.
Asset impairment increased $126.8 million primarily due to the write down of aircraft and engines located in Ukraine and Russia that may not be recoverable. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Operating expenses increased $72.6 million primarily due to:
•an increase of $48.5 million in the Aviation Leasing segment primarily as a result of an increase in provision for credit losses as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines, and increases in insurance expense, shipping and storage fees, professional fees, and repairs and maintenance expenses.
•an increase of $17.6 million in the Offshore Energy business which reflects increases in offshore crew expenses, project costs and other operating expenses as our vessels were on-hire longer in 2022 compared to 2021, as well as crane repairs on one of our vessels.
•an increase of $6.5 million in the Aerospace Products segment primarily due to an increase in commission expenses due to the increase in sales from the used material program as well as an increase in professional fees and other operating expenses due to the ramp-up of Aerospace Products.
Interest expense increased $14.2 million, which reflects an increase in the average outstanding debt of approximately $354.7 million due to increases in (i) the Senior Notes due 2028 of $459.7 million, (ii) the 2021 Bridge Loans issued in December 2021 and February 2022 of $169.9 million and (iii) the Revolving Credit Facility of $49.7 million, partially offset by a decrease in (iv) the Bridge Loans of $108.3 million, (v) the Senior Notes due 2022 of $133.1 million, which was redeemed in full in May 2021, and (vi) the Senior Notes due 2025 of $83.2 million, which were partially redeemed in August 2022.
Depreciation and amortization increased $5.2 million primarily driven by an increase in the number of assets owned and on lease, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered and parted out into our engine leasing pool.
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate increased $2.9 million primarily due to an increase in incentive fee due to the Manager.
Acquisition and transaction expenses decreased $4.7 million primarily due to a decrease in professional fees related to the Transtar acquisition in 2021.
Other income (expense)
Total other income increased $13.3 million primarily due to (i) an increase of $28.2 million in gain on sale of assets, net in the Aviation Leasing and Aerospace Products segments from more opportunistic asset sales transactions, partially offset by (ii) an increase of $16.6 million in loss on extinguishment of debt primarily related to the 2022 paydown of the 2021 Bridge Loan and the partial redemption of the Senior Notes due 20 25 in connection with the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales and impact on gain on sales of assets, net.
Provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes increased $2.2 million primarily due to a higher provision in the Aerospace Products segment.
Net loss from continuing operations
Net loss from continuing operations increased $67.8 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Net loss from discontinued operations
Net loss from discontinued operations increased $13.6 million primarily due to:
•An increase in net loss of $34.7 million in the Ports and Terminals business in 2022 of which $32.6 million relates to our equity pick-up in net losses for the Long Ridge investment.
•An increase in acquisition and transaction expense of $11.9 million during 2022 related to the spin-off of the infrastructure business;
35

•Offset by a decrease in net loss of $22.6 million in the Jefferson business in 2022 which is primarily driven by seven months of activity during 2022 compared to a full year of activity in 2021; and
•An increase in net income of $8.4 million on the Transtar business, which was acquired on July 28, 2021.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $105.3 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Total revenues increased $37.6 million, primarily due to increases in maintenance revenue and Aerospace Products revenue, partially offset by decreases in other revenue and lease income.
Maintenance revenue increased $27.4 million primarily due to an increase in aircraft and engine utilization and the recognition of maintenance deposits due to the redelivery of aircraft, partially offset by the increase in the number of aircraft and engines redelivered.
Aerospace Products revenue increased $23.3 million driven by an increase in sales relating to engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory as operations began in 2021.
Lease income decreased $5.4 million primarily due to an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease towards the end of the year.
Other revenue decreased $7.1 million primarily due to lower end-of-lease redelivery compensation and the settlement of an engine loss during 2020.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $86.9 million primarily due to highe r interest expense, operating expenses, cost of sales, acquisition and transaction expenses, and depreciation and amortization, partially offset by lower asset impairment charges and management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate.
Interest expense increased $67.6 million, which reflects an increase in the average outstanding debt of approximately $724.0 million primarily due to increases in (i) the Senior Notes due 2028 of $542.5 million, (ii) the Senior Notes due 2025 of $373.1 million, (iii) the Senior Notes due 2027 of $200.0 million, (iv) the Bridge Loans of $108.3 million and (v) the Revolving Credit Facility of $37.9 million, partially offset by a decrease in (vi) the Senior Notes due 2022 of $540.2 million, which were redeemed in full in May 2021.
Operating expenses increased $19.5 million primarily as a result of an increase of bad debt expense as certain customers continued to experience liquidity issues due to the on-going effects of COVID, commissions related to sales from the used serviceable material program, shipping and storage fees, repairs and maintenance expense and other operating expenses.
Cost of sales increased $14.3 million primarily as a result of an increase in Aerospace Product revenues.
Acquisition and transaction expenses increased $8.0 million primarily due an increase in professional fees related to the acquisition of Transtar and other strategic initiatives.
Depreciation and amortization increased $6.5 million primarily driven by an increase in the number of assets owned and on lease, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered and parted out into our engine leasing pool.
Asset impairment decreased $23.5 million primarily due lower asset impairment charges in 2021, which were primarily related to early lease terminations in 2020.
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate decreased $4.8 million which reflects a decrease in the base management fee as our average total equity was lower in 2021 compared to 2020.
Other income (expense)
Total other income increased $52.9 million primarily due to an increase of $49.3 million in gain on sale of assets, net in the Aviation Leasing and Aerospace Products segments from opportunistic asset sales transactions, partially offset by a decrease of $3.7 million in loss on extinguishment of debt.
Provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes increased $7.5 million primarily due to higher provisions from sales in the Aviation Leasing and Aerospace Products segments.
Net loss from continuing operations
Net loss from continuing operations increased $3.8 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
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Net loss from discontinued operations
Net loss from discontinued operations increased $23.2 million primarily due to:
•An increase in net loss of $21.5 million on the Jefferson business in 2021 which primarily reflects (i) a decrease in crude marketing revenue of $8.2 million due to Jefferson Terminal exiting the crude marketing strategy in 2019 and final transactions settling in the first quarter of 2020, (ii) a decrease in terminal services revenues of $6.2 million which reflects lower volumes in the first half of 2021 due to lower global oil demand related to COVID-19 and (iii) increased expenses of $7.5 million.
•An increase in net loss of $12.8 million on the Ports and Terminals business in 2021 of which $8.2 million relates to our equity pick-up in net losses for the Long Ridge investment; and
•An increase in acquisition and transaction expense of $4.0 million during 2021 related to the spin-off of the infrastructure business;
•Offset by a partial year of income of $15.3 million from the Transtar business, which was acquired on July 28, 2021.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $56.4 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Aviation Leasing Segment
As of December 31, 2022, in our Aviation Leasing segment, we own and manage 330 aviation assets, consisting of 106 commercial aircraft and 224 engine s, including four aircraft and one engine that were still located in Ukraine and eight aircraft and seventeen engines that were still located in Russia.
As of December 31, 2022, 79 of our commercial aircraft and 133 of our engines were leased to operators or other third parties. Aviation assets currently off lease are either undergoing repair and/or maintenance, being prepared to go on lease or held in short term storage awaiting a future lease. Our aviation equipment was approximately 71% utilized during the three months ended December 31, 2022, based on the percent of days on-lease in the quarter weighted by the monthly average equity value of our aviation leasing equipment, excluding airframes. Our aircraft currently have a weighted average remaining lease term of 42 months, and our engines currently on-lease have an average remaining lease term of 11 months. The table below provides additional information on the assets in our Aviation Leasing segment:

Aviation Assets | Widebody |  | Narrowbody |  | Total
Aircraft |  |  |  |  |
Assets at January 1, 2022 | 13 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 108 |
Purchases | 1 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 39 |
Sales | (3) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (8) |
Transfers | (3) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (33) |
Assets at December 31, 2022 | 8 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 106 |
Engines |  |  |  |  |
Assets at January 1, 2022 | 68 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 207 |
Purchases | 2 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 64 |
Sales | (36) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (71) |
Transfers | 6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 24 |
Assets at December 31, 2022 | 40 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 224 |

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The following table presents our results of operations for our Aviation Leasing segment:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 158,628 |  |  | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | 166,331 |  |  | $ | (3,358) |  |  | $ | (4,345) |
Maintenance revenue | 148,846 |  |  | 128,819 |  |  | 101,462 |  |  | 20,027 |  |  | 27,357 |
Finance lease income | 440 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | (1,307) |  |  | (513) |
Asset sales revenue | 208,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 208,500 |  |  | — |
Other revenue | 11,499 |  |  | 5,569 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 5,930 |  |  | (5,589) |
Total revenues | 527,913 |  |  | 298,121 |  |  | 281,211 |  |  | 229,792 |  |  | 16,910 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 159,490 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159,490 |  |  | — |
Operating expenses | 81,232 |  |  | 32,757 |  |  | 20,667 |  |  | 48,475 |  |  | 12,090 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 1,923 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 6,687 |  |  | 941 |  |  | (5,705) |
Depreciation and amortization | 144,258 |  |  | 139,678 |  |  | 133,904 |  |  | 4,580 |  |  | 5,774 |
Asset impairment | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |  |  | 126,756 |  |  | (23,515) |
Total expenses | 524,122 |  |  | 183,880 |  |  | 195,236 |  |  | 340,242 |  |  | (11,356) |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated entities | 740 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,932) |  |  | 740 |  |  | 1,932 |
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net | 58,649 |  |  | 29,098 |  |  | (300) |  |  | 29,551 |  |  | 29,398 |
Other income (expense) | 246 |  |  | (527) |  |  | 94 |  |  | 773 |  |  | (621) |
Total other income (expense) | 59,635 |  |  | 28,571 |  |  | (2,138) |  |  | 31,064 |  |  | 30,709 |
Income before income taxes | 63,426 |  |  | 142,812 |  |  | 83,837 |  |  | (79,386) |  |  | 58,975 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 2,502 |  |  | 2,073 |  |  | (4,812) |  |  | 429 |  |  | 6,885 |
Net income | 60,924 |  |  | 140,739 |  |  | 88,649 |  |  | (79,815) |  |  | 52,090 |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 60,924 |  |  | $ | 140,739 |  |  | $ | 88,649 |  |  | $ | (79,815) |  |  | $ | 52,090 |

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net income attributable to shareholders to Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 60,924 |  |  | $ | 140,739 |  |  | $ | 88,649 |  |  | $ | (79,815) |  |  | $ | 52,090 |
Add: Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 2,502 |  |  | 2,073 |  |  | (4,812) |  |  | 429 |  |  | 6,885 |
Add: Equity-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Acquisition and transaction expenses | 1,923 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 6,687 |  |  | 941 |  |  | (5,705) |
Add: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Asset impairment charges | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |  |  | 126,756 |  |  | (23,515) |
Add: Incentive allocations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Depreciation and amortization expense (1) | 181,372 |  |  | 167,656 |  |  | 164,250 |  |  | 13,716 |  |  | 3,406 |
Add: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities (2) | 925 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,932) |  |  | 925 |  |  | 1,932 |
Less: Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | (740) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | (740) |  |  | (1,932) |
Less: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) | $ | 384,125 |  |  | $ | 321,913 |  |  | $ | 288,752 |  |  | $ | 62,212 |  |  | $ | 33,161 |

__________________________________________________
(1) Includes the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: (i) depreciation expense of $144,258, $139,678 and $133,904, (ii) lease intangible amortization of $13,913, $4,993 and $3,747 and (iii) amortization for lease incentives of $23,201, $22,985 and $26,599, respectively.
(2) Includes the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: (i) net income (loss) of $740, $— and $(1,932) and (ii) depreciation and amortization of $185, $0 and $0, respectively.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenues
Total revenues increased $229.8 million driven by an increase in asset sales revenue, maintenance revenue and other revenue, partially offset by a decrease in lease income.
•Asset sales revenue increas ed $208.5 million primarily due to an increase in the sale of commercial aircraft and engines during 2022. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales.
•Maintenance revenue increased $20.0 million primarily due to an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease, higher aircraft and engine utilization and higher end-of-lease return compensation, partially offset by a decrease in the recognition of maintenance deposits due to the early redelivery of aircraft in the prior year and lower maintenance billings related to the early termination of aircraft leases with Russian airlines as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines during the first quarter of 2022.
•Other revenue increased $5.9 million primarily due to an increase in end-of lease redelivery compensation.
•Lease income decreased $3.4 million primarily due to the early termination of aircraft and engine leases as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines during the first quarter of 2022. Basic lease revenues from our owned aircraft and engines leased to Russian airlines was approximately $39.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease is partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease during the year.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $340.2 million primarily driven by an increase in cost of sales, asset impairment, operating expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
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•Cost of sales increased $159.5 million primarily as a result of an increase in asset sales and the gross presentation of asset sales revenues and related costs of sales as described above.
•Asset impairment increased $126.8 million primarily due to the write down of aircraft and engines located in Ukraine and Russia that may not be recoverable. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
•Operating expenses increased $48.5 million primarily as a result of an increase in provision for credit losses as a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines, and increases in insurance expense, shipping and storage fees, professional fees, and repairs and maintenance expenses.
•Depreciation and amortization expense increased $4.6 million driven by an increase in the number of assets owned and on lease, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered and parted out into our engine leasing pool.
Other income
Total other income increased $31.1 million primarily due to (i) an increase of $29.6 million in g ain on the sale of assets, net due to more opportunistic sales transactions, (ii) a decrease of $0.8 million in other expenses and, (iii) an increase of $0.7 million in our proportionate share of unconsolidated entities’ net income.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $62.2 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenues
Total revenues increased $16.9 million driven by an increase in maintenance revenue, partially offset by a decrease in other revenue and lease income.
•Maintenance revenue increased $27.4 million primarily due to an increase in aircraft and engine utilization due to additional travel and recoveries from COVID and the recognition of maintenance deposits due to the redelivery of aircraft, partially offset by the increase in the number of aircraft and engines redelivered.
•Other revenue decreased $5.6 million primarily due to lower end-of-lease redelivery compensation and the settlement of an engine loss during 2020.
•Lease income decreased $4.3 million primarily due to an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft and engines placed on lease towards the end of the year.
Expenses
Total expenses decreased $11.4 million primarily driven by a decrease in asset impairment, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
•Asset impairment decreased $23.5 million primarily due lower asset impairment charges in 2021 which were primarily related to early lease terminations due to COVID in 2020.
•Operating expenses increased $12.1 million primarily as a result of an increase in bad debt expense, shipping and storage fees, repairs and maintenance expenses and other operating expenses.
•Depreciation and amortization expense increased $5.8 million driven by an increase in the number of assets owned and on lease, partially offset by an increase in the number of aircraft redelivered and parted out into our engine leasing pool.
Other income
Total other income increased $30.7 million primarily due to an increase of $29.4 million in gain on sale of assets, net and a decrease of $1.9 million in our proportionate share of unconsolidated entities’ net loss.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $33.2 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Aerospace Products Segment
The Aerospace Products segment develops and manufactures through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aircraft engines and aftermarket components primarily for the CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B commercial aircraft engines. Our engine and module sales are facilitated through The Module Factory, a dedicated commercial maintenance program, designed to focus on modular repair and refurbishment of CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, performed by a third party. Used serviceable material is sold through our exclusive partnership with AAR Corp, who is responsible for the teardown, repair, marketing and sales of spare parts from our CFM56 engine pool. We also hold a 25% interest in the Advanced Engine Repair JV which focuses on developing new cost savings programs for engine repairs.
40

The following table presents our results of operations:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Aerospace products revenue | $ | 153,550 |  |  | $ | 23,301 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 130,249 |  |  | $ | 23,301 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 88,895 |  |  | 14,308 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,587 |  |  | 14,308 |
Operating expenses | 11,967 |  |  | 5,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,538 |  |  | 5,429 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 258 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | 66 |
Total expenses | 101,363 |  |  | 19,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,560 |  |  | 19,803 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | (1,109) |  |  | (1,403) |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | (1,403) |
Gain on sale of assets, net | 18,562 |  |  | 19,917 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,355) |  |  | 19,917 |
Total other income | 17,453 |  |  | 18,514 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,061) |  |  | 18,514 |
Income before income taxes | 69,640 |  |  | 22,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,628 |  |  | 22,012 |
Provision for income taxes | 2,961 |  |  | 1,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,826 |  |  | 1,135 |
Net income | 66,679 |  |  | 20,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,802 |  |  | 20,877 |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 66,679 |  |  | $ | 20,877 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,802 |  |  | $ | 20,877 |

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net income attributable to shareholders to Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 66,679 |  |  | $ | 20,877 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,802 |  |  | $ | 20,877 |
Add: Provision for income taxes | 2,961 |  |  | 1,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,826 |  |  | 1,135 |
Add: Equity-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Acquisition and transaction expenses | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |
Add: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Asset impairment charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Incentive allocations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Depreciation and amortization expense | 258 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | 66 |
Add: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities (1) | (885) |  |  | (1,203) |  |  | — |  |  | 318 |  |  | (1,203) |
Less: Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | 1,109 |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | — |  |  | (294) |  |  | 1,403 |
Less: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) | $ | 70,365 |  |  | $ | 22,278 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,087 |  |  | $ | 22,278 |

__________________________________________________
(1) Includes the following items for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020: (i) net loss of $(1,109), $(1,403) and $0 and (ii) depreciation and amortization of $224, $200 and $0, respectively.
41

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenues
Total Aerospace Products revenue increased $130.2 million primarily driven by an increase in sales relating to the CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory as operations continued to ramp-up in 2022. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $81.6 million primarily due to an increase in costs of sales and operating expenses.
•Cost of sales increased $74.6 million primarily as a result of an increase in Aerospace Product sales and the gross presentation described above.
•Operating expenses increased $6.5 million primarily due to an increase in commission expenses due to the increase in sales from the used material program as well as an increase in professional fees and other operating expenses due to the ramp-up of Aerospace Products.
Other income (expense)
Total other income decreased $1.1 million which primarily reflects a decrease of $1.4 million in gain on sale of assets, net partially offset by a decrease of $0.3 million in our proportionate share of unconsolidated entities’ net loss. See above discussion regarding presentation of asset sales.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $48.1 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenues
Total Aerospace Products revenue increased $23.3 million primarily driven by an increase in sales relating to engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory as operations began in 2021.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $19.8 million primarily due to an increase in costs of sales and operating expenses.
•Cost of sales increased $14.3 million primarily as a result of an increase in Aerospace Product sales.
•Operating expenses increased $5.4 million primarily due to an increase in commission expenses due to the increase in sales from the used serviceable material program as well as an increase in professional fees and other operating expenses due to the ramp-up of Aerospace Products.
Other income (expense)
Total other income increased $18.5 million, which primarily reflects an increase of $19.9 million in gain on sale of assets, net from sales that began in 2021 partially offset by an increase of $1.4 million i n our proportionate share of unconsolidated entities’ net loss.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $22.3 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
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Corporate and Other
The following table presents our results of operations:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 20,246 |  |  | $ | 10,131 |  |  | $ | 11,145 |  |  | $ | 10,115 |  |  | $ | (1,014) |
Other revenue | 6,702 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 5,578 |  |  | 2,672 |  |  | (1,548) |
Total revenues | 26,948 |  |  | 14,161 |  |  | 16,723 |  |  | 12,787 |  |  | (2,562) |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses | 39,065 |  |  | 21,429 |  |  | 19,454 |  |  | 17,636 |  |  | 1,975 |
General and administrative | 14,164 |  |  | 13,448 |  |  | 14,106 |  |  | 716 |  |  | (658) |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 11,041 |  |  | 16,929 |  |  | 3,181 |  |  | (5,888) |  |  | 13,748 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | 3,562 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 5,446 |  |  | 2,878 |  |  | (4,762) |
Depreciation and amortization | 8,401 |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | 7,382 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 614 |
Interest expense | 169,194 |  |  | 155,017 |  |  | 87,442 |  |  | 14,177 |  |  | 67,575 |
Total expenses | 245,427 |  |  | 215,503 |  |  | 137,011 |  |  | 29,924 |  |  | 78,492 |
Other (expense) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | (19,859) |  |  | (3,254) |  |  | (6,943) |  |  | (16,605) |  |  | 3,689 |
Other (expense) income | (39) |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | 37 |
Total other expense | (19,898) |  |  | (3,217) |  |  | (6,943) |  |  | (16,681) |  |  | 3,726 |
Loss before income taxes | (238,377) |  |  | (204,559) |  |  | (127,231) |  |  | (33,818) |  |  | (77,328) |
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes | (163) |  |  | (82) |  |  | 469 |  |  | (81) |  |  | (551) |
Net loss | (238,214) |  |  | (204,477) |  |  | (127,700) |  |  | (33,737) |  |  | (76,777) |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | 27,164 |  |  | 24,758 |  |  | 17,869 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 6,889 |
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | (265,378) |  |  | $ | (229,235) |  |  | $ | (145,569) |  |  | $ | (36,143) |  |  | $ | (83,666) |

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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net loss attributable to shareholders to Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | '22 vs '21 |  | '21 vs '20
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | (265,378) |  |  | $ | (229,235) |  |  | $ | (145,569) |  |  | $ | (36,143) |  |  | $ | (83,666) |
Add: (Benefit from) provision for income taxes | (163) |  |  | (82) |  |  | 469 |  |  | (81) |  |  | (551) |
Add: Equity-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Acquisition and transaction expenses | 11,041 |  |  | 16,929 |  |  | 3,181 |  |  | (5,888) |  |  | 13,748 |
Add: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations | 19,859 |  |  | 3,254 |  |  | 6,943 |  |  | 16,605 |  |  | (3,689) |
Add: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Asset impairment charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Add: Incentive allocations | 3,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,489 |  |  | — |
Add: Depreciation and amortization expense | 8,401 |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | 7,382 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 614 |
Add: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares | 196,358 |  |  | 179,775 |  |  | 105,311 |  |  | 16,583 |  |  | 74,464 |
Add: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) | $ | (26,393) |  |  | $ | (21,363) |  |  | $ | (22,283) |  |  | $ | (5,030) |  |  | $ | 920 |

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Revenues
Total revenues increased $12.8 million primarily due to an increase in the Offshore Energy business as two of our vessels were on-hire longer in 2022 compared to 2021.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $29.9 million primarily due to higher interest expense, operating expenses, management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate partially offset by lower acquisition and transaction expenses.
•Interest expense increased $14.2 million, which reflects an increase in the average outstanding debt of approximately $354.7 million due to increases in (i) the Senior Notes due 2028 of $459.7 million, (ii) the 2021 Bridge Loans issued in December 2021 and February 2022 of $169.9 million and (iii) the Revolving Credit Facility of $49.7 million, partially offset by a decrease in (iv) the Bridge Loans of $108.3 million, (v) the Senior Notes due 2022 of $133.1 million, which was redeemed in full in May 2021, and (vi) the Senior Notes due 2025 of $83.2 million, which were partially redeemed in August 2022.
•Operating expenses increased $17.6 million which reflects increases in offshore crew expenses, project costs and other operating expenses as our vessels were on-hire longer in 2022 compared to 2021, as well as crane repairs on one of our vessels.
•Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate increased $2.9 million primarily due to an increase in incentive fee due to the Manager.
•Acquisition and transaction expenses decreased $5.9 million primarily due a decrease in professional fees related to the Transtar acquisition in 2021.
Other expense
Total other expense increased $16.7 million which primarily reflects $16.6 million increase in loss on extinguishment of debt primarily related to the pay-down of the 2021 Bridge Loans and the partial redemption of the Senior Notes due 2025.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA decreased $5.0 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
Revenues
Total revenues de creased $2.6 million primarily due to a decrease in the Offshore Energy business as one of our vessels was on-hire longer in 2020 compared to 2021.
Expenses
Total expenses increased $78.5 million primarily due to higher interest expense and acquisition and transaction expenses, partially offset by lower management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate.
•Interest expense increased $67.6 million, which reflects an increase in the average outstanding debt of approximately $724.0 million primarily due to increases in (i) the Senior Notes due 2028 of $542.5 million, (ii) the Senior Notes due 2025 of $373.1 million, (iii) the Senior Notes due 2027 of $200.0 million, (iv) the Bridge Loans of $108.3 million and (v) the Revolving Credit Facility of $37.9 million, partially offset by a decrease in (vi) the Senior Notes due 2022 of $540.2 million, which were redeemed in full in May 2021.
•Acquisition and transaction expenses increased $13.7 million primarily d ue an increase in professional fees related to the acquisition of Transtar and other strategic initiatives.
•Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate decreased $4.8 million which reflects a decrease in the base management fee as our average total equity was lower in 2021 compared to 2020.
Other expense
Total other expense decreased $3.7 million which primarily reflects a $3.7 million decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
Adjusted EBITDA increased $0.9 million primarily due to the changes noted above.
Transactions with Affiliates and Affiliated Entities
We are managed by the Manager, an affiliate of Fortress, pursuant to the Management Agreement which provides for us to bear obligations for management fees and expense reimbursements payable to the Manager. Our Management Agreement requires our Manager to manage our business affairs in conformity with a broad asset acquisition strategy adopted and monitored by our board of directors. From time to time, we may engage (subject to our strategy) in material transactions with our Manager or another entity managed by our Manager or one of its affiliates or other affiliates of Fortress, which may include, but are not limited to, certain financing arrangements, acquisition of assets, acquisition of debt obligations, debt, co-investments, and other assets that present an actual, potential or perceived conflict of interest. Please see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing for more information.
Geographic Information
Please refer to Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a report, by geographic area for each segment, of revenues from our external customers, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, as well as a report of our total property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In April 2022, the Board of Directors unanimously approved the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure. The spin-off was effected as a distribution of all of the shares owned by the Company of common stock of FTAI Infrastructure to the holders of the Company’s ordinary shares as of July 21, 2022. The distribution was completed on August 1, 2022.
In connection with the spin-off, completed on August 1, 2022, FTAI Infrastructure paid a dividend of $730.3 million to the Company. The Company used these proceeds to repay all outstanding borrowings under its 2021 bridge loans, $200.0 million of its 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025, and approximately $175.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility. FTAI retained the aviation business and certain other assets, and FTAI’s remaining outstanding corporate indebtedness.
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We believe we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs, however, we continue to evaluate and take action, as necessary, to preserve adequate liquidity and ensure that our business can continue to operate during these uncertain times. This includes limiting discretionary spending across the organization and re-prioritizing our investments amid the COVID-19 pandemic and market volatility.
Our principal uses of liquidity have been and continue to be (i) acquisitions of aircraft and engines, (ii) dividends to our ordinary and preferred shareholders, (iii) expenses associated with our operating activities, and (iv) debt service obligations associated with our investments.
•Cash used for the purpose of making investments was $831.5 million, $1.5 billion and $597.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
•Distributions to shareholders, including cash dividends, were $155.6 million, $142.8 million and $131.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
•Uses of liquidity associated with our operating expenses are captured on a net basis in our cash flows from operating activities. Uses of liquidity associated with our debt obligations are captured in our cash flows from financing activities.
Our principal sources of liquidity to fund these uses have been and continue to be (i) revenues from our aviation assets (including finance lease collections and maintenance reserve collections) net of operating expenses, (ii) proceeds from borrowings or the issuance of securities and (iii) proceeds from asset sales.
•Cash flows from operating activities, plus the principal collections on finance leases and maintenance reserve collections were $29.4 million, $16.9 million and $110.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
•During the year ended December 31, 2022, additional borrowings were obtained in connection with the (i) 2021 Bridge Loans of $239.5 million (ii) Revolving Credit Facility of $565.0 million and (iii) EB-5 Loan Agreement of $9.5 million. We made total principal repayments of (i) $604.5 million relating to the Revolving Credit Facility, (ii) $340.0 million related to the 2021 Bridge Loans and (iii) $200.0 million related to the Senior Notes due 2025.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, additional borrowings were obtained in connection with the (i) Senior Notes due 2028 of $1.0 billion, (ii) Revolving Credit Facility of $690.0 million, (iii) Bridge Loan Agreement of $650.0 million, (iv) Series 2021 Bonds of $425.0 million, (v) 2021 Bridge Loans of $100.5 million and (vi) EB-5 Loan Agreement of $26.1 million. We made principal payments of $1.6 billion related to the Bridge Loan Agreement, Revolving Credit Facility and Senior Notes due 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, additional borrowings were obtained in connection with the (i) Senior Notes due 2025 of $407.0 million, (ii) Senior Notes due 2027 of $400.0 million, (iii) Revolving Credit Facility of $270.0 million and (iv) Series 2020 Bonds of $264.0 million. We made principal payments of $852.2 million related to the Senior Notes due 2022, Revolving Credit Facility, Series 2016 Bonds, Jefferson Revolver, Series 2012 Bonds and FTAI Pride Credit Agreement.
•Proceeds from the sale of subsidiaries and assets were $414.2 million, $163.4 million and $72.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
•Proceeds from the issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs were $323.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. There were no issuances of ordinary shares in 2022 or 2020.
•Proceeds from the issuance of preferred shares, net of underwriters discount and issuance costs, were $101.2 million and $19.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively..
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We are currently evaluating several potential transactions and related financings, which could occur within the next 12 months. None of these potential transactions, negotiations, or financings are definitive or included within our planned liquidity needs. We cannot assure if or when any such transaction will be consummated or the terms of any such transaction or related financing.
Historical Cash Flow
The following table presents our historical cash flow from both continuing and discontinued operations:

| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flow data: |  |  |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | $ | (20,657) |  |  | $ | (22,044) |  |  | $ | 63,106 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (411,253) |  |  | (1,286,958) |  |  | (509,123) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 44,914 |  |  | 1,587,645 |  |  | 364,918 |

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Net cash used in operating activities decreased $1.4 million, which primarily reflects certain adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities including increases in (i) asset impairment of $126.8 million, (ii) provision for credit losses of $35.0 million, (iii) equity in losses of unconsolidated entities of $34.2 million and (iv) loss on extinguishment of debt of $16.6 million partially offset by (v) an increase in gain on sale of assets of $92.6 million, (vi) an increase in our net loss of $81.3 million, and (vii) a decrease in net working capital of $35.3 million.
Net cash used in investing activities decreased $875.7 million primarily due to (i) a decrease in cash used in acquisitions of business, net of cash acquired, of $623.3 million, (ii) higher proceeds from the sale of leasing equipment of $250.0 million and (iii) a decrease in investment of unconsolidated entities of $47.3 million, partially offset by (iv) an increase in acquisition of leasing equipment of $65.7 million and (ii) an increase in acquisition of lease intangibles of $7.1 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities decreased $1.5 billion primarily due to (i) a decrease in proceeds from debt of $2.1 billion and (ii) a decrease in proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of underwriter's discount of $323.1 million, partially offset by (iii) a one-time dividend from spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure, net of cash transferred of $500.6 million and (iv) a decrease in repayments of debt of $408.7 million.
Cash Flows of Discontinued Operations
The cash flows related to discontinued operations have not been segregated and are included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for all periods presented. Cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations were $63.9 million, $61.7 million, and $46.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations were $136.3 million, $828.7 million, and $252.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The absence of cash flows from discontinued operations is not expected to adversely affect our liquidity or our ability to fund capital expenditures or working capital needs.
Contractual Obligations
Our material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations:
Debt Obligations—As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding principal and interest payment obligations of $2.2 billion and $620.8 million through the maturity date of the debt, respectively, of which only interest payments of $147.3 million are due in the next twelve months. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information about our debt obligations.
Lease Obligations—As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding operating and finance lease obligations of $2.9 million, of which, $0.8 million is due in the next twelve months.
Other Cash Requirements—In addition to our contractual obligations, we pay quarterly cash dividends on our ordinary shares and preferred shares, which are subject to change at the discretion of our Board of Directors. During 2022, we declared cash dividends of $128.5 million and $27.2 million on our ordinary shares and preferred shares, respectively.
We expect to meet our future short-term liquidity requirements through cash on hand, unused borrowing capacity or future financings and net cash provided by our current operations. We expect that our operating subsidiaries will generate sufficient cash flow to cover operating expenses and the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness as they become due. We may elect to meet certain long-term liquidity requirements or to continue to pursue strategic opportunities through utilizing cash on hand, cash generated from our current operations and the issuance of securities in the future. Management believes adequate capital and borrowings are available from various sources to fund our commitments to the extent required.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results
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could differ from those estimates. Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Operating Leases—We lease equipment pursuant to operating leases. Operating leases with fixed rentals and step rentals are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, assuming no renewals. Revenue is not recognized when collection is not reasonably assured. When collectability is not reasonably assured, the customer is placed on non-accrual status and revenue is recognized when cash payments are received.
Generally, under our aircraft lease and engine agreements, the lessee is required to make periodic maintenance payments calculated based on the lessee’s utilization of the leased asset or at the end of the lease. Typically, under our aircraft lease agreements, the lessee is responsible for maintenance, repairs and other operating expenses throughout the term of the lease. These periodic maintenance payments accumulate over the term of the lease to fund major maintenance events, and we are contractually obligated to return maintenance payments to the lessee up to the cost of maintenance paid by the lessee. In the event the total cost of maintenance events over the term of a lease is less than the cumulative maintenance payments, we are not required to return any unused or excess maintenance payments to the lessee.
Maintenance payments received for which we expect to repay to the lessee are presented as Maintenance Deposits in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. All excess maintenance payments received that we do not expect to repay to the lessee are recorded as Maintenance revenue. Estimates in recognizing revenue include mean time between removal, projected costs for engine maintenance and forecasted utilization of aircraft which are affected by historical usage patterns and overall industry, market and economic conditions. Significant changes to these estimates could have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized in the period.
For purchase and lease back transactions, we account for the transaction as a single arrangement. We allocate the consideration paid based on the relative fair value of the aircraft and lease. The fair value of the lease may include a lease premium or discount, which is recorded as a favorable or unfavorable lease intangible.
Asset sales revenue—Asset sales revenue primarily consists of the transaction price related to the sale of aircraft and aircraft engines from our Aviation Leasing segment. From time to time, the Company may also assign the related lease agreements to the customer as part of the sale of these assets. We routinely sell leasing equipment to customers and such transactions are considered recurring and ordinary in nature to our business. As such, these sales are accounted for within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over an asset to a customer. Revenue is recorded with corresponding costs of sales, presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 10 for additional information.
Aerospace Products revenue—Aerospace Products revenue primarily consists of the transaction price related to the sale of repaired CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory, and are accounted for within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over the related asset to a customer. Revenue is recorded with corresponding costs of sales, presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Maintenance Payments—Typically, under an operating lease of aircraft, the lessee is responsible for performing all maintenance and is generally required to make maintenance payments to us for heavy maintenance, overhaul or replacement of certain high-value components of the aircraft or engine. These maintenance payments are based on hours or cycles of utilization or on calendar time, depending on the component, and are generally required to be made monthly in arrears. If a lessee is making monthly maintenance payments, we would typically be obligated to reimburse the lessee for costs they incur for heavy maintenance, overhaul or replacement of certain high-value components to the extent of maintenance payments received in respect of the specific maintenance event, usually shortly following the completion of the relevant work.
We record the portion of maintenance payments paid by the lessee that are expected to be reimbursed as maintenance deposits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Reimbursements made to the lessee upon the receipt of evidence of qualifying maintenance work are recorded against the maintenance deposit liability.
In certain acquired leases, we or the lessee may be obligated to make a payment to the other party at lease termination based on redelivery conditions stipulated at the inception of the lease. When the lessee is required to return the aircraft in an improved maintenance condition, we record a maintenance right asset, as a component of other assets in the Consolidated Balance sheets, for the estimated value of the end-of-life maintenance payment at acquisition. We recognize payments received as end-of-lease compensation adjustments, within lease income or as a reduction to the maintenance right asset, when payment is received or collectability is assured. In the event we are required to make payments at the end of the lease for redelivery conditions, amounts are accrued as additional maintenance liability and expensed when we are obligated and can reasonably estimate such payments.
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Property, Plant and Equipment, Leasing Equipment and Depreciation—Property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment are stated at cost (inclusive of capitalized acquisition costs, where applicable) and depreciated using the straight-line method, over estimated useful lives, to estimated residual values which are summarized as follows:

Asset |  | Range of Estimated Useful Lives |  | Residual Value Estimates
Aircraft |  | 25 years from date of manufacture |  | Generally not to exceed 15% of manufacturer’s list price when new
Aircraft engines |  | 2 - 6 years, based on maintenance adjusted service life |  | Sum of engine core salvage value plus the estimated fair value of life limited parts
Aviation tooling and equipment |  | 3 - 6 years from date of purchase |  | Scrap value at end of useful life
Offshore energy vessels |  | 25 years from date of manufacture |  | 10% of new build cost
Furniture and fixtures |  | 3 - 6 years from date of purchase |  | None
Computer hardware and software |  | 2 - 5 years from date of purchase |  | None
Construction in progress |  | N/A |  | N/A

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—We perform a recoverability assessment of each of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances, or indicators, indicate that the carrying amount or net book value of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant lease restructuring or early lease termination; significant traffic decline; a significant change in market conditions; or the introduction of newer technology aircraft, vessels or engines. When performing a recoverability assessment, we measure whether the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset exceeds its net book value. The undiscounted cash flows consist of cash flows from currently contracted leases and contracts, future projected leases, transition costs, estimated down time and estimated residual or scrap values. In the event that an asset does not meet the recoverability test, the carrying value of the asset will be adjusted to fair value resulting in an impairment charge.
Management develops the assumptions used in the recoverability analysis based on its knowledge of active contracts, current and future expectations of the global demand for a particular asset and historical experience in the leasing markets, as well as information received from third party industry sources. The factors considered in estimating the undiscounted cash flows are impacted by changes in future periods due to changes in contracted lease rates, residual values, economic conditions, technology, demand for a particular asset type and other factors.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Please see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing for recent accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of changes in value of a financial instrument, caused by fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Changes in these factors could cause fluctuations in our results of operations and cash flows. We are exposed to the market risks described below.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in the level of interest rates and the spread between different interest rates. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including the U.S. government’s monetary and tax policies, global economic factors and other factors beyond our control. We are exposed to changes in the level of interest rates and to changes in the relationship or spread between interest rates. Our primary interest rate exposure relates to our revolver arrangements.
LIBOR and other indices which are deemed “benchmarks” are the subject of recent national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. On March 5, 2021, the IBA Benchmark Administration confirmed its intention to cease publication of (i) one-week and two-month USD LIBOR settings after December 31, 2021 and (ii) the remaining USD LIBOR settings after June 30, 2023. We are monitoring related reform proposals and evaluating the related risks and, as a result of LIBOR’s phase out, amended our revolving credit facility to incorporate SOFR as the successor rate to LIBOR; however, it is not possible to predict the effects of any of these developments, and any future initiatives to regulate, reform or change the manner of administration of LIBOR could result in adverse consequences to the rate of interest payable and receivable on, market value of and market liquidity for financial instruments tied to variable interest rate indices.
Certain of our borrowing agreements require payments based on a variable interest rate index, such as SOFR. Therefore, to the extent our borrowing costs are not fixed, increases in interest rates may reduce our net income by increasing the cost of our debt without any corresponding increase in rents or cash flow from our leases. We may elect to manage our exposure to interest rate movements through the use of interest rate derivatives (interest rate swaps and caps).
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The following discussion about the potential effects of changes in interest rates is based on a sensitivity analysis, which models the effects of hypothetical interest rate shifts on our financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe a sensitivity analysis provides the most meaningful analysis permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, it is constrained by several factors, including the necessity to conduct the analysis based on a single point in time and by the inability to include the extraordinarily complex market reactions that normally would arise from the market shifts modeled. Although the following results of a sensitivity analysis for changes in interest rates may have some limited use as a benchmark, they should not be viewed as a forecast. This forward-looking disclosure also is selective in nature and addresses only the potential interest expense impacts on our financial instruments and, in particular, does not address the mark-to-market impact on our interest rate derivatives, if any. It also does not include a variety of other potential factors that could affect our business as a result of changes in interest rates. In addition, the following discussion does not take into account our Series A and Series B preferred shares, on which distributions currently accrue interest at a fixed rate but will accrue interest at a floating rate based on a certain variable interest rate index plus a spread from and after September 15, 2024.
As of December 31, 2022, assuming we do not hedge our exposure to interest rate fluctuations related to our outstanding floating rate debt, a hypothetical 100-basis point increase/decrease in our variable interest rate on our borrowings would result in an increase of approximately $1.5 million or a decrease of approximately $1.5 million in interest expense over the next 12 months.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Financial Statements:

Consolidated Financial Statements of FTAI Aviation Ltd.: |
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | 52
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 2 and 202 1 | 54
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 55
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 56
| Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 57
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 202 2, 202 1 and 20 20 | 58
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 60

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FTAI Aviation Ltd.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FTAI Aviation Ltd. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
52

| Recognition of Maintenance Revenue for Aircraft Leases
Description of the Matter | As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes maintenance revenue for aircraft leases related to the portion of maintenance payments received from lessees that are not expected to be reimbursed for maintenance events. Revenue related to maintenance on leased aircraft is recorded as a component of maintenance revenue, which totaled $148.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as disclosed in Note 10. Auditing maintenance revenue related to aircraft leases was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation involved in projecting the timing of future major maintenance events. In particular, the estimate is sensitive to the mean time between removal (MTBR) assumption, which is affected by historical usage patterns and overall industry, market and economic conditions. Significant changes to this assumption could have a material effect on the amount of maintenance revenue recognized in the period.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s maintenance revenue recognition process, including controls over management’s review of the estimated timing of major maintenance events as described above. To test maintenance revenue for aircraft leases, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the Company’s revenue recognition methodology and testing the MTBR assumption described above. For example, we compared the MTBR assumption to third-party estimates and assessed management’s retrospective review of timing of estimated maintenance events to actual results to assess the historical accuracy of the MTBR assumption and contrary evidence, if any. We performed testing on maintenance revenue due to changes in timing of maintenance events and the impact, if any, on maintenance revenue recognized in the period. We also involved our valuation specialists to assist in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the MTBR assumption.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.
New York, New York
February 27, 2023
53

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

| Notes |  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 2 |  | $ | 33,565 |  |  | $ | 138,206 |
Restricted cash | 2 |  | 19,500 |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 99,443 |  |  | 124,924 |
Leasing equipment, net | 4 |  | 1,913,553 |  |  | 1,855,637 |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 5 |  | 10,014 |  |  | 38,263 |
Investments | 6 |  | 22,037 |  |  | 22,917 |
Intangible assets, net | 7 |  | 41,955 |  |  | 30,962 |
Inventory, net | 2 |  | 163,676 |  |  | 100,307 |
Other assets | 2 |  | 125,834 |  |  | 110,337 |
Assets of discontinued operations | 3 |  | — |  |  | 2,442,301 |
Total assets |  |  | $ | 2,429,577 |  |  | $ | 4,863,854 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | $ | 86,452 |  |  | $ | 87,035 |
Debt, net | 8 |  | 2,175,727 |  |  | 2,501,587 |
Maintenance deposits | 2 |  | 78,686 |  |  | 106,836 |
Security deposits | 2 |  | 32,842 |  |  | 40,149 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 36,468 |  |  | 23,892 |
Liabilities of discontinued operations | 3 |  | — |  |  | 980,255 |
Total liabilities |  |  | $ | 2,410,175 |  |  | $ | 3,739,754 |
Commitments and contingencies | 16 |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares ($0.01 par value per share; 2,000,000,000 shares authorized; 99,716,621 and 99,180,385 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 992 |
Preferred shares ($0.01 par value per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 13,320,000 and 13,320,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  |  | 133 |  |  | 133 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 343,350 |  |  | 1,411,940 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (325,602) |  |  | (132,392) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | (156,381) |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 18,878 |  |  | 1,124,292 |
Non-controlling interest in equity of consolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 524 |  |  | (192) |
Total equity |  |  | $ | 19,402 |  |  | $ | 1,124,100 |
Total liabilities and equity |  |  | $ | 2,429,577 |  |  | $ | 4,863,854 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
54

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

|  |  | Year Ended December 31,
| Notes |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenues | 10 |  | $ | 708,411 |  |  | $ | 335,583 |  |  | $ | 297,934 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales |  |  | 248,385 |  |  | 14,308 |  |  | — |
Operating expenses |  |  | 132,264 |  |  | 59,615 |  |  | 40,121 |
General and administrative |  |  | 14,164 |  |  | 13,448 |  |  | 14,106 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | 9,868 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | 13 |  | 3,562 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 5,446 |
Depreciation and amortization | 4, 5, 7 |  | 152,917 |  |  | 147,740 |  |  | 141,286 |
Asset impairment |  |  | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |
Interest expense |  |  | 169,194 |  |  | 155,017 |  |  | 87,442 |
Total expenses |  |  | 870,912 |  |  | 419,186 |  |  | 332,247 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | 6 |  | (369) |  |  | (1,403) |  |  | (1,932) |
Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net |  |  | 77,211 |  |  | 49,015 |  |  | (300) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | (19,859) |  |  | (3,254) |  |  | (6,943) |
Other income (expense) |  |  | 207 |  |  | (490) |  |  | 94 |
Total other income (expense) |  |  | 57,190 |  |  | 43,868 |  |  | (9,081) |
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | (105,311) |  |  | (39,735) |  |  | (43,394) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 12 |  | 5,300 |  |  | 3,126 |  |  | (4,343) |
Net loss from continuing operations |  |  | (110,611) |  |  | (42,861) |  |  | (39,051) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 3 |  | (101,416) |  |  | (87,845) |  |  | (64,641) |
Net loss |  |  | (212,027) |  |  | (130,706) |  |  | (103,692) |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Discontinued operations | 3 |  | (18,817) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (16,522) |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares |  |  | 27,164 |  |  | 24,758 |  |  | 17,869 |
Net loss attributable to shareholders |  |  | $ | (220,374) |  |  | $ | (128,992) |  |  | $ | (105,039) |
Loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  |  | $ | (1.39) |  |  | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | (0.66) |
Discontinued operations |  |  | $ | (0.83) |  |  | $ | (0.68) |  |  | $ | (0.56) |
Diluted | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  |  | $ | (1.39) |  |  | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | (0.66) |
Discontinued operations |  |  | $ | (0.83) |  |  | $ | (0.68) |  |  | $ | (0.56) |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 99,421,008 |  |  | 89,922,088 |  |  | 86,015,702 |
Diluted |  |  | 99,421,008 |  |  | 89,922,088 |  |  | 86,015,702 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
55

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net loss | $ | (212,027) |  |  | $ | (130,706) |  |  | $ | (103,692) |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss related to equity method investees, net (1) in discontinued operations | (182,963) |  |  | (129,820) |  |  | (26,609) |
Changes in pension and other employee benefit accounts in discontinued operations | — |  |  | (324) |  |  | — |
Comprehensive loss | (394,990) |  |  | (260,850) |  |  | (130,301) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest: |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Discontinued operations | (18,817) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (16,522) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to shareholders | $ | (376,173) |  |  | $ | (234,378) |  |  | $ | (113,779) |

__________________________________________________
(1) Net of deferred tax (benefit) expense of $—, $(2,187) and $(7,075) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
56

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands)

| Ordinary Shares(1) |  | Preferred Shares(1) |  | Additional Paid In Capital |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Non-Controlling Interest in Equity of Consolidated Subsidiaries |  | Total Equity
Equity - December 31, 2019 | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 1,110,122 |  |  | $ | 190,453 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 36,980 |  |  | $ | 1,338,857 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87,170) |  |  |  |  | (16,522) |  |  | (103,692) |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (26,609) |  |  | — |  |  | (26,609) |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (87,170) |  |  | (26,609) |  |  | (16,522) |  |  | (130,301) |
Settlement of equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (120) |  |  | (120) |
Issuance of ordinary shares | 7 |  |  |  |  | 304 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 311 |
Conversion of participating securities |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |
Dividends declared - ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  | (113,572) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (113,572) |
Issuance of preferred shares |  |  | 10 |  |  | 19,687 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,697 |
Dividends declared - preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  | (17,869) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (17,869) |
Equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,325 |  |  | 2,325 |
Equity - December 31, 2020 | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 1,130,106 |  |  | $ | (28,158) |  |  | $ | (26,237) |  |  | $ | 22,663 |  |  | $ | 1,099,321 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (104,234) |  |  |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (130,706) |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (130,144) |  |  | — |  |  | (130,144) |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (104,234) |  |  | (130,144) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (260,850) |
Settlement of equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (421) |  |  | (421) |
Issuance of ordinary shares | 136 |  |  |  |  | 323,443 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323,579 |
Dividends declared - ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | (118,009) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (118,009) |
Issuance of preferred shares |  |  | 42 |  |  | 101,158 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101,200 |
Dividends declared - preferred shares |  |  |  |  | (24,758) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24,758) |
Equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,038 |  |  | 4,038 |
Equity - December 31, 2021 | $ | 992 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 1,411,940 |  |  | $ | (132,392) |  |  | $ | (156,381) |  |  | $ | (192) |  |  | $ | 1,124,100 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (193,210) |  |  |  |  | (18,817) |  |  | (212,027) |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (182,963) |  |  | — |  |  | (182,963) |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (193,210) |  |  | (182,963) |  |  | (18,817) |  |  | (394,990) |
Spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure, Inc., net of distributions |  |  |  |  | (913,342) |  |  |  |  | 339,344 |  |  | 12,817 |  |  | (561,181) |
Acquisition of consolidated subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,054 |  |  | 3,054 |
Contributions from non-controlling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,187 |  |  | 1,187 |
Settlement of equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (148) |  |  | (148) |
Issuance of ordinary shares | 5 |  |  |  |  | 399 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 404 |
Dividends declared - ordinary shares |  |  |  |  | (128,483) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (128,483) |
Dividends declared - preferred shares |  |  |  |  | (27,164) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,164) |
Equity-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,623 |  |  | 2,623 |
Equity - December 31, 2022 | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 343,350 |  |  | $ | (325,602) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 19,402 |

________________________________________________
(1) Common and Preferred Shares of Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC were exchanged for Ordinary and Preferred Shares of FTAI Aviation Ltd. when the Merger, as detailed in Note 1, was completed on November 10, 2022.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
57

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (212,027) |  |  | $ | (130,706) |  |  | $ | (103,692) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | 46,971 |  |  | 12,734 |  |  | 5,039 |
Gain on sale of subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,331) |
(Gain) loss on sale of assets, net | (141,677) |  |  | (49,031) |  |  | 308 |
Security deposits and maintenance claims included in earnings | (41,845) |  |  | (39,067) |  |  | (6,362) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | 19,859 |  |  | 3,254 |  |  | 11,667 |
Equity-based compensation | 2,623 |  |  | 4,038 |  |  | 2,325 |
Depreciation and amortization | 193,236 |  |  | 201,756 |  |  | 172,400 |
Asset impairment | 137,219 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 33,978 |
Change in deferred income taxes | 2,161 |  |  | (2,057) |  |  | (5,851) |
Change in fair value of non-hedge derivatives | (1,567) |  |  | (2,220) |  |  | 181 |
Amortization of lease intangibles and incentives | 37,135 |  |  | 27,978 |  |  | 30,346 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 19,018 |  |  | 21,723 |  |  | 7,315 |
Provision for credit losses | 47,975 |  |  | 12,953 |  |  | 3,595 |
Other | (1,010) |  |  | (440) |  |  | 1,502 |
Change in: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (65,969) |  |  | (88,872) |  |  | (59,734) |
Other assets | (23,037) |  |  | (30,789) |  |  | 3,660 |
Inventory | (23,267) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (19,599) |  |  | 25,079 |  |  | (5,258) |
Management fees payable to affiliate | 804 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | (20,622) |
Other liabilities | 2,340 |  |  | 118 |  |  | (6,360) |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (20,657) |  |  | (22,044) |  |  | 63,106 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | (7,344) |  |  | (54,655) |  |  | (4,690) |
Principal collections on finance leases | 2,227 |  |  | 7,387 |  |  | 13,823 |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | (3,819) |  |  | (627,090) |  |  | — |
Acquisition of leasing equipment | (638,329) |  |  | (572,624) |  |  | (321,606) |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | (144,196) |  |  | (157,332) |  |  | (264,829) |
Acquisition of lease intangibles | (31,127) |  |  | (24,017) |  |  | 1,997 |
Investment in convertible promissory notes | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | — |
Purchase deposit for acquisitions | (6,671) |  |  | (13,658) |  |  | (8,343) |
Proceeds from sale of leasing equipment | 408,937 |  |  | 158,927 |  |  | 72,175 |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 5,289 |  |  | 4,494 |  |  | — |
Proceeds for deposit on sale of aircraft and engine | 3,780 |  |  | 600 |  |  | — |
Return of purchase deposits | — |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 2,350 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (411,253) |  |  | $ | (1,286,958) |  |  | $ | (509,123) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
58

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from debt | $ | 813,980 |  |  | $ | 2,894,127 |  |  | $ | 1,340,981 |
Repayment of debt | (1,144,529) |  |  | (1,553,231) |  |  | (852,197) |
Payment of deferred financing costs | (18,607) |  |  | (52,739) |  |  | (28,243) |
Receipt of security deposits | 3,882 |  |  | 8,770 |  |  | 3,242 |
Return of security deposits | (2,141) |  |  | (1,201) |  |  | (4,655) |
Receipt of maintenance deposits | 47,846 |  |  | 31,507 |  |  | 33,369 |
Release of maintenance deposits | (1,471) |  |  | (20,724) |  |  | (15,712) |
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of underwriter's discount | — |  |  | 323,124 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of preferred shares, net of underwriter's discount and issuance costs | — |  |  | 101,200 |  |  | 19,694 |
Capital contributions from non-controlling interests | 1,187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividend from spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure, net of cash transferred | 500,562 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlement of equity-based compensation | (148) |  |  | (421) |  |  | (120) |
Cash dividends - ordinary shares | (128,483) |  |  | (118,009) |  |  | (113,572) |
Cash dividends - preferred shares | (27,164) |  |  | (24,758) |  |  | (17,869) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 44,914 |  |  | 1,587,645 |  |  | 364,918 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (386,996) |  |  | 278,643 |  |  | (81,099) |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 440,061 |  |  | 161,418 |  |  | 242,517 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 53,065 |  |  | $ | 440,061 |  |  | $ | 161,418 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest | $ | 185,144 |  |  | $ | 142,200 |  |  | $ | 71,637 |
Cash paid for taxes | 3,279 |  |  | 402 |  |  | — |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of leasing equipment | $ | 65,534 |  |  | 47,114 |  |  | 141,478 |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | (581) |  |  | (13,237) |
Settled and assumed security deposits | (6,774) |  |  | (4,041) |  |  | (5,825) |
Billed, assumed and settled maintenance deposits | (47,993) |  |  | (21,710) |  |  | (58,906) |
Non-cash change in equity method investment | (182,963) |  |  | (129,907) |  |  | (26,609) |
Conversion of interests in unconsolidated entities | (21,302) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of ordinary shares | 399 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 304 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
59

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
1. ORGANIZATION
FTAI Aviation Ltd. (“we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company” and formerly “Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC”) is a Cayman Islands exempted company which through its subsidiaries owns, leases, and sells aviation equipment and also develops and manufactures, through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aftermarket components for aircraft engines. Additionally, we own and lease offshore energy equipment. We have two reportable segments, (i) Aviation Leasing and (ii) Aerospace Products (see Note 14).
On August 1, 2022, the Company completed the spin-off of its infrastructure business into an independent publicly traded company. Accordingly, the operating results of, and costs to separate, the infrastructure business are reported in Net loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all periods presented. In addition, the related assets and liabilities held prior to the spin-off are reported as Assets and Liabilities of Discontinued Operations on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. All amounts and disclosures included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements reflect only the Company's continuing operations unless otherwise noted. For additional information, see Note 3, "Discontinued Operations."
On November 10, 2022, the Company completed a reverse merger transaction pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger”) between Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC (“FTAI”) and the Company and the parties thereto, with FTAI becoming a subsidiary of the Company. This reverse merger represents a transaction between entities under common control. Upon merger completion, FTAI’s shareholders received one share of the Company’s ordinary shares, Series A Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares in exchange for each share of FTAI’s common shares, Series A Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares, respectively, with the new Shares of FTAI Aviation having substantially similar rights and privileges as the respective FTAI shares being converted. All exchanges were completed without any further action from the shareholders.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Accounting—The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of us and our subsidiaries.
Principles of Consolidation—We consolidate all entities in which we have a controlling financial interest and control over significant operating decisions, as well as variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The ownership interest of other investors in consolidated subsidiaries is recorded as non-controlling interest.
We use the equity method of accounting for investments in entities in which we exercise significant influence, but which do not meet the requirements for consolidation. Under the equity method, we record our proportionate share of the underlying net income (loss) of these entities as well as the proportionate interest in adjustments to other comprehensive income (loss).
Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Risks and Uncertainties—In the normal course of business, we encounter several significant types of economic risk including credit, market, and capital market risks. Credit risk is the risk of the inability or unwillingness of a lessee, customer, or derivative counterparty to make contractually required payments or to fulfill its other contractual obligations. Market risk reflects the risk of a downturn or volatility in the underlying industry segments in which we operate, which could adversely impact the pricing of the services offered by us or a lessee’s or customer’s ability to make payments, increase the risk of unscheduled lease terminations and depress lease rates and the value of our leasing equipment or operating assets. Capital market risk is the risk that we are unable to obtain capital at reasonable rates to fund the growth of our business or to refinance existing debt facilities. We, through our subsidiaries, also conduct operations outside of the United States; such international operations are subject to the same risks as those associated with our United States operations as well as additional risks, including unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, heightened risk of political and economic instability, potentially adverse tax consequences and the burden of complying with foreign laws. We do not have significant exposure to foreign currency risk as all of our leasing arrangements are denominated in U.S. dollars.
Cash and Cash Equivalents—We consider all highly liquid short-term investments with a maturity of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash—Restricted cash consists of funds required for the Company’s investment in iAero Thrust as described in subsequent events (Note 17).
Inventory—We hold aircraft engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory for trading and to support operations. Inventory is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value on our consolidated balance sheets.
60

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Property, Plant and Equipment, Leasing Equipment and Depreciation—Property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment are stated at cost (inclusive of capitalized acquisition costs, where applicable) and depreciated using the straight-line method, over estimated useful lives, to estimated residual values which are summarized as follows:

Asset |  | Range of Estimated Useful Lives |  | Residual Value Estimates
Aircraft |  | 25 years from date of manufacture |  | Generally not to exceed 15% of manufacturer’s list price when new
Aircraft engines |  | 2 - 6 years, based on maintenance adjusted service life |  | Sum of engine core salvage value plus the estimated fair value of life limited parts
Aviation tooling and equipment |  | 3 - 6 years from date of purchase |  | Scrap value at end of useful life
Offshore energy vessels |  | 25 years from date of manufacture |  | 10% of new build cost
Furniture and fixtures |  | 3 - 6 years from date of purchase |  | None
Computer hardware and software |  | 2 - 5 years from date of purchase |  | None
Construction in progress |  | N/A |  | N/A

Major improvements and modifications incurred in connection with the acquisition of property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment that are required to get the asset ready for initial service are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining life of the asset. Project costs of major additions and betterments, including capitalizable engineering costs and other costs directly related to the development or construction of project, are capitalized and depreciation commences once it is placed into service. Interest costs directly related to and incurred during the construction period of property, plant and equipment are capitalized.
We review our depreciation policies on a regular basis to determine whether changes have taken place that would suggest that a change in our depreciation policies, useful lives of our equipment or the assigned residual values is warranted.
For planned major maintenance or component overhaul activities for aviation equipment off lease, the cost of such major maintenance or component overhaul event is capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the period until the next maintenance or component overhaul event is required.
Our offshore energy vessels are required to be drydocked periodically for recertifications or major repairs and maintenance that cannot be performed while the vessels are operating. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. We capitalize the costs associated with the drydockings and amortize them on a straight-line basis over the period between drydockings, usually during a 60 month time span.
In accounting for leasing equipment, we make estimates about the expected useful lives, residual values and the fair value of acquired in-place leases and acquired maintenance liabilities (for aviation equipment). In making these estimates, we rely upon observable market data for the same or similar types of equipment and, in the case of aviation equipment, our own estimates with respect to a lessee’s anticipated utilization of the aircraft or engine. When we acquire leasing equipment subject to an in-place lease, determining the fair value of the in-place lease requires us to make assumptions regarding the current fair values of leases for identical or similar equipment, in order to determine if the in-place lease is within a fair value range of current lease rates. If a lease is below or above the range of current lease rates, the resulting lease discount or premium is recognized as a lease intangible and amortized into lease income over the remaining term of the lease.
Capitalized Interest—The interest cost associated with major development and construction projects are capitalized and included in the cost of the project. Interest capitalization ceases once a project is substantially complete or no longer undergoing construction activities to prepare it for its intended use. We capitalized interest of $2.7 million, $2.4 million and $1.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Repairs and Maintenance—Repair and maintenance costs that do not extend the lives of the assets are expensed as incurred. Our repairs and maintenance expense was $7.2 million, $3.2 million and $1.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—We perform a recoverability assessment of each of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances, or indicators, indicate that the carrying amount or net book value of an asset may not be recoverable. Indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant lease restructuring or early lease termination; significant traffic decline; a significant change in market conditions; or the introduction of newer technology aircraft, vessels or engines. When performing a recoverability assessment, we measure whether the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset exceeds its net book value. The undiscounted cash flows consist of cash flows from currently contracted leases and contracts, future projected leases, transition costs, estimated down time and estimated residual or scrap values. In the event that an asset does not meet the recoverability test, the carrying value of the asset will be adjusted to fair value resulting in an impairment charge.
Management develops the assumptions used in the recoverability analysis based on its knowledge of active contracts, current and future expectations of the global demand for a particular asset and historical experience in the leasing markets, as well as information received from third party industry sources. The factors considered in estimating the undiscounted cash flows are impacted by changes in future periods due to changes in contracted lease rates, residual values, economic conditions, technology, demand for a particular asset type and other factors.
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FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Security Deposits—Our operating leases generally require the lessee to pay a security deposit or provide a letter of credit. Security deposits are held until specified return dates stipulated in the lease or lease expiration.
Maintenance Payments—Typically, under an operating lease of aircraft, the lessee is responsible for performing all maintenance and is generally required to make maintenance payments to us for heavy maintenance, overhaul or replacement of certain high-value components of the aircraft or engine. These maintenance payments are based on hours or cycles of utilization or on calendar time, depending on the component, and are generally required to be made monthly in arrears. If a lessee is making monthly maintenance payments, we would typically be obligated to reimburse the lessee for costs they incur for heavy maintenance, overhaul or replacement of certain high-value components to the extent of maintenance payments received in respect of the specific maintenance event, usually shortly following the completion of the relevant work.
We record the portion of maintenance payments paid by the lessee that are expected to be reimbursed as maintenance deposit liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Reimbursements made to the lessee upon the receipt of evidence of qualifying maintenance work are recorded against the maintenance deposit liability.
In certain acquired leases, we or the lessee may be obligated to make a payment to the other party at lease termination based on redelivery conditions stipulated at the inception of the lease. When the lessee is required to return the aircraft in an improved maintenance condition, we record a maintenance right asset, as a component of other assets, for the estimated value of the end-of-life maintenance payment at acquisition. We recognize payments received as end-of-lease compensation adjustments, within lease income or as a reduction to the maintenance right asset, when payment is received or collectability is assured. In the event we are required to make payments at the end of the lease for redelivery conditions, amounts are accrued as additional maintenance liability and expensed when we are obligated and can reasonably estimate such payments.
Lease Incentives and Amortization—Lease incentives, which include lease acquisition costs related to reconfiguration of the aircraft cabin, other lessee specific modifications and other direct costs, are capitalized and amortized as a reduction of lease income over the primary term of the lease, assuming no lease renewals.
Intangibles and amortization—Intangibles include the value of acquired favorable and unfavorable leases.
In accounting for acquired leasing equipment, we make estimates about the fair value of the acquired leases. In determining the fair value of these leases, we make assumptions regarding the current fair values of leases for identical or similar equipment in order to determine if the acquired lease is within a fair value range of current lease rates. If a lease is below or above the range of current lease rates, the resulting lease discount or premium is recognized as a lease intangible and amortized into lease income over the remaining term of the lease. Acquired lease intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease terms, which collectively had a weighted-average remaining amortization period of approximately 59 months as of December 31, 2022, and are recorded as a component of revenues in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Deferred Financing Costs—Costs incurred in connection with obtaining long term financing are capitalized and amortized to interest expense over the term of the underlying loans. Unamortized deferred financing costs of $29.4 million and $43.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in Debt, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We also have unamortized deferred revolver fees related to our revolving debt o f $5.5 million and $2.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Amortization expense was $17.0 million, $19.1 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is included in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Discontinued Operations—A disposal of an entity or component of an entity is reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has or will have a material impact on our operations and financial results. See Note 3 for additional information related to our discontinued operations.
Revenues
Operating Leases—We lease equipment pursuant to operating leases. Operating leases with fixed rentals and step rentals are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, assuming no renewals. Revenue is not recognized when collection is not reasonably assured. When collectability is not reasonably assured, the customer is placed on non-accrual status and revenue is recognized when cash payments are received.
Generally, under our aircraft lease and engine agreements, the lessee is required to make periodic maintenance payments calculated based on the lessee’s utilization of the leased asset or at the end of the lease. Typically, under our aircraft lease agreements, the lessee is responsible for maintenance, repairs and other operating expenses throughout the term of the lease. These periodic maintenance payments accumulate over the term of the lease to fund major maintenance events, and we are contractually obligated to return maintenance payments to the lessee up to the cost of maintenance events paid by the lessee. In the event the total cost of maintenance events over the term of a lease is less than the cumulative maintenance payments, we are not required to return any unused or excess maintenance payments to the lessee.
Maintenance payments received for which we expect to repay to the lessee are presented as Maintenance Deposits in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. All excess maintenance payments received that we do not expect to repay to the lessee are
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FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
recorded as Maintenance revenues. Estimates in recognizing revenue include mean time between removal, projected costs for engine maintenance and forecasted utilization of aircraft which are affected by historical usage patterns and overall industry, market and economic conditions. Significant changes to these estimates could have a material effect on the amount of revenue recognized in the period.
For purchase and lease back transactions, we account for the transaction as a single arrangement. We allocate the consideration paid based on the relative fair value of the aircraft and lease. The fair value of the lease may include a lease premium or discount, which is recorded as a favorable or unfavorable lease intangible.
Finance Leases—From time to time we enter into finance lease arrangements that include a lessee obligation to purchase the leased equipment at the end of the lease term, a bargain purchase option, or provides for minimum lease payments with a present value that equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the leased equipment at the date of lease inception. Net investment in finance leases represents the minimum lease payments due from lessee, net of unearned income. The lease payments are segregated into principal and interest components similar to a loan. Unearned income is recognized on an effective interest method over the lease term and is recorded as finance lease income. The principal component of the lease payment is reflected as a reduction to the net investment in finance leases. Revenue is not recognized when collection is not reasonably assured. When collectability is not reasonably assured, the customer is placed on non-accrual status and revenue is recognized when cash payments are received.
Asset sales revenue—Asset sales revenue primarily consists of the transaction price related to the sale of aircraft and aircraft engines from our Aviation Leasing segment. From time to time, the Company may also assign the related lease agreements to the customer as part of the sale of these asset s. We routinely sell leasing equipment to customers and such transactions are considered recurring and ordinary in nature to our business. As such, these sales are accounted for within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over an asset to a customer. Revenue is recorded with corresponding costs of sales, presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 10 for additional information.
Aerospace Products revenue—Aerospace Products revenue primarily consists of the transaction price related to the sale of repaired CFM56-7B and CFM56-5B engines, engine modules, spare parts and used material inventory, and are accounted for within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over the related asset to a customer. Revenue is recorded with corresponding costs of sales, presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Leasing Arrangements—At contract inception, we evaluate whether an arrangement is or contains a lease for which we are the lessee (that is, arrangements which provide us with the right to control a physical asset for a period of time). Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are included in Other assets and Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. Finance lease ROU assets are recognized in Other assets and lease liabilities are recognized in Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
All lease liabilities are measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments, discounted using our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date of the lease. ROU assets, for both operating and finance leases, are initially measured based on the lease liability, adjusted for prepaid rent and lease incentives. Operating lease ROU assets are subsequently measured at the carrying amount of the lease liability adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments and lease incentives. The finance lease ROU assets are subsequently amortized using the straight-line method.
Operating lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. With respect to finance leases, amortization of the ROU asset is presented separately from interest expense related to the finance lease liability and is recorded in Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Variable lease payments, which are primarily based on usage, are recognized when the associated activity occurs.
We have elected to combine lease and non-lease components for all lease contracts where we are the lessee. Additionally, for arrangements with lease terms of 12 months or less, we do not recognize ROU assets, and lease liabilities and lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term with variable lease payments recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred.
Concentration of Credit Risk—We are subject to concentrations of credit risk with respect to amounts due from customers. We attempt to limit our credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations. No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022. We earned 11% and 11% of our revenue from one customer in the Aviation Leasing segment during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, there were two customers in the Aviation Leasing segment that repres ented 20% and 12% of t otal accounts receivable, net. As of December 31, 2021, there were two customers in the Aviation Leasing segment that represented 51% and 18% of total accounts receivable, net.
We maintain cash and restricted cash balances, which generally exceed federally insured limits, and subject us to credit risk, in high credit quality financial institutions. We monitor the financial condition of these institutions and have not experienced any losses associated with these accounts.
63

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts—We determine the allowance for doubtful accounts based on our assessment of the collectability of our receivables on a customer-by-customer basis. Provision in credit losses is included in Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Allowance at beginning of period | $ | 17,703 |  |  | $ | 4,823 |  |  | $ | 1,227 |
Provision for credit losses | 47,877 |  |  | 12,880 |  |  | 3,596 |
Allowance at end of period | $ | 65,580 |  |  | $ | 17,703 |  |  | $ | 4,823 |

Economic sanctions and export controls against Russia and Russia’s aviation industry were imposed due to its invasion of Ukraine during the first quarter of 2022. As a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines, we terminated all lease agreements with Russian airlines during the first quarter of 2022 and recognized approximately $47.1 million in provision for credit losses during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2022 includes all accounts receivable exposure to Russian and Ukrainian customers.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)—Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances, excluding those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners. Our comprehensive income (loss) represents net income (loss), as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, adjusted for fair value changes for pensions and other postretirement benefits of discontinued operations, and other comprehensive income related to cash flow hedges of our equity method investees of discontinued operations. These changes are also recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cash flow impact of derivative contracts held by the equity method investees that are not designated as hedging instruments is recognized in Equity in losses (earnings) in unconsolidated entities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and the cash flow impact of commodity derivatives held by our consolidated subsidiaries is recognized in Change in fair value of non-hedge derivatives in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Other Assets—Other assets is primarily comprised of lease incentives of $37.9 million and $46.9 million, purchase deposits of $6.7 million and $13.7 million, notes receivable of $49.2 million and $22.4 million, operating lease right-of-use assets, net of $3.0 million and $3.8 million, and finance leases, net of $6.4 million and $7.6 million, maintenance right assets of $6.8 million and $5.1 million, prepaid expenses of $1.9 million an d $4.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines, we terminated all lease agreements with Russian airlines and recognized approximately $7.5 million in amortization for the remaining lease incentives during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Dividends—Dividends are recorded if and when declared by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors declared cash dividends of $1.26, $1.32 and $1.32 per ordinary share during each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Additionally, the Board of Directors declared cash dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares of $2.06, $2.06 and $2.06 per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, the Series B Preferred Shares of $2.00,$2.00 and $2.10 per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and the Series C Preferred Shares of $2.06 and $1.49 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements—In July 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842): Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments. This ASU requires lessors to classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease if (i) the lease would have been classified as a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease under Topic 842 and (ii) the lessor would have otherwise recognized a day-one loss. This standard is effective for all reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. We adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2022, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
3. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
FTAI Infrastructure Inc. (“FTAI Infrastructure”) Spin-Off
On April 28, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously approved the previously announced spin-off of the Company’s infrastructure business held by FTAI Infrastructure (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company). The spin-off was effected as a distribution of all of the shares owned by the Company of common stock of FTAI Infrastructure to the holders of the Company’s ordinary shares as of July 21, 2022. The distribution was completed on August 1, 2022. Under ASC 205-20, Presentation of Financial Statements – Discontinued Operations, the spin-off met the criteria to be reported as a discontinued operation. Therefore, FTAI Infrastructure is presented as a discontinued operation within the Company’s financial statements for all periods prior to August 1, 2022.
FTAI Infrastructure is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and holds, among other things, the Company’s previously held interests in the (i) Jefferson Terminal business, (ii) Repauno business, (iii) Long Ridge investment, and (iv) Transtar business. FTAI Infrastructure retained all related project-level debt of those businesses. In connection with the spin-off, FTAI Infrastructure paid a dividend of $730.3 million to the Company. The Company used these proceeds to repay all
64

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
outstanding borrowings under its 2021 bridge loans, $200.0 million of its 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025, and approximately $175.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility. FTAI retained the aviation business and certain other assets, and FTAI’s remaining outstanding corporate indebtedness.
In connection with the spin-off, the Company and the Manager assigned the Company’s then-existing management agreement to FTAI Infrastructure, and FTAI Infrastructure and the Manager executed an amended and restated agreement. The Company and certain of its subsidiaries executed a new management agreement with the Manager. The new management agreement has an initial term of six years. The Manager is entitled to a management fee and reimbursement of certain expenses on substantially similar terms as the previous arrangements with the Manager, which were assigned to FTAI Infrastructure. Prior to the Merger described below, our Manager remained entitled to incentive allocations (comprised of income incentive allocation and capital gains incentive allocation) on the same terms as they existed prior to spin-off. Following the Merger, the Company entered into a Services and Profit Sharing Agreement (the “Services and Profit Sharing Agreement”), with a subsidiary of the Company and Fortress Worldwide Transportation and Infrastructure Master GP LLC (“Master GP”), pursuant to which Master GP is entitled to incentive payments on substantially similar terms as the previous arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies
Revenue Recognition
Revenues of discontinued operations consist of the following revenue streams:
Terminal Services Revenues—Terminal services are provided to customers for the receipt and redelivery of various commodities. These revenues relate to performance obligations that are recognized over time using the right to invoice practical expedient, i.e., invoiced as the services are rendered and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit over the contract term. The Company’s performance of service and right to invoice corresponds with the value delivered to our customers. Revenues are typically invoiced and paid on a monthly basis.
Rail Revenues—Rail revenues generally consist of the following performance obligations: industrial switching, interline services, demurrage and storage. Switching revenues are derived from the performance of switching services, which involve the movement of cars from one point to another within the limits of an individual plant, industrial area, or a rail yard. Switching revenues are recognized as the services are performed, and the services are generally completed on the same day they are initiated.
Interline revenues are derived from transportation services for railcars that originate or terminate at our railroads and involve one or more other carriers. We record revenue related to interline traffic for transportation service segments provided by carriers along railroads that are not owned or controlled by us on a net basis. Interline revenues are recognized as the transportation movements occur.
Ancillary services revenue primarily relates to demurrage and storage services. Demurrage represents charges assessed by railroads for the detention of cars by shippers or receivers of freight beyond a specified free time and is recognized on a per day basis. Storage services revenue is earned for the provision of storage of shippers’ railcars and is generally recognized on a per day, per car basis, as the storage services are provided.
Lease Income—Lease income consists of rental income from tenants for storage space. Lease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the relevant lease agreement.
Other Revenue—Other revenue primarily consists of revenue related to the handling, storage and sale of raw materials. Revenues for the handling and storage of raw materials relate to performance obligations that are recognized over time using the right to invoice practical expedient, i.e., invoiced as the services are rendered and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit over the contract term. Our performance of service and right to invoice corresponds with the value delivered to our customers. Revenues for the sale of raw materials relate to contracts that contain performance obligations to deliver the product over the term of the contract. The revenues are recognized when the control of the product is transferred to the customer, based on the volume delivered and the price within the contract. Other revenues are typically invoiced and paid on a monthly basis.
Additionally, other revenue consists of revenue related to derivative trading activities and also includes revenue related to providing roadside assistance services to customers in the intermodal and over-the-road trucking industries. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by completing a repair service at a point in time. Revenues are typically invoiced for each repair and generally have 30-day payment terms.
Variable Interest Entity
The assessment of whether an entity is a VIE and the determination of whether to consolidate a VIE requires judgment. VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. A VIE is required to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, and only by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and who has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
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FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
At December 31, 2021, we held an approximately 98% economic interest, and a 100% voting interest in Delaware River Partners LLC (“DRP”). DRP was solely reliant on us to finance its activities and therefore was a VIE. We concluded that we were the primary beneficiary; and accordingly, DRP has been presented on a consolidated basis in the tables below. Total VIE assets of DRP were $316.5 million and total VIE liabilities were $32.6 million as of December 31, 2021.
Goodwill
Goodwill included the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets associated with the acquisition of Jefferson Terminal and Transtar. Subsequent to the spin-off on August 1, 2022, the Company does not have any goodwill.
We reviewed the carrying values of goodwill at least annually to assess impairment since these assets are not amortized. An annual impairment review was conducted as of October 1st of each year. Additionally, we reviewed the carrying value of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. The determination of fair value involves significant management judgment.
For an annual goodwill impairment assessment, an optional qualitative analysis may be performed. If the option is not elected or if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a goodwill impairment test is performed to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure an impairment loss. A qualitative analysis was not elected for 2021 or 2020.
A goodwill impairment assessment compares the fair value of the respective reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The estimate of fair value of the respective reporting unit is based on the best information available as of the date of assessment, which primarily incorporates certain factors including our assumptions about operating results, business plans, income projections, anticipated future cash flows and market data. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, a goodwill impairment is recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value.
We estimated the fair value of the Jefferson and Transtar reporting units using an income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow analysis. The analysis required us to make significant assumptions and estimates about the forecasted revenue growth rates, capital expenditures, the timing of future cash flows, and discount rates. The estimates and assumptions were used to consider historical performance if indicative of future performance and were consistent with the assumptions used in determining future profit plans for the reporting units.
There were no impairments of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Intangibles and amortization
Intangibles included the value of existing customer relationships acquired in connection with the acquisition of Jefferson Terminal and Transtar.
Customer relationship intangible assets were amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives as the pattern in which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed cannot reliably be determined. Customer relationship intangible assets have useful lives ranging from 5 to 15 years, no estimated residual value, and amortization was recorded as a component of Depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The weighted-average remaining amortization period was approximately 154 months as of December 31, 2021.
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FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Financial Information of Discontinued Operations
The following table presents the significant components of net loss from discontinued operations:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | $ | 140,009 |  |  | $ | 120,219 |  |  | $ | 68,562 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 12,732 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,864 |
Operating expense | 92,478 |  |  | 98,541 |  |  | 58,527 |
General and administrative expenses | 2,694 |  |  | 3,961 |  |  | 4,053 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 13,971 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | — |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | 8,134 |  |  | 15,638 |  |  | 13,073 |
Depreciation and amortization | 40,319 |  |  | 54,016 |  |  | 31,114 |
Interest expense | 15,105 |  |  | 16,019 |  |  | 10,764 |
Total expenses | 185,433 |  |  | 192,205 |  |  | 128,395 |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | (46,602) |  |  | (11,331) |  |  | (3,107) |
Gain on sale of assets, net | 258 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 1,323 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,724) |
Other (expense) income | (1,421) |  |  | (8,727) |  |  | 138 |
Total other expense | (47,765) |  |  | (20,042) |  |  | (6,370) |
Loss before income taxes | (93,189) |  |  | (92,028) |  |  | (66,203) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 8,227 |  |  | (4,183) |  |  | (1,562) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | (101,416) |  |  | (87,845) |  |  | (64,641) |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries | (18,817) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (16,522) |
Net loss attributable to shareholders | $ | (82,599) |  |  | $ | (61,373) |  |  | $ | (48,119) |

67

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The following table summarizes the carrying value of the major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations as of December 31, 2021:

|  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 49,872 |
Restricted cash |  | 251,983 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 50,301 |
Leasing equipment, net |  | 36,012 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net |  | 71,547 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 1,517,594 |
Investments |  | 54,408 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 67,737 |
Goodwill |  | 257,137 |
Other assets |  | 85,710 |
Total assets of discontinued operations |  | 2,442,301 |
Liabilities |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 115,634 |
Debt, net |  | 718,624 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 70,404 |
Other liabilities |  | 75,593 |
Total liabilities of discontinued operations |  | 980,255 |

The cash flows related to discontinued operations have not been segregated, and are included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for all periods presented. The following table summarizes depreciation and amortization, capital expenditures, and other significant operating and investing noncash items of discontinued operations for each period presented:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | $ | 46,601 |  |  | $ | 11,331 |  |  | $ | 3,107 |
Depreciation and amortization | 40,319 |  |  | 54,016 |  |  | 31,114 |
Equity-based compensation | 2,623 |  |  | 4,038 |  |  | 2,325 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | $ | (129,920) |  |  | $ | (140,896) |  |  | $ | (247,961) |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | (3,819) |  |  | (627,090) |  |  | — |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 7,954 |  |  | 53,055 |  |  | (4,690) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 5,289 |  |  | 4,494 |  |  | — |
Non-cash change in equity method investment | (182,963) |  |  | (129,907) |  |  | (26,609) |
Conversion of interests in unconsolidated entities | (21,302) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The Company accounted for Long Ridge Terminal LLC, included in liabilities of discontinued operations at December 31, 2021 included above, using the equity method of accounting. Summarized financial data for Long Ridge Terminal LLC are shown in the following tables for the periods in which the Company held the equity investment.
68

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

|  |  | December 31, 2021
Balance Sheet |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 2,932 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 32,469 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 17,896 |
Property, plant, and equipment, net |  |  | 764,607 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 4,940 |
Goodwill |  |  | 89,390 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 1,691 |
Other assets |  |  | 12,750 |
Total assets |  |  | $ | 926,675 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | $ | 16,121 |
Debt, net |  |  | 604,261 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | 339,033 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 2,246 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 961,661 |
Equity |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | (1,035) |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (33,951) |
Total equity |  |  | (34,986) |
Total liabilities and equity |  |  | $ | 926,675 |

Income Statement |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total revenues |  | $ | 15,199 |  |  | $ | 85,638 |  |  | $ | 24,917 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  | 36,693 |  |  | 28,310 |  |  | 16,339 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 29,381 |  |  | 24,836 |  |  | 11,004 |
Interest expense |  | 30,622 |  |  | 11,005 |  |  | 2,037 |
Total expenses |  | 96,696 |  |  | 64,151 |  |  | 29,380 |
Total other expense |  | (234) |  |  | (44,302) |  |  | (1,967) |
Net loss |  | $ | (81,731) |  |  | $ | (22,815) |  |  | $ | (6,430) |

4. LEASING EQUIPMENT, NET
Leasing equipment, net is summarized as follows:

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Leasing equipment | $ | 2,413,230 |  |  | $ | 2,312,040 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (499,677) |  |  | (456,403) |
Leasing equipment, net | $ | 1,913,553 |  |  | $ | 1,855,637 |

69

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Economic sanctions and export controls against Russia and Russia’s aviation industry have been imposed due to its invasion of Ukraine during the year ended December 31, 2022. As a result of the sanctions imposed on Russian airlines, we terminated all lease agreements with Russian airlines. As of December 31, 2022, four aircraft and one engine were still located in Ukraine and eight aircraft and seventeen engines were still located in Russia. We determined that it is unlikely that we will regain possession of the aircraft and engines that have not yet been recovered from Ukraine and Russia. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge totaling $120.0 million, net of maintenance deposits, to write-off the entire carrying value of leasing equipment assets that we do not expect to recover from Ukraine and Russia. Additionally, we identified certain assets in our leasing equipment portfolio with indicators of impairment. As a result, we adjusted the carrying value of these assets to fair value and recognized transactional impairment charges of $17.2 million, net of redelivery compensation during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table presents information related to acquisitions and dispositions of aviation leasing equipment:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft | 39 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 20 |
Engines | 64 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 37 |
Dispositions: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Engines | 71 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 25 |

Depreciation expense for leasing equipment is summarized as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Depreciation expense for leasing equipment | $ | 152,378 |  |  | $ | 147,444 |  |  | $ | 141,161 |

5. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property, plant and equipment, net is summarized as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Construction in progress |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,864 |  |  | 36,777 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | 1,374 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,661 |  |  | 533 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,974 |  |  | 38,684 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (960) |  |  | (421) |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,014 |  |  | $ | 38,263 |

We added property, plant and equipment of $14.4 million and $14.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which primarily consist of the build out of the well intervention tower and riser system for the Pride vessel and the purchase of additional aviation module containers. Additionally, we placed the well intervention tower into service on December 1, 2022, which resulted in a $42.1 million transfer out of property, plant and equipment and into leasing equipment.
Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment is summarized as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Depreciation expense | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 295 |  |  | $ | 126 |

70

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
6. INVESTMENTS
The following table presents the ownership interests and carrying values of our investments:

|  |  |  |  | Carrying Value
| Investment |  | Ownership Percentage |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Advanced Engine Repair JV | Equity method |  | 25% |  | $ | 20,207 |  |  | $ | 21,317 |
Falcon MSN 177 LLC | Equity method |  | 50% |  | 1,830 |  |  | 1,600 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 22,037 |  |  | $ | 22,917 |

We did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The following table presents our proportionate share of equity in income (losses):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Advanced Engine Repair JV | $ | (1,110) |  |  | $ | (1,403) |  |  | $ | (1,932) |
Falcon MSN 177 LLC | $ | 741 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (369) |  |  | $ | (1,403) |  |  | $ | (1,932) |

Equity Method Investments
Advanced Engine Repair JV
In December 2016, we invested $15 million for a 25% interest in an advanced engine repair joint venture. We focus on developing new cost savings programs for engine repairs. We exercise significant influence over this investment and account for this investment as an equity method investment.
In August 2019, we expanded the scope of our joint venture and invested an additional $13.5 million and maintained a 25% interest.
Falcon MSN 177 LLC
In November 2021, we invested $1.6 million for a 50% interest in Falcon MSN 177 LLC, an entity that consists of one Dassault Falcon 2000 aircraft. Falcon MSN 177 LLC leases the aircraft to charter operators on aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance contracts. We account for our investment in Falcon as an equity method investment as we have significant influence through our interest.
71

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, NET
Our intangible assets and liabilities, net are summarized as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Intangible assets |  |  |
Acquired favorable lease intangibles | $ | 64,202 |  |  | $ | 67,013 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (22,247) |  |  | (36,051) |
Acquired favorable lease intangibles, net | $ | 41,955 |  |  | $ | 30,962 |
Intangible liabilities |  |  |
Acquired unfavorable lease intangibles | $ | 13,152 |  |  | $ | 14,795 |
Less: Accumulated amortization | (2,607) |  |  | (6,068) |
Acquired unfavorable lease intangibles, net | $ | 10,545 |  |  | $ | 8,727 |

Intangible assets and liabilities are all held within the Aviation Leasing segment. Intangible liabilities relate to unfavorable lease intangibles and are included as a component of Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Amortization of intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as follows:

| Classification in Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Lease intangibles | Revenues |  | $ | 13,913 |  |  | $ | 4,993 |  |  | $ | 3,747 |

As of December 31, 2022, estimated net annual amortization of intangibles is as follows:

2023 | $ | 12,229 |
2024 | 8,758 |
2025 | 5,853
2026 | 4,167 |
2027 | 908
Thereafter | (505) |
Total | $ | 31,410 |

72

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
8. DEBT, NET
Our debt, net is summarized as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Outstanding Borrowings |  | Stated Interest Rate |  | Maturity Date |  | Outstanding Borrowings
Loans payable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility (1) | 150,000 |  |  | (i) Base Rate + 1.75%; or (ii) Adjusted Term SOFR Rate + 2.75% |  | 9/20/25 |  | 189,473 |
2021 Bridge Loans | — |  |  | (i) Base Rate + 1.75%; or (ii) Adjusted Term SOFR Rate + 2.75% |  | 12/15/22 |  | 100,527 |
Total loans payable | 150,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 290,000 |
Bonds payable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior Notes due 2025 (2) | 653,036 |  |  | 6.50% |  | 10/1/25 |  | 852,198 |
Senior Notes due 2027 | 400,000 |  |  | 9.75% |  | 8/1/27 |  | 400,000 |
Senior Notes due 2028 (3) | 1,002,091 |  |  | 5.50% |  | 5/1/28 |  | 1,002,416 |
Total bonds payable | 2,055,127 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,254,614 |
Debt | 2,205,127 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,544,614 |
Less: Debt issuance costs | (29,400) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (43,027) |
Total debt, net | $ | 2,175,727 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,501,587 |
Total debt due within one year | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100,527 |

______________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Requires a quarterly commitment fee at a rate of 0.50% on the average daily unused portion, as well as customary letter of credit fees and agency fees.
(2) Includes unamortized discount of $1,318 and $3,509 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and an unamortized premium of $4,354 and $5,707 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(3) Includes an unamortized premium of $2,091 and $2,416 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
On September 20, 2022, the Company amended and restated its Revolving Credit Facility which provides for revolving loans to be made available to the Company in an aggregate principal amount of up to $225.0 million, of which up to $25.0 million may be utilized for the issuance of letters of credit. On November 22, 2022, the Company entered into an additional amendment which provides for additional revolving commitments by Citizens Bank, National Association, as an incremental lender in an aggregate principal amount of $75.0 million (the “Incremental Commitment”). After giving effect to the Incremental Commitment, the aggregate principal amount of the Commitments available to the Company is $300.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), of which up to $25.0 million may be utilized for the issuance of letters of credit.
In conjunction with the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure, the Company repaid all outstanding borrowings under its 2021 bridge loans and $200.0 million of its 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025, and approximately $175.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility. The Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $19.9 million as a result of these pay downs.
We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, scheduled principal repayments under our debt agreements for the next five years and thereafter are summarized as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Revolving Credit Facility | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
Senior Notes due 2025 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 650,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 650,000 |
Senior Notes due 2027 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 400,000 |
Senior Notes due 2028 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Total principal payments on loans and bonds payable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 800,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 2,200,000 |

73

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value measurements and disclosures require the use of valuation techniques to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize use of unobservable inputs. These inputs are prioritized as follows:
•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or market corroborated inputs.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data and which require us to develop our own assumptions about how market participants price the asset or liability.
The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
•Market approach—Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.
•Income approach—Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts.
•Cost approach—Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost).
Our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash consist largely of demand deposit accounts with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased that are considered to be highly liquid. These instruments are valued using inputs observable in active markets for identical instruments and are therefore classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
Except as discussed below, our financial instruments other than cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash consist principally of accounts receivable, notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, loans payable, security deposits, maintenance deposits and management fees payable, whose fair values approximate their carrying values based on an evaluation of pricing data, vendor quotes, and historical trading activity or due to their short maturity profiles.
The fair values of our bonds payable reported as Debt, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented in the table below and classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy:

| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Senior Notes due 2025 | 613,152 |  |  | 881,408 |
Senior Notes due 2027 | 402,032 |  |  | 448,848 |
Senior Notes due 2028 | 853,490 |  |  | 1,019,470 |

The fair values of all other items reported as Debt, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate their carrying values due to their bearing market rates of interest and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
We measure the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis when GAAP requires the application of fair value, including events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the carrying amounts of assets may not be recoverable. Assets subject to these measurements include intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, leasing equipment and inventory. We record such assets at fair value when it is determined the carrying value may not be recoverable. Fair value measurements for assets subject to impairment tests are based on an income approach which uses Level 3 inputs, which include our assumptions as to future cash flows from operation of the leasing and eventual sale of assets.
10. REVENUES
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by products and services provided for each of our segments, as we believe it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue. Revenues are within the scope of ASC 842, Leases and ASC 606, Revenue from contracts with customers, unless otherwise noted. We have elected to exclude sales and other similar taxes from revenues.
During the third quarter of 2022, we updated our corporate strategy based on the opportunities available in the market such that the sale of aircraft and engines is now an output of our recurring, ordinary activities. As a result of this update, the transaction price allocated to the sale of assets is included in Revenues in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the third and fourth quarters of 2022 and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. The corresponding net book values of the assets sold are recorded in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the third and fourth quarters of 2022. Sales transactions of aircraft and engines prior to the third quarter of 2022 were accounted for in accordance with ASC 610-20, Gains and losses from the derecognition of nonfinancial assets and were included in Gain (loss) on sale of assets, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, as we were previously only occasionally selling these assets. Generally, assets sold were under leasing arrangements with customers prior to sales and were included in Leasing equipment, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
74

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 158,628 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,246 |  |  | $ | 178,874 |
Maintenance revenue | 148,846 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 148,846 |
Finance lease income | 440 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |
Asset sales revenue | 208,500 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 208,500 |
Aerospace products revenue | — |  |  | 153,550 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 153,550 |
Other revenue | 11,499 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,702 |  |  | 18,201 |
Total revenues | $ | 527,913 |  |  | $ | 153,550 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,948 |  |  | $ | 708,411 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 161,986 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,131 |  |  | $ | 172,117 |
Maintenance revenue | 128,819 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 128,819 |
Finance lease income | 1,747 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,747 |
Asset sales revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Aerospace products revenue | — |  |  | 23,301 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 23,301 |
Other revenue | 5,569 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 9,599 |
Total revenues | $ | 298,121 |  |  | $ | 23,301 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,161 |  |  | $ | 335,583 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | $ | 166,331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,145 |  |  | $ | 177,476 |
Maintenance revenue | 101,462 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 101,462 |
Finance lease income | 2,260 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,260 |
Asset sales revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Aerospace products revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other revenue | 11,158 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,578 |  |  | 16,736 |
Total revenues | $ | 281,211 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,723 |  |  | $ | 297,934 |

Presented below are the contracted minimum future annual revenues to be received under existing operating leases as of December 31, 2022:

| December 31, 2022
2023 | $ | 141,154 |
2024 | 86,337 |
2025 | 58,334 |
2026 | 39,465 |
2027 | 24,810 |
Thereafter | 44,285 |
Total | $ | 394,385 |

11. EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION
In 2015, we established a Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan (“Incentive Plan”) which provides for the ability to award equity compensation awards in the form of stock options to eligible employees, consultants, directors, and other individuals who provide services to us, each as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
75

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
In August 2022, in connection with the spin-off of our Infrastructure business, each FTAI option held by eligible employees, consultants, directors and other individuals who provide services to us was converted into an adjusted FTAI option and a new FTAI Infrastructure option. The exercise price of each adjusted FTAI Infrastructure option was set to collectively maintain the intrinsic value of the FTAI option immediately prior to the spin-off and to maintain the ratio of the exercise price of the adjusted FTAI option and the FTAI Infrastructure option, respectively, to the fair market value of the underlying shares.
The following tables present information for our stock options:

| Stock Options
| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | 3,762,742 |  |  | $ | 21.02 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Less: exercised / vested | 2,027,426 |  |  | 14.52 |
Less: forfeited and canceled | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 1,735,316 |  |  |

| Stock Options
As of December 31, 2022: |
Weighted average exercise / issuance price (per share) | $ | 22.67 |
Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) | $ | 128 |
Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years) | 8.5

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Manager transferre d 336,862 of its options to certain of the Manager’s employees.
Stock Options
In connection with our equity offerings (see Note 15 for details), we granted options to the Manager related to ordinary shares. The fair value of these options was recorded as an increase in equity with an offsetting reduction of capital proceeds received.
The following table presents information related to the options related to our shares:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
Number of options |  | 1,684,318 |  | 129,988
Fair value ($ millions) |  | $13.8 |  | $0.7
Ranges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected volatility | The expected share volatility is based on an assessment of the volatility of our publicly traded ordinary shares | 44.78 | % | - | 45.60 | % |  | 61.27 | % | - | 62.12 | %
Risk free interest rate | The risk-free rate is determined using the implied yield currently available on U.S. government bonds with a term consistent with the expected term on the date of grant. | 1.34 | % | - | 1.70 | % |  | 0.51 | % | - | 0.76 | %
Expected dividend yield | The expected dividend yield is based on management’s current expected dividend rate. | 3.16 | % | - | 3.64 | % |  | 6.23 | % | - | 11.79 | %
Expected term | Expected term used represents the period of time the options granted are expected to be outstanding. | 10 years |  | 10 years

No options were granted during the year ended December 31, 2022.
76

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
12. INCOME TAXES
The current and deferred components of the income tax (benefit) provision included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Cayman Islands | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
United States: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 522 |  |  | $ | 1,850 |  |  | $ | (114) |
State and local | 1,687 |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-U.S. | 443 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 537 |
Total current provision | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 2,599 |  |  | $ | 423 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Cayman Islands | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
United States: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 1,305 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | (474) |
State and local | 242 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | (142) |
Non-U.S. | 1,101 |  |  | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | (4,150) |
Total deferred (benefit) provision | 2,648 |  |  | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | (4,766) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | 5,300 |  |  | $ | 3,126 |  |  | $ | (4,343) |
Discontinued operations | 8,227 |  |  | $ | (4,183) |  |  | $ | (1,562) |
Total | 13,527 |  |  | $ | (1,057) |  |  | $ | (5,905) |

The Company is an exempted entity domiciled in the Cayman Islands where income taxes are not imposed. The Company is considered a Passive Foreign Investment Company for U.S. income tax purposes and certain income taxes are imposed on our owners. Taxable income or loss generated by our corporate subsidiaries is subject to U.S. federal, state and foreign corporate income tax in locations where they conduct business.
The difference between our reported total provision for income taxes and the Cayman Islands statutory rate of 0% is as follows:
77

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income subject to tax in the United States | (6.9) | % |  | (7.2) | % |  | 0.3 | %
Foreign taxes | 13.5 | % |  | (8.7) | % |  | 3.2 | %
Change in valuation allowance | (11.6) | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Provision for income taxes | (5.0) | % |  | (7.9) | % |  | 10.0 | %

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 43,116 |  |  | $ | 27,154 |
Interest expense | 2,754 |  |  | 1,530 |
Investment in Partnerships | 963 |  |  | 1,519 |
Other | 272 |  |  | 320 |
Total deferred tax assets | 47,105 |  |  | 30,523 |
Less valuation allowance | (27,565) |  |  | (9,142) |
Net deferred tax assets | 19,540 |  |  | 21,381 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Fixed assets | (22,794) |  |  | (20,072) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (3,254) |  |  | $ | 1,309 |

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reported net in Other assets or Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible. We have analyzed our deferred tax assets and have determined, based on the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that a significant portion will not be realized. Accordingly, valuation allowances have been recognized as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 of $27.6 million, $9.1 million and $6.8 million, res pectively, related to certain deductible temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards.
A summary of the changes in the valuation allowance is as follows:

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Valuation allowance at beginning of period | $ | 9,142 |  |  | $ | 6,794 |  |  | $ | 2,603 |
Change due to current year losses | 22,094 |  |  | 2,356 |  |  | 4,191 |
Change due to current year releases | (3,671) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance at end of period | $ | 27,565 |  |  | $ | 9,142 |  |  | $ | 6,794 |

As of December 31, 2022, certain of our corporate subsidiaries had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $39.3 million that are available to offset future taxable income. If not utilized, $0.6 million of these carryforwards will begin to expire in the year 2037, with $38.7 million of these carryforwards having no expiration date. As of December 31, 2022, we also had net operating loss carryforwards for Irish income tax purposes of $250.1 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely against future business income, $1.3 million of net operating loss carryforwards for Malaysian income tax purposes, which will begin to expire in the year 2027, and $5.4 million of net operating loss carryforward for Australian income tax purpose, which can be carried forward indefinitely against the future business income. The utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards to reduce future income taxes will depend on the relevant corporate subsidiary's ability to generate sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the carryforward period, if any. In addition, the maximum annual use of net operating loss carryforwards may be limited after certain changes in share ownership.
78

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
As of and for the period ended December 31, 2022, we had not established a liability for uncertain tax positions as no such positions existed. In general, our tax returns and the tax returns of our corporate subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities. Generally, we are not subject to examination by taxing authorities for tax years prior to 2019. We do not believe that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within 12 months of the reporting date.
13. MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT AND AFFILIATE TRANSACTIONS
In connection with the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure on August 1, 2022, we assigned our then-existing management and advisory agreement, dated as of May 20, 2015, with our Manager to FTAI Infrastructure. On July 31, 2022, we entered into a new management and advisory agreement (the “Management Agreement”), by and among FTAI, FTAI Finance Holdco Ltd. (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), and each of the subsidiaries that are party thereto and the Manager, with substantially similar terms and conditions as the existing management and advisory agreement.
The Manager is paid annual fees in exchange for advising us on various aspects of our business, formulating our investment strategies, arranging for the acquisition and disposition of assets, arranging for financing, monitoring performance, and managing our day-to-day operations, inclusive of all costs incidental thereto. In addition, the Manager may be reimbursed for various expenses incurred by the Manager on our behalf, including the costs of legal, accounting and other administrative activities. In May 2015, in connection with our IPO, we entered into the Management Agreement. Additionally, we have entered into certain incentive allocation arrangements with Master GP, which owns approximately 0.01% of FTAI Aviation Holdco Ltd.
The Manager is entitled to a management fee and reimbursement of certain expenses. The management fee is determined by taking the average value of total equity (excluding non-controlling interests) determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP at the end of the two most recently completed months multiplied by an annual rate of 1.50%, and is payable monthly in arrears in cash.
Master GP is entitled to incentive allocations (comprised of income incentive allocation and capital gains incentive allocation, defined below). The income incentive allocation is calculated and distributable quarterly in arrears based on the pre-incentive allocation net income for the immediately preceding calendar quarter (the “Income Incentive Allocation”). For this purpose, pre-incentive allocation net income means, with respect to a calendar quarter, net income attributable to shareholders during such quarter calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP excluding our pro rata share of (1) realized or unrealized gains and losses, and (2) certain non-cash or one-time items, and (3) any other adjustments as may be approved by our independent directors. Pre-incentive allocation net income does not include any Income Incentive Allocation or Capital Gains Incentive Allocation (described below) paid to Master GP during the relevant quarter.
One of our subsidiaries allocates and distributes to Master GP an Income Incentive Allocation with respect to its pre-incentive allocation net income in each calendar quarter as follows: (1) no Income Incentive Allocation in any calendar quarter in which pre-incentive allocation net income, expressed as a rate of return on the average value of our net equity capital (excluding non-controlling interests) at the end of the two most recently completed calendar quarters, does not exceed 2% for such quarter (8% annualized); (2) 100% of pre-incentive allocation net income with respect to that portion of such pre-incentive allocation net income, if any, that is equal to or exceeds 2% but does not exceed 2.2223% for such quarter; and (3) 10% of the amount of pre-incentive allocation net income, if any, that exceeds 2.2223% for such quarter. These calculations will be prorated for any period of less than three months.
Capital Gains Incentive Allocation is calculated and distributable in arrears as of the end of each calendar year and is equal to 10% of our pro rata share of cumulative realized gains from the date of the IPO through the end of the applicable calendar year, net of our pro rata share of cumulative realized or unrealized losses, the cumulative non-cash portion of equity-based compensation expenses and all realized gains upon which prior performance-based Capital Gains Incentive Allocation payments were made to Master GP.
The following table summarizes the management fees, income incentive allocation and capital gains incentive allocation from continuing operations:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Management fees | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 5,446 |
Income incentive allocation | 3,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital gains incentive allocation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 3,562 |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 5,446 |

79

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
We pay all of our operating expenses, except those specifically required to be borne by the Manager under the Management Agreement. The expenses required to be paid by us include, but are not limited to, issuance and transaction costs incident to the acquisition, disposition and financing of our assets, legal and auditing fees and expenses, the compensation and expenses of our independent directors, the costs associated with the establishment and maintenance of any credit facilities and other indebtedness of ours (including commitment fees, legal fees, closing costs, etc.), expenses associated with other securities offerings of ours, costs and expenses incurred in contracting with third parties (including affiliates of the Manager), the costs of printing and mailing proxies and reports to our shareholders, costs incurred by the Manager or its affiliates for travel on our behalf, costs associated with any computer software or hardware that is used by us, costs to obtain liability insurance to indemnify our directors and officers and the compensation and expenses of our transfer agent.
We will pay or reimburse the Manager and its affiliates for performing certain legal, accounting, due diligence tasks and other services that outside professionals or outside consultants otherwise would perform, provided that such costs and reimbursements are no greater than those which would be paid to outside professionals or consultants. The Manager is responsible for all of its other costs incident to the performance of its duties under the Management Agreement, including compensation of the Manager’s employees, rent for facilities and other “overhead” expenses; we will not reimburse the Manager for these expenses.
The following table summarizes our reimbursements to the Manager from continuing operations:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Classification in the Consolidated Statements of Operations: |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses | $ | 6,891 |  |  | $ | 4,915 |  |  | $ | 5,499 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 1,144 |  |  | 2,153 |  |  | 2,081 |
Total | $ | 8,035 |  |  | $ | 7,068 |  |  | $ | 7,580 |

If we terminate the Management Agreement, we will generally be required to pay the Manager a termination fee. The termination fee is equal to the amount of the management fee during the 12 months immediately preceding the date of the termination. In addition, an Incentive Allocation Fair Value Amount will be distributable to Master GP if Master GP is removed due to the termination of the Management Agreement in certain specified circumstances. The Incentive Allocation Fair Value Amount is an amount equal to the Income Incentive Allocation and the Capital Gains Incentive Allocation that would be paid to Master GP if our assets were sold for cash at their then current fair market value (as determined by an appraisal, taking into account, among other things, the expected future value of the underlying investments).
Upon the successful completion of an offering of our ordinary shares or other equity securities (including securities issued as consideration in an acquisition), we grant the Manager options to purchase ordinary shares in an amount equal to 10% of the number of ordinary shares being sold in the offering (or if the issuance relates to equity securities other than our ordinary shares, options to purchase a number of ordinary shares equal to 10% of the gross capital raised in the equity issuance divided by the fair market value of a ordinary share as of the date of issuance), with an exercise price equal to the offering price per share paid by the public or other ultimate purchaser or attributed to such securities in connection with an acquisition (or the fair market value of a ordinary share as of the date of the equity issuance if it relates to equity securities other than our ordinary shares). Any ultimate purchaser of ordinary shares for which such options are granted may be an affiliate of the Manager.
The following table summarizes amounts due to the Manager, which are included within accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Accrued management fees | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 1,495 |
Other payables | 4,688 |  |  | 2,283 |

80

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
14. SEGMENT INFORMATION
As a result of the spin-off of FTAI Infrastructure effective on August 1, 2022, the Company reevaluated its operating segments. The key factors used to identify the reportable segments are the organization and alignment of our internal operations and the nature of our products and services. Our two reportable segments are (i) Aviation Leasing and (ii) Aerospace Products. The Aviation Leasing segment owns and manages aviation assets, including aircraft and aircraft engines, which it leases and sells to customers. The Aerospace Products segment develops and manufactures through a joint venture, and repairs and sells, through exclusivity arrangements, aftermarket components for aircraft engines. The information for the year ended December 31, 2022 discloses the reportable segments on this basis, and prior periods have been restated to reflect the change in accordance with the requirements of ASC 280 – Segment Reporting.
Corporate and Other primarily consists of debt, unallocated corporate general and administrative expenses, shared services costs, and management fees. Additionally, Corporate and Other also includes offshore energy related assets, which consist of vessels and equipment that support offshore oil and gas activities and production which are typically subject to operating leases.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies; however, financial information presented by segment includes the impact of intercompany eliminations. Our Chief Executive Officer is our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). Segment information is presented in the same manner that our CODM reviews the operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. The CODM evaluates performance for each reportable segment primarily based on Adjusted EBITDA. Historically, the CODM’s assessment of segment performance included asset information. During the third quarter of 2022, the CODM determined that segment asset information is not a key factor in measuring performance or allocating resources. Therefore, segment asset information is not included in the tables below as it is not provided to or reviewed by our CODM.
During the year, the Company changed its measure of segment profit to include the add back of dividends on preferred shares in Adjusted EBITDA. Prior period Adjusted EBITDA amounts and the reconciliation to net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations have been recast to reflect this change in the measure of segment profit.
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations, adjusted (a) to exclude the impact of provision for (benefit from) income taxes, equity-based compensation expense, acquisition and transaction expenses, losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations, changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments, asset impairment charges, incentive allocations, depreciation and amortization expense, dividends on preferred shares and interest expense, (b) to include the impact of our pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities, and (c) to exclude the impact of equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated entities and the non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA.
We believe that net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations, as defined by U.S. GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measurement with which to reconcile Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to shareholders as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
81

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The following tables set forth certain information for each reportable segment:
I. For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues | $ | 527,913 |  |  | $ | 153,550 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,948 |  |  | $ | 708,411 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 159,490 |  |  | 88,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 248,385 |
Operating expenses | 81,232 |  |  | 11,967 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39,065 |  |  | 132,264 |
General and administrative | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,164 |  |  | 14,164 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 1,923 |  |  | 243 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,041 |  |  | 13,207 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,562 |  |  | 3,562 |
Depreciation and amortization | 144,258 |  |  | 258 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,401 |  |  | 152,917 |
Asset impairment | 137,219 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 137,219 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 169,194 |  |  | 169,194 |
Total expenses | 524,122 |  |  | 101,363 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 245,427 |  |  | 870,912 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated entities | 740 |  |  | (1,109) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (369) |
Gain on sale of assets, net | 58,649 |  |  | 18,562 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 77,211 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,859) |  |  | (19,859) |
Other income (expense) | 246 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (39) |  |  | 207 |
Total other income (expense) | 59,635 |  |  | 17,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,898) |  |  | 57,190 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 63,426 |  |  | 69,640 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (238,377) |  |  | (105,311) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 2,502 |  |  | 2,961 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (163) |  |  | 5,300 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 60,924 |  |  | 66,679 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (238,214) |  |  | (110,611) |
Less: Net loss from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,164 |  |  | 27,164 |
Net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | 60,924 |  |  | $ | 66,679 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (265,378) |  |  | $ | (137,775) |

82

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations:

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 384,125 |  |  | $ | 70,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (26,393) |  |  | $ | 428,097 |
Add: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Add: Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (369) |
Less: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40) |
Less: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (196,358) |
Less: Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (190,031) |
Less: Incentive allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,489) |
Less: Asset impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (137,219) |
Less: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,859) |
Less: Acquisition and transaction expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13,207) |
Less: Equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,300) |
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (137,775) |

Summary information with respect to our geographic sources of revenue, based on location of customer, is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Africa | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 1,615 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,865 |
Asia | 84,953 |  |  | 12,731 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26,948 |  |  | 124,632 |
Europe | 130,128 |  |  | 37,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 167,623 |
North America | 270,514 |  |  | 101,632 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 372,146 |
South America | 42,068 |  |  | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 42,145 |
Total revenues | $ | 527,913 |  |  | $ | 153,550 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,948 |  |  | $ | 708,411 |

83

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
II. For the Year Ended December 31, 2021

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues | $ | 298,121 |  |  | $ | 23,301 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,161 |  |  | $ | 335,583 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | — |  |  | 14,308 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 14,308 |
Operating expenses | 32,757 |  |  | 5,429 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,429 |  |  | 59,615 |
General and administrative | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,448 |  |  | 13,448 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 982 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,929 |  |  | 17,911 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 684 |  |  | 684 |
Depreciation and amortization | 139,678 |  |  | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | 147,740 |
Asset impairment | 10,463 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 10,463 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 155,017 |  |  | 155,017 |
Total expenses | 183,880 |  |  | 19,803 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 215,503 |  |  | 419,186 |
Other (expense) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | — |  |  | (1,403) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,403) |
Gain on sale of assets, net | 29,098 |  |  | 19,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 49,015 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,254) |  |  | (3,254) |
Other (expense) income | (527) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | (490) |
Total other income (expense) | 28,571 |  |  | 18,514 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,217) |  |  | 43,868 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 142,812 |  |  | 22,012 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (204,559) |  |  | (39,735) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 2,073 |  |  | 1,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (82) |  |  | 3,126 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 140,739 |  |  | 20,877 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (204,477) |  |  | (42,861) |
Less: Net loss from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,758 |  |  | 24,758 |
Net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | 140,739 |  |  | $ | 20,877 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (229,235) |  |  | $ | (67,619) |

84

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations:

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 321,913 |  |  | $ | 22,278 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (21,363) |  |  | $ | 322,828 |
Add: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Add: Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,403) |
Less: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,203 |
Less: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (179,775) |
Less: Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (175,718) |
Less: Incentive allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Asset impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,463) |
Less: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,254) |
Less: Acquisition and transaction expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (17,911) |
Less: Equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,126) |
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (67,619) |

85

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
Summary information with respect to our geographic sources of revenue, based on location of customer, is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Africa | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 235 |
Asia | 114,313 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,161 |  |  | 128,474 |
Europe | 131,205 |  |  | 2,333 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 133,538 |
North America | 41,228 |  |  | 20,968 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 62,196 |
South America | 11,140 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11,140 |
Total revenues | $ | 298,121 |  |  | $ | 23,301 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,161 |  |  | $ | 335,583 |

III. For the Year Ended December 31, 2020

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues | $ | 281,211 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,723 |  |  | $ | 297,934 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses | 20,667 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,454 |  |  | 40,121 |
General and administrative | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,106 |  |  | 14,106 |
Acquisition and transaction expenses | 6,687 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,181 |  |  | 9,868 |
Management fees and incentive allocation to affiliate | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,446 |  |  | 5,446 |
Depreciation and amortization | 133,904 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,382 |  |  | 141,286 |
Asset impairment | 33,978 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 33,978 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,442 |  |  | 87,442 |
Total expenses | 195,236 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 137,011 |  |  | 332,247 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities | (1,932) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,932) |
Loss on sale of assets, net | (300) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (300) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,943) |  |  | (6,943) |
Other income | 94 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |
Total other expense | (2,138) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,943) |  |  | (9,081) |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | 83,837 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (127,231) |  |  | (43,394) |
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes | (4,812) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 469 |  |  | (4,343) |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 88,649 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (127,700) |  |  | (39,051) |
Less: Net loss from continuing operations attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,869 |  |  | 17,869 |
Net income (loss) attributable to shareholders from continuing operations | $ | 88,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (145,569) |  |  | $ | (56,920) |

86

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations:

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 288,752 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (22,283) |  |  | $ | 266,469 |
Add: Non-controlling share of Adjusted EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Add: Equity in losses of unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,932) |
Less: Pro-rata share of Adjusted EBITDA from unconsolidated entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,932 |
Less: Interest expense and dividends on preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (105,311) |
Less: Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (171,632) |
Less: Incentive allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Asset impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33,978) |
Less: Changes in fair value of non-hedge derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Losses on the modification or extinguishment of debt and capital lease obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,943) |
Less: Acquisition and transaction expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,868) |
Less: Equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less: Benefit from income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,343 |
Net loss attributable to shareholders from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (56,920) |

Summary information with respect to our geographic sources of revenue, based on location of customer, is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Aviation Leasing |  | Aerospace Products |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Africa | $ | 10,259 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,259 |
Asia | 110,057 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,637 |  |  | 126,694 |
Europe | 124,670 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 124,670 |
North America | 32,961 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86 |  |  | 33,047 |
South America | 3,264 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,264 |
Total revenues | $ | 281,211 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,723 |  |  | $ | 297,934 |

87

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
IV. Location of long-lived assets
The following tables sets forth summarized geographic location of property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment, net:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Africa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,952 |  | $ | — |
Asia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 383,378 |  | 543,609 |
Europe |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 821,840 |  | 839,555 |
North America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 424,617 |  | 265,203 |
South America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 285,780 |  | 245,533 |
Total property, plant and equipment and leasing equipment, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,923,567 |  | $ | 1,893,900 |

15. EARNINGS PER SHARE AND EQUITY
Basic earnings per ordinary share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, plus any participating securities. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income attributable to shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, plus any participating securities and potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities are calculated using the treasury stock method.
The calculation of basic and diluted EPS is presented below.

| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (110,611) |  |  | $ | (42,861) |  |  | $ | (39,051) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | (101,416) |  |  | (87,845) |  |  | (64,641) |
Net loss | (212,027) |  |  | (130,706) |  |  | (103,692) |
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Discontinued operations | (18,817) |  |  | (26,472) |  |  | (16,522) |
Less: Dividends on preferred shares | 27,164 |  |  | 24,758 |  |  | 17,869 |
Net loss attributable to shareholders | $ | (220,374) |  |  | $ | (128,992) |  |  | $ | (105,039) |
Weighted Average Ordinary Shares Outstanding - Basic (1) | 99,421,008 |  |  | 89,922,088 |  |  | 86,015,702 |
Weighted Average Ordinary Shares Outstanding - Diluted (1) | 99,421,008 |  |  | 89,922,088 |  |  | 86,015,702 |
Loss per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | (1.39) |  |  | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | (0.66) |
Discontinued operations | $ | (0.83) |  |  | $ | (0.68) |  |  | $ | (0.56) |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations | $ | (1.39) |  |  | $ | (0.75) |  |  | $ | (0.66) |
Discontinued operations | $ | (0.83) |  |  | $ | (0.68) |  |  | $ | (0.56) |

________________________________________________________
(1) Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 include participating securities which can be converted into a fixed amount of our shares.
88

FTAI AVIATION LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in tables in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
The calculation of Diluted EPS excludes 582,200, 898,299 and 24,652 shares for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, because the impact would be anti-dilutive.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, 19,811 ordinary shares were issued to certain directors as compensation.
Ordinary Shares
In September 2021, 12,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, were issued at a price of $25.50 per share for net proceeds of $291.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses.
In October 2021, the underwriters exercised an option to purchase an additional 1,283,863 ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share, at a price of $25.50 per share.
See Note 11 for information related to options issued to the Manager in connection with such offering.
Preferred Shares
In March 2021, in a public offering, 4,200,000 shares of 8.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Series C Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (“Series C Preferred Shares”), par value $0.01 per share, were issued with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share for net proceeds of approximately $101.2 million.
On June 30, 2020, an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement was executed with a third party to sell shares of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series A Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (“Series A Preferred Shares”) and Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series B Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (“Series B Preferred Shares”, collectively, the “ATM Shares”), having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million, from time to time, through an “at-the market” equity offering program (the “ATM Program”). During the year ended December 31, 2020, 1,070,000 ATM Shares were sold at a weighted average price of $19.54 per share for net proceeds of $20.6 million. In connection with the shares sold under the ATM Program, the Manager was granted 129,988 ordinary shares, which had a grant date fair value of $0.7 million.
In September 2019, in a public offering, 3,450,000 shares of 8.25% Series A Preferred Shares, par value $0.01 per share, were issued with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share for net proceeds of approximately $82.9 million.
In November 2019, in a public offering, 4,600,000 shares of 8.00% Series B Preferred Shares, par value $0.01 per share, were issued with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share for net proceeds of approximately $111.1 million.
See Note 11 for information related to options issued to the Manager in connection with these offerings.
16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries may be involved in various claims, legal proceedings, or may enter into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and which provide general indemnifications. Within our offshore energy business, a lessee did not fulfill its obligation under its charter arrangement, therefore we are pursuing rights afforded to us under the charter and the range of potential losses against the obligation is $0.0 million to $3.3 million. Our maximum exposure under other arrangements is unknown as no additional claims have been made. We believe the risk of loss in connection with such arrangements is remote.
17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
In January 2023, we issued 12,165 ordinary shares to certain directors as compensation.
Dividends
On February 23, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a cash dividend on our ordinary shares and eligible participating securities of $0.30 per share for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, payable on March 22, 2023 to the holders of record on March 10, 2023.
Additionally, on February 23, 2023, our Board of Directors declared cash dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares of $0.52, $0.50 and $0.52 per share, respectively, for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, payable on March 15, 2023 to the holders of record on March 7, 2023.
Acquisition
On January 4, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of its 50% interest (45% pro rata distribution of income until return of JV partner's initial investment) in iAero Thrust LLC (“iAero Thrust”), a hospital maintenance and testing facility dedicated to the CFM56 engine, for $19.5 million.
89

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of and for the period covered by this report.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and our dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition and use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on management’s assessment using this framework, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during its most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
90

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of FTAI Aviation Ltd.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited FTAI Aviation Ltd.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, FTAI Aviation Ltd. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
New York, New York
February 27, 2023
91

Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Any information required by this Item 10 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (our “Definitive Proxy Statement”) under the headings “Proposal No. 1 Election of Directors”, “Executive Officers” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.”
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement under the headings “Executive and Manager Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Report.”
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement under the heading “Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial Owners.” See also “Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan” in Part II, Item 5, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement under the headings “Proposal No. 1 Election of Directors—Determination of Director Independence” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.”
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement under the heading “Proposal No. 2 Approval of Appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Principal Accountant Fees and Services.”
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits

| Exhibit No. |  | Description
| 2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 12, 2022, by and among, FTAI, the Company and FTAI Aviation Merger Sub LLC (incorporated by reference to Annex A to FTAI’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on October 11, 2022).
| 2.2 |  | Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2022, between FTAI Infrastructure Inc. and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 1, 2022).
| 3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
| 3.2 |  | Share Designation with respect to the 8.25% Fixed-to-Floating Series A Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 3.3 |  | Share Designation with respect to the 8.00% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 3.4 |  | Share Designation with respect to the 8.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Series C Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 3.5 |  | Form of Certificate representing the 8.25% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series A Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares of FTAI Aviation Ltd. (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 3.6 |  | Form of Certificate representing the 8.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Series B Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares of FTAI Aviation Ltd. (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 3.7 |  | Form of Certificate representing the 8.25% Fixed-Rate Reset Series C Cumulative Perpetual Redeemable Preferred Shares of FTAI Aviation Ltd. (included as part of Exhibit 3.1 hereto).
| 4.1 |  | Indenture, dated September 18, 2018, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 18, 2018).
| 4.2 |  | Form of global note representing the Company’s 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (included in Exhibit 4.1).

92

| Exhibit No. |  | Description
| 4.3 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated May 21, 2019, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 21, 2019).
| 4.4 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated December 23, 2020, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 6.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on December 23, 2020).
| 4.5 |  | 2025 Notes Guarantee, dated November 10, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
| 4.6 |  | Indenture, dated April 12, 2021, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 5.50% senior unsecured notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed April 12, 2021).
| 4.7 |  | Form of global note representing the Company’s 5.50% senior unsecured notes due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.6).
| 4.8 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2021, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 5.50% senior unsecured notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 24, 2021).
| 4.9 |  | 2028 Notes Guarantee, dated November 10, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
| 4.10 |  | Indenture, dated July 28, 2020, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 9.75% senior unsecured notes due 2027 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 28, 2020).
| 4.11 |  | Form of global note representing the Company’s 9.75% senior unsecured notes due 2027 (included in Exhibit 4.10).
| 4.12 |  | 2027 Notes Guarantee, dated November 10, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
| 4.13 |  | Revolver Guarantee, dated November 10, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
| 4.14 |  | Description of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
† | 10.1 |  | Management and Advisory Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2022, between the Company, FTAI Aviation Ltd., the Subsidiaries that are party thereto and FIG LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 1, 2022).
| 10.2 |  | Services and Profit Sharing Agreement, dated November 10, 2022, by and among FTAI Aviation Holdco Ltd., the Company and Fortress Worldwide Transportation and Infrastructure Master GP LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
† | 10.3 |  | Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 10, 2022, by and among FTAI Aviation Ltd., the Company, Fortress Worldwide Transportation and Infrastructure Master GP LLC and FIG LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 14, 2022).
† | 10.4 |  | FTAI Aviation Ltd. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan, dated as of February 23, 2023.
† | 10.5 |  | Form of FTAI Aviation Ltd. Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on October 4, 2022).
† | 10.6 |  | Form of Director Award Agreement pursuant to the FTAI Aviation Ltd. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on October 4, 2022).
† | 10.7 |  | Form of Award Agreement under the FTAI Aviation Ltd. Nonqualified Stock Option and Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on October 4, 2022).
| 10.8 |  | Trademark License Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2022, between Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors LLC and FTAI Infrastructure Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 1, 2022).
| 10.9 |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 20, 2022, between the Company, the lenders and issuing banks from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 21, 2022).
| 10.10 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 22, 2022, between the Company, the lenders and issuing banks from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent.
| 21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of FTAI Aviation Ltd.
| 23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
| 31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

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| Exhibit No. |  | Description
| 101 |  | The following financial information from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
| 104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
† | Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized:
FTAI AVIATION LTD.

By: | /s/ Joseph P. Adams, Jr. |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Joseph P. Adams, Jr. |  |  |
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |  |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By: | /s/ Joseph P. Adams, Jr. |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Joseph P. Adams, Jr. |  |  |
| Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |  |  |
By: | /s/ Eun (Angela) Nam |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Eun (Angela) Nam |  |  |
| Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer |  |  |
By: | /s/ Paul R. Goodwin |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Paul R. Goodwin |  |  |
| Director |  |  |
By: | /s/ Judith A. Hannaway |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Judith A. Hannaway |  |  |
| Director |  |  |
By: | /s/ A. Andrew Levison |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| A. Andrew Levison |  |  |
| Director |  |  |
By: | /s/ Kenneth J. Nicholson |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Kenneth J. Nicholson |  |  |
| Director |  |  |
By: | /s/ Ray M. Robinson |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Ray M. Robinson |  |  |
| Director |  |  |
By: | /s/ Martin Tuchman |  | Date: | February 27, 2023
| Martin Tuchman |  |  |
| Director |  |  |

95