10-Q 1 okta-7312018_10q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_____________________________________
(Mark One)

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2018
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-38044
_____________________________________
Okta, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
_____________________________________

Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  |  |  | 26-4175727 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
|  | 301 Brannan Street San Francisco, California 94107 (Address of Principal executive offices) |  |

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (888) 722-7871
___________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files) Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ¨ |  |  |  |  | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ý |  |  |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ¨
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ý

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý
As of August 31, 2018, the number of shares of registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding was 97,147,059 and the number of shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding was 12,035,911.

Okta, Inc.
Table of Contents

|  | Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 42
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 6. | Exhibits | 72
| Signatures | 74

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including but not limited to, statements regarding our financial outlook and market positioning. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date they were first issued and were based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections as well as the beliefs and assumptions of management. Words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe,” “hope,” “target,” “project,” “goals,” “estimate,” “potential,” “predict,” “may,” “will,” “might,” “could,” “intend,” “shall” and variations of these terms or the negative of these terms and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations” and “Risk Factors.”
Forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

• | our future financial performance, including our revenue, costs of revenue, gross profits, margins and operating expenses;

• | trends in our key business metrics;

• | the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents, investments, credit facility and cash provided by sales of our products and services to meet our liquidity needs;

• | market or other opportunities arising from business combinations; and

• | the impact of recent accounting pronouncements on our financial statements.

Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which involve factors or circumstances that are beyond our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those stated or implied in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including but not limited to, risks detailed in “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as other documents that may be filed by us from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, except as required by law, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

PART I
Item. 1 Financial Statements
OKTA, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| July 31, 2018 |  | January 31, 2018
|  | As Adjusted (1)
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 192,882 |  |  | $ | 127,949 |
Short-term investments | 343,374 |  |  | 101,765 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $962 and $1,472 | 59,839 |  |  | 52,248 |
Deferred commissions | 19,848 |  |  | 17,755 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 17,433 |  |  | 17,781 |
Total current assets | 633,376 |  |  | 317,498 |
Property and equipment, net | 40,670 |  |  | 12,540 |
Deferred commissions, noncurrent | 43,287 |  |  | 40,755 |
Intangible assets, net | 16,006 |  |  | 11,761 |
Goodwill | 18,095 |  |  | 6,282 |
Other assets | 12,483 |  |  | 10,427 |
Total assets | $ | 763,917 |  |  | $ | 399,263 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 12,577 |  |  | $ | 9,566 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 6,333 |  |  | 6,187 |
Accrued compensation | 12,803 |  |  | 12,374 |
Deferred revenue | 186,427 |  |  | 159,816 |
Total current liabilities | 218,140 |  |  | 187,943 |
Convertible senior notes, net | 263,762 |  |  | — |
Deferred revenue, noncurrent | 5,471 |  |  | 4,963 |
Other liabilities, noncurrent | 31,399 |  |  | 7,017 |
Total liabilities | 518,772 |  |  | 199,923 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share; 100,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018. | — |  |  | — |
Class A Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018; 96,680 and 70,610 shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively. | 10 |  |  | 7 |
Class B Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; 120,000 shares authorized as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018; 12,314 and 33,361 shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively. | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Additional paid-in capital | 677,497 |  |  | 565,653 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (480 | ) |  | 391 |
Accumulated deficit | (431,883 | ) |  | (366,714 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 245,145 |  |  | 199,340 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 763,917 |  |  | $ | 399,263 |

(1) | See Note 2 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

OKTA, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 87,854 |  |  | $ | 55,317 |  |  | $ | 164,695 |  |  | $ | 103,596 |
Professional services and other | 6,732 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  | 13,512 |  |  | 8,988 |
Total revenue | 94,586 |  |  | 60,259 |  |  | 178,207 |  |  | 112,584 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 19,211 |  |  | 12,691 |  |  | 35,543 |  |  | 23,848 |
Professional services and other | 9,017 |  |  | 6,991 |  |  | 16,792 |  |  | 13,297 |
Total cost of revenue | 28,228 |  |  | 19,682 |  |  | 52,335 |  |  | 37,145 |
Gross profit | 66,358 |  |  | 40,577 |  |  | 125,872 |  |  | 75,439 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 24,829 |  |  | 16,923 |  |  | 44,758 |  |  | 32,282 |
Sales and marketing | 59,004 |  |  | 37,891 |  |  | 108,497 |  |  | 73,194 |
General and administrative | 20,955 |  |  | 11,948 |  |  | 36,025 |  |  | 23,587 |
Total operating expenses | 104,788 |  |  | 66,762 |  |  | 189,280 |  |  | 129,063 |
Operating loss | (38,430 | ) |  | (26,185 | ) |  | (63,408 | ) |  | (53,624 | )
Other income (expense), net | (1,762 | ) |  | 382 |  |  | (2,977 | ) |  | 363 |
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (40,192 | ) |  | (25,803 | ) |  | (66,385 | ) |  | (53,261 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (985 | ) |  | 229 |  |  | (1,216 | ) |  | 477 |
Net loss | $ | (39,207 | ) |  | $ | (26,032 | ) |  | $ | (65,169 | ) |  | $ | (53,738 | )
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | (0.37 | ) |  | $ | (0.28 | ) |  | $ | (0.62 | ) |  | $ | (0.80 | )
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | 106,702 |  |  | 93,576 |  |  | 105,475 |  |  | 67,125 |

(1) | See Note 2 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

OKTA, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
Net loss | $ | (39,207 | ) |  | $ | (26,032 | ) |  | $ | (65,169 | ) |  | $ | (53,738 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | 77 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | (12 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (379 | ) |  | 181 |  |  | (823 | ) |  | 249 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (302 | ) |  | 169 |  |  | (871 | ) |  | 237 |
Comprehensive loss | $ | (39,509 | ) |  | $ | (25,863 | ) |  | $ | (66,040 | ) |  | $ | (53,501 | )

(1) | See Note 2 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

OKTA, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)

| Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (65,169 | ) |  | $ | (53,738 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | 32,357 |  |  | 20,884 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 3,699 |  |  | 3,288 |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 6,413 |  |  | — |
Amortization of deferred commissions | 9,613 |  |  | 7,006 |
Deferred income taxes | (1,575 | ) |  | — |
Non-cash charitable contributions | 1,008 |  |  | — |
Other | 18 |  |  | 689 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business combination: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (7,240 | ) |  | (1,311 | )
Deferred commissions | (14,240 | ) |  | (9,517 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (800 | ) |  | (4,900 | )
Accounts payable | 2,557 |  |  | 2,732 |
Accrued compensation | 498 |  |  | 2,562 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 4,679 |  |  | (1,601 | )
Deferred revenue | 26,811 |  |  | 17,982 |
Net cash used in operating activities | (1,371 | ) |  | (15,924 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capitalization of internal-use software costs | (1,725 | ) |  | (2,743 | )
Purchases of property and equipment | (9,790 | ) |  | (5,156 | )
Purchases of securities available for sale | (320,018 | ) |  | (86,776 | )
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale | 79,500 |  |  | 12,835 |
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale | — |  |  | 1,538 |
Payments for business acquisition, net of cash acquired | (15,638 | ) |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (267,671 | ) |  | (80,302 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from initial public offering, net of underwriters' discounts and commissions | — |  |  | 199,948 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs | 334,980 |  |  | — |
Purchase of convertible senior notes hedge | (80,040 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of warrants related to convertible notes | 52,440 |  |  | — |
Payments of deferred offering costs | — |  |  | (4,038 | )
Proceeds from stock option exercises, net of repurchases | 21,055 |  |  | 3,916 |
Proceeds from shares issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan | 6,654 |  |  | — |
Other | (206 | ) |  | (273 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 334,883 |  |  | 199,553 |
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (632 | ) |  | 134 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 65,209 |  |  | 103,461 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 136,233 |  |  | 23,282 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 201,442 |  |  | $ | 126,743 |
Supplementary cash flow disclosure: |  |  |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Vesting of early exercised common stock options | 459 |  |  | 693 |
Issuance of common stock in connection with warrant exercises | — |  |  | 272 |
Common stock issued as charitable contribution | 1,008 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment acquired through tenant improvement allowance | 22,237 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment and other accrued but not yet paid | 605 |  |  | 271 |
Issuance of common stock in connection with business combination | — |  |  | 2,160 |
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock | — |  |  | 228,362 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the amounts shown in the statements of cash flows above: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 192,882 |  |  | $ | 126,464 |
Restricted cash, noncurrent included in other assets | 8,560 |  |  | 279 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 201,442 |  |  | $ | 126,743 |

(1) | See Note 2 for a summary of adjustments.

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

OKTA, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Overview and Basis of Presentation
Description of Business
Okta, Inc. (the Company) is the leading independent provider of identity for the enterprise. The Okta Identity Cloud enables the Company’s customers to securely connect people to technology, anywhere, anytime and from any device. The Company was incorporated in January 2009 as Saasure Inc., a California corporation, and was later reincorporated in April 2010 under the name Okta, Inc. as a Delaware corporation. The Company is headquartered in San Francisco, California.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2018, included herein, was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the balance sheet, statements of operations, statements of comprehensive loss and the statements of cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be anticipated for the full fiscal year ending January 31, 2019 or any future period.
The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2019, for example, refer to the fiscal year ending January 31, 2019.
The condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 12, 2018.
Effective February 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers as discussed in Note 2. All amounts and disclosures set forth in this Form 10-Q have been updated to comply with this standard, as indicated by references to "as adjusted" in these condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes.
Initial Public Offering
In April 2017, the Company completed an initial public offering (IPO), in which the Company issued and sold 12,650,000 shares of its Class A common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of $200.0 million from the IPO, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, before deducting offering costs of approximately $5.6 million. Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, all shares of common stock then outstanding were reclassified as Class B common stock, and all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock then outstanding were converted into 59,491,640 shares of common stock on a one-to-one basis and then reclassified into Class B common stock.
Convertible Senior Notes
In February 2018, the Company issued $345.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due February 15, 2023 in a private offering, including the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional notes (2023 Notes). The Company received aggregate proceeds of $345.0 million, before deducting costs of issuance of $10.0 million. See Note 8 for additional details.
8

Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on other assumptions that its management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from those estimates. The Company’s most significant estimates include the stand alone selling price (SSP) for each distinct performance obligation included in customer contracts with multiple performance obligations, the determination of the period of benefit for deferred commissions, the determination of the effective interest rate of the liability components of the 2023 Notes, the valuation of deferred income tax assets and contingencies and the valuation of acquired intangible assets.
2. Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and requires the recognition of revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs - Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, the Company refers to Topic 606 and Subtopic 340-40 as "ASC 606."
The Company adopted the requirements of ASC 606 as of February 1, 2018, utilizing the full retrospective method of transition. Adoption of ASC 606 resulted in changes to the Company’s accounting policies for revenue recognition and deferred commissions as detailed below. The Company applied ASC 606 using a practical expedient where the consideration allocated to the remaining performance obligations or an explanation of when the Company expects to recognize that amount as revenue for all reporting periods presented before the date of the initial application is not disclosed.
The impact of adopting ASC 606 on fiscal 2018 and 2017 revenue is not material. The primary impact of adopting ASC 606 relates to the deferral of incremental commission costs of obtaining contracts. Under Topic 605, the Company deferred only direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract and amortized those costs on a straight-line basis over the term of the related contract, which was generally one to three years. Under ASC 606, the Company defers all incremental commission costs to obtain the contract. The Company amortizes these costs on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit, determined to be generally five years or the related contractual renewal term.
The Company adjusted its condensed consolidated financial statements from amounts previously reported due to the adoption of ASC 606. Select condensed consolidated statement of operations line items, which reflect the adoption of ASC 606, are as follows (in thousands except per share data):
9

| Three Months Ended July 31, 2017 |  | Six Months Ended July 31, 2017
| As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted |  | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 56,080 |  |  | $ | (763 | ) |  | $ | 55,317 |  |  | $ | 104,437 |  |  | $ | (841 | ) |  | $ | 103,596 |
Professional services and other | 4,915 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  | 9,565 |  |  | (577 | ) |  | 8,988 |
Total revenue | 60,995 |  |  | (736 | ) |  | 60,259 |  |  | 114,002 |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  | 112,584 |
Gross profit | 41,313 |  |  | (736 | ) |  | 40,577 |  |  | 76,857 |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  | 75,439 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing | 39,597 |  |  | (1,706 | ) |  | 37,891 |  |  | 76,777 |  |  | (3,583 | ) |  | 73,194 |
Total operating expenses | 68,468 |  |  | (1,706 | ) |  | 66,762 |  |  | 132,646 |  |  | (3,583 | ) |  | 129,063 |
Loss before income taxes | (26,773 | ) |  | 970 |  |  | (25,803 | ) |  | (55,426 | ) |  | 2,165 |  |  | (53,261 | )
Net loss | (27,002 | ) |  | 970 |  |  | (26,032 | ) |  | (55,903 | ) |  | 2,165 |  |  | (53,738 | )
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | (0.29 | ) |  | 0.01 |  |  | (0.28 | ) |  | (0.83 | ) |  | 0.03 |  |  | (0.80 | )

Select condensed consolidated balance sheet line items, which reflect the adoption of ASC 606, are as follows (in thousands):

| As of January 31, 2018
| As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Adjusted
| (unaudited)
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred commissions | $ | 16,481 |  |  | $ | 1,274 |  |  | $ | 17,755 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 16,973 |  |  | 808 |  |  | 17,781 |
Total current assets | 315,416 |  |  | 2,082 |  |  | 317,498 |
Deferred commissions, noncurrent | 10,971 |  |  | 29,784 |  |  | 40,755 |
Total assets | 367,397 |  |  | 31,866 |  |  | 399,263 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue | $ | 162,633 |  |  | $ | (2,817 | ) |  | $ | 159,816 |
Total current liabilities | 190,760 |  |  | (2,817 | ) |  | 187,943 |
Deferred revenue, noncurrent | 6,034 |  |  | (1,071 | ) |  | 4,963 |
Total liabilities | 203,811 |  |  | (3,888 | ) |  | 199,923 |
Accumulated deficit | (402,468 | ) |  | 35,754 |  |  | (366,714 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 163,586 |  |  | 35,754 |  |  | 199,340 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | 367,397 |  |  | 31,866 |  |  | 399,263 |

The adoption of ASC 606 had no impact on cash provided by or used in operating, financing, or investing activities in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. Additionally, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the provision for (benefit from) income taxes. The adoption adjustments impacted the deferred income taxes pertaining to the U.S. entity which are subject to a full valuation allowance.
Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in “Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of its Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January
10

31, 2018. Except for the accounting policies for revenue recognition and deferred commissions that were updated below as a result of adopting ASC 606, and the accounting policies for convertible senior notes, there have been no significant changes to these policies for the six months ended July 31, 2018.
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives revenue from subscription fees (which include support fees) and professional services fees. The Company sells subscriptions to its platform through arrangements that are generally one to five years in length. The Company’s arrangements are generally noncancelable and nonrefundable. Furthermore, if a customer reduces the contracted usage or service level, the customer has no right of refund. The Company’s subscription arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the platform and, as a result, are accounted for as service arrangements. This revenue recognition policy is consistent for sales generated directly with customers and sales generated indirectly through channel partners.
The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

• | Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer

• | Identification of the performance obligations in the contract

• | Determination of the transaction price

• | Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

• | Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation

Subscription Revenue
Subscription revenue, which includes support, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable contractual term of the arrangement, generally beginning on the date that the Company’s service is made available to the customer.
Professional Services Revenue
The Company’s professional services principally consist of customer-specific requests for application integrations, user interface enhancements and other customer-specific requests. Revenue for the Company’s professional services are recognized as services are performed in proportion with their pattern of transfer.
Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations
Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative SSP basis. The Company determines SSP based on, if available, observable prices for those related services when sold separately. When observable prices are not available, the Company determines SSP based on overarching pricing objectives and strategies, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including customer size, volume purchased, market and industry conditions, product-specific factors and historical sales of the deliverables.
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Geographic Information
Revenue by location is determined by the billing address of the customer. The following table sets forth revenue in dollars by geographic area (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
United States | $ | 79,499 |  |  | $ | 50,972 |  |  | $ | 150,757 |  |  | $ | 95,943 |
International | 15,087 |  |  | 9,287 |  |  | 27,450 |  |  | 16,641 |
Total | $ | 94,586 |  |  | $ | 60,259 |  |  | $ | 178,207 |  |  | $ | 112,584 |

_______________________________

(1) | T he prior periods presented above have been adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606.

Other than the United States, no individual country exceeded 10% of total revenue for the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017.
Accounts Receivable and Allowances
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances. These allowances are based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of accounts by considering the age of each outstanding invoice and the collection history of each customer and an evaluation of potential risk of loss associated with delinquent accounts. Amounts deemed uncollectible are recorded to these allowances in the condensed consolidated balance sheets with an offsetting decrease in related deferred revenue or a charge in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.
For the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, write-offs were not material.
Deferred Commissions
Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for new revenue contracts, including incremental sales to existing customers, are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit, which the Company has determined to be generally five years. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration its customer contracts, its technology and other factors. Sales commissions for renewal contracts (which are not considered commensurate with sales commissions for new revenue contracts and incremental sales to existing customers) are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the related period of benefit, which is generally the related contract renewal term. Amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Sales commissions capitalized as contract costs totaled $8.5 million and $5.3 million in the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $14.2 million and $9.5 million in the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization of contract costs was $5.0 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $9.6 million and $7.0 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized.
Convertible Senior Notes
The 2023 Notes are accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 470‑20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Pursuant to ASC Subtopic 470‑20, issuers of certain convertible debt instruments, such as the 2023 Notes, that have a net settlement feature and may be settled wholly or partially in cash upon conversion are required to separately account for the liability (debt) and equity (conversion option) components of the instrument. The carrying amount of the liability component of the instrument is computed by estimating the fair value of a similar liability without the conversion option. The amount of the equity component is then calculated by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the principal amount of the instrument. The difference between the principal amount and the liability component represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense over the respective term of the 2023 Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the
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conditions for equity classification. In accounting for the issuance costs related to the 2023 Notes, the allocation amount of issuance costs incurred to liability and equity components was based on their relative values.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 (Topic 842). Topic 842 amends a number of aspects of lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize leases with a term greater than one year as a right-of-use asset and corresponding liability, measured at the present value of the lease payments. In July 2018, the FASB issued supplemental adoption guidance and clarification to Topic 842 within ASU 2018-10 “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases” and ASU 2018-11 “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements.” The new guidance aims to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring lessees to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requiring disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. A modified retrospective application is required with an option to not restate comparative periods in the period of adoption. This guidance is effective for the Company on February 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements, which will consist primarily of a balance sheet gross up of its operating leases to show equal and offsetting right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02). Under existing U.S. GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings (accumulated deficit) for stranded income tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act). The amendments in this ASU also require certain disclosures about stranded income tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption in any period is permitted. The Company’s provisional adjustments recorded in fiscal year 2018 to account for the impact of the Tax Act did not result in stranded tax effects. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
3. Business Combinations
Stormpath
On February 17, 2017, the Company acquired the rights to hire certain employees and a non-exclusive intellectual property license from Stormpath, Inc. (Stormpath), a privately-held technology company which had built a user management and authentication service for software development teams. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The total consideration of $3.7 million, consisting of 200,000 shares of common stock valued at $2.2 million, at the time of the transaction, issued to Stormpath and replacement awards of $1.5 million issued to the hired employees, was recognized as goodwill.
In addition, the Company issued to Stormpath an incremental 800,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $8.6 million, at the time of the transaction, which is being recognized as post-combination stock-based compensation expense. See Note 10 for further details.
ScaleFT
On July 13, 2018, the Company acquired all issued and outstanding capital stock of ScaleFT, Inc. (ScaleFT), a “zero trust” security company which provides access solutions for the modern workforce. The preliminary acquisition date cash consideration transferred for ScaleFT was $15.6 million, net of $0.6 million in cash received. The Company recorded $4.6 million for developed technology intangible assets with estimated useful life of three years and $11.8 million of goodwill which is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce as well as the integration of ScaleFT’s technology and the Company’s technology. The Company incurred $1.1 million of acquisition related costs.
The business combination did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements and therefore historical and proforma disclosures have not be presented.
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4. Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
The amortized cost, unrealized gain (loss) and estimated fair value of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gain |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (unaudited)
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 155,347 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 155,347 |
Commercial paper | 12,237 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,237 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 167,584 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167,584 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | 56,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,191 |
U.S. treasury securities | 248,081 |  |  | — |  |  | (217 | ) |  | 247,864 |
Corporate debt securities | 39,352 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | 39,319 |
Total short-term investments | 343,624 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (256 | ) |  | 343,374 |
Total | $ | 511,208 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (256 | ) |  | $ | 510,958 |

| As of January 31, 2018
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gain |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Estimated Fair Value
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 90,770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,770 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 90,770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,770 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | 15,946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,946 |
U.S. treasury securities | 61,896 |  |  | — |  |  | (158 | ) |  | 61,738 |
Corporate debt securities | 24,125 |  |  | — |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 24,081 |
Total short-term investments | 101,967 |  |  | — |  |  | (202 | ) |  | 101,765 |
Total | $ | 192,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (202 | ) |  | $ | 192,535 |

All short-term investments were designated as available-for-sale securities as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018.
The following tables present the contractual maturities of the Company’s short-term investments as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018 |  | As of January 31, 2018
| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (unaudited) |  |  |  |
Due within one year | $ | 328,694 |  |  | $ | 328,460 |  |  | $ | 93,421 |  |  | $ | 93,237 |
Due between one to five years | 14,930 |  |  | 14,914 |  |  | 8,546 |  |  | 8,528 |
| $ | 343,624 |  |  | $ | 343,374 |  |  | $ | 101,967 |  |  | $ | 101,765 |

The Company had 53 and 23 short-term investments in unrealized loss positions as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively. There were no material gross unrealized gains or losses from available-for-sale securities and no realized gains or losses from available-for-sale securities that were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 or 2017.
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For available-for-sale debt securities that have unrealized losses, the Company evaluates whether (i) the Company has the intention to sell any of these investments and (ii) it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell any of these available-for-sale debt securities before recovery of the entire amortized cost basis. Based on this evaluation, the Company determined that there were no other-than-temporary impairments associated with short-term investments as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018.
5. Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures its financial assets at fair value each reporting period using a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Three levels of inputs may be used to measure as follows:
Level 1-Valuations based on observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2-Valuations based on inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
Level 3-Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (unaudited)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 155,347 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 155,347 |
Commercial paper | — |  |  | 12,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,237 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 155,347 |  |  | $ | 12,237 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167,584 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,191 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,191 |
U.S. treasury securities | — |  |  | 247,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 247,864 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 39,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,319 |
Total short-term investments | — |  |  | 343,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 343,374 |
Total cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 155,347 |  |  | $ | 355,611 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 510,958 |

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| As of January 31, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 90,770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,770 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 90,770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,770 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,946 |
U.S. treasury securities | — |  |  | 61,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,738 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 24,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,081 |
Total short-term investments | — |  |  | 101,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,765 |
Total cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 90,770 |  |  | $ | 101,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 192,535 |

The Company had no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy of its assets measured at fair value.
The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash held in banks, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities and are excluded from the fair value table above.
Fair Value Measurements of Other Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018
| Net Carrying Amount Before Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (unaudited)
Convertible senior notes | $ | 270,972 |  |  | $ | 421,800 |

The difference between the principal amount of the 2023 Notes, $345.0 million, and the net carrying amount before unamortized debt issuance costs represents the unamortized debt discount (See Note 8 for additional details). The estimated fair value of the 2023 Notes, which the Company has classified as Level 2 financial instruments, was determined based on the quoted bid price of the convertible senior notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. As of July 31, 2018, the difference between the net carrying amount of the 2023 Notes and estimated fair value represents the equity conversion value premium the market assigned to the 2023 Notes. Based on the closing price of our common stock of $49.65 on July 31, 2018, the if-converted value of the 2023 Notes exceeded the principal amount of $345.0 million.
6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net
Goodwill
As of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, goodwill was $18.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively. During the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company recorded $11.8 million of goodwill in connection with the ScaleFT acquisition that was completed in July 2018. See Note 3 for further details. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017.
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Intangible Assets, net
Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018
| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
| (unaudited)
Capitalized internal-use software costs | $ | 18,467 |  |  | $ | (7,441 | ) |  | $ | 11,026 |
Purchased developed technology | 5,170 |  |  | (570 | ) |  | 4,600 |
Software licenses | 1,023 |  |  | (643 | ) |  | 380 |
| $ | 24,660 |  |  | $ | (8,654 | ) |  | $ | 16,006 |

| As of January 31, 2018
| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Capitalized internal-use software costs | $ | 16,434 |  |  | $ | (5,172 | ) |  | $ | 11,262 |
Software licenses | 1,057 |  |  | (558 | ) |  | 499 |
Purchased developed technology | 570 |  |  | (570 | ) |  | — |
| $ | 18,061 |  |  | $ | (6,300 | ) |  | $ | 11,761 |

The Company capitalized $0.8 million and $1.9 million of internal-use software costs in the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2.0 million and $3.3 million of internal-use software costs in the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Included in the total amount capitalized is stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.3 million and $0.6 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
In addition, during the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company acquired $4.6 million of purchased developed technology from the ScaleFT acquisition. See Note 3 for further details.
Intangible amortization expense was $1.2 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2.4 million and $1.4 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
7. Deferred Revenue and Performance Obligations
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue, which is a contract liability, consists primarily of payments received in advance of revenue recognition under the Company’s contracts with customers and is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.
Subscription revenue recognized during the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods was $73.1 million and $46.7 million, respectively, and $114.3 million and $73.3 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Professional services and other revenue recognized in the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 from deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the respective periods was not material.
Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue for subscription contracts that have been invoiced and will be recognized as revenue in future periods.
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As of July 31, 2018, total remaining noncancelable performance obligations under the Company’s subscription contracts with customers was approximately $543.9 million, and the Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 56% of these remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the balance to be recognized thereafter. Revenue from remaining performance obligations for professional services and other contracts as of July 31, 2018 was not material.
Unbilled Receivables
The Company receives payments from customers based on billing schedules as established in its contracts. Unbilled receivables, which are contract assets, relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for performance obligations satisfied but not billed at the reporting date on contracts. As of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, unbilled receivables were $0.8 million, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled receivables are transferred to accounts receivable when the rights become unconditional.
8. Debt and Financing Arrangements
Convertible Senior Notes
The 2023 Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.25% per year. Interest is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2018. The 2023 Notes mature on February 15, 2023 unless earlier repurchased or converted. The Company may not redeem the 2023 Notes prior to maturity. The total net proceeds from the 2023 Notes, after deducting initial purchasers’ discounts and debt issuance costs, was approximately $335.0 million.
The terms of the 2023 Notes are governed by an Indenture by and between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (the Indenture). Upon conversion, the 2023 Notes may be settled in cash, shares of Class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, at the Company’s election. It is the Company’s current intent to settle the principal amount of the 2023 Notes with cash.
The 2023 Notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 20.6795 shares of Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2023 Notes, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $48.36 per share of Class A common stock, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the terms of the Indenture. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding October 15, 2022, holders of the 2023 Notes may convert all or a portion of their 2023 Notes only in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, under the following circumstances:

• | during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on April 30, 2018 (and only during such fiscal quarter), if the last reported sale price of Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2023 Notes on each applicable trading day;

• | during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the 2023 Notes for each trading day of that five consecutive trading day period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of Class A common stock and the conversion rate on such trading day; or

• | upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, as described in the Indenture.

On or after October 15, 2022 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2023 Notes regardless of the foregoing circumstances. During the three and six months ended July 31, 2018, the conditions allowing holders of the 2023 Notes to convert were not met.
Holders of the 2023 Notes who convert their 2023 Notes in connection with certain corporate events that constitute a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture) are, under certain circumstances, entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. Additionally, in the event of a corporate event that constitutes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), holders of the 2023 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their 2023 Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2023 Notes being repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.
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In accounting for the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company separated the 2023 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability components were calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amount of the equity components representing the conversion option were determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2023 Notes. The Company bifurcated the conversion option of the 2023 Notes from the debt instrument, classified the conversion option in equity and will accrete the resulting debt discount as interest expense over the contractual term of the 2023 Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as they continue to meet the conditions for equity classification.
The effective interest rate of the liability component of the 2023 Notes is 5.68%. This interest rate was based on the interest rates of similar liabilities held by other companies with similar credit risk ratings at the time of issuance that did not have associated convertible features. The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 2023 Notes (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended July 31, 2018 |  | Six Months Ended July 31, 2018
| (unaudited)
Contractual interest expense | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 362 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 288 |  |  | 478 |
Amortization of debt discount | 3,554 |  |  | 5,935 |
Total | $ | 4,058 |  |  | $ | 6,775 |

Total issuance costs of $10.0 million related to the 2023 Notes were allocated between liability and equity in the same proportion as the allocation of the total proceeds to the liability and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to interest expense over the respective term of the 2023 Notes using the effective interest rate method. The issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted against the respective equity component in Additional paid-in capital. The Company recorded liability issuance costs of $7.7 million and equity issuance costs of $2.3 million.
The 2023 Notes, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

| As of July 31, 2018
| (unaudited)
Liability component: |
Principal | $ | 345,000 |
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and debt discount | (81,238 | )
Net carrying amount | $ | 263,762 |
| At Issuance
| (unaudited)
Equity component: |
2023 Notes | $ | 79,962 |
Less: issuance costs | (2,320 | )
Carrying amount of the equity component(1) | $ | 77,642 |

(1) Included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets within Additional paid-in capital.
Note Hedges
In connection with the pricing of the 2023 Notes, the Company entered into convertible note hedge transactions with respect to its Class A common stock (the Note Hedges). The Note Hedges are purchased call options that give the Company the option to purchase, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially identical to those in the 2023 Notes, approximately 7.1 million shares of its Class A common stock for $48.36 per share (subject to adjustment),
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corresponding to the approximate initial conversion price of the 2023 Notes, exercisable upon conversion of the 2023 Notes. The Note Hedges will expire in 2023, if not exercised earlier. The Note Hedges are intended to offset potential dilution to the Company’s Class A common stock and/or offset the potential cash payments that the Company could be required to make in excess of the principal amount upon any conversion of the 2023 Notes under certain circumstances. The Note Hedges are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the 2023 Notes.
The Company paid an aggregate amount of $80.0 million for the Note Hedges. The amount paid for the Note Hedges was recorded as a reduction to Additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
See Note 11 for the tax impacts of the 2023 Notes and Note Hedges.
Warrants
In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company also entered into separate warrant transactions pursuant to which it sold net-share-settled (or, at the Company’s election subject to certain conditions, cash-settled) warrants (the Warrants) to acquire, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, up to approximately 7.1 million shares over 80 scheduled trading days beginning in May 2023 of the Company’s Class A common stock at an initial exercise price of $68.06 per share (subject to adjustment). If the Warrants are not exercised on their exercise dates, they will expire. If the market value per share of the Company’s Class A common stock exceeds the applicable exercise price of the Warrants, the Warrants could have a dilutive effect on the Company’s Class A common stock unless, subject to the terms of the Warrants, the Company elects to cash settle the Warrants. The Warrants are separate transactions and are not part of the terms of the 2023 Notes or the Note Hedges.
The Company received aggregate proceeds of $52.4 million from the sale of the Warrants in connection with the 2023 Notes. The proceeds from the sale of the Warrants was recorded as an increase to Additional paid-in capital in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Loan and Security Agreement
The Company has available a line of credit (Revolving Line) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in the amount of $40.0 million, with a maturity date of November 21, 2018. The available amount, not to exceed $40.0 million, is based on certain revenue metrics and is reduced by letters of credit totaling $4.2 million as of July 31, 2018 established in connection with facility lease agreements. As of July 31, 2018, $35.8 million was available under the Revolving Line.
Proceeds from loans made under the Revolving Line may be borrowed, repaid and reborrowed until November 21, 2018. Repayment of any outstanding proceeds are payable on November 21, 2018, but may be prepaid without penalty. Borrowings under the Revolving Line bear interest at an annual rate based on the one-year Prime rate plus a spread of 0.75%. Interest is payable quarterly. The Company is required to pay a quarterly facility fee to SVB of 0.15% per annum on the average undrawn portion available under the facility plus balances of outstanding letters of credits. Additionally, the Company is required to pay an upfront, one-time, commitment fee of $0.1 million and annual anniversary fees of $0.1 million on the amendment’s first and second anniversary dates.
As of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, no amounts had been drawn under the Revolving Line and the Company was in compliance with all covenants pursuant to the loan and security agreement.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
The Company leases office space under noncancelable operating leases for its San Francisco, California headquarters, as well as its offices in various cities in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. These office leases expire on various dates through October 2028.
Deferred rent was $30.5 million and $5.5 million as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other liabilities, noncurrent in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rent expense was $5.8 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively and $9.2 million and $4.7 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
In conjunction with the execution of leases, letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $12.5 million and $12.2 million were issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively. No draws have been made under such letters of credit. The Company secured its new corporate headquarters lease in San Francisco with
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an $8.0 million letter of credit, which is designated as restricted cash and included in other assets on its condensed consolidated balance sheet as of July 31, 2018.
In June 2018, the Company signed an agreement to sublease the premises at 634 2nd Street, San Francisco, California (2nd Street Sublease), which, together with the premises at 301 Brannan Street, San Francisco, California, comprise the Company’s current headquarters. The term of the 2nd Street Sublease agreement commences on January 31, 2019. The 2nd Street Sublease and the master lease both expire in September 2024. The Company’s future income under the terms of the 2nd Street Sublease agreement will be approximately equal to the amount required to be paid by the Company to its landlord under the terms of the master lease. The Company and the sub-lessee executed a standby letter of credit amounting to $3.0 million to be held by the Company to secure the 2nd Street Sublease in the event of uncured default by the sub-lessee.
Pursuant to a termination agreement pertaining to the Company’s lease of the premises at 301 Brannan Street, San Francisco, California, the non-cancellable lease term for those premises now expires in January 2019 instead of July 2019.
Legal Matters
From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to various legal matters such as threatened or pending claims or proceedings. There were no such material matters as of July 31, 2018.
10. Employee Incentive Plans
The Company’s equity incentive plans provide for granting stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and restricted stock awards to employees, consultants, officers and directors. In addition, the Company offers an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) to eligible employees.
Stock-based compensation expense was recorded in the following cost and expense categories in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (unaudited) |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 3,430 |  |  | $ | 1,742 |
Professional services and other | 1,083 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | 1,207 |
Research and development | 5,272 |  |  | 4,438 |  |  | 9,485 |  |  | 7,739 |
Sales and marketing | 5,471 |  |  | 3,021 |  |  | 9,624 |  |  | 5,396 |
General and administrative | 4,495 |  |  | 2,725 |  |  | 7,846 |  |  | 4,800 |
Total | $ | 18,222 |  |  | $ | 11,978 |  |  | $ | 32,357 |  |  | $ | 20,884 |

Stock-based compensation expense recorded to research and development in the condensed consolidated statements of operations excludes amounts that were capitalized related to internal-use software for the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017. See Note 6 for further details.
Equity Incentive Plans
The Company has two equity incentive plans: the 2009 Stock Plan (2009 Plan) and the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (2017 Plan). Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2017, the Company ceased granting equity under the 2009 Plan, and all shares that remained available for future issuance under the 2009 Plan at that time were transferred to the 2017 Plan. As of July 31, 2018, options granted under the 2009 Plan to purchase 20,133,894 shares of Class B common stock remain outstanding and options granted under the 2017 Plan to purchase 764,596 shares of Class A common stock remain outstanding.
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Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance are as follows:

| As of
| July 31, 2018
| (unaudited)
Stock options and unvested RSUs outstanding | 25,789,276 |
Available for future stock option and RSU grants | 12,464,154 |
Available for ESPP | 3,035,697 |
| 41,289,127 |

Stock Options
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of January 31, 2018 | 24,917,045 |  |  | $ | 7.37 |  |  | 7.6 |  | $ | 550,173 |
Granted | 684,500 |  |  | 39.21 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (4,025,395 | ) |  | 5.23 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (677,660 | ) |  | 8.41 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of July 31, 2018 (unaudited) | 20,898,490 |  |  | $ | 8.79 |  |  | 7.4 |  | $ | 853,892 |
As of July 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vested and exercisable (unaudited) | 9,797,292 |  |  | $ | 6.35 |  |  | 6.8 |  | $ | 424,203 |

No stock options were granted in the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted was $17.21 and $5.36 during the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The total grant-date fair value of stock options vested was $7.8 million and $8.4 million during the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $13.5 million and $13.0 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The intrinsic value of the options exercised, which represents the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise and the exercise price of each option, was $73.2 million and $5.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $155.1 million and $19.3 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
As of July 31, 2018, there was a total of $50.9 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.
The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (unaudited)
Expected volatility | — |  | — |  | 40% |  | 40% - 41%
Expected term (in years) | — |  | — |  | 6.25 |  | 6.0 - 6.4
Risk-free interest rate | — |  | — |  | 2.70% |  | 2.06% - 2.21%
Expected dividend yield | — |  | — |  | — |  | —

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Restricted Stock Units
A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information is as follows:

| Number of RSUs |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding as of January 31, 2018 | 2,862,929 |  |  | $ | 24.38 |
Granted | 2,752,588 |  |  | 50.67 |
Vested | (542,969 | ) |  | 22.71 |
Forfeited | (181,762 | ) |  | 29.39 |
Outstanding as of July 31, 2018 (unaudited) | 4,890,786 |  |  | $ | 39.17 |

As of July 31, 2018, there was $180.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.4 years based on vesting under the award service conditions.
Equity Awards Issued in Connection with Business Combination
In connection with the Stormpath transaction in February 2017, the Company issued 800,000 shares of restricted common stock to Stormpath with an aggregate fair value of $8.6 million at the time of the transaction to be recognized as post combination stock-based compensation. The restricted common stock vests ratably on the first and second anniversaries of the transaction date upon achievement of the respective performance conditions, of which 400,000 shares vested during the six months ended July 31, 2018. As of July 31, 2018, there was $1.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted common stock which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 0.6 years.
The Company separately entered into retention arrangements with certain employees of Stormpath and issued 598,500 restricted stock awards under the 2009 Plan with an aggregate fair value of $6.6 million at the time of the transaction with performance conditions. Additionally, the Company granted 518,900 service-based stock options under the 2009 Plan to certain Stormpath employees with an aggregate fair value of $2.5 million to vest ratably over the requisite four-year service period. Of the $9.1 million total aggregate fair value of the awards, $1.5 million was related to pre-combination service and was recognized as goodwill and a reduction to the post-combination compensation expense. The post-combination expenses for the restricted stock awards and stock options are $5.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively. The expense related to the restricted stock awards is being recognized over two or three years based on an accelerated attribution method. The expense for the stock options is being recognized ratably over the requisite service period.
During the six months ended July 31, 2018, 210,850 shares of restricted stock awards vested. As of July 31, 2018, there was $1.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.0 year.
As of July 31, 2018, there was $1.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average life of 1.9 years. The related stock options expense and activity are included within the Stock Options section above.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Except for the initial offering period, the ESPP provides for 12-month offering periods beginning June 21 and December 21 of each year, and each offering period consists of up to two six-month purchase periods. The initial offering period began April 7, 2017 and ended on June 20, 2018.
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The Company estimated the fair value of ESPP purchase rights using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (unaudited)
Expected volatility | 39% - 40% |  | 32% - 34% |  | 39% - 40% |  | 32% - 37%
Expected term (in years) | 0.5 - 1.0 |  | 0.5 - 1.0 |  | 0.5 - 1.0 |  | 0.5 - 1.2
Risk-free interest rate | 2.12% - 2.34% |  | 1.12% - 1.22% |  | 2.12% - 2.34% |  | 0.95% - 1.22%
Expected dividend yield | — |  | — |  | — |  | —

During the three and six months ended July 31, 2018, the Company’s employees purchased 434,640 shares of its Class A common stock under the ESPP. The shares were purchased at a weighted-average purchase price of $15.31 with proceeds of $6.7 million.
As of July 31, 2018, there was $5.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to ESPP that is expected to be recognized over an average vesting period of 0.7 years.
Awards Issued as Charitable Contributions
During the three and six months ended July 31, 2018, the Company granted 20,000 shares of Class A common stock as charitable contributions and recognized $1.0 million as general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three and six months ended July 31, 2017, the Company did not grant any common stock as a charitable contribution.
11. Income Taxes
For the three and six months ended July 31, 2018, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively, on pretax losses of $40.2 million and $66.4 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended July 31, 2018 was 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of not recognizing deferred tax assets for U.S. losses due to a full valuation allowance against U.S. deferred tax assets, release of the valuation allowance in the United States in connection with the ScaleFT acquisition and excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation in the United Kingdom. The tax benefit was partially offset by income tax expense in profitable foreign jurisdictions and U.S. state taxes.
For the three and six months ended July 31, 2017, the Company recorded tax provisions of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, on pretax losses of $25.8 million and $53.3 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for both the three and six months ended July 31, 2017 was (0.9)%. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of not recognizing a deferred tax asset for U.S. losses due to having a full valuation allowance against U.S. deferred tax assets.
The difference between the book and tax bases of the 2023 Notes, Note Hedges and debt issuance costs resulted in deductible temporary differences and corresponding deferred tax assets of $0.6 million as of July 31, 2018, which are subject to a full valuation allowance.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and changes to how the United States imposes income tax on multinational corporations.
In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allows the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. The Company recorded a provisional amount of $61.0 million as of January 31, 2018 related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax balances before valuation allowance. For the six months ended July 31, 2018, the Company has not made a material adjustment to the provisional amount. The Company will continue to analyze and refine the calculations to the measurement of these balances. The Company expects to complete its analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.
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The United Kingdom tax authority completed its examination of fiscal year 2016 income tax returns for the Company’s UK subsidiary during the three months ended April 30, 2018. As a result, the Company’s UK subsidiary is no longer subject to examination for fiscal years prior to 2017.
12. Net Loss Per Share
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B |  | Class A |  | Class B
| (unaudited)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss (1) | $ | (33,862 | ) |  | $ | (5,345 | ) |  | $ | (4,075 | ) |  | $ | (21,957 | ) |  | $ | (53,242 | ) |  | $ | (11,927 | ) |  | $ | (7,254 | ) |  | $ | (46,484 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic and diluted | 92,156 |  |  | 14,546 |  |  | 14,650 |  |  | 78,926 |  |  | 86,172 |  |  | 19,303 |  |  | 9,061 |  |  | 58,064 |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | (0.37 | ) |  | $ | (0.37 | ) |  | $ | (0.28 | ) |  | $ | (0.28 | ) |  | $ | (0.62 | ) |  | $ | (0.62 | ) |  | $ | (0.80 | ) |  | $ | (0.80 | )

(1) | Net loss for the three and six months ended July 31, 2017 has been adjusted. See Note 2 for a summary of adjustments.

As the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows (in thousands):

| As of July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| (unaudited)
Unvested restricted common stock issued and outstanding | 400 |  |  | 800 |
Stock options issued and outstanding | 20,898 |  |  | 33,360 |
Unvested RSUs issued and outstanding | 4,891 |  |  | 2,210 |
Unvested restricted stock awards issued and outstanding | 388 |  |  | 599 |
Shares related to convertible senior notes | 7,134 |  |  | — |
Shares committed under the ESPP | 360 |  |  | 1,082 |
Unvested shares subject to repurchase | 96 |  |  | 324 |
| 34,167 |  |  | 38,375 |

The Company expects to settle the principal amount of the 2023 Notes in cash, and therefore, the Company uses the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted net income per share, if applicable. The conversion option will have a dilutive impact on net income per share of common stock when the average market price per share of the Company’s Class A common stock for a given period exceeds the conversion price of the 2023 Notes of $48.36 per share. During the three months ended July 31, 2018, the weighted average price per share of the Company’s Class A common stock exceeded the conversion price of the 2023 Notes; however, since the Company is in a net loss position there was no dilutive effect during any period presented.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K. As discussed in the section titled “Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our fiscal year ends January 31.
Overview
Okta is the leading independent provider of identity for the enterprise. The Okta Identity Cloud is our category-defining platform that enables our customers to securely connect people to technology, anywhere, anytime and from any device. Every day, people use Okta to securely access a wide range of cloud applications, websites, mobile applications and services from a multitude of devices. Workforces sign into our platform to seamlessly access the applications they need to do their most important work. Organizations use our platform to provide their customers with more modern experiences online and via mobile devices, and to connect with partners to streamline their operations. Developers leverage our platform to securely embed identity into their software.
Our approach to identity eliminates duplicative, sprawling credentials and disparate authentication policies, allowing our customers to simplify and scale their IT and security infrastructures more efficiently as the number of users, devices, clouds and other technologies in their ecosystem grows. Our customers are able to achieve fast time to value, lower costs and increased efficiency while improving compliance and providing security that is persistent, perimeter-less and context-aware. These benefits are delivered through multiple products on a unified platform, our superior cloud architecture and a vast and increasing network of integrations.
We founded the company in 2009 to reinvent identity for the modern cloud era, where identity is the critical foundation for connection and trust between users and technology. Since our inception, we have consistently innovated to enhance our platform and our product offerings.
In parallel to this product innovation, we have rapidly expanded the breadth and depth of the Okta Integration Network, which provides customers with a pre-integrated set of cloud, mobile and web applications that spans the functionality of our products. As of July 31, 2018, we had over 5,500 integrations with cloud, mobile and web applications and IT infrastructure providers.
We employ a SaaS business model. We focus on acquiring and retaining our customers and increasing their spending with us through expanding the number of users who access our platform and up-selling additional products. We sell our products directly through our field and inside sales teams, as well as indirectly through our network of independent software vendors, or ISVs, and channel partners. Our subscription fees include the use of our service and our technical support and management of our platform. We base subscription fees primarily on the products used and the number of users on our platform. Our customers use our platform to manage and secure their extended enterprise (employees, contractors and partners), which we previously referred to as the internal use case. Organizations also use our platform to manage and secure their customers' identities via the powerful APIs we have developed, which we previously referred to as the external use case. We typically invoice customers in advance in annual installments for subscriptions to our platform.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
Subscription Revenue. Subscription revenue primarily consists of fees for access to and usage of our cloud-based platform and related support. We generate subscription fees pursuant to noncancelable contracts. Subscription revenue is driven primarily by the number of customers, the number of users per customer and the products used. We typically invoice customers in advance in annual installments for subscriptions to our platform. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the term of the subscription period beginning on the date access to our platform is provided.
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Professional Services and Other. Professional services revenue includes fees from assisting customers in implementing and optimizing the use of our products. These services include application configuration, system integration and training services.
We generally invoice customers as the work is performed for time-and-materials arrangements, and up front for fixed fee arrangements. All professional services revenue is recognized as the services are performed.
Overhead Allocation and Employee Compensation Costs
We allocate shared costs, such as facilities (including rent, utilities and depreciation on assets shared by all departments), information technology costs, and recruiting costs to all departments based on headcount. As such, allocated shared costs are reflected in each cost of revenue and operating expense category. Employee compensation costs include salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation for each operating expense category and sales commissions for sales and marketing.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin
Cost of Subscription. Cost of subscription primarily consists of expenses related to hosting our services and providing support. These expenses include employee-related costs associated with our cloud-based infrastructure and our customer support organization, third-party hosting fees, software and maintenance costs, outside services associated with the delivery of our subscription services, travel-related costs, amortization expense associated with capitalized internal-use software and acquired technology, and allocated overhead.
We intend to continue to invest additional resources in our platform infrastructure and our platform support organizations. As we continue to invest in technology innovation, we expect capitalized internal-use software costs and related amortization to increase. We expect our investment in technology to expand the capability of our platform enabling us to improve our gross margin over time. The level and timing of investment in these areas could affect our cost of subscription revenue in the future.
Cost of Professional Services and Other. Cost of professional services consists primarily of employee-related costs for our professional services delivery team, travel-related costs, and costs of outside services associated with supplementing our professional services delivery team. The cost of providing professional services has historically been higher than the associated revenue we generate.
Gross Margin. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of total revenue. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as our revenue fluctuates, and as a result of the timing and amount of investments to expand our hosting capacity, our continued efforts to build platform support and professional services teams, increased stock-based compensation expenses, as well as the amortization of costs associated with capitalized internal-use software and acquired intangible assets.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs and allocated overhead. We believe that continued investment in our platform is important for our growth. We expect our research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars as our business grows.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs, costs of general marketing activities and promotional activities, travel-related expenses and allocated overhead. Commissions earned by our sales force that are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be generally five years. We expect our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars and continue to be our largest operating expense category for the foreseeable future as we expand our sales and marketing efforts. However, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to decrease as a percentage of our revenue as our revenue grows.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs for finance, accounting, legal and human resources personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include non-personnel costs, such as legal and other professional fees, charitable contributions, and all other supporting corporate expenses not allocated to other departments.
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We expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange, costs related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and increased expenses for insurance, investor relations and professional services. We expect our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars as our business grows.
Other Expense, Net
Other expense, net consists of interest income from our investment holdings and interest expense, which primarily includes amortization of debt discount and issuance costs and contractual interest expense for our $345.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due February 15, 2023 (2023 Notes).
Provision for (Benefit from) for Income Taxes
Our provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions, and is determined for interim periods using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items occurring in the quarter. The primary difference between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate relates to the net operating losses in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance against related deferred tax assets.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in dollars and as a percentage of our revenue:

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
| (in thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 87,854 |  |  | $ | 55,317 |  |  | $ | 164,695 |  |  | $ | 103,596 |
Professional services and other | 6,732 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  | 13,512 |  |  | 8,988 |
Total revenue | 94,586 |  |  | 60,259 |  |  | 178,207 |  |  | 112,584 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription(2) | 19,211 |  |  | 12,691 |  |  | 35,543 |  |  | 23,848 |
Professional services and other(2) | 9,017 |  |  | 6,991 |  |  | 16,792 |  |  | 13,297 |
Total cost of revenue | 28,228 |  |  | 19,682 |  |  | 52,335 |  |  | 37,145 |
Gross profit | 66,358 |  |  | 40,577 |  |  | 125,872 |  |  | 75,439 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development(2) | 24,829 |  |  | 16,923 |  |  | 44,758 |  |  | 32,282 |
Sales and marketing(2) | 59,004 |  |  | 37,891 |  |  | 108,497 |  |  | 73,194 |
General and administrative(2) | 20,955 |  |  | 11,948 |  |  | 36,025 |  |  | 23,587 |
Total operating expenses | 104,788 |  |  | 66,762 |  |  | 189,280 |  |  | 129,063 |
Operating loss | (38,430 | ) |  | (26,185 | ) |  | (63,408 | ) |  | (53,624 | )
Other income (expense), net | (1,762 | ) |  | 382 |  |  | (2,977 | ) |  | 363 |
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (40,192 | ) |  | (25,803 | ) |  | (66,385 | ) |  | (53,261 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (985 | ) |  | 229 |  |  | (1,216 | ) |  | 477 |
Net loss | $ | (39,207 | ) |  | $ | (26,032 | ) |  | $ | (65,169 | ) |  | $ | (53,738 | )

_______________________________

(1) | See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

(2) | Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

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| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Cost of subscription revenue | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | 1,056 |  |  | $ | 3,430 |  |  | $ | 1,742 |
Cost of professional services and other revenue | 1,083 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 1,972 |  |  | 1,207 |
Research and development | 5,272 |  |  | 4,438 |  |  | 9,485 |  |  | 7,739 |
Sales and marketing | 5,471 |  |  | 3,021 |  |  | 9,624 |  |  | 5,396 |
General and administrative | 4,495 |  |  | 2,725 |  |  | 7,846 |  |  | 4,800 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 18,222 |  |  | $ | 11,978 |  |  | $ | 32,357 |  |  | $ | 20,884 |

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 93 | % |  | 92 | % |  | 92 | % |  | 92 | %
Professional services and other | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Total revenue | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 20 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 21 |
Professional services and other | 10 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 12 |
Total cost of revenue | 30 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 33 |
Gross profit | 70 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 67 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 26 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 29 |
Sales and marketing | 62 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 65 |
General and administrative | 23 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 21 |
Total operating expenses | 111 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 115 |
Operating loss | (41 | ) |  | (43 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  | (48 | )
Other income (expense), net | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Loss before provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (43 | ) |  | (43 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | (48 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Net loss | (41 | )% |  | (43 | )% |  | (37 | )% |  | (48 | )%

_______________________________

(1) | See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenue

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 87,854 |  |  | $ | 55,317 |  |  | $ | 32,537 |  |  | 59 | %
Professional services and other | 6,732 |  |  | 4,942 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 36 |
Total revenue | $ | 94,586 |  |  | $ | 60,259 |  |  | $ | 34,327 |  |  | 57 |
Percentage of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 93 | % |  | 92 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services and other | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Subscription revenue increased by $32.5 million, or 59%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the addition of new customers as well as an increase in users and sales of additional products to existing customers.
Professional services and other revenue increased by $1.8 million, or 36%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase in professional services revenue primarily related to an increase in implementation services priced on a time and material basis, associated with an increase in the number of new customers purchasing our subscription services.
Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 19,211 |  |  | $ | 12,691 |  |  | $ | 6,520 |  |  | 51 | %
Professional services and other | 9,017 |  |  | 6,991 |  |  | 2,026 |  |  | 29 |
Total cost of revenue | $ | 28,228 |  |  | $ | 19,682 |  |  | $ | 8,546 |  |  | 43 |
Gross profit | $ | 66,358 |  |  | $ | 40,577 |  |  | $ | 25,781 |  |  | 64 |
Gross margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 78 | % |  | 77 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services and other | (34 | ) |  | (41 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gross margin | 70 |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Cost of subscription revenue increased by $6.5 million, or 51%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase of $2.9 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount to support the growth in our subscription services, an increase of $1.4 million in data center costs as we increased capacity to support our growth and an increase of $0.6 million related to the amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs due to the continued development of our software.
Our gross margin for subscription revenue increased from 77% during the three months ended July 31, 2017 to 78% during the three months ended July 31, 2018, due to economies of scale as our subscription revenue increased. While our gross margins for subscription revenue may fluctuate in the near-term as we invest in our growth, we expect our subscription revenue gross margin to increase over time as we achieve additional economies of scale.
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Cost of professional services and other revenue increased by $2.0 million, or 29%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018, compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase of $1.0 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount and an increase of $0.5 million in consulting fees.
Our gross margin for professional services and other revenue improved to (34)% during the three months ended July 31, 2018 from (41)% primarily due to more efficient utilization from our professional services team.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Research and development | $ | 24,829 |  |  | $ | 16,923 |  |  | $ | 7,906 |  |  | 47 | %
Percentage of revenue | 26 | % |  | 28 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Research and development expenses increased $7.9 million, or 47%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $4.9 million in employee compensation costs due to higher headcount, an increase of $1.4 million in allocated overhead costs and an increase of $0.9 million due to a reduction in capitalized internal-use software costs.
Sales and Marketing Expenses

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing | $ | 59,004 |  |  | $ | 37,891 |  |  | $ | 21,113 |  |  | 56 | %
Percentage of revenue | 62 | % |  | 62 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Sales and marketing expenses increased $21.1 million, or 56%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $9.1 million in employee compensation costs related to headcount growth, an increase of $7.7 million related to marketing and event costs primarily driven by increases in demand generation programs, advertising, customer sponsorships, and brand awareness efforts aimed at acquiring new customers, and the timing of our annual customer conference which was moved from the third quarter of fiscal 2018 to the second quarter of fiscal 2019, an increase of $2.9 million in allocated overhead costs and an increase of $0.7 million in travel and employee related expenses.
General and Administrative Expenses

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
General and administrative | $ | 20,955 |  |  | $ | 11,948 |  |  | $ | 9,007 |  |  | 75 | %
Percentage of revenue | 23 | % |  | 20 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

General and administrative expenses increased $9.0 million, or 75%, for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $4.8 million in employee compensation costs primarily related to higher headcount to support our continued growth, an increase of $2.4 million in costs from professional and other costs consisting primarily of IT, accounting, and consulting fees, an increase of $1.1 million in acquisition costs related to our acquisition of ScaleFT, an increase of $1.0 million in non-cash charitable contributions and an increase of $0.9 million in allocated overhead costs.
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Other Income (Expense), Net

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Other income (expense), net | $ | (1,762 | ) |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | (2,144 | ) |  | N/A

Other expense, net increased $2.1 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to $4.4 million in interest expense incurred related to the 2023 Notes, offset by an increase of $2.2 million in interest income earned on higher cash and short-term investment balances.
Comparison of the Six Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenue

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 164,695 |  |  | $ | 103,596 |  |  | $ | 61,099 |  |  | 59 | %
Professional services and other | 13,512 |  |  | 8,988 |  |  | 4,524 |  |  | 50 |
Total revenue | $ | 178,207 |  |  | $ | 112,584 |  |  | $ | 65,623 |  |  | 58 |
Percentage of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 92 | % |  | 92 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services and other | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Subscription revenue increased by $61.1 million, or 59%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the addition of new customers as well as an increase in users and sales of additional products to existing customers.
Professional services and other revenue increased by $4.5 million, or 50%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase in professional services revenue primarily related to an increase in implementation services priced on a time and material basis, associated with an increase in the number of new customers purchasing our subscription services.
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Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | $ | 35,543 |  |  | $ | 23,848 |  |  | $ | 11,695 |  |  | 49 | %
Professional services and other | 16,792 |  |  | 13,297 |  |  | 3,495 |  |  | 26 |
Total cost of revenue | $ | 52,335 |  |  | $ | 37,145 |  |  | $ | 15,190 |  |  | 41 |
Gross profit | $ | 125,872 |  |  | $ | 75,439 |  |  | $ | 50,433 |  |  | 67 |
Gross margin: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscription | 78 | % |  | 77 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional services and other | (24 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gross margin | 71 |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Cost of subscription revenue increased by $11.7 million, or 49%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase of $5.6 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount to support the growth in our subscription services, an increase of $2.1 million in data center costs as we increased capacity to support our growth, an increase of $1.1 million related to the amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs, an increase of $1.1 million in allocated overhead costs, an increase of $0.7 million in software license costs and an increase of $0.6 million in consulting fees.
Our gross margin for subscription revenue increased to 78% during the six months ended July 31, 2018, up from 77% during the six months ended July 31, 2017, due to economies of scale as our subscription revenue increased. While our gross margins for subscription revenue may fluctuate in the near-term as we invest in our growth, we expect our subscription revenue gross margin to increase over time as we achieve additional economies of scale.
Cost of professional services and other revenue increased by $3.5 million, or 26%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018, compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase of $2.2 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount and an increase of $0.7 million in consulting fees.
Our gross margin for professional services and other revenue improved to (24)% during the six months ended July 31, 2018 from (48)% during the six months ended July 31, 2017 primarily due to more efficient utilization from our professional services team.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Research and development | $ | 44,758 |  |  | $ | 32,282 |  |  | $ | 12,476 |  |  | 39 | %
Percentage of revenue | 25 | % |  | 29 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Research and development expenses increased $12.5 million, or 39%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $8.4 million in employee compensation costs due to higher headcount, an increase of $1.9 million in allocated overhead costs and an increase of $1.1 million due to a reduction in capitalized internal-use software costs.
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Sales and Marketing Expenses

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing | $ | 108,497 |  |  | $ | 73,194 |  |  | $ | 35,303 |  |  | 48 | %
Percentage of revenue | 62 | % |  | 65 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Sales and marketing expenses increased $35.3 million, or 48%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018, compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $17.5 million in employee compensation costs related to headcount growth, an increase of $10.7 million related to marketing and event costs primarily driven by increases in demand generation programs, advertising, customer sponsorships, and brand awareness efforts aimed at acquiring new customers, and the timing of our annual customer conference which was moved from the third quarter of fiscal 2018 to the second quarter of fiscal 2019, an increase of $4.2 million in allocated overhead costs and an increase of $1.7 million related to employee time and expense to support our expanding customer base.
General and Administrative Expenses

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
General and administrative | $ | 36,025 |  |  | $ | 23,587 |  |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | 53 | %
Percentage of revenue | 20 | % |  | 21 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

General and administrative expenses increased $12.4 million, or 53%, for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $8.1 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount to support our continued growth, an increase of $3.0 million in costs from professional services comprised primarily of legal, accounting, and consulting fees, an increase of $1.4 million in allocated overhead costs, an increase of $1.1 million in acquisition costs related to our acquisition of ScaleFT and an increase of $1.0 million in non-cash charitable contributions.
Other (Income) Expense, Net

| Six Months Ended July 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| (dollars in thousands)
Other income (expense), net | $ | (2,977 | ) |  | $ | 363 |  |  | $ | (3,340 | ) |  | N/A

Other expense, net increased $3.3 million for the six months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended July 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to $7.1 million in interest expense incurred related to the 2023 Notes, offset by an increase of $3.8 million in interest income earned on higher cash and short-term investment balances.
Key Business Metrics
We review a number of operating and financial metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.
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| As of July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Customers with Annual Contract Value (ACV) above $100,000 | 837 |  |  | 539 |
Dollar-Based Retention Rate for the trailing 12 months ended | 121 | % |  | 123 | %

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Calculated Billings | $ | 109,391 |  |  | $ | 71,677 |  |  | $ | 205,317 |  |  | $ | 131,605 |

Number of Customers with Annual Contract Value Above $100,000
As of July 31, 2018, we had over 5,150 customers on our platform. We believe that our ability to increase the number of customers on our platform is an indicator of our market penetration, the growth of our business, and our potential future business opportunities. Increasing awareness of our platform and capabilities, coupled with the mainstream adoption of cloud technology, has expanded the diversity of our customer base to include organizations of all sizes across all industries. Over time, larger customers have constituted a greater share of our revenue, which has contributed to an increase in average revenue per customer. The number of customers who have greater than $100,000 in ACV with us was 837 and 539 as of July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We expect this trend to continue as larger enterprises recognize the value of our platform and replace their legacy IAM infrastructure. We define a customer as a separate and distinct buying entity, such as a company, an educational or government institution, or a distinct business unit of a large company that has an active contract with us or one of our partners to access our platform.
Dollar-Based Retention Rate
Our ability to generate revenue is dependent upon our ability to maintain our relationships with our customers and to increase their utilization of our platform. We believe we can achieve these goals by focusing on delivering value and functionality that enables us to both retain our existing customers and expand the number of users and products used within an existing customer. We assess our performance in this area by measuring our Dollar-Based Retention Rate. Our Dollar-Based Retention Rate measures our ability to increase revenue across our existing customer base through expansion of users and products associated with a customer as offset by churn and contraction in the number of users or products associated with a customer.
Our Dollar-Based Retention Rate is based upon our ACV which is calculated based on the terms of that customer’s contract and represents the total contracted annual subscription amount as of that period end. We calculate our Dollar-Based Retention Rate as of a period end by starting with the ACV from all customers as of twelve months prior to such period end, or Prior Period ACV. We then calculate the ACV from these same customers as of the current period end, or Current Period ACV. Current Period ACV includes any upsells and is net of contraction or attrition over the trailing twelve months but excludes revenue from new customers in the current period. We then divide the total Current Period ACV by the total Prior Period ACV to arrive at our Dollar-Based Retention Rate.
Our Dollar-Based Retention Rate has consistently exceeded 120%, which is primarily attributable to an expansion of users and up-selling additional products within our existing customers. Larger enterprises often implement a limited initial deployment of our platform before increasing their deployment on a broader scale.
Calculated Billings
Calculated Billings represent our total revenue plus the change in total deferred revenue and the change in total unbilled receivables in the period. While we had in previous SEC filings defined calculated billings as total revenue plus the change in total deferred revenue in the period, our current definition better aligns with ASC 606, which became effective for our interim and annual periods beginning February 1, 2018. Refer to Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding ASC 606. Calculated Billings in any particular period reflects sales to new customers plus subscription renewals and upsells to existing customers, and represent amounts invoiced for subscription, support and professional services, as
35

well as our rights to consideration for performance obligations satisfied but unbilled as of the reporting date. We typically invoice customers in advance in annual installments for subscriptions to our platform.
Calculated Billings increased 53% in the three months ended July 31, 2018 over the three months ended July 31, 2017 and increased 56% in the six months ended July 31, 2018 over the six months ended July 31, 2017. As our Calculated Billings continue to grow in absolute terms, we expect our Calculated Billings growth rate to trend down over time.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the below referenced non-GAAP financial information, collectively, to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance, and assists in comparisons with other companies, some of which use similar non-GAAP financial information to supplement their GAAP results. The non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, and should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from similarly-titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies. The principal limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is that they exclude significant expenses and income that are required by GAAP to be recorded in our financial statements. In addition, they are subject to inherent limitations as they reflect the exercise of judgment by our management about which expenses and income are excluded or included in determining these non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation is provided below for each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin
We define non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin as GAAP gross profit and GAAP gross margin, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangibles.

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
| (dollars in thousands)
Gross profit | $ | 66,358 |  |  | $ | 40,577 |  |  | $ | 125,872 |  |  | $ | 75,439 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense included in cost of revenue | 2,984 |  |  | 1,794 |  |  | 5,402 |  |  | 2,949 |
Amortization of acquired intangibles | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 69,342 |  |  | $ | 42,371 |  |  | $ | 131,274 |  |  | $ | 78,392 |
Gross margin | 70 | % |  | 67 | % |  | 71 | % |  | 67 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 73 | % |  | 70 | % |  | 74 | % |  | 70 | %

(1) | See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

Non-GAAP Operating Loss and Non-GAAP Operating Margin
We define non-GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP operating margin as GAAP operating loss and GAAP operating margin, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, charitable contributions and amortization of acquired intangibles.
36

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
| (dollars in thousands)
Operating loss | $ | (38,430 | ) |  | $ | (26,185 | ) |  | $ | (63,408 | ) |  | $ | (53,624 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense | 18,222 |  |  | 11,978 |  |  | 32,357 |  |  | 20,884 |
Charitable contributions | 1,008 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | — |
Amortization of acquired intangibles | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Non-GAAP operating loss | $ | (19,200 | ) |  | $ | (14,207 | ) |  | $ | (30,043 | ) |  | $ | (32,736 | )
Operating margin | (41 | )% |  | (43 | )% |  | (36 | )% |  | (48 | )%
Non-GAAP operating margin | (20 | )% |  | (24 | )% |  | (17 | )% |  | (29 | )%

(1) | See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

Free Cash Flow
We define Free Cash Flow as net cash used in operating activities, less cash used for purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software costs.

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (5,343 | ) |  | $ | (6,238 | ) |  | $ | (1,371 | ) |  | $ | (15,924 | )
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (5,313 | ) |  | (2,708 | ) |  | (9,790 | ) |  | (5,156 | )
Capitalization of internal-use software costs | (674 | ) |  | (1,535 | ) |  | (1,725 | ) |  | (2,743 | )
Free Cash Flow | $ | (11,330 | ) |  | $ | (10,481 | ) |  | $ | (12,886 | ) |  | $ | (23,823 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (28,729 | ) |  | $ | (88,519 | ) |  | $ | (267,671 | ) |  | $ | (80,302 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 15,438 |  |  | $ | (555 | ) |  | $ | 334,883 |  |  | $ | 199,553 |

Calculated Billings
We define Calculated Billings as total revenue plus the change in deferred revenue and unbilled receivables during the period.

| Three Months Ended July 31, |  | Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | As Adjusted (1) |  |  | As Adjusted (1)
| (in thousands)
Total revenue | $ | 94,586 |  |  | $ | 60,259 |  |  | $ | 178,207 |  |  | $ | 112,584 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue (end of period) | 191,898 |  |  | 125,102 |  |  | 191,898 |  |  | 125,102 |
Unbilled receivables (beginning of period) | 1,619 |  |  | 2,151 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 1,537 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unbilled receivables (end of period) | (818 | ) |  | (498 | ) |  | (818 | ) |  | (498 | )
Deferred revenue (beginning of period) | (177,894 | ) |  | (115,337 | ) |  | (164,779 | ) |  | (107,120 | )
Calculated billings | $ | 109,391 |  |  | $ | 71,677 |  |  | $ | 205,317 |  |  | $ | 131,605 |

(1) | See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of July 31, 2018, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $536.3 million, which were held for working capital purposes, as well as the available balance of our credit facility, described further below. Our cash equivalents and investments were comprised primarily of money market funds, U.S. treasury securities, commercial paper and corporate debt securities. We have generated significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations as reflected in our accumulated deficit and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. We expect to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future.
In February 2018, we completed our private offering of the 2023 Notes and received aggregate proceeds of $345.0 million, before deducting costs of issuance of $10.0 million. In connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with respect to our Class A common stock (Note Hedges). We paid an aggregate amount of $80.0 million of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2023 Notes to purchase the Note Hedges. The cost of the Note Hedges was partially offset by the proceeds of $52.4 million from the sale of warrants to purchase shares of our Class A common stock in connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes.
In April 2017, upon completion of our IPO, we received aggregate proceeds of $200.0 million, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, before deducting offering costs of approximately $5.6 million. Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through the net proceeds we received through private sales of equity securities, as well as payments received from customers for subscription and professional services. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, our investments, our credit facility, and cash provided by sales of our products and services will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our subscription growth rate, subscription renewal activity, billing frequency, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced product offerings, and the continuing market adoption of our platform. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services and technologies, including intellectual property rights. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new technologies this could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.
We have a line of credit (Revolving Line) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in the amount of $40.0 million, with a maturity date of November 2018. The available amount, not to exceed $40.0 million, is based on certain revenue metrics and is reduced by letters of credit totaling $4.2 million as of July 31, 2018 established in connection with facility lease agreements. As of July 31, 2018, $35.8 million was available under the Revolving Line, of which no amounts had been drawn.
A significant majority of our customers pay in advance for annual subscriptions. Therefore, a substantial source of our cash is from our deferred revenue, which is included on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as a liability. Deferred revenue consists of the unearned portion of billed fees for our subscriptions, which is recognized as revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. As of July 31, 2018, we had deferred revenue of $191.9 million, of which $186.4 million was recorded as a current liability and is expected to be recorded as revenue in the next 12 months, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

| Six Months Ended July 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| (in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (1,371 | ) |  | $ | (15,924 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (267,671 | ) |  | (80,302 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 334,883 |  |  | 199,553 |
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (632 | ) |  | 134 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 65,209 |  |  | $ | 103,461 |

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Operating Activities
Our largest source of operating cash is cash collections from our customers for subscription and professional services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for employee-related expenditures, marketing expenses and third-party hosting costs. Historically, we have generated negative cash flows from operating activities and have supplemented working capital requirements through net proceeds from the private sale of equity securities and more recently from the net proceeds from the sale of the 2023 Notes and from our IPO.
During the six months ended July 31, 2018, cash used in operating activities was $1.4 million primarily due to our net loss of $65.2 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $51.5 million and net cash inflows of $12.3 million provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, amortization of deferred commissions, depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets, deferred income taxes and non-cash charitable contributions. The primary drivers of the changes in operating assets and liabilities related to a $26.8 million increase in deferred revenue, a $4.7 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities and a $3.1 million increase in accounts payable and accrued compensation, partially offset by a $14.2 million increase in deferred commissions, a $7.2 million increase in accounts receivable and a $0.8 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets.
During the six months ended July 31, 2017, cash used in operating activities was $15.9 million primarily due to our net loss of $53.7 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $31.9 million and net cash inflows of $5.9 million provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of stock-based compensation, amortization of deferred commissions, and depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and intangible assets. The primary drivers of the changes in operating assets and liabilities related to a $18.0 million increase in deferred revenue, a $1.3 million decrease in accounts receivable, and an increase of $3.7 million in accounts payable, accrued compensation and other accrued expenses, partially offset by an increase of $4.9 million in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $9.5 million increase in deferred commissions.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2018 of $267.7 million was primarily attributable to the purchases of investments of $320.0 million, payment of $15.6 million, net of cash acquired, in connection with ScaleFT acquisition, purchases of property and equipment of $9.8 million to support additional office space and headcount, and the capitalization of internal-use software costs of $1.7 million associated with the development of additional significant features and functionality to our platform. These activities were offset by proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments of $79.5 million.
Net cash provided by investing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2017 of $80.3 million was primarily attributable to proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments of $14.4 million, which was partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $5.2 million to support additional office space and headcount and the capitalization of internal-use software costs of $2.7 million associated with the development of additional features and functionality of our platform.
Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2018 of $334.9 million was primarily attributable to proceeds from the issuance of the 2023 Notes of $335.0 million, net of costs of issuance, proceeds from the issuance of warrants of $52.4 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $21.1 million, net of repurchases and proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan of $6.7 million, offset by cash used to purchase the Note Hedges of $80.0 million.
Cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2017 of $199.6 million was primarily attributable to proceeds from the completion of our IPO of $200.0 million, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions and proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $3.9 million, net of repurchases, partially offset by $4.0 million in payments related to deferred offering costs.
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Obligations and Other Commitments
The following table represents our future non-cancelable contractual obligations as of July 31, 2018, aggregated by type:

| Payments Due by Period
| Less Than 1 Year |  | 1 to 3 Years |  | 3 to 5 Years |  | More Than 5 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Convertible senior notes (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345,000 |
Operating lease obligations (2) | 10,707 |  |  | 50,653 |  |  | 55,353 |  |  | 131,172 |  |  | 247,885 |
Other obligations (3) | 13,560 |  |  | 11,891 |  |  | 1,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,142 |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 24,267 |  |  | $ | 62,544 |  |  | $ | 402,044 |  |  | $ | 131,172 |  |  | $ | 620,027 |

(1) | Represents the principal amount of the 2023 Notes. See Note 8 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details.

(2) | Consists of future non-cancelable minimum rental payments under operating leases for our offices. These payments have not been adjusted to reflect minimum sublease rental income of $17.1 million payable to us through 2024 pursuant to a non-cancellable sublease.

(3) | Consists of future minimum payments under non-cancelable purchase commitments primarily related to data center, IT operations, sales and marketing activities, and interest obligations for the 2023 Notes that are payable in cash.

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Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements of varying scope and terms pursuant to which we agree to indemnify customers, vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements, services to be provided by us or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and certain officers and employees that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. No demands have been made upon us to provide indemnification under such agreements and there are no claims that we are aware of that could have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of July 31, 2018, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies and estimates, which we discuss below.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to these policies for the six months ended July 31, 2018, except as described in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements “Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies”.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements “Accounting Standards and Significant Accounting Policies” for more information.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The functional currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are the respective local currencies. Most of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore our revenue is not currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. Our operating expenses are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, which are primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Our condensed consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments. During the six months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would not have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rate Risk
We had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $536.3 million as of July 31, 2018, of which $511.0 million was invested in money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. treasury securities and corporate debt securities. Our cash and cash equivalents are held for working capital purposes. Our short-term investments are made for capital preservation purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
Our cash equivalents and our investment portfolio are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of our expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our short-term investments as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary.
As of July 31, 2018, a hypothetical 10% relative change in interest rates would not have had a material impact on the value of our cash equivalents or investment portfolio. Fluctuations in the value of our cash equivalents and investment portfolio caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities prior to maturity.
Convertible Senior Notes
In February 2018, we issued the 2023 Notes due February 15, 2023 with a principal amount of $345.0 million. Concurrently with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, we entered into separate Note Hedges and warrant transactions. The Note Hedges were completed to reduce the potential dilution from the conversion of the 2023 Notes.
The 2023 Notes have a fixed annual interest rate of 0.25%; accordingly, we do not have economic interest rate exposure on the 2023 Notes. However, the fair value of the 2023 Notes is exposed to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair market value of the fixed interest rate 2023 Notes will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. In addition, the fair value of the 2023 Notes fluctuates when the market price of our common stock fluctuates. The fair value was determined based on the quoted bid price of the 2023 Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. See Note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to various legal matters such as threatened or pending claims or proceedings. There were no material such matters as of July 31, 2018.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below, or of additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business
We have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to forecast our revenue and evaluate our business and future prospects.
We have been in existence since 2009, and much of our growth has occurred in recent periods. As a result of our limited operating history, our ability to forecast our future results of operations and plan for and model future growth is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, such as the risks and uncertainties described herein. Additionally, the sales cycle for the evaluation and implementation of our platform, which typically extends for multiple months for enterprise deals, may also cause us to experience a delay between increasing operating expenses and the generation of corresponding revenue, if any. Accordingly, we may be unable to prepare accurate internal financial forecasts or replace anticipated revenue that we do not receive as a result of delays arising from these factors, and our results of operations in future reporting periods may be below the expectations of investors. If we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our estimates and forecasts or the expectations of investors, causing our business to suffer and our stock price to decline.
We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods, and our recent growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth. As our costs increase, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and, if achieved, maintain profitability.
From fiscal 2016 to fiscal 2017, our revenue grew from $85.9 million to $160.3 million, an increase of 87% and from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2018, our revenue grew from $160.3 million to $260.0 million, an increase of 62%. In future periods, we may not be able to sustain revenue growth consistent with recent history, or at all. We believe our revenue growth depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

• | price our products effectively so that we are able to attract and retain customers without compromising our profitability;

• | attract new customers, successfully deploy and implement our platform, up-sell or otherwise increase our existing customers’ use of our platform, obtain customer renewals and provide our customers with excellent customer support;

• | increase our number of ISVs and channel partners;

• | adequately expand our sales force, and maintain or increase our sales force’s productivity;

• | successfully introduce new products, enhance existing products and address new use cases;

• | introduce our platform to new markets outside of the United States;

• | successfully compete against larger companies and new market entrants; and

• | increase awareness of our brand on a global basis.

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If we are unable to accomplish any of these tasks, our revenue growth will be harmed. We also expect our operating expenses to increase in future periods, and if our revenue growth does not increase to offset these anticipated increases in our operating expenses, our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
We have a history of losses, and we expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future.
We have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $76.3 million, $83.5 million and $114.4 million in fiscal 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Because the market for our platform is rapidly evolving and has not yet reached widespread adoption, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations. We expect our operating expenses to significantly increase over the next several years as we hire additional personnel, particularly in sales and marketing, expand and improve the effectiveness of our distribution channels, expand our operations and infrastructure, both domestically and internationally, and continue to develop our platform. As we continue to develop as a public company, we may incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur historically. If our revenue does not increase to offset these increases in our operating expenses, we will not be profitable in future periods. While historically, our total revenue has grown, not all components of our total revenue have grown consistently. Further, in future periods, our revenue growth could slow or our revenue could decline for a number of reasons, including slowing demand for our software, increasing competition, any failure to gain or retain channel partners, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, or our failure, for any reason, to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities. As a result, our past financial performance should not be considered indicative of our future performance. Any failure by us to achieve or sustain profitability on a consistent basis could cause the value of our common stock to decline.
If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction or adequately address competitive challenges.
We have experienced, and may continue to experience, rapid growth and organizational change, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of users and logins and in the amount of data that our Software-as-a-Service, or SaaS, hosting infrastructure supports. Finally, our organizational structure is becoming more complex as we improve our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures. We will require significant capital expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas without undermining our culture of rapid innovation, teamwork and attention to customer success, which has been central to our growth so far. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth and change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our platform may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers and employees.
We have established international offices, including offices in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia and we may continue to expand our international operations into other countries in the future. Our expansion has placed, and our expected future growth will continue to place, a significant strain on our managerial, customer operations, research and development, marketing and sales, administrative, financial and other resources. If we are unable to manage our continued growth successfully, our business and results of operations could suffer.
In addition, as we expand our business, it is important that we continue to maintain a high level of customer service and satisfaction. As our customer base continues to grow, we will need to expand our account management, customer service and other personnel, and our network of ISVs, channel partners and system integrators, to provide personalized account management and customer service. If we are not able to continue to provide high levels of customer service, our reputation, as well as our business, results of operations and financial condition, could be harmed.
We face intense competition, especially from larger, well-established companies, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve our competitive position.
The market for identity solutions is intensely competitive, and we expect competition to increase in the future from established competitors and new market entrants. For products that organizations can use to manage identities for their extended enterprise, which we previously referred to as the internal use case, our competitors include authentication, provisioning and adaptive multi-factor authentication providers, many of which are large companies such as Computer Associates, Citrix, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, RSA (a division of Dell Technologies) and Symantec, infrastructure-as-a-service providers such as Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services, or AWS, and companies that have acquired identity management solution providers in recent years. For products that organizations can use to manage and secure their customers’ identities, which we previously referred to as the external use case,
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we generally compete with internally developed systems. We also face competition from small, private niche companies that offer point products that attempt to address certain of the problems that our platform solves. In addition, with the recent increase in large merger and acquisition transactions in the technology industry, particularly transactions involving cloud-based technologies, there is a greater likelihood that we will compete with other large technology companies in the future. Many of our existing competitors have, and some of our potential competitors could have, substantial competitive advantages such as greater name recognition and longer operating histories, larger sales and marketing budgets and resources, broader distribution and established relationships with ISVs, channel partners and customers, greater customer support resources, greater resources to make acquisitions, lower labor and development costs, larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios and substantially greater financial, technical and other resources.
In addition, some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product offerings and leverage their relationships based on other products or incorporate functionality into existing products to gain business in a manner that discourages users from purchasing our products, including through selling at zero or negative margins, product bundling or closed technology platforms. Potential customers may also prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than a new supplier regardless of product performance or features. These larger competitors often have broader product lines and market focus and will therefore not be as susceptible to downturns in a particular market. Our competitors may also seek to repurpose their existing offerings to provide identity solutions with subscription models. Conditions in our market could change rapidly and significantly as a result of technological advancements, partnering by our competitors or continuing market consolidation. New start-up companies that innovate and large competitors that are making significant investments in research and development may invent similar or superior products and technologies that compete with our products. In addition, some of our competitors may enter into new alliances with each other or may establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with systems integrators, third-party consulting firms or other parties. Any such consolidation, acquisition, alliance or cooperative relationship could lead to pricing pressure and our loss of market share and could result in a competitor with greater financial, technical, marketing, service and other resources, all of which could harm our ability to compete. Furthermore, organizations may be more willing to incrementally add solutions to their existing infrastructure from competitors than to replace their existing infrastructure with our products. These competitive pressures in our market or our failure to compete effectively may result in price reductions, fewer orders, reduced revenue and gross margins, increased net losses, and loss of market share. Any failure to meet and address these factors could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to attract new customers, sell additional products to our existing customers or develop new products and enhancements to our products that achieve market acceptance, our revenue growth and profitability will be harmed.
To increase our revenue and achieve and maintain profitability, we must add new customers or sell additional products to our existing customers. Numerous factors, however, may impede our ability to add new customers and sell additional products to our existing customers, including our inability to convert new organizations into paying customers, failure to attract and effectively train new sales and marketing personnel, failure to retain and motivate our current sales and marketing personnel, failure to develop or expand relationships with channel partners, failure to successfully deploy products for new customers and provide quality customer support once deployed or failure to ensure the effectiveness of our marketing programs. In addition, if prospective customers do not perceive our platform to be of sufficiently high value and quality, we will not be able to attract the number and types of new customers that we are seeking.
In addition, our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing products and to introduce compelling new products that reflect the changing nature of our markets. The success of any enhancement to our products depends on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with existing technologies and our platform and overall market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully develop new products, enhance our existing products to meet customer requirements, or otherwise gain market acceptance, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed.
Further, to grow our business, we must convince developers to adopt and build their external portals on our platform. We believe that these developer-built portals facilitate greater usage and customization of our products. If these developers stop developing on or supporting our platform, we will lose the benefit of network effects that have contributed to the growth in our number of customers, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.
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Our business depends on our customers renewing their subscriptions and purchasing additional licenses or subscriptions from us. Any material decline in our Dollar-Based Retention Rate would harm our future results of operations.
To continue to grow our business, it is important that our customers renew their subscriptions when existing contract terms expire and that we expand our commercial relationships with our existing customers. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions, and our customers may decide not to renew their subscriptions with a similar contract period, at the same prices and terms or with the same or a greater number of users. We have experienced significant growth in the number of users of our platform, but we do not know whether we will continue to achieve similar user growth rates in the future. In the past, some of our customers have elected not to renew their agreements with us, and it is difficult to accurately predict long-term customer retention and expansion rates. Our customer retention and expansion may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our products, our product support, our prices and pricing plans, the prices of competing software products, reductions in our customers’ spending levels, user adoption of our platform, deployment success, utilization rates by our customers, new product releases and changes to the packaging of our product offerings. If our customers do not purchase additional subscriptions or renew their subscriptions, renew on less favorable terms or fail to add more users, our revenue may decline or grow less quickly than anticipated, which would harm our future results of operations. Furthermore, if our contractual license terms were to shorten it could lead to increased volatility of, and diminished visibility into, future recurring revenue. If our sales of new or recurring subscriptions and software-related support service contracts decline from existing customers, our revenue and revenue growth may decline, and our business will suffer.
If there are interruptions or performance problems associated with our technology or infrastructure, our existing customers may experience service outages, and our new customers may experience delays in the deployment of our platform.
Our continued growth depends, in part, on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our platform 24 hours a day, seven days a week, without interruption or degradation of performance. We may experience disruptions, data loss, outages and other performance problems with our infrastructure due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints, denial-of-service attacks or other security-related incidents. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems immediately or in short order. We may not be able to maintain the level of service uptime and performance required by our customers, especially during peak usage times and as our products become more complex and our user traffic increases. For example, in October 2016, a distributed denial-of-service attack against Dyn, a domain name service vendor we use (since acquired by Oracle), prevented many of our customers and their users in the United States from accessing our platform or applications authenticated by our platform and resulted in our failing to meet certain contracted uptime levels under our service level agreements and the issuance of service credits to some of our customers, although the dollar value of such credits were not material. If our platform is unavailable or if our customers are unable to access our products or deploy them within a reasonable amount of time, or at all, our business would be harmed. Since our customers rely on our service to access and complete their work, any outage on our platform would impair the ability of our customers to perform their work, which would negatively impact our brand, reputation and customer satisfaction. Moreover, we depend on services from various third parties to maintain our infrastructure and distribute our products via the Internet. If a service provider fails to provide sufficient capacity to support our platform or otherwise experiences service outages, such failure could interrupt our customers’ access to our services, which could adversely affect their perception of our platform's reliability and our revenues. Any disruptions in these services, including as a result of actions outside of our control, would significantly impact the continued performance of our products. In the future, these services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of these services could result in decreased functionality of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us or, if available from another provider, is identified, obtained and integrated into our infrastructure. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure capacity requirements, our customers could experience service shortfalls. We may also be unable to effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed, and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology.
Any of the above circumstances or events may harm our reputation, cause customers to terminate their agreements with us, impair our ability to obtain subscription renewals from existing customers, impair our ability to grow our customer base, result in the expenditure of significant financial, technical and engineering resources, subject us to financial penalties and liabilities under our service level agreements, and otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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A network or data security incident may allow unauthorized access to our network or data or our customers’ data, harm our reputation, create additional liability and adversely impact our financial results.
Increasingly, companies are subject to a wide variety of attacks on their networks and systems on an ongoing basis. In addition to threats from traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as malware, viruses, worms and ransomware), employee theft or misuse, password spraying, phishing and denial-of-service attacks, we now also face threats from sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors who engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) that add to the risks to our internal networks, our customers’ systems and the information that they store and process. Despite significant efforts to create security barriers to such threats, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate these risks. As a well-known provider of identity and security solutions, we pose an attractive target for such attacks. The security measures we have integrated into our internal networks and platform, which are designed to detect unauthorized activity and prevent or minimize security breaches, may not function as expected or may not be sufficient to protect our internal networks and platform against certain attacks. In addition, techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to networks in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to prevent an electronic intrusion into our networks.
Our customers’ storage and use of data concerning, among others, their employees, contractors, customers and partners is essential to their use of our platform, which stores, transmits and processes customers’ proprietary information and personal data. If a breach of customer data security or unauthorized access to customer systems through our platform were to occur, as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our customers’ data or systems was disrupted, we could incur significant liability to our customers and to individuals or businesses whose information was being stored by our customers, and our platform may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation. In addition, a network or security breach could result in the loss of customers and make it more challenging to acquire new customers. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we and our customers may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures.
In addition, security breaches impacting our platform could result in a risk of loss or unauthorized disclosure of this information, which, in turn, could lead to litigation, governmental audits and investigations and possible liability, damage our relationships with our existing customers, trigger indemnification and other contractual obligations, cause us to incur mitigation and remediation expenses, and have a negative impact on our ability to attract and retain new customers. Furthermore, as a well-known provider of identity and security solutions, any such breach, including a breach of our customers’ systems, could compromise our networks or networks secured by our products, creating system disruptions or slowdowns and exploiting security vulnerabilities of our or our customers’ networks, and the information stored on our or our customers’ systems could be accessed, publicly disclosed, altered, lost or stolen, which could subject us to liability and cause us financial harm. These breaches, or any perceived breach, of our networks, our customers’ networks, or other networks secured by our products, whether or not any such breach is due to a vulnerability in our platform, may also undermine confidence in our platform or our industry and result in damage to our reputation, negative publicity, loss of ISVs, channel partners, customers and sales, increased costs to remedy any problem, increased insurance expense, and costly litigation. In addition, a breach of the security measures of one of our key ISVs or channel partners could result in the exfiltration of confidential corporate information or other data that may provide additional avenues of attack, and if a high profile security breach occurs with respect to another SaaS provider, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of the SaaS business model generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones, potentially causing a negative impact on our business. Any of these negative outcomes could adversely impact market acceptance of our products and could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information or otherwise compromise the security of our internal networks, electronic systems and/or physical facilities in order to gain access to our data or our customers’ data, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure, a loss of confidence in the security of our platform, interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, and, ultimately, harm to our future business prospects and revenue. We may be required to expend significant capital and financial resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security.
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We may experience quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations due to a number of factors that make our future results difficult to predict and could cause our results of operations to fall below analyst or investor expectations.
Our quarterly results of operations fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including, but not limited to:

• | the level of demand for our platform;

• | our ability to attract new customers and increase our existing customers’ use of our platform;

• | the timing and success of new product introductions by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive landscape of our market;

• | pricing pressure as a result of competition or otherwise;

• | seasonal buying patterns for IT spending;

• | the mix of revenue attributable to larger transactions as opposed to smaller transactions and the associated volatility and timing of our transactions;

• | errors in our forecasting of the demand for our products, which could lead to lower revenue, increased costs or both;

• | increases in and timing of sales and marketing and other operating expenses that we may incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive;

• | credit or other difficulties confronting our channel partners;

• | adverse litigation judgments, settlements of litigation and other disputes or other litigation-related or dispute-related costs;

• | significant security breaches of, technical difficulties with, or interruptions to, the delivery and use of our platform;

• | the impact of new accounting pronouncements and associated system implementations;

• | changes in the legislative or regulatory environment;

• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

• | expenses related to real estate, including our office leases, and other fixed expenses;

• | costs related to the acquisition of businesses, talent, technologies or intellectual property, including potentially significant amortization costs and possible write-downs; and

• | general economic conditions in either domestic or international markets, including geopolitical uncertainty and instability.

Any one or more of the factors above may result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations. You should not rely on our past results as an indicator of our future performance.
The variability and unpredictability of our quarterly results of operations or other operating metrics could result in our failure to meet our expectations or those of analysts that cover us or investors with respect to revenue or other metrics for a particular period. If we fail to meet or exceed such expectations for these or any other reasons, the market price of our Class A common stock could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.
Any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policy or legal or regulatory requirements in one or multiple jurisdictions could result in proceedings, actions or penalties against us.
Our customers’ storage and use of data concerning, among others, their employees, contractors, customers and partners is essential to their use of our platform. We have implemented various features intended to enable our customers to better comply with applicable privacy and security requirements in their collection and use of data, but these features do not ensure their compliance and may not be effective against all potential privacy concerns.
Many jurisdictions have enacted or are considering enacting privacy and/or data security legislation, including laws and regulations applying to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and/or processing of personal data. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws and regulations that are applicable to the
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operations of our customers may limit the use and adoption of our service and reduce overall demand for it. These privacy and data security related laws and regulations are evolving and may result in increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. In addition, we are subject to certain contractual obligations regarding the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and/or processing of personal data. Although we are working to comply with those federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, those laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, our practices or the features of our platform. In addition, some of our customers rely on our authorization under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program, or FedRAMP, to help satisfy their own legal and regulatory compliance requirements.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal data or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect our business.
We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. For example, in June 2018 California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act which takes effect on January 1, 2020 and will broadly define personal information, give California residents expanded privacy rights and protections and provide for civil penalties for violations and a private right of action for data breaches. In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups and technology and other industries are considering various new, additional or different self-regulatory standards that may place additional burdens on us. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, and changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our or our customers’ ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to consumers, which could decrease demand for our applications, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other obligations may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations. Such laws and regulations may require companies to implement privacy and security policies, permit users to access, correct and delete personal data stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal data, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal data for certain purposes. If we, or the third parties on which we rely, fail to comply with federal, state and international data privacy laws and regulations our ability to successfully operate our business and pursue our business goals could be harmed.
Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or to protect such data, could result in enforcement action against us, including fines and public censure, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing customers and prospective customers), any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Since many of our services’ features involve the processing of personal data from our customers and their employees, contractors, customers, partners and others, any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if such concerns are unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data security laws, regulations and policies, could result in liability to us, damage to our reputation, inhibition of sales and to our business.
Around the world, there are numerous lawsuits in process against various technology companies that process personal data. If those lawsuits are successful, it could increase the likelihood that our company may be exposed to liability for our own policies and practices concerning the processing of personal data and could hurt our business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations and policies concerning privacy and data security that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of our platform and reduce overall demand for it. Privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our platform. Additionally, concerns about security or privacy may result in the adoption of new legislation that restricts the implementation of technologies like ours or requires us to make modifications to our platform, which could significantly limit the adoption and deployment of our technologies or result in significant expense to modify our platform.
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We publicly post our privacy policies and practices concerning our processing, use and disclosure of the personal data provided to us by our website visitors. Our publication of our privacy policies and other statements we publish that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive or misrepresentative of our practices.
Evolving and changing definitions of what constitutes “Personal Information” and “Personal Data” within the European Union, the United States and elsewhere, especially relating to classification of IP addresses, machine or device identification numbers, location data and other information, may limit or inhibit our ability to operate or expand our business, including limiting technology alliance partners that may involve the sharing of data.
If our platform is perceived to cause, or is otherwise unfavorably associated with, violations of privacy or data security requirements, it may subject us or our customers to public criticism and potential legal liability. Existing and potential privacy laws and regulations concerning privacy and data security and increasing sensitivity of consumers to unauthorized processing of personal data may create negative public reactions to technologies, products and services such as ours. Public concerns regarding personal data processing, privacy and security may cause some of our customers’ end users to be less likely to visit their websites or otherwise interact with them. If enough end users choose not to visit our customers’ websites or otherwise interact with them, our customers could stop using our platform. This, in turn, may reduce the value of our service and slow or eliminate the growth of our business.
Our financial results may fluctuate due to increasing variability in our sales cycles.
We plan our expenses based on certain assumptions about the length and variability of our sales cycle. These assumptions are based upon historical trends for sales cycles and conversion rates associated with our existing customers. As we continue to focus on sales to larger organizations, we expect our sales cycles to lengthen and become less predictable, which may harm our financial results. Factors that may influence the length and variability of our sales cycle include, among other things:

• | the need to raise awareness about the uses and benefits of our platform, including products that our customers can use to manage and secure the identities of their customers;

• | the need to allay privacy and security concerns;

• | the discretionary nature of purchasing and budget cycles and decisions;

• | the competitive nature of evaluation and purchasing processes;

• | announcements or planned introductions of new products, features or functionality by us or our competitors; and

• | often lengthy purchasing approval processes.

Our increasing focus on sales to larger organizations may further increase the variability of our financial results. If we are unable to close one or more expected significant transactions with large organizations in a particular period, or if an expected transaction is delayed until a subsequent period, our results of operations for that period, and for any future periods in which revenue from such transaction would otherwise have been recognized, may be harmed.
We provide service level commitments under our customer contracts. If we fail to meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits for future service, or face contract termination with refunds of prepaid amounts related to unused subscriptions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our customer agreements contain service level commitments, under which we guarantee specified availability of our platform. Any failure of or disruption to our infrastructure could make our platform unavailable to our customers. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments to our customers or suffer extended periods of unavailability of our platform, we may be contractually obligated to provide affected customers with service credits for future subscriptions, or customers could elect to terminate and receive refunds for prepaid amounts related to unused subscriptions. For example, in October 2016, a distributed denial-of-service attack against Dyn, a domain name service vendor we use (since acquired by Oracle), prevented many of our customers and their users in the United States from accessing our platform or applications authenticated by our platform and resulted in our failing to meet certain contracted uptime levels under our service level commitments and the issuance of service credits to some of our customers. Our revenue, other results of operations and financial condition could be harmed if we suffer unscheduled downtime that exceeds the service level commitments under our agreements with our customers, and any extended service outages
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could adversely affect our business and reputation as customers may elect not to renew and we could lose future sales.
If we fail to offer high-quality customer support, our business and reputation will suffer.
Once our platform is deployed to our customers, our customers rely on our support services to resolve any related issues. High-quality customer education and customer support is important for the successful marketing and sale of our products and for the renewal of existing customers. The importance of high-quality customer support will increase as we expand our business and pursue new organizations. If we do not help our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues and provide effective ongoing customer support, our ability to upsell additional products to existing customers would suffer and our reputation with existing or potential customers would be harmed.
Our growth depends, in part, on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.
To grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on relationships with third parties, such as ISVs and channel partners. Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. Our competitors may be effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services over subscriptions to our platform. In addition, acquisitions of such partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the number of our current and potential customers, as these partners may no longer facilitate the adoption of our applications by potential customers. Further, some of our partners are or may become competitive with certain of our products and may elect to no longer integrate with our platform. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired, and our results of operations may suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in increased customer usage of our applications or increased revenue.
Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions and support services over the term of the relevant service period, downturns or upturns in sales are not immediately fully reflected in our results of operations.
We recognize recurring subscriptions and related support services revenue ratably over the term of the relevant period. As a result, much of the revenue we report each quarter is the recognition of deferred revenue from recurring subscriptions and related support services contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed recurring subscriptions and software-related support service contracts in any one quarter will not be fully reflected in revenue in that quarter, but will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in new or renewed sales of our recurring subscriptions and software-related support services are not reflected in full in our results of operations until future periods. Revenue from our recurring subscriptions and software-related support services also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional service sales in any period, as revenue from new and renewal software-related service contracts must be recognized over the applicable service period.
If we fail to adapt to rapid technological change, our ability to remain competitive could be impaired.
The industry in which we compete is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent introductions of new products and evolving industry standards. Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate industry standards and trends and continue to enhance existing products or introduce or acquire new products on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments. The success of any enhancement or new product depends on several factors, including the timely completion and market acceptance of the enhancement or new product. Any new product we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implements new technologies before we are able to implement them, those competitors may be able to provide more effective products than ours at lower prices. Any delay or failure in the introduction of new or enhanced products could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Adverse general economic and market conditions and reductions in IT and identity spending may reduce demand for our products, which could harm our revenue, results of operations and cash flows.
Our revenue, results of operations and cash flows depend on the overall demand for our products. Concerns about the systemic impact of a potential widespread recession (in the United States or internationally), energy costs, geopolitical issues or the availability and cost of credit could lead to increased market volatility, decreased consumer confidence and diminished growth expectations in the U.S. economy and abroad, which in turn could result in reductions in IT and identity spending by our existing and prospective customers. Prolonged economic slowdowns may result in customers requesting us to renegotiate existing contracts on less advantageous terms to us than those currently in place or defaulting on payments due on existing contracts or not renewing at the end of the contract term.
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In addition, the economies of countries in Europe have been experiencing weakness associated with high sovereign debt levels, weakness in the banking sector and uncertainty over the future of the Eurozone. We have current and potential new customers in Europe. If economic conditions in Europe and other key markets for our applications continue to remain uncertain or deteriorate further, many customers may delay or reduce their information technology spending.
Our customers may merge with other entities who use alternative identity solutions and, during weak economic times, there is an increased risk that one or more of our customers will file for bankruptcy protection, either of which may harm our revenue, profitability and results of operations. We also face risk from international customers that file for bankruptcy protection in foreign jurisdictions, particularly given that the application of foreign bankruptcy laws may be more difficult to predict. In addition, we may determine that the cost of pursuing any claim may outweigh the recovery potential of such claim. As a result, broadening or protracted extension of an economic downturn could harm our business, revenue, results of operations and cash flows.
If we are unable to ensure that our products interoperate with a variety of operating systems and software applications that are developed by others, our platform may become less competitive and our results of operations may be harmed.
The number of people who access the Internet through mobile devices and access cloud-based software applications through mobile devices, including smartphones and handheld tablets or laptop computers, has increased significantly in the past few years and is expected to continue to increase. While we have created mobile applications and mobile versions of our products, if these mobile applications and products do not perform well, our business may suffer. We are also dependent on third-party application stores that may prevent us from timely updating our current products or uploading new products. In addition, our products interoperate with servers, mobile devices and software applications predominantly through the use of protocols, many of which are created and maintained by third parties. We therefore depend on the interoperability of our products with such third-party services, mobile devices and mobile operating systems, as well as cloud-enabled hardware, software, networking, browsers, database technologies and protocols that we do not control. Any changes in such technologies that degrade the functionality of our products or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect adoption and usage of our platform. Also, we may not be successful in developing or maintaining relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing products that operate effectively with a range of operating systems, networks, devices, browsers, protocols and standards. In addition, we may face different fraud, security and regulatory risks from transactions sent from mobile devices than we do from personal computers. If we are unable to effectively anticipate and manage these risks, or if it is difficult for our customers to access and use our platform, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed.
If we fail to enhance our brand cost-effectively, our ability to expand our customer base will be impaired and our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer.
We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our existing and future products and is an important element in attracting new customers. Furthermore, we believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase as competition in our market increases. Successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability to provide reliable and useful products at competitive prices. In the past, our efforts to build our brand have involved significant expenses. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, or incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brand, we may fail to attract new customers or retain our existing customers to the extent necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could suffer.
Failure to effectively develop and expand our marketing and sales capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products.
Our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products will depend to a significant extent on our ability to expand our marketing and sales operations. We plan to continue expanding our direct sales force and engaging additional channel partners, both domestically and internationally. This expansion will require us to invest significant financial and other resources. Our business will be harmed if our efforts do not generate a corresponding increase in revenue. We may not achieve anticipated revenue growth from expanding our direct sales force if we are unable to hire and develop talented direct sales personnel, if our new direct sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time or if we are unable to retain our existing direct
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sales personnel. We also may not achieve anticipated revenue growth from our channel partners if we are unable to attract and retain additional motivated channel partners, if any existing or future channel partners fail to successfully market, resell, implement or support our products for their customers, or if they represent multiple providers and devote greater resources to market, resell, implement and support the products and solutions of these other providers. For example, some of our channel partners also sell or provide integration and administration services for our competitors’ products, and if such channel partners devote greater resources to marketing, reselling and supporting competing products, this could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our ability to introduce new products and features is dependent on adequate research and development resources and our ability to successfully complete acquisitions. If we do not adequately fund our research and development efforts or complete acquisitions successfully, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business and results of operations may be harmed.
To remain competitive, we must continue to develop new products, applications and enhancements to our existing platform. This is particularly true as we further expand and diversify our capabilities. Maintaining adequate research and development resources, such as the appropriate personnel and development technology, to meet the demands of the market is essential. If we elect not to or are unable to develop products internally due to certain constraints, such as high employee turnover, lack of management ability or a lack of other research and development resources, we may choose to expand into a certain market or strategy via an acquisition for which we could potentially pay too much or fail to successfully integrate into our operations. Further, many of our competitors expend a considerably greater amount of funds on their respective research and development programs, and those that do not may be acquired by larger companies that would allocate greater resources to our competitors’ research and development programs. Our failure to maintain adequate research and development resources or to compete effectively with the research and development programs of our competitors would give an advantage to such competitors and may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Interruptions or delays in the services provided by third-party data centers or internet service providers could impair the delivery of our platform and our business could suffer.
We host our platform using AWS data centers, a provider of cloud infrastructure services. All of our products utilize resources operated by us in these locations. Our operations depend on protecting the virtual cloud infrastructure hosted in AWS by maintaining its configuration, architecture and interconnection specifications, as well as the information stored in these virtual data centers and which third-party internet service providers transmit. Although we have disaster recovery plans that utilize multiple AWS locations, any incident affecting their infrastructure that may be caused by fire, flood, severe storm, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications failures, unauthorized intrusion, computer viruses and disabling devices, natural disasters, war, criminal act, military actions, terrorist attacks and other similar events beyond our control could negatively affect our platform. A prolonged AWS service disruption affecting our platform for any of the foregoing reasons could damage our reputation with current and potential customers, expose us to liability, cause us to lose customers or otherwise harm our business. We may also incur significant costs for using alternative equipment or taking other actions in preparation for, or in reaction to, events that damage the AWS services we use.
AWS enables us to order and reserve server capacity in varying amounts and sizes distributed across multiple regions. AWS provides us with computing and storage capacity pursuant to an agreement that continues until terminated by either party. AWS may terminate the agreement by providing 30 days prior written notice and may, in some cases, terminate the agreement immediately for cause upon notice.
Our platform is accessed by a large number of customers, often at the same time. As we continue to expand the number of our customers and products available to our customers, we may not be able to scale our technology to accommodate the increased capacity requirements, which may result in interruptions or delays in service. In addition, the failure of AWS data centers, or third-party internet service providers, or other third-party service providers whose services are integrated with our platform, to meet our capacity requirements could result in interruptions or delays in access to our platform or impede our ability to scale our operations. In the event that our AWS service agreements are terminated, or there is a lapse of service, interruption of internet service provider connectivity or damage to such facilities, we could experience interruptions in access to our platform as well as delays and additional expense in arranging new facilities and services.
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Our success depends, in part, on the integrity and scalability of our systems and infrastructures. System interruption and the lack of integration, redundancy and scalability in these systems and infrastructures may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the integrity of our systems and infrastructure, including websites, information and related systems. System interruption and a lack of integration and redundancy in our information systems and infrastructure may adversely affect our ability to operate websites, process and fulfill transactions, respond to customer inquiries and generally maintain cost-efficient operations. We may experience occasional system interruptions that make some or all systems or data unavailable or prevent us from efficiently providing access to our platform. We also rely on third-party computer systems, broadband and other communications systems and service providers in connection with providing access to our platform generally. Any interruptions, outages or delays in our systems and infrastructure, our business and/or third parties, or deterioration in the performance of these systems and infrastructure, could impair our ability to provide access to our platform. Fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, other natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism and similar events or disruptions may damage or interrupt computer, broadband or other communications systems and infrastructure at any time. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays and loss of critical data, and could prevent us from providing access to our platform. While we have backup systems for certain aspects of their operations, disaster recovery planning by its nature cannot be sufficient for all eventualities. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a major interruption. If any of these events were to occur, it could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on software and services from other parties. Defects in or the loss of access to software or services from third parties could increase our costs and adversely affect the quality of our products.
We rely on technologies from third parties to operate critical functions of our business, including cloud infrastructure services and customer relationship management services. Our business would be disrupted if any of the third-party software or services we utilize, or functional equivalents thereof, were unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms or prices. In each case, we would be required to either seek licenses to software or services from other parties and redesign our products to function with such software or services or develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs and could result in delays in our product launches and the release of new product offerings until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed or developed, and integrated into our products. Furthermore, we might be forced to limit the features available in our current or future products. These delays and feature limitations, if they occur, could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products, including deployment complexity, could harm our business and results of operations.
Errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs may occur in our products, especially when updates are deployed or new products are rolled out. Our platform is often used in connection with large-scale computing environments with different operating systems, system management software, equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors or failures of products, or other aspects of the computing environment into which our products are deployed. In addition, deployment of our products into complicated, large-scale computing environments may expose errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products. Any such errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs may not be found until after they are deployed to our customers. Real or perceived errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs in our products could result in negative publicity, loss of customer data, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our products, loss of competitive position, or claims by customers for losses sustained by them, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we fail to adequately protect our proprietary rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate less revenue and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.
Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our proprietary information and technology. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our products and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products that compete with ours. Some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer and disclosure of our products may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. Further, the laws of some countries do
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not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our products and proprietary information may increase. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our technology and intellectual property.
We rely in part on trade secrets, proprietary know-how and other confidential information to maintain our competitive position. Although we enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our products and proprietary information. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products.
To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our products, impair the functionality of our products, delay introductions of new products, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our products, or injure our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new products, and we cannot assure you that we could license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete.
Our results of operations may be harmed if we are subject to an infringement claim or a claim that results in a significant damage award.
We expect that software product developers will increasingly be subject to infringement claims as the number of products and competitors grows and the functionality of products in different industry segments overlaps. Other companies have claimed in the past, and may claim in the future, that we infringe upon their intellectual property rights. A claim may also be made relating to technology that we acquire or license from third parties. If we were subject to a claim of infringement, regardless of the merit of the claim or our defenses, the claim could:

• | require costly litigation to resolve and/or the payment of substantial damages or other amounts to settle such disputes;

• | require significant management time;

• | cause us to enter into unfavorable royalty or license agreements, if such arrangements are available at all;

• | require us to discontinue the sale of some or all of our products, or to remove or reduce features or functionality of our products;

• | require us to indemnify our customers or third-party service providers; and/or

• | require us to expend additional development resources to redesign our products.

Any one or more of the above could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We use open source software in our products, which could negatively affect our ability to offer our products and subject us to litigation or other actions.
We use open source software in our products and may use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their products. However, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products. In addition, if we were to combine our proprietary software products
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with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar products with less development effort and time. If we inappropriately use open source software, or if the license terms for open source software that we use change, we may be required to re-engineer our products, incur additional costs, discontinue the sale of some or all of our products or take other remedial actions.
In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or assurance of title or controls on origin of the software. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. We have established processes to help alleviate these risks, including a review process for screening requests from our development organizations for the use of open source software, but we cannot be sure that all of our use of open source software is in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and procedures, or will not subject us to liability.
Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses.
Our agreements with customers and other third parties may include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, damages caused by us to property or persons, or other liabilities relating to or arising from the use of our platform or other acts or omissions. The term of these contractual provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. As we continue to grow, the possibility of infringement claims and other intellectual property rights claims against us may increase. For any intellectual property rights indemnification claim against us or our customers, we will incur significant legal expenses and may have to pay damages, settlement fees, license fees and/or stop using technology found to be in violation of the third party’s rights. Large indemnity payments could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may also have to seek a license for the infringing or allegedly infringing technology. Such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and may significantly increase our operating expenses or may require us to restrict our business activities and limit our ability to deliver certain products. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and/or cause us to alter our platform, which could negatively affect our business.
From time to time, customers require us to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for breach of confidentiality, violation of applicable law or failure to implement adequate security measures with respect to their data stored, transmitted, or accessed using our platform. Although we normally contractually limit our liability with respect to such obligations, the existence of such a dispute may have adverse effects on our customer relationship and reputation and we may still incur substantial liability related to them.
Any assertions by a third party, whether or not successful, with respect to such indemnification obligations could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation, expensive remediation and licenses, divert management attention and financial resources, harm our relationship with that customer and other current and prospective customers, reduce demand for our platform, and harm our brand, business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may face particular privacy, data security and data protection risks in Europe due to the invalidation of the Safe Harbor Program and the European General Data Protection Regulation.
In the European Community, Directive 95/46/EC, or the Directive, has required European Union member states to implement data protection laws to meet the strict privacy requirements of the Directive. Among other requirements, the Directive regulates transfers of personally identifiable data that is subject to the Directive, or Personal Data, to third countries, such as the United States, that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such Personal Data. Our customers have in the past relied upon our adherence to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Safe Harbor Privacy Principles and compliance with the U.S.-EU and U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Frameworks as agreed to and set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the European Union and Switzerland, which established a means for legitimating the transfer of Personal Data by data controllers in the European Economic Area, or EEA, to the United States. As a result of the October 6, 2015 European Union Court of Justice, or ECJ, opinion in Case C-362/14 (Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner) regarding the adequacy of the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework, the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework is no longer deemed to be a valid method of compliance with requirements set forth in the Directive (and member states’ implementations thereof) regarding the transfer of Personal Data outside of the EEA.
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After the invalidation of the Safe Harbor Framework, negotiators from the European Union and United States worked to arrive at a new solution to legitimize transfers of Personal Data from the EEA to the United States and eventually reached political agreement on a successor to the Safe Harbor Framework. The Privacy Shield was formally adopted and as of August 1, 2016, interested companies have been permitted to register for the program. There continue to be concerns about the future of Privacy Shield as a legitimate data transfer mechanism as it continues to be subject to legal challenges. Until the remaining legal uncertainties regarding the future of the EU-US Privacy Shield are settled and we determine whether we will participate in the program, we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with our obligations under European privacy laws will be sufficient. If we are investigated by a European data protection authority, we may face fines and other penalties. Any such investigation or charges by European data protection authorities could have a negative effect on our existing business and on our ability to attract and retain new customers.
In light of the ECJ opinion in Case C-362/14, we offer our customers other methods to enable compliant data transfers from the EEA to the United States and have begun to undertake efforts to conform transfers of Personal Data from the EEA based on current regulatory obligations, the guidance of data protection authorities, and evolving best practices. Despite this, we may be unsuccessful in establishing conforming means or means that are acceptable to our customers of transferring such data from the EEA, including due to ongoing legislative activity, which may vary the current data protection landscape.
We may also experience hesitancy, reluctance, or refusal by European or multi-national customers to continue to use our services due to the potential risk exposure to such customers as a result of the ECJ ruling in Case C-362/14 and the current data protection obligations imposed on them by certain data protection authorities. Such customers may also view any alternative approaches to compliance as being too costly, too burdensome, too legally uncertain or otherwise objectionable and therefore decide not to do business with us.
We and our customers are at risk of enforcement actions taken by certain EU data protection authorities until such point in time that we may be able to ensure that all transfers of Personal Data to us in the United States from the EEA are conducted in compliance with all applicable regulatory obligations, the guidance of data protection authorities and evolving best practices. We may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain Personal Data originating from the European Union in the EEA, which may involve substantial expense and may cause us to need to divert resources from other aspects of our business, all of which may adversely affect our business.
In addition, data protection regulation is an area of increased focus and changing requirements. On April 27, 2016 the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679, or GDPR, that took effect on May 25, 2018, replacing the current data protection laws of each EU member state. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EU as well as to those outside the EU if they collect and use personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to individuals in the EU or the monitoring of their behavior. The GDPR enhances data protection obligations for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, expanded disclosures about how personal data is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements and onerous new obligations on services providers. Non-compliance with the GDPR can trigger fines of up to €20 million, or 4% of total worldwide annual revenue, whichever is higher. Given the breadth and depth of changes in data protection obligations, complying with its requirements has caused us to expend significant resources and such expenditures are likely to continue into the near future as we respond to new interpretations and enforcement actions following the effective date of the regulation and as we continue to negotiate data processing agreements with our customers and business partners. Separate EU laws and regulations (and member states’ implementations thereof) govern the protection of consumers and of electronic communications and these are also evolving. A draft of the new ePrivacy Regulation extends the strict opt-in marketing rules with limited exceptions to business-to-business communications, alters rules on third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology and significantly increases penalties. We cannot yet determine the impact that such future laws, regulations, and standards may have on our business. Such laws and regulations are often subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions. We may incur substantial expense in complying with the new obligations to be imposed by the GDPR and we may be required to make significant changes in our business operations and product and services development, all of which may adversely affect our revenues and our business overall.
We and our customers are at risk of enforcement actions taken by certain EU data protection authorities until such point in time that we may be able to ensure that all transfers of personal data to us from the EEA are conducted in compliance with all applicable regulatory obligations, the guidance of data protection authorities and evolving best practices. We may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain personal data originating from the EU in the EEA, which may involve substantial expense and may cause us to need to divert resources from other aspects of our business, all of which may adversely affect our business.
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We function as a HIPAA Business Associate for certain of our customers and, as such, are subject to strict privacy and data security requirements. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, we could be subject to significant liability, all of which can adversely affect our business as well as our ability to attract and retain new customers.
The Health Insurance Portability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, or HIPAA, imposes specified requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to business associates. We function as a business associate for certain of our customers that are HIPAA covered entities and service providers, and in that context we are regulated as a business associate for the purposes of HIPAA. If we are unable to comply with our obligations as a HIPAA business associate, we could face substantial civil and even criminal liability. Modifying the already stringent penalty structure that was present under HIPAA prior to HITECH, HITECH created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, many state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from HIPAA and each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect.
The HIPAA covered entities and service providers to which we provide services require us to enter into HIPAA-compliant business associate agreements with them. These agreements impose stringent data security obligations on us. If we are unable to meet the requirements of any of these business associate agreements, we could face contractual liability under the applicable business associate agreement as well as possible civil and criminal liability under HIPAA, all of which can have an adverse impact on our business and generate negative publicity, which, in turn, can have an adverse impact on our ability to attract and retain new customers.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.
We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and similar laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making or offering improper payments or other benefits to government officials and others in the private sector. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, adverse media coverage and other consequences. Any investigations, actions or sanctions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions laws that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.
Our business activities are subject to various restrictions under U.S. export controls and trade and economic sanctions laws, including the U.S. Commerce Department’s Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions regulations maintained by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. The U.S. export control laws and U.S. economic sanctions laws include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain products and services to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, persons and entities and also require authorization for the export of encryption items. In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our services or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our services in those countries. Although we take precautions to prevent our products from being provided in violation of such laws, our products may have been in the past, and could in the future be, provided inadvertently in violation of such laws, despite the precautions we take. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export privileges and monetary penalties. Obtaining the necessary authorizations, including any required license, for a particular transaction may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed, and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Although we take precautions to prevent transactions with U.S. sanction targets, we could inadvertently provide our products to persons prohibited by U.S. sanctions. This could result in negative consequences to us, including government investigations, penalties and harm to our reputation.
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We have limited experience with respect to determining the optimal prices for our products.
In the past, we have sometimes adjusted our prices either for individual customers in connection with long-term agreements or for a particular product. We expect that we may need to change our pricing in future periods. Further, as competitors introduce new products that compete with ours or reduce their prices, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers based on our historical pricing. As we expand internationally, we also must determine the appropriate price to enable us to compete effectively internationally. In addition, if our mix of products sold changes, then we may need to, or choose to, revise our pricing. As a result, we may be required or choose to reduce our prices or change our pricing model, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Today, our international contracts are sometimes denominated in local currencies. However, the majority of our international costs are denominated in local currencies. Over time, an increasing portion of our international contracts may be denominated in local currencies. Therefore, fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may affect our results of operations when translated into U.S. dollars. We do not currently engage in currency hedging activities to limit the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. However, in the future, we may use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.
Future acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of key management personnel, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and harm our results of operations and financial condition.
We have in the past acquired, and we may in the future seek to acquire or invest in, businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our current platform, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. In addition, we have limited experience in acquiring other businesses. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to successfully integrate and retain the acquired personnel, integrate the acquired operations and technologies, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition.
We may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or we may not be successful in entering into an agreement with any one target. Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, or in adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, which could harm our results of operations. We may also experience delays or reductions in customer purchases for both us and the acquired business, disruption of partner relationships, claims and disputes with stockholders or third parties, unforeseen integration or other expenses, and future impairment of goodwill or other acquired intangible assets. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our business, results of operations and financial condition may suffer.
Our customers may fail to pay us in accordance with the terms of their agreements, necessitating action by us to compel payment.
We typically enter into multiple year, non-cancelable arrangements with our customers. If customers fail to pay us under the terms of our agreements, we may be adversely affected both from the inability to collect amounts due and the cost of enforcing the terms of our contracts, including litigation. The risk of such negative effects increases with the term length of our customer arrangements. Furthermore, some of our customers may seek bankruptcy protection or other similar relief and fail to pay amounts due to us, or pay those amounts more slowly, either of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Because our long-term success depends, in part, on our ability to expand the sales of our products to customers located outside of the United States, our business will be susceptible to risks associated with international operations.
We currently maintain offices and have sales personnel outside the United States in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, and we intend to expand our international operations. In fiscal 2017 and 2018, our international revenue was 13% and 15%, respectively, of our total revenue. Any international expansion efforts that we may undertake may
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not be successful. In addition, conducting international operations subjects us to new risks, some of which we have not generally faced in the United States. These risks include, among other things:

• | unexpected costs and errors in the localization of our products, including translation into foreign languages and adaptation for local practices and regulatory requirements;

• | lack of familiarity and burdens of complying with foreign laws, legal standards, privacy standards, regulatory requirements, tariffs and other barriers;

• | laws and business practices favoring local competitors or commercial parties;

• | costs and liabilities related to compliance with the GDPR and disparate data privacy standards and enforcement;

• | practical difficulties of enforcing intellectual property rights in countries with fluctuating laws and standards and reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• | unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, trade laws, tariffs, export quotas, custom duties or other trade restrictions;

• | difficulties in managing systems integrators and technology partners;

• | differing technology standards;

• | longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

• | difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and differing employer/employee relationships and local employment laws;

• | fluctuations in exchange rates that may increase the volatility of our foreign-based revenue; and

• | potentially adverse tax consequences, including the complexities of foreign value added tax (or other tax) systems and restrictions on the repatriation of earnings.

Additionally, operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required in establishing operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.
We have not engaged in currency hedging activities to limit risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Changes in exchange rates affect our costs and earnings, and may also affect the book value of our assets located outside the United States and the amount of our stockholders’ equity.
We have limited experience in marketing, selling and supporting our platform abroad. Our limited experience in operating our business internationally increases the risk that any potential future expansion efforts that we may undertake will not be successful. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our international operations and are unable to do so successfully and in a timely manner, our business and results of operations will suffer.
We may be required to defer recognition of some of our revenue, which may harm our financial results in any given period.
We may be required to defer recognition of revenue for a significant period of time after entering into an agreement due to a variety of factors, including, among other things, whether:

• | the transaction involves both current products and products that are under development;

• | the customer requires significant modifications, configurations or complex interfaces that could delay delivery or acceptance of our products;

• | the transaction involves certain favorable pricing options;

• | the transaction involves acceptance criteria or other terms that may delay revenue recognition; or

• | the transaction involves performance milestones or payment terms that depend upon contingencies.

Because of these factors and other specific revenue recognition requirements under GAAP, we must have very precise terms in our contracts to recognize revenue when we initially provide access to our platform or perform services. Although we strive to enter into agreements that meet the criteria under GAAP for current revenue recognition on delivered performance obligations, our agreements are often subject to negotiation and revision based on the demands
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of our customers. The final terms of our agreements sometimes result in deferred revenue recognition well after the time of delivery, which may adversely affect our financial results in any given period. In addition, because of prevailing economic conditions, more customers may require extended payment terms, shorter term contracts or alternative licensing arrangements that could reduce the amount of revenue we recognize upon delivery of our platform and could adversely affect our short-term financial results.
Furthermore, the presentation of our financial results requires us to make estimates and assumptions that may affect revenue recognition. In some instances, we could reasonably use different estimates and assumptions, and changes in estimates are likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates.
Our international operations may give rise to potentially adverse tax consequences.
We are expanding our international operations and staff to better support our growth into the international markets. Our corporate structure and associated transfer pricing policies anticipate future growth into the international markets. The amount of taxes we pay in different jurisdictions may depend on the application of the tax laws of the various jurisdictions, including the United States, to our international business activities, changes in tax rates, new or revised tax laws or interpretations of existing tax laws and policies and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions, which are generally required to be computed on an arm’s-length basis pursuant to intercompany arrangements or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency.
Changes in tax laws or regulations in the various tax jurisdictions we are subject to that are applied adversely to us or our customers could increase the costs of our products and harm our business.
New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time. Those enactments could harm our domestic and international business operations, and our business and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. These events could require us or our customers to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us or our customers to pay fines and/or penalties and interest for past amounts deemed to be due. If we raise our prices to offset the costs of these changes, existing and potential future customers may elect not to purchase our products in the future. Additionally, new, changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers’ and our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our products. Further, these events could decrease the capital we have available to operate our business. Any or all of these events could harm our business and financial performance.
As a multinational organization, we may be subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents, which could harm our liquidity and results of operations. In addition, the authorities in these jurisdictions could review our tax returns and impose additional tax, interest and penalties, and the authorities could claim that various withholding requirements apply to us or our subsidiaries or assert that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us or our subsidiaries, any of which could harm us and our results of operations.
Comprehensive tax reform legislation could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act) that significantly reforms the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code). The Tax Act, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest and net operating loss carryforwards, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, and puts into effect the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system. We continue to examine the impact this tax reform legislation may have on our business. The impact of this tax reform is uncertain and could be adverse.
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We depend on our executive officers and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain other highly skilled employees could harm our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key employees. We rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, operations, security, marketing, sales, customer support, general and administrative functions, and on individual contributors in our research and development and operations functions. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, especially our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Operating Officer, or key employees could harm our business. Changes in our executive management team may also cause disruptions in, and harm to, our business.
In addition, to execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located, and in other locations where we maintain offices, is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing software and SaaS applications and experienced sales professionals. We have, from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may harm our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be harmed.
Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.
Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage us as a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our failure to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new technologies in the future could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.
We may need to raise additional funds, and we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. If we raise additional equity financing, our security holders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests. If we engage in additional debt financing, we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios or restrict our ability to pay dividends or make acquisitions. If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not be able to, among other things:

• | develop and enhance our products;

• | continue to expand our product development, sales and marketing organizations;

• | hire, train and retain employees;

• | respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements; or

• | pursue acquisition opportunities.

In addition, access to our existing line of credit with Silicon Valley Bank is subject to certain financial and other covenants. Our inability to abide by these covenants or do any of the foregoing could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. We are also continuing to improve our internal control over financial reporting. For example, we have worked to improve the controls around our key accounting processes and our quarterly close process, we have implemented a number of new systems to supplement our core ERP system as part of our control environment, and we have hired additional accounting and finance personnel to help us implement these processes and controls. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, we may experience material weaknesses in our controls.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will be required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC after we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NASDAQ. We are not currently required to comply with the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and are therefore not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. As a public company, we are required to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting commencing with our second annual report on Form 10-K.
Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We expect to cease being an “emerging growth company” as of January 31, 2019. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal control over financial reporting is documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could harm our business and results of operations and could cause a decline in the price of our Class A common stock.
Changes in existing financial accounting standards or practices, or taxation rules or practices, may harm our results of operations.
Changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, new accounting pronouncements or taxation rules, or varying interpretations of current accounting pronouncements or taxation practice could harm our results of operations or the manner in which we conduct our business. Further, such changes could potentially affect our reporting of transactions completed before such changes are effective.
GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change. For example, in May 2014 the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09), for which certain elements may impact our accounting for revenue and costs incurred to acquire contracts. Under this new standard, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services and is recognized
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in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted this new standard on February 1, 2018, and the adoption did not have a material impact on revenue. The primary impact of the adoption relates to the amount and timing of the costs incurred to acquire contracts. Refer to Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for additional information on the new standard and a summary of adjustments to amounts previously reported. Adoption of such new standards and any difficulties in implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting systems, could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, capitalized internal-use software costs, income taxes, other non-income taxes, business combination and valuation of goodwill and purchased intangible assets and stock-based compensation. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our Class A common stock.
Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.
Natural disasters or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could harm our business. We have a large employee presence in San Francisco, California and the west coast of the United States contains active earthquake zones. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane or catastrophic event such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war or terrorist attack, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our application development, lengthy interruptions in our products, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions.
We may be subject to liability claims if we breach our contracts and our insurance may be inadequate to cover our losses.
We are subject to numerous obligations in our contracts with our customers and partners. Despite the procedures, systems and internal controls we have implemented to comply with our contracts, we may breach these commitments, whether through a weakness in these procedures, systems and internal controls, negligence or the willful act of an employee or contractor. Our insurance policies, including our errors and omissions insurance, may be inadequate to compensate us for the potentially significant losses that may result from claims arising from breaches of our contracts, disruptions in our services, including those caused by cybersecurity incidents, failures or disruptions to our infrastructure, catastrophic events and disasters or otherwise. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.
We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our Class A common stock less attractive to investors.
We expect to be an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, until January 31, 2019. As an “emerging growth company,” we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A common stock less attractive as a result,
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there may be a less active trading market for our Class A common stock and the price of our Class A common stock may be more volatile.
Exposure to political developments in the United Kingdom, including the outcome of the U.K. referendum on membership in the EU, could harm us.
On June 23, 2016, a referendum was held on the United Kingdom’s membership in the European Union, the outcome of which was a vote in favor of leaving the European Union. The United Kingdom’s vote to leave the European Union creates an uncertain political and economic environment in the United Kingdom and potentially across other EU member states, which may last for a number of months or years.
The result of the referendum means that the long-term nature of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union is unclear and that there is considerable uncertainty as to when any such relationship will be agreed and implemented. The political and economic instability created by the United Kingdom’s vote to leave the European Union has caused and may continue to cause significant volatility in global financial markets and the value of the British Pound or other currencies, including the Euro. Depending on the terms reached regarding any exit from the European Union, it is possible that there may be adverse practical or operational implications on our business.
Our business may be subject to additional obligations to collect and remit sales tax and other taxes, and we may be subject to tax liability for past sales. Any successful action by state, foreign or other authorities to collect additional or past sales tax could harm our business.
States and some local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. In particular, the applicability of sales taxes to our platform in various jurisdictions is unclear. It is possible that we could face sales tax audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as state tax authorities could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional amounts as taxes from our customers and remit those taxes to those authorities. We could also be subject to audits in states and international jurisdictions for which we have not accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage customers from purchasing our products or otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We file sales tax returns in certain states within the United States as required by law and certain customer contracts for a portion of the products that we provide. We do not collect sales or other similar taxes in other states and many of such states do not apply sales or similar taxes to the vast majority of the products that we provide. However, one or more states or foreign authorities could seek to impose additional sales, use or other tax collection and record-keeping obligations on us or may determine that such taxes should have, but have not been, paid by us. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Any successful action by state, foreign or other authorities to compel us to collect and remit sales tax, use tax or other taxes, either retroactively, prospectively or both, could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carry-forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. We have experienced ownership changes in the past and any such ownership change in the future could result in increased future tax liability. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
The stock price of our Class A common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.
Prior to our IPO, there was no public market for shares of our Class A common stock. The market prices of the securities of other newly public companies have historically been highly volatile. The market price of our Class A
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common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

• | overall performance of the equity markets and/or publicly-listed technology companies;

• | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue or other operating metrics;

• | changes in the financial projections we provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;

• | failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates and/or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet the estimates or the expectations of investors;

• | recruitment or departure of key personnel;

• | significant security breaches, technical difficulties or interruptions of our services;

• | the economy as a whole and market conditions in our industry;

• | rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

• | announcements by us or our competitors of significant innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

• | new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

• | lawsuits threatened or filed against us;

• | other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events; and

• | sales of additional shares of our Class A common stock by us, our directors, our officers or our stockholders.

In addition, stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and harm our business.
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to the completion of our IPO, including our directors, executive officers, and their affiliates, who held in the aggregate 57.8% of the voting power of our capital stock as of July 31, 2018. This will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.
Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. As of July 31, 2018, our directors, executive officers, and their affiliates, held in the aggregate 57.8% of the voting power of our capital stock. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively could continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until April 12, 2027, the date that is the ten year anniversary of the closing of our IPO. This concentrated control may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who have retained their shares.
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Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public markets, or the perception that sales might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.
In addition, as of July 31, 2018, we had 20,133,894 options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of shares of Class B common stock and 764,596 options outstanding that, if fully exercised, would result in the issuance of shares of Class A common stock. As of July 31, 2018, we also had 4,890,786 restricted stock units, or RSUs, outstanding that, if vested and settled, would result in the issuance of shares of Class A common stock. All of the shares of Class A and Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and vesting of RSUs and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans, are registered for public resale under the Securities Act. Accordingly, these shares will be able to be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to applicable vesting requirements.
Furthermore, a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock is reserved for issuance upon the exercise of the 2023 Notes (as defined below) and the warrants issued at the time of the issuance of the 2023 Notes. If we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation on the 2023 Notes solely in shares of our Class A common stock upon conversion of the notes, we will be required to deliver the shares of our Class A common stock, together with cash for any fractional share, on the second business day following the relevant conversion date.
As of July 31, 2018, the holders of approximately 2.1 million shares of our common stock have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements for the public resale of the Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of such shares or to include such shares in registration statements that we may file for us or other stockholders. Any registration statement we file to register additional shares, whether as a result of registration rights or otherwise, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline or be volatile.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing standards of NASDAQ and other applicable securities rules and regulations. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have already hired additional employees to assist us in complying with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our operating expenses.
In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed.
We also expect that being a public company and these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.
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As a result of disclosure of information in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which may result in an increased risk of threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our Class A common stock and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research on our company, the trading price for our Class A common stock would be negatively affected. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class A common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class A common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us on a regular basis, demand for our Class A common stock could decrease, which might cause our Class A common stock price and trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments. In addition, our credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current board of directors, and limit the market price of our Class A common stock.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:

• | provide that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms;

• | permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships;

• | require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws;

• | authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

• | provide that only the Chairperson of our board of directors, our Chief Executive Officer, or a majority of our board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;

• | provide for a dual class common stock structure in which holders of our Class B common stock have the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets;

• | prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

• | provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; and

• | advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

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Moreover, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations, and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.
Our amended and restated bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for:

• | any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

• | any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;

• | any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or

• | or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to our Outstanding Convertible Notes
Servicing our debt may require a significant amount of cash. We may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our indebtedness, and we may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle for cash conversions of the 2023 Notes or to repurchase the 2023 Notes for cash upon a fundamental change, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
In February 2018, we issued $345 million aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Notes in a private offering. The interest rate is fixed at 0.25% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2018. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the 2023 Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance any future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. In addition, any of our future debt agreements may contain restrictive covenants that may prohibit us from adopting any of these alternatives. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of our debt.
In addition, holders of the 2023 Notes have the right to require us to repurchase their 2023 Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes) at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2023 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Upon conversion of the 2023 Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our Class A common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the 2023 Notes being converted. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of 2023 Notes surrendered therefor or 2023 Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the 2023 Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the 2023 Notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase 2023 Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture governing the notes or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the 2023 Notes as required by such indenture would constitute a default under such indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated
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after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the 2023 Notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.
In addition, our indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have other important consequences. For example, it could:

• | make us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general U.S. and worldwide economic, industry and competitive conditions and adverse changes in government regulation;

• | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry;

• | place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors who have less debt;

• | limit our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund acquisitions, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes; and

• | make an acquisition of our company less attractive or more difficult.

Any of these factors could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we incur additional indebtedness, the risks related to our business and our ability to service or repay our indebtedness would increase.
The conditional conversion feature of the 2023 Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2023 Notes is triggered, holders of 2023 Notes will be entitled to convert the 2023 Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their 2023 Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our Class A common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their 2023 Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
Transactions relating to our 2023 Notes may affect the value of our Class A common stock.
The conversion of some or all of the 2023 Notes would dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering shares of our Class A common stock upon any conversion of such 2023 Notes. Our 2023 Notes may become in the future convertible at the option of their holders under certain circumstances. If holders of our 2023 Notes elect to convert their notes, we may settle our conversion obligation by delivering to them a significant number of shares of our Class A common stock, which would cause dilution to our existing stockholders.
In addition, in connection with the issuance of the 2023 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with certain financial institutions (the Option Counterparties). We also entered into warrant transactions with the Option Counterparties pursuant to which we sold warrants for the purchase of our Class A common stock. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our Class A common stock upon any conversion or settlement of the 2023 Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted 2023 Notes, as the case may be. The warrant transactions could separately have a dilutive effect to the extent that the market price per share of our Class A common stock exceeds the strike price of any warrants unless, subject to the terms of the warrant transactions, we elect to cash settle the warrants.
From time to time, the Option Counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to our Class A common stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class A common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2023 Notes. This activity could cause a decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock.
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The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the 2023 Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.
Under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, which we refer to as ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments (such as the 2023 Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. ASC 470-20 requires the value of the conversion option of the 2023 Notes, representing the equity component, to be recorded as additional paid-in capital within stockholders’ equity in our consolidated balance sheet and as a discount to the 2023 Notes, which reduces their initial carrying value. The carrying value of the 2023 Notes, net of the discount recorded, will be accreted up to the principal amount of the 2023 Notes from the issuance date until maturity, which will result in non-cash charges to interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Accordingly, we will report lower net income or higher net loss in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s accretion of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our Class A common stock and the trading price of the 2023 Notes.
In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the 2023 Notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash are currently accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that the shares issuable upon conversion of the 2023 Notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share except to the extent that the conversion value of the 2023 Notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the number of shares of Class A common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are issued. We cannot be sure that the accounting standards in the future will continue to permit the use of the treasury stock method. If we are unable to use the treasury stock method in accounting for the shares issuable upon conversion of the 2023 Notes, then our diluted earnings per share would be harmed.
Item 6. Exhibits.
We have filed the exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Index to Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Incorporated by Reference from Form
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. |  | Exhibit 3.2 to Form S-1 filed on March 13, 2017
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws. |  | Exhibit 3.4 to Form S-1 filed on March 13, 2017
4.1 |  | Form of Class A Common Stock Certificate. |  | Exhibit 4.1 to Form S-1 filed on March 13, 2017
10.1 |  | Agreement of Lease between the Registrant and Six Thirty-Four Second Street dated December 11, 2014, as amended |  | Filed herewith
31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | Filed herewith
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | Filed herewith
32.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | Furnished herewith
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed herewith
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed herewith
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith

_______________________________________
* The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| Okta, Inc.
September 7, 2018 |  | /s/ | William E. Losch
|  |  | William E. Losch
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)

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