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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Apr. 30, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes

Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter, we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.

Our income tax provisions were $1.3 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended April 30, 2019 and 2018. The increase in the tax provisions was primarily driven by higher foreign tax expenses, resulting from higher year-over-year earnings in certain foreign jurisdictions as we continue to scale our foreign operations to support our ongoing international growth.

We review the likelihood that we will realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets and, therefore, the need for valuation allowances, on a quarterly basis. There is no corresponding income tax benefit recognized with respect to losses incurred and no corresponding income tax expense recognized with respect to earnings generated in jurisdictions with a valuation allowance. This causes variability in our effective tax rate. We maintain a valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets, including all federal, state, and certain foreign deferred tax assets as a result of uncertainties regarding the realization of the asset balance due to historical losses, the variability of operating results, and uncertainty regarding near term projected results. In the event that we determine the deferred tax assets are realizable based on its assessment of relevant factors, an adjustment to the valuation allowance may increase income in the period such determination is made.

As of April 30, 2019, our gross uncertain tax benefits totaled $9.7 million, excluding related accrued interest and penalties, all of which would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. Our policy is to account for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax provision. We do not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Earnings from international activities are subject to local country income tax. The material jurisdictions where we are subject to potential examination by taxing authorities include the U.S., California and Israel. We are currently under an income tax examination by the Israel Tax Authority for tax years 2013 through 2016. We are not currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service or any similar taxing authority in any other material jurisdiction. We believe that adequate amounts have been reserved in all jurisdictions.