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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Jan. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The domestic and foreign components of pre-tax loss were as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
U.S.$(240,175)$(228,476)$(460,627)
International10,683 24,920 32,419 
Loss before income taxes$(229,492)$(203,556)$(428,208)
The components of our income tax provision (benefit) were as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
Current
Federal$(35)$— $— 
State269 239 413 
Foreign15,951 3,277 2,838 
Total current16,185 3,516 3,251 
Deferred
Federal(243)— (7,083)
State5 (43)(2)
Foreign(2,172)1,330 2,084 
Total deferred(2,410)1,287 (5,001)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$13,775 $4,803 $(1,750)

The reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective tax rate was as follows:
Year Ended January 31,
(in percentage)202120202019
U.S statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes2.7 3.5 3.1 
Foreign tax rate differential0.1 0.5 0.3 
Increase (decrease) unrecognized tax benefit(5.6)— — 
Stock-based compensation87.1 47.2 17.5 
Change in valuation allowance(118.4)(80.3)(43.6)
Research and development credits9.1 8.2 4.0 
Other deferred adjustment(1.1)— — 
Other(0.9)(2.4)(1.9)
Effective tax rate(6.0)%(2.3)%0.4 %
The significant components of net deferred tax balances were as follows:
January 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforwards$682,872 $423,379 
Accruals and reserves14,744 5,668 
Stock-based compensation30,377 33,405 
Operating lease liability36,148 40,495 
Research and development credits60,386 39,480 
Other14,398 7,536 
Total deferred tax assets838,925 549,963 
Less: Valuation allowance(723,767)(445,746)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance115,158 104,217 
Deferred tax liabilities
Operating lease right-of-use asset(27,654)(32,736)
Deferred contract acquisition costs(61,432)(36,567)
Convertible debt(18,854)(24,737)
Acquired intangibles(11,939)(13,493)
Other(893)(1,457)
Total deferred tax liabilities(120,772)(108,990)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(5,614)$(4,773)

We intend to invest substantially all of our foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as our capital in our foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S. in those jurisdictions in which we would incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts. Therefore, no deferred tax liabilities for foreign withholding taxes have been recorded relating to the earnings of our foreign subsidiaries.
In the years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, total stock-based compensation expense was $286.9 million, $206.4 million and $411.0 million. Recognized tax benefits on total stock-based compensation expense, which are reflected in the "Provision for (benefit from) income taxes" in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, were $2.2 million, $1.0 million and $1.7 million in the years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

As of January 31, 2021, we had accumulated net operating loss carryforwards of $2.8 billion for federal and $1.3 billion for state. Of the federal net operating losses, $2.3 billion is carried forward indefinitely, but is limited to 80% of taxable income. The remaining federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2025 and 2021. As of January 31, 2021, we also had total foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $38.0 million, which do not expire under local law.

As of January 31, 2021, we had accumulated U.S. research tax credits of $63.9 million for federal and $17.0 million for state. The U.S. federal research tax credits will begin to expire in 2033. The U.S. state research tax credits do not expire.

Available net operating losses may be subject to annual limitations due to ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code, as amended (the "Code"), and similar state provisions. Under Section 382 of the Code, substantial changes in our ownership and the ownership of acquired companies may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that are available to offset taxable income. Our ability to carry forward our federal and state net operating losses is limited due to an ownership change that occurred in a prior fiscal year. This limitation has been accounted for in calculating the available net operating loss carryforwards. The foreign jurisdictions in which we operate may have similar provisions that may limit our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards incurred by entities that we have acquired. Additional limitations on the use of these tax attributes could occur in the event of possible disputes arising in examination from various taxing authorities.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of total unrecognized tax benefits was as follows:
January 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at February 1$12,885 $9,733 
Gross increase for tax positions of prior years2,012 90 
Gross decrease for tax positions of prior years— (94)
Gross increase for tax positions of current year18,882 3,156 
Unrecognized tax benefits balance at January 31$33,779 $12,885 

As of January 31, 2021, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would affect our effective tax rate, if recognized, would have been $15.9 million. A significant portion of the unrecognized tax benefit was recorded as a reduction in our gross deferred tax assets, offset by a reduction in our valuation allowance. We have net uncertain tax positions of $16.7 million, $3.3 million and $2.9 million included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

We do not expect our gross unrecognized tax benefit to change significantly within the next 12 months. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in provision for income taxes. As of January 31, 2021, accrued interest or penalties was $0.8 million.

Our tax years from inception in 2003 through January 31, 2021, remain subject to examination by the U.S. and California, as well as various other jurisdictions. We are under examination by the Israeli Tax Authorities for the calendar years 2016 through 2019.

We recognize valuation allowances on deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to our history of losses in the U.S., the net cumulative U.S. deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by $278.0 million in the year ended January 31, 2021 and by $163.6 million in the year ended January 31, 2020.

The following table represents the rollforward of our valuation allowance:
Year Ended January 31,
(in thousands)202120202019
Beginning balance$445,746 $282,141 $119,153 
Valuation allowance charged to income tax provision269,135 163,605 201,646 
Valuation allowance from acquisitions9,354 — — 
Convertible senior notes settled14,985 — — 
Convertible senior notes issued(15,453)— (31,594)
Acquisition of SpringCM— — (7,064)
Ending balance$723,767 $445,746 $282,141