License Agreements	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
License Agreements
License Agreements	Note 7. License Agreements Novartis In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to our JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib and certain back-up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back-up compounds in all indications. Under this agreement, we were initially eligible to receive up to $174.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $495.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $500.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones. In addition, we are eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to graft-versus-host-disease (“GVHD”). We have recognized and received, in the aggregate, $157.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $340.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $200.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2022. We recognize development and regulatory milestones upon confirmation of achievement of the event, as development and regulatory approvals are events not controllable by us but rather development activities of Novartis and decisions made by regulatory agencies. We recognize sales milestones in the corresponding period of the product sale upon confirmation of net sales milestone threshold achievement by Novartis. In April 2022, we recognized a $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the positive opinion issued by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the EMA that recommends granting marketing authorization for capmatinib (TABRECTA) as a monotherapy for the treatment of adults with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Additionally, in May 2022, we recognized a $45.0 million regulatory milestone as a result of the European Commission’s approval of JAKAVI (ruxolitinib) as the first post-steroid treatment for acute and chronic GVHD. We also are eligible to receive tiered, double-digit royalties ranging from the upper-teens to the mid-twenties on future JAKAVI net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on TABRECTA net sales that range from 12% to 14%. We are obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future JAKAFI net sales within the United States contingent on certain conditions. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, such royalties on net sales within the United States totaled $113.1 million, $99.6 million and $89.9 million, respectively, and were reflected in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $253.5 million and $148.1 million, respectively, of accrued royalties were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, payment of which is dependent on the outcome of a contract dispute with Novartis. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib. The Novartis agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach. Milestone and contract revenue under the Novartis agreement was $60.0 million, $0.0 million and $170.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $331.6 million, $338.0 million and $277.9 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 we recorded $15.4 million, $10.4 million and $4.1 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of TABRECTA worldwide. Lilly - Baricitinib In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to our JAK inhibitor baricitinib, and certain back-up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Under this agreement, we were initially eligible to receive up to $150.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $365.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $150.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones. We have recognized and received, in aggregate, $149.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $335.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $50.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2022. We are also eligible to receive tiered, double-digit royalties on future global sales with rates ranging up to the mid-twenties if a product is successfully commercialized. We recognize development and regulatory milestones upon confirmation of achievement of the event, as development and regulatory approvals are events not controllable by us but rather development activities of Lilly and decisions made by regulatory agencies. We recognize sales milestones in the corresponding period of the product sale upon confirmation of net sales milestone threshold achievement by Lilly. In May 2020, we amended our agreement with Lilly to enable Lilly to develop and commercialize baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19. As part of the amended agreement, in addition to the royalties described above, we will be entitled to receive additional royalty payments with rates in the low teens on global net sales of baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19 that exceed a specified aggregate global net sales threshold. In June 2022, we recognized a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the FDA approval of OLUMIANT as a first-in-disease systemic treatment for adults with severe alopecia areata. Additionally, in June 2022, we recognized a $20.0 million regulatory milestone for the European Commission’s approval for OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata, and a $10.0 million regulatory milestone for the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan’s approval for OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata in Japan. The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach. Milestone and contract revenue under the Lilly agreement was $70.0 million, $50.0 million and $30.0 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $134.5 million, $220.9 million and $110.9 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Lilly net sales of OLUMIANT outside the United States. Lilly – Ruxolitinib In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that amended the non-compete provision of the agreement to allow us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. In May 2019, the approval of JAKAFI in steroid-refractory acute GVHD triggered a $20.0 million milestone payment to Lilly. In March 2022, the positive recommendation from the European Medicines Agency for regulatory approval of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field triggered an additional $20.0 million milestone payment to Lilly, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations. Agenus In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, which was amended in February 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. Under the terms of the amended agreement, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3 as well as two undisclosed targets. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. There are currently no profit-share programs. For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and one undisclosed target, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%. For GITR and one undisclosed target, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales. The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach. On October 19, 2022 we notified Agenus that we were terminating the OX40 project. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid Agenus milestones totaling $30.0 million and Agenus is eligible to receive up to an additional $500.0 million in future contingent development, regulatory and commercialization milestones across all programs in the collaboration. In addition, in 2017 we also agreed to purchase 10.0 million shares of Agenus common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $60.0 million in cash, or $6.00 per share. In 2020, we sold an aggregate of approximately 3.7 million shares of Agenus common stock resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $17.2 million. In 2021, we sold an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million shares of Agenus common stock resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $10.5 million. The fair market value of our long term investment in Agenus as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $29.0 million and $38.9 million, respectively. We are accounting for our shares held in Agenus at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $9.9 million, an unrealized gain of $4.6 million and an unrealized loss of $10.3 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Agenus Inc.’s common stock during the respective periods. Merus In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. (“Merus”). Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform. The collaboration encompasses up to ten independent programs. In January 2022, we decided to opt-out of the continued development of MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137. We continue to collaborate with Merus and leverage the Merus platform to develop a pipeline of novel agents, as we continue to hold worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs. Of these ten additional programs, Merus retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs. If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise. Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute. We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs. For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus is eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales. For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus is eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States. If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid Merus milestones totaling $3.0 million, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations. The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement. If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs. In addition, in 2016 we entered into a Share Subscription Agreement with Merus, pursuant to which we purchased 3.2 million common shares of Merus for an aggregate purchase price of $80.0 million in cash, or $25.00 per share. In January 2021, we purchased 350,000 common shares in Merus’ underwritten public offering of 4,848,485 common shares at the public offering price of $24.75 per share, or an aggregate purchase price of $8.7 million. The fair market value of our total long term investment in Merus as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $54.9 million and $112.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we owned approximately 8% of the outstanding common shares of Merus. We have concluded that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Merus based primarily on our ownership interest, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Merus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors. We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Merus whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $58.0 million, an unrealized gain of $48.1 million, and an unrealized gain of $11.0 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Merus’ common shares during the respective periods. Calithera In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. (“Calithera”). Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including INCB01158. We had initially agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications, but effective September 30, 2020 Calithera opted out of its co-funding obligation, and we became responsible for funding all of the development costs of INCB01158 and any other licensed products. In December 2022, the Collaboration and License Agreement was terminated. As a result of the termination, rights to INCB01158 and the other licensed products reverted to Calithera. In addition, in 2017, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Calithera, pursuant to which we purchased 1.7 million shares of Calithera common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $8.0 million in cash, or $4.65 per share. In June 2022, Calithera effected a one-for-twenty reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock, adjusting our ownership to 86,021 shares of Calithera’s common stock. The fair market value of our long term investment in Calithera as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Through December 31, 2022, we accounted for our shares held in Calithera at fair value whereby the investment was marked to market through earnings in each reporting period, and we classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $0.9 million, $7.3 million, and $1.4 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Calithera’s common stock during the respective periods. During January 2023, Calithera announced that its Board of Directors approved the dissolution of Calithera and the complete liquidation of its assets. Subsequent to this announcement, in January 2023, we sold all of our remaining shares of Calithera common stock. MacroGenics In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”). Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012 (formerly MGA012), an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen. MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012. In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012. In July 2022, we amended our agreement with MacroGenics to reflect changes related to the payment of certain milestones and paid MacroGenics $30.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid MacroGenics developmental milestones totaling $100.0 million. After the amendment, MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to an additional $335.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $330.0 million in sales milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales. The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, also included $89.2 million, $72.3 million and $59.0 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the MacroGenics agreement. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, a total of $2.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Syros In January 2018, we entered into a Target Discovery, Research Collaboration and Option Agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syros”). Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets. We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets. We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and up to $65.0 million in potential sales milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration. In addition, in 2018, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros, pursuant to which we purchased 0.8 million shares of Syros common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million in cash, or $12.61 per share. Subsequently in 2018, we entered into an Amended Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros, pursuant to which we purchased an additional 0.1 million shares of Syros common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.4 million in cash, or $9.55 per share. In September 2022, Syros effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock, adjusting our ownership to 93,753 shares of Syros’s common stock. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syros as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively. We are accounting for our shares held in Syros at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $2.7 million, an unrealized loss of $7.1 million and an unrealized gain of $3.7 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Syros’ common stock during the respective periods. Zai Lab In July 2019, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Zai Lab Limited (collectively, “Zai Lab”). Under the terms of this agreement, Zai Lab received development and exclusive commercialization rights to INCMGA0012 in hematology and oncology in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In November 2022, Zai Lab sent us notice of its termination of the agreement, effective January 11, 2023. MorphoSys In January 2020, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with MorphoSys AG and MorphoSys US Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of MorphoSys AG (together with MorphoSys AG, “MorphoSys”), covering the worldwide development and commercialization of MOR208 (tafasitamab), an investigational Fc engineered monoclonal antibody directed against the target molecule CD19 that was under clinical development by MorphoSys at the beginning of the agreement, and has subsequently been commercialized as MONJUVI/MINJUVI. MorphoSys has exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to tafasitamab under a June 2010 collaboration and license agreement with Xencor, Inc. Under the terms of the agreement, we received exclusive commercialization rights outside of the United States, and MorphoSys and we have co-commercialization rights in the United States, with respect to tafasitamab. MorphoSys is responsible for leading the commercialization strategy and booking all revenue from sales of tafasitamab in the United States, and we and MorphoSys are both responsible for commercialization efforts in the United States and will share equally the profits and losses from the co-commercialization efforts. We will lead the commercialization strategy outside of the United States, and will be responsible for commercialization efforts and book all revenue from sales of tafasitamab outside of the United States, subject to our royalty payment obligations set forth below. We and MorphoSys have agreed to co-develop tafasitamab and to share development costs associated with global and U.S.-specific clinical trials, with Incyte responsible for 55% of such costs and MorphoSys responsible for 45% of such costs. Each company is responsible for funding any independent development activities, and we are responsible for funding development activities specific to territories outside of the United States. All development costs related to the collaboration are subject to a joint development plan. In 2020, we paid MorphoSys an upfront non-refundable payment of $750.0 million. MorphoSys is eligible to receive up to $737.5 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $315.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from the mid-teens to mid-twenties of net sales outside of the United States. MorphoSys’ right to receive royalties in any particular country will expire upon the last to occur of (a) the expiration of patent rights in that particular country, (b) a specified period of time after the first post-marketing authorization sale of a licensed product comprising tafasitamab in that country, and (c) the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity for that licensed product in that country. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid MorphoSys milestones totaling $2.5 million, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations. In addition, under the terms of the agreement and pursuant to a related purchase agreement, we purchased American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing 0.25 of an ordinary share of MorphoSys AG, for an aggregate purchase price of $150.0 million or $41.33 per ADS (such ADSs to be purchased, the “New ADSs”). The fair market value of our long term investment in MorphoSys as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $13.0 million and $34.2 million, respectively. We are accounting for our shares held in MorphoSys at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 we recorded an unrealized loss of $21.2 million, an unrealized loss of $68.7 million, and an unrealized gain of $7.4 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of MorphoSys’ common stock during the respective periods. Our 50% share of the United States loss for the commercialization of tafasitamab for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $8.0 million, $37.0 million, and $42.8 million respectively, and is recorded as (profit) and loss sharing under collaboration agreements on the consolidated statement of operations. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, included $99.7 million, $77.0 million, and $88.2 million, respectively, of costs for tafasitamab including our 55% share of the co-development costs. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $28.5 million and $21.5 million, respectively, was included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet for amounts due to MorphoSys under the agreement. Syndax In September 2021, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syndax”), covering the worldwide development and commercialization of SNDX-6352 (“axatilimab”). Axatilimab, currently in clinical development by Syndax, is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor. Syndax has exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to axatilimab under a June 2016 license agreement with UCB Biopharma Sprl. The agreement became effective in December 2021. Under the terms of the agreement, we received exclusive commercialization rights outside of the United States, and Syndax and we have co-commercialization rights in the United States, with respect to axatilimab. We will be responsible for leading the commercialization strategy and booking all revenue from sales of axatilimab globally, and Syndax will have the option to co-commercialization axatilimab with Incyte in the United States. Incyte and Syndax will share equally the profits and losses from the co-commercialization efforts in the United States. Sales of axatilimab outside the United States will be subject to our royalty payment obligations to Syndax, as set forth below. We and Syndax have agreed to co-develop axatilimab and to share development costs associated with global and U.S.-specific clinical trials, with Incyte responsible for 55% of such costs and Syndax responsible for 45% of such costs. Each company is responsible for funding any independent development activities. All development costs related to the collaboration are subject to a joint development plan. In December 2021, we paid Syndax an upfront, non-refundable payment of $117.0 million, which was recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. Syndax is eligible to receive up to $220.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $230.0 million in sales milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging in the mid-teens on net sales in Europe and Japan and low double digit percentage on net sales in the rest of the world outside of the United States. Syndax’ right to receive royalties in any particular country will expire upon the last to occur of (a) the expiration of patent rights in that particular country, (b) a specified period of time after the first post-marketing authorization sale of a licensed product comprising axatilimab in that country, and (c) the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity for that licensed product in that country. In addition, under the terms of the agreement and pursuant to a related stock purchase agreement, we purchased approximately 1.4 million shares of Syndax common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $35.0 million, or $24.62 per share. We completed the purchase of the shares on December 9, 2021 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $17.48 per share. Of the $35.0 million aggregate purchase price paid, $24.8 million was allocated to our stock purchase and was recorded within long term investments and $10.2 million, representing premium paid on the purchase, was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syndax as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $36.2 million and $31.1 million, respectively. We are accounting for our shares held in Syndax at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded an unrealized gain of $5.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Syndax’s common stock during the period. CMS Aesthetics Limited In December 2022, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with CMS Aesthetics Limited, a dermatology medical aesthetic company and subsidiary of China Medical System Holdings Limited ("CMS"), for the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory dermatologic diseases in Greater China and Southeast Asia. In December 2022, we recognized an upfront payment under this agreement of $30.0 million upon our transfer of the functional intellectual property related to ruxolitinib cream to CMS, which was recorded in milestone and contract revenues on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. We are eligible to receive additional potential development and regulatory milestones, as well as sales milestones, and royalties on net sales of the licensed product in CMS’ territory. CMS received an exclusive license to develop and commercialize and a non-exclusive license to manufacture ruxolitinib cream, and potentially other future topical formulations of ruxolitinib, in autoimmune and inflammatory dermatologic diseases, including vitiligo and atopic dermatitis, for patients in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. Other Agreements In addition to the license and collaboration agreements discussed above, we have various other license and collaboration agreements that are not individually material to our operating results or financial condition at this time. Pursuant to the terms of those agreements, we may be required to pay, or we may receive, additional amounts contingent upon the occurrence of various future events such as future discovery, development, regulatory or commercial milestones, which in the aggregate could be material. In addition, if any products related to these collaborations are approved for sale, we may be required to pay, or we may receive, royalties on future sales. The payment or receipt of these amounts, however, is contingent upon the occurrence of various future events, the likelihood of which cannot presently be determined.

In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to our JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib and certain back-up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back-up compounds in all indications.

Under this agreement, we were initially eligible to receive up to $174.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $495.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $500.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones. In addition, we are eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to graft-versus-host-disease (“GVHD”). We have recognized and received, in the aggregate, $157.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $340.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $200.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2022.

We recognize development and regulatory milestones upon confirmation of achievement of the event, as development and regulatory approvals are events not controllable by us but rather development activities of Novartis and decisions made by regulatory agencies. We recognize sales milestones in the corresponding period of the product sale upon confirmation of net sales milestone threshold achievement by Novartis.

In April 2022, we recognized a $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the positive opinion issued by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the EMA that recommends granting marketing authorization for capmatinib (TABRECTA) as a monotherapy for the treatment of adults with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Additionally, in May 2022, we recognized a $45.0 million regulatory milestone as a result of the European Commission’s approval of JAKAVI (ruxolitinib) as the first post-steroid treatment for acute and chronic GVHD.

We also are eligible to receive tiered, double-digit royalties ranging from the upper-teens to the mid-twenties on future JAKAVI net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on TABRECTA net sales that range from 12% to 14%. We are obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future JAKAFI net sales within the United States contingent on certain conditions. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, such royalties on net sales within the United States totaled $113.1 million, $99.6 million and $89.9 million, respectively, and were reflected in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $253.5 million and $148.1 million, respectively, of accrued royalties were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, payment of which is dependent on the outcome of a contract dispute with Novartis. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib.

The Novartis agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Novartis agreement was $60.0 million, $0.0 million and $170.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $331.6 million, $338.0 million and $277.9 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 we recorded $15.4 million, $10.4 million and $4.1 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of TABRECTA worldwide.

In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to our JAK inhibitor baricitinib, and certain back-up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Under this agreement, we were initially eligible to receive up to $150.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $365.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $150.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones. We have recognized and received, in aggregate, $149.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $335.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $50.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2022. We are also eligible to receive tiered, double-digit royalties on future global sales with rates ranging up to the mid-twenties if a product is successfully commercialized.

We recognize development and regulatory milestones upon confirmation of achievement of the event, as development and regulatory approvals are events not controllable by us but rather development activities of Lilly and decisions made by regulatory agencies. We recognize sales milestones in the corresponding period of the product sale upon confirmation of net sales milestone threshold achievement by Lilly.

In May 2020, we amended our agreement with Lilly to enable Lilly to develop and commercialize baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19. As part of the amended agreement, in addition to the royalties described above, we will be entitled to receive additional royalty payments with rates in the low teens on global net sales of baricitinib for the treatment of COVID-19 that exceed a specified aggregate global net sales threshold.

In June 2022, we recognized a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the FDA approval of OLUMIANT as a first-in-disease systemic treatment for adults with severe alopecia areata. Additionally, in June 2022, we recognized a $20.0 million regulatory milestone for the European Commission’s approval for OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata, and a $10.0 million regulatory milestone for the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan’s approval for OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata in Japan.

The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Lilly agreement was $70.0 million, $50.0 million and $30.0 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $134.5 million, $220.9 million and $110.9 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Lilly net sales of OLUMIANT outside the United States.

In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that amended the non-compete provision of the agreement to allow us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. In May 2019, the approval of JAKAFI in steroid-refractory acute GVHD triggered a $20.0 million milestone payment to Lilly. In March 2022, the positive recommendation from the European Medicines Agency for regulatory approval of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field triggered an additional $20.0 million milestone payment to Lilly, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, which was amended in February 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. Under the terms of the amended agreement, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3 as well as two undisclosed targets. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. There are currently no profit-share programs. For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and one undisclosed target, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%. For GITR and one undisclosed target, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales. The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach. On October 19, 2022 we notified Agenus that we were terminating the OX40 project.

In addition, in 2017 we also agreed to purchase 10.0 million shares of Agenus common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $60.0 million in cash, or $6.00 per share. In 2020, we sold an aggregate of approximately 3.7 million shares of Agenus common stock resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $17.2 million. In 2021, we sold an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million shares of Agenus common stock resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $10.5 million. The fair market value of our long term investment in Agenus as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $29.0 million and $38.9 million, respectively.

We are accounting for our shares held in Agenus at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $9.9 million, an unrealized gain of $4.6 million and an unrealized loss of $10.3 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Agenus Inc.’s common stock during the respective periods.

In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. (“Merus”). Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform. The collaboration encompasses up to ten independent programs.

In January 2022, we decided to opt-out of the continued development of MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137. We continue to collaborate with Merus and leverage the Merus platform to develop a pipeline of novel agents, as we continue to hold worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs. Of these ten additional programs, Merus retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs. If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise. Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute. We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs.

For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus is eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales. For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus is eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States. If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid Merus milestones totaling $3.0 million, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement. If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs.

In addition, in 2016 we entered into a Share Subscription Agreement with Merus, pursuant to which we purchased 3.2 million common shares of Merus for an aggregate purchase price of $80.0 million in cash, or $25.00 per share. In January 2021, we purchased 350,000 common shares in Merus’ underwritten public offering of 4,848,485 common shares at the public offering price of $24.75 per share, or an aggregate purchase price of $8.7 million. The fair market value of our total long term investment in Merus as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $54.9 million and $112.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we owned approximately 8% of the outstanding common shares of Merus.

We have concluded that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Merus based primarily on our ownership interest, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Merus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors. We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Merus whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $58.0 million, an unrealized gain of $48.1 million, and an unrealized gain of $11.0 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Merus’ common shares during the respective periods.

In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. (“Calithera”). Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including INCB01158. We had initially agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications, but effective September 30, 2020 Calithera opted out of its co-funding obligation, and we became responsible for funding all of the development costs of INCB01158 and any other licensed products. In December 2022, the Collaboration and License Agreement was terminated. As a result of the termination, rights to INCB01158 and the other licensed products reverted to Calithera.

In addition, in 2017, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Calithera, pursuant to which we purchased 1.7 million shares of Calithera common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $8.0 million in cash, or $4.65 per share. In June 2022, Calithera effected a one-for-twenty reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock, adjusting our ownership to 86,021 shares of Calithera’s common stock. The fair market value of our long term investment in Calithera as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Through December 31, 2022, we accounted for our shares held in Calithera at fair value whereby the investment was marked to market through earnings in each reporting period, and we classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $0.9 million, $7.3 million, and $1.4 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Calithera’s common stock during the respective periods.

In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”). Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012 (formerly MGA012), an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen. MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012. In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012.

In July 2022, we amended our agreement with MacroGenics to reflect changes related to the payment of certain milestones and paid MacroGenics $30.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid MacroGenics developmental milestones totaling $100.0 million. After the amendment, MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to an additional $335.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $330.0 million in sales milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales.

The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, also included $89.2 million, $72.3 million and $59.0 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the MacroGenics agreement. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, a total of $2.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

In January 2018, we entered into a Target Discovery, Research Collaboration and Option Agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syros”). Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets. We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets. We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and up to $65.0 million in potential sales milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration.

In addition, in 2018, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros, pursuant to which we purchased 0.8 million shares of Syros common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million in cash, or $12.61 per share. Subsequently in 2018, we entered into an Amended Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros, pursuant to which we purchased an additional 0.1 million shares of Syros common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.4 million in cash, or $9.55 per share. In September 2022, Syros effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock, adjusting our ownership to 93,753 shares of Syros’s common stock. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syros as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

We are accounting for our shares held in Syros at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded an unrealized loss of $2.7 million, an unrealized loss of $7.1 million and an unrealized gain of $3.7 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Syros’ common stock during the respective periods.

In July 2019, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Zai Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Zai Lab Limited (collectively, “Zai Lab”). Under the terms of this agreement, Zai Lab received development and exclusive commercialization rights to INCMGA0012 in hematology and oncology in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In November 2022, Zai Lab sent us notice of its termination of the agreement, effective January 11, 2023.

In January 2020, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with MorphoSys AG and MorphoSys US Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of MorphoSys AG (together with MorphoSys AG, “MorphoSys”), covering the worldwide development and commercialization of MOR208 (tafasitamab), an investigational Fc engineered monoclonal antibody directed against the target molecule CD19 that was under clinical development by MorphoSys at the beginning of the agreement, and has subsequently been commercialized as MONJUVI/MINJUVI. MorphoSys has exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to tafasitamab under a June 2010 collaboration and license agreement with Xencor, Inc.

Under the terms of the agreement, we received exclusive commercialization rights outside of the United States, and MorphoSys and we have co-commercialization rights in the United States, with respect to tafasitamab. MorphoSys is responsible for leading the commercialization strategy and booking all revenue from sales of tafasitamab in the United States, and we and MorphoSys are both responsible for commercialization efforts in the United States and will share equally the profits and losses from the co-commercialization efforts. We will lead the commercialization strategy outside of the United States, and will be responsible for commercialization efforts and book all revenue from sales of tafasitamab outside of the United States, subject to our royalty payment obligations set forth below. We and MorphoSys have agreed to co-develop tafasitamab and to share development costs associated with global and U.S.-specific clinical trials, with Incyte responsible for 55% of such costs and MorphoSys responsible for 45% of such costs. Each company is responsible for funding any independent development activities, and we are responsible for funding development activities specific to territories outside of the United States. All development costs related to the collaboration are subject to a joint development plan.

In 2020, we paid MorphoSys an upfront non-refundable payment of $750.0 million. MorphoSys is eligible to receive up to $737.5 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $315.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from the mid-teens to mid-twenties of net sales outside of the United States. MorphoSys’ right to receive royalties in any particular country will expire upon the last to occur of (a) the expiration of patent rights in that particular country, (b) a specified period of time after the first post-marketing authorization sale of a licensed product comprising tafasitamab in that country, and (c) the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity for that licensed product in that country. As of December 31, 2022, we have paid MorphoSys milestones totaling $2.5 million, which was recorded as research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

In addition, under the terms of the agreement and pursuant to a related purchase agreement, we purchased American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing 0.25 of an ordinary share of MorphoSys AG, for an aggregate purchase price of $150.0 million or $41.33 per ADS (such ADSs to be purchased, the “New ADSs”). The fair market value of our long term investment in MorphoSys as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $13.0 million and $34.2 million, respectively.

We are accounting for our shares held in MorphoSys at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 we recorded an unrealized loss of $21.2 million, an unrealized loss of $68.7 million, and an unrealized gain of $7.4 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of MorphoSys’ common stock during the respective periods.

Our 50% share of the United States loss for the commercialization of tafasitamab for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $8.0 million, $37.0 million, and $42.8 million respectively, and is recorded as (profit) and loss sharing under collaboration agreements on the consolidated statement of operations. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, included $99.7 million, $77.0 million, and $88.2 million, respectively, of costs for tafasitamab including our 55% share of the co-development costs. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $28.5 million and $21.5 million, respectively, was included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet for amounts due to MorphoSys under the agreement.

In September 2021, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syndax”), covering the worldwide development and commercialization of SNDX-6352 (“axatilimab”). Axatilimab, currently in clinical development by Syndax, is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor. Syndax has exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to axatilimab under a June 2016 license agreement with UCB Biopharma Sprl. The agreement became effective in December 2021.

Under the terms of the agreement, we received exclusive commercialization rights outside of the United States, and Syndax and we have co-commercialization rights in the United States, with respect to axatilimab. We will be responsible for leading the commercialization strategy and booking all revenue from sales of axatilimab globally, and Syndax will have the option to co-commercialization axatilimab with Incyte in the United States. Incyte and Syndax will share equally the profits and losses from the co-commercialization efforts in the United States. Sales of axatilimab outside the United States will be subject to our royalty payment obligations to Syndax, as set forth below. We and Syndax have agreed to co-develop axatilimab and to share development costs associated with global and U.S.-specific clinical trials, with Incyte responsible for 55% of such costs and Syndax responsible for 45% of such costs. Each company is responsible for funding any independent development activities. All development costs related to the collaboration are subject to a joint development plan.

In December 2021, we paid Syndax an upfront, non-refundable payment of $117.0 million, which was recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. Syndax is eligible to receive up to $220.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $230.0 million in sales milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging in the mid-teens on net sales in Europe and Japan and low double digit percentage on net sales in the rest of the world outside of the United States. Syndax’ right to receive royalties in any particular country will expire upon the last to occur of (a) the expiration of patent rights in that particular country, (b) a specified period of time after the first post-marketing authorization sale of a licensed product comprising axatilimab in that country, and (c) the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity for that licensed product in that country.

In addition, under the terms of the agreement and pursuant to a related stock purchase agreement, we purchased approximately 1.4 million shares of Syndax common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $35.0 million, or $24.62 per share. We completed the purchase of the shares on December 9, 2021 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $17.48 per share. Of the $35.0 million aggregate purchase price paid, $24.8 million was allocated to our stock purchase and was recorded within long term investments and $10.2 million, representing premium paid on the purchase, was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syndax as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $36.2 million and $31.1 million, respectively.

We are accounting for our shares held in Syndax at fair value whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded an unrealized gain of $5.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Syndax’s common stock during the period.

In December 2022, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with CMS Aesthetics Limited, a dermatology medical aesthetic company and subsidiary of China Medical System Holdings Limited ("CMS"), for the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory dermatologic diseases in Greater China and Southeast Asia. In December 2022, we recognized an upfront payment under this agreement of $30.0 million upon our transfer of the functional intellectual property related to ruxolitinib cream to CMS, which was recorded in milestone and contract revenues on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. We are eligible to receive additional potential development and regulatory milestones, as well as sales milestones, and royalties on net sales of the licensed product in CMS’ territory. CMS received an exclusive license to develop and commercialize and a non-exclusive license to manufacture ruxolitinib cream, and potentially other future topical formulations of ruxolitinib, in autoimmune and inflammatory dermatologic diseases, including vitiligo and atopic dermatitis, for patients in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Southeast Asia.

In addition to the license and collaboration agreements discussed above, we have various other license and collaboration agreements that are not individually material to our operating results or financial condition at this time. Pursuant to the terms of those agreements, we may be required to pay, or we may receive, additional amounts contingent upon the occurrence of various future events such as future discovery, development, regulatory or commercial milestones, which in the aggregate could be material. In addition, if any products related to these collaborations are approved for sale, we may be required to pay, or we may receive, royalties on future sales. The payment or receipt of these amounts, however, is contingent upon the occurrence of various future events, the likelihood of which cannot presently be determined.