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Employee Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Employee Benefit Plans
Note 15. Employee Benefit Plans
Defined Contribution Plans
We have a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering all U.S. employees and defined contribution plans for other Incyte employees in Europe and Japan. Employees may contribute a portion of their compensation, which is then matched by us, subject to certain limitations. Defined contribution expense was $18.7 million, $16.7 million and $13.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We have defined benefit pension plans for our employees in Europe which provide benefits to employees upon retirement, death or disability. The assets of the pension plans are held in collective investment accounts represented by the cash surrender value of an insurance policy and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
The pension plans assumptions reflect the expected investment return and discount rate on plan assets and disability rate probabilities. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 for the plans was determined using a discount rate of 2.20% and rate of compensation increase of 2.25%. The 2022 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using discount rates of 0.20%, rates of compensation increase of 2.00% and long term expected return on plan assets of 4.50%. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2021 for the plans was determined using a discount rate of 0.20% and rate of compensation increase of 2.00%. The 2021 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using discount rates of 0.10%, rates of compensation increase of 2.00% and long term expected return on plan assets of 0.10%.
Summarized information regarding changes in the obligations and plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recorded were as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20222021
Benefit obligation, beginning of year$131,966 $97,959 
Employer service cost9,855 7,977 
Interest cost251 92 
Plan participants' contributions3,649 2,795 
Actuarial (gain) loss(33,783)7,618 
Plan change— 5,595 
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund3,295 12,834 
Expenses paid from assets(87)(117)
Translation gain(1,441)(2,787)
Benefit obligation, end of year113,705 131,966 
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year93,995 61,265 
Actual return on plan assets(5,257)12,396 
Employer contributions7,617 6,858 
Plan participants' contributions3,649 2,795 
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund3,295 12,834 
Expenses paid from assets(87)(117)
Translation loss(1,189)(2,036)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year102,023 93,995 
Unfunded liability, end of year$11,682 $37,971 
The unfunded liability is reported in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The accumulated benefit obligation is $105.1 million and $120.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The net periodic benefit cost was as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Service cost$9,855 $7,977 $6,047 
Interest cost251 92 193 
Expected return on plan assets(4,184)(60)(126)
Amortization of prior service cost773 217 216 
Amortization of actuarial losses356 1,154 667 
Net periodic benefit cost$7,051 $9,380 $6,997 
The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Other changes in the plans assets and the benefit obligation that is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows, net of tax (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Pension liability, beginning of year$23,677 $23,831 $15,468 
Plan amendment— 6,017 — 
Net prior service costs(773)(217)(216)
Net (gain) loss(24,603)(5,954)8,579 
Pension (asset) liability, end of year$(1,699)$23,677 $23,831 
We expect to contribute a total of $8.0 million to the pension plans in 2023. The following payments are expected to be paid from the fund (in thousands):
2023$5,330 
20245,514 
20256,259 
20265,995 
20276,696 
2028-203142,436 
Total$72,230