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Investments | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments | Investments Our fixed maturity securities investments have been designated as available-for-sale ("AFS"), and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI, net of associated adjustments for DAC, VOBA, DSI, unearned revenue ("UREV"), SOP 03-1 reserves, and deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings. The Company’s consolidated investments at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows (in millions):
| March 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 9,137 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | (207) |  |  | $ | 9,058 |  |  | $ | 9,058 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,951 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 170 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | 3,052 |
Corporates | 16,480 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 188 |  |  | (1,124) |  |  | 15,541 |  |  | 15,541 |
Hybrids | 832 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 849 |  |  | 849 |
Municipals | 1,444 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | (89) |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 1,372 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 801 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (39) |  |  | 761 |  |  | 761 |
U.S. Government | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 587 |  |  | 587 |
Foreign Governments | 269 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 258 |  |  | 258 |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 32,508 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | (1,564) |  |  | $ | 31,478 |  |  | $ | 31,478 |
| December 31, 2021
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 8,516 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 8,695 |  |  | $ | 8,695 |
Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities | 2,684 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 308 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 2,979 |  |  | 2,979 |
Corporates | 15,822 |  |  | — |  |  | 830 |  |  | (158) |  |  | 16,494 |  |  | 16,494 |
Hybrids | 838 |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | 912 |  |  | 912 |
Municipals | 1,445 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 1,501 |  |  | 1,501 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 731 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 731 |  |  | 731 |
U.S. Government | 393 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 394 |  |  | 394 |
Foreign Governments | 276 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 284 |  |  | 284 |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 30,705 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | (225) |  |  | $ | 31,990 |  |  | $ | 31,990 |
Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $15,578 million and $22,343 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company held no material investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $278 million and $253 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $2,840 million and $2,469 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
| March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| (in millions) |  | (in millions)
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 439 |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 431 |
Due after one year through five years | 3,320 |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | 2,998 |  |  | 3,051 |
Due after five years through ten years | 2,378 |  |  | 2,295 |  |  | 2,389 |  |  | 2,458 |
Due after ten years | 13,456 |  |  | 12,590 |  |  | 12,930 |  |  | 13,608 |
Subtotal | 19,593 |  |  | 18,578 |  |  | 18,743 |  |  | 19,548 |
Other securities which provide for periodic payments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 9,137 |  |  | 9,058 |  |  | 8,516 |  |  | 8,695 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,951 |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | 2,684 |  |  | 2,979 |
Structured hybrids | 26 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 37 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 801 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 731 |  |  | 731 |
Subtotal | 12,915 |  |  | 12,900 |  |  | 11,962 |  |  | 12,442 |
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | 32,508 |  |  | $ | 31,478 |  |  | $ | 30,705 |  |  | $ | 31,990 |
Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: •The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; •The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); •The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); •Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral; •Expected future default rates; •Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; •Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and •Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e. the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and losses, net in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through to interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost is necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; or • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible (generally based on proximity to expected credit loss), an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in AOCI. The activity in the allowance for expected credit losses of AFS securities aggregated by investment category were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
|  | Additions |  |  | Reductions |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at Beginning of Period | For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded | For initial credit losses on purchased securities accounted for as PCD financial assets (1) | (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities |  |  | For securities sold during the period | For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis | Write-offs charged against the allowance | Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  |  |  | Balance at End of Period
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | (3) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | (2) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Corporates | — |  | (3) |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | (3) |  | — |  | — |  | (2) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | (8) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (2) |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (11) |
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
|  | Additions |  |  | Reductions |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at Beginning of Period | For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded | For initial credit losses on purchased securities accounted for as PCD financial assets (1) | (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities |  |  | For securities sold during the period | For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis | Write-offs charged against the allowance | Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  |  |  | Balance at End of Period
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | $ | — |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |
Corporates | (16) |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | 3 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | (3) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | (19) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (7) |
(1) Purchased credit deteriorated financial assets ("PCD") PCDs are AFS securities purchased at a discount, where part of that discount is attributable to credit. Credit loss allowances are calculated for these securities as of the date of their acquisition, with the initial allowance serving to increase amortized cost. There were no purchases of PCD AFS securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or 2021.
The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows (dollars in millions):
| March 31, 2022
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 5,910 |  |  | $ | (179) |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 6,258 |  |  | $ | (207) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,205 |  |  | (62) |  |  | 44 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | (67) |
Corporates | 10,103 |  |  | (817) |  |  | 1,613 |  |  | (307) |  |  | 11,716 |  |  | (1,124) |
Hybrids | 407 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | (14) |
Municipals | 954 |  |  | (72) |  |  | 131 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | (89) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 609 |  |  | (37) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 628 |  |  | (39) |
U.S. Government | 327 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 30 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 357 |  |  | (10) |
Foreign Government | 152 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 12 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 164 |  |  | (14) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 19,667 |  |  | $ | (1,201) |  |  | $ | 2,199 |  |  | $ | (363) |  |  | $ | 21,866 |  |  | $ | (1,564) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,321 |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 223
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,544 |
| December 31, 2021
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 4,410 |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 4,556 |  |  | $ | (38) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 603 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 604 |  |  | (11) |
Corporates | 5,391 |  |  | (132) |  |  | 394 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 5,785 |  |  | (158) |
Hybrids | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Municipals | 410 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 85 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 495 |  |  | (11) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 325 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 336 |  |  | (4) |
U.S. Government | 219 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 223 |  |  | (2) |
Foreign Government | 82 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | (1) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 11,443 |  |  | $ | (185) |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | 12,089 |  |  | $ | (225) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,056
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,124 |
We determined the increase in unrealized losses as of March 31, 2022 was caused by higher treasury rates as well as wider spreads. This is in part due to the Federal Reserve's action to increase rates in efforts to combat inflation. Inflation in the first quarter of 2022 has been compounded by supply chain issues stemming from additional COVID-19 restrictions in China, as well as higher energy prices as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022, our allowance for expected credit loss was $11 million. We believe that unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of March 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and uncertainty caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs") represented approximately 7% of our total investments as of March 31, 2022. We primarily invest in mortgage loans on income producing properties including hotels, industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions):
| March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Property Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel | $ | 19 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 19 |  |  | 1 | %
Industrial - General | 486 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 497 |  |  | 23 | %
Mixed Use | 12 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 13 |  |  | 1 | %
Multifamily | 979 |  |  | 43 | % |  | 894 |  |  | 41 | %
Office | 342 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 343 |  |  | 16 | %
Retail | 108 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 121 |  |  | 6 | %
Student Housing | 83 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 83 |  |  | 4 | %
Other | 208 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 204 |  |  | 8 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,237 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (6) |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans | $ | 2,231 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  |
U.S. Region: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East North Central | $ | 134 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 137 |  |  | 6 | %
East South Central | 76 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 79 |  |  | 4 | %
Middle Atlantic | 293 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 293 |  |  | 13 | %
Mountain | 289 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 236 |  |  | 11 | %
New England | 149 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 149 |  |  | 7 | %
Pacific | 648 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 649 |  |  | 30 | %
South Atlantic | 492 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 459 |  |  | 21 | %
West North Central | 4 |  |  | — | % |  | 12 |  |  | 1 | %
West South Central | 152 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 160 |  |  | 7 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,237 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (6) |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans | $ | 2,231 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  |
Loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25-year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following table presents the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (dollars in millions):
| Debt-Service Coverage Ratios |  | Total Amount |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
| >1.25 |  | 1.00 - 1.25 |  | <1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50% | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | 29 | % |  | $ | 631 |  |  | 29 | %
50% to 60% | 512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 512 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 494 |  |  | 23 | %
60% to 75% | 1,078 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 1,016 |  |  | 47 | %
75% to 85% | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 6 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial mortgage loans | $ | 2,198 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,237 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,147 |  |  | 100 | %
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50% | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 668 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 745 |  |  | 33 | %
50% to 60% | 470 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 470 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 481 |  |  | 21 | %
60% to 75% | 1,036 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 47 | % |  | 1,039 |  |  | 46 | %
Commercial mortgage loans | $ | 2,132 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,265 |  |  | 100 | %
We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At March 31, 2022 we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table below. At December 31, 2021 we had no CMLs that were delinquent in principal or interest payments. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial mortgage loan portfolio using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include the loans current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, and DSC. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on commercial mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for commercial mortgage loans as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (over 90 days past due). Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans ("RMLs") represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of March 31, 2022. Our residential mortgage loans are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions):
| March 31, 2022
U.S. State: | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Florida | $ | 288 |  |  | 14 | %
Texas | 218 |  |  | 11 | %
New Jersey | 170 |  |  | 8 | %
California | 141 |  |  | 7 | %
Pennsylvania | 134 |  |  | 7 | %
New York | 131 |  |  | 7 | %
Georgia | 115 |  |  | 6 | %
All Other States (1) | 813 |  |  | 40 | %
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 2,010 |  |  | 100 | %
(1) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than 5% as of March 31, 2022.
| December 31, 2021
U.S. State: | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Florida | $ | 234 |  |  | 15 | %
Texas | 170 |  |  | 10 | %
New Jersey | 153 |  |  | 10 | %
All other states (1) | 1,047 |  |  | 65 | %
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 1,604 |  |  | 100 | %
(1) The individual concentration of each state is less than 9% as of December 31, 2021. Residential mortgage loans have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due or in nonaccrual status which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, was as follows (dollars in millions):
| March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Performance indicators: | Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Performing | $ | 1,947 |  |  | 97 | % |  | $ | 1,533 |  |  | 95 | %
Non-performing | 65 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 73 |  |  | 5 | %
Total residential mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,012 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,606 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected loan loss | (26) |  |  | — | % |  | (25) |  |  | — | %
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 1,986 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,581 |  |  | 100 | %
Loans segregated by risk rating exposure as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, were as follows (in millions):
| March 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 377 |  | $ | 916 |  | $ | 264 |  | $ | 276 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 48 |  | $ | 1,919 |
30-89 days past due | — |  | 10 |  | 6 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | 28 |
Over 90 days past due | — |  | 1 |  | 15 |  | 45 |  | 2 |  | — |  | 63 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 377 |  | $ | 927 |  | $ | 285 |  | $ | 333 |  | $ | 40 |  | $ | 48 |  | $ | 2,010 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 89 |  | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 295 |  | $ | 2,228 |
30-89 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |
Over 90 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 89 |  | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 2,237 |
| December 31, 2021
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Prior | Total
Residential mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 795 |  | $ | 293 |  | $ | 323 |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 1,518 |
30-89 days past due | 5 |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 16 |
Over 90 days past due | 1 |  | 23 |  | 46 |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | 72 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 801 |  | $ | 320 |  | $ | 375 |  | $ | 53 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 1,606 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 2,174 |
30-89 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Over 90 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total commercial mortgage | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 2,174 |
| March 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior | Total
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50% | $ | 4 |  | $ | 120 |  | $ | 229 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 285 |  | $ | 638 |
50% to 60% | 43 |  | 267 |  | 192 |  | — |  | — |  | 10 |  | 512 |
60% to 75% | 42 |  | 914 |  | 122 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,078 |
75% to 85% | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 89 |  | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 2,237 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 89 |  | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | 2,198 |
1.00x - 1.25x | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |  | 30 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 89 |  | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 304 |  | $ | 2,237 |
| December 31, 2021
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Prior | Total
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50% | $ | 120 |  | $ | 229 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 313 |  | $ | 668 |
50% to 60% | 267 |  | 192 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 11 |  | 470 |
60% to 75% | 914 |  | 122 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,036 |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 2,174 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 284 |  | $ | 2,132 |
1.00x - 1.25x | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | — |  | 31 |  | 33 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 9 |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 324 |  | $ | 2,174 |
Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, were as follows (in millions):
Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual | March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  |
Residential mortgage: | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage: | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total non-accrual loans | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  |  |
Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are over 90 days delinquent. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes over 90 days delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $63 million and $72 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due, of which $39 million was in the process of foreclosure for both periods. We will continue to evaluate these policies with regard to the economic challenges for mortgage debtors related to COVID-19. Our ability to initiate foreclosure proceedings may be limited by legislation passed and executive orders issued in response to COVID-19. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our residential mortgage loan portfolio using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio is summarized as follows (in millions):
| Three months ended March 31, 2022 |  |
| Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Three months ended March 31, 2021 |  |
| Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses | (6) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for commercial mortgage loans as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (over 90 days past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for residential mortgage loans and were immaterial as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions):
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 8 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred securities | 15 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | 39 |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  |
Invested cash and short-term investments | 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Limited partnerships | 113 |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  |
Tax deferred property exchange income | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Other investments | 9 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |
Gross investment income | 524 |  |  | 441 |  |  |  |  |
Investment expense | (46) |  |  | (39) |  |  |  |  |
Interest and investment income | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  |  |  |
Recognized Gains and Losses, net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions):
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |
Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | (36) |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized losses on equity securities (1) | (148) |  |  | (46) |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized losses on preferred securities (2) | (91) |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |
Realized losses on other invested assets | (1) |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |
Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (4) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives and embedded derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on certain derivative instruments | 50 |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on certain derivative instruments | (358) |  |  | (35) |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (3) | 122 |  |  | 27 |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives | (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on derivatives and embedded derivatives | (189) |  |  | 52 |  |  |  |  |
Recognized gains and losses, net | $ | (469) |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes net valuation losses of $166 million and and $46 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (2) Includes net valuation losses of $90 million and $3 million for the three months ended March 21, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (3) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties with Kubera (novated from Kubera to Sommerset effective October 31, 2021) and Aspida Re. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions):
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |
Proceeds | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains | 3 |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |
Gross losses | (37) |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  |
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We own investments in VIEs that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary’, a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note F Commitments and Contingencies). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
| March 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure |  | Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure
Investment in limited partnerships | $ | 2,675 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |  |  | $ | 2,350 |  |  | $ | 3,496 |
Fixed maturity securities | 12,849 |  |  | 13,591 |  |  | 12,382 |  |  | 12,802 |
Total unconsolidated VIE investments | $ | 15,524 |  |  | $ | 17,342 |  |  | $ | 14,732 |  |  | $ | 16,298 |
Investment in Cannae Holdings, Inc. ("Cannae") Included in equity securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are 4,775,598 and 5,775,598 shares, respectively, of Cannae common stock (NYSE: CNNE). The fair value of this investment based on quoted market prices is $114 million and $203 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we sold 1 million shares of CNNE common stock back to Cannae for approximately $24 million in the aggregate. In order to maintain the tax-free treatment of the November 17, 2017 split-off of Cannae from us, we are obligated to dispose of our remaining shares of CNNE common stock by November 17, 2022.

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