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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Consolidated Investments The Company’s consolidated investments are summarized as follows (in millions):
December 31, 2022
 Amortized CostAllowance for Expected Credit LossesGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
Available-for-sale securities
Asset-backed securities$12,209 $(8)$36 $(770)$11,467 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities3,337 (1)11 (284)3,063 
Corporates17,396 (22)32 (3,069)14,337 
Hybrids806 — (84)731 
Municipals1,749 — (293)1,460 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,638 (8)(109)1,527 
U.S. Government287 — — (16)271 
Foreign Governments286 — — (47)239 
Total available-for-sale securities$37,708 $(39)$98 $(4,672)$33,095 
December 31, 2021
 Amortized CostAllowance for Expected Credit LossesGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair Value
Available-for-sale securities
Asset-backed securities$8,516 $(3)$220 $(38)$8,695 
Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities2,684 (2)308 (11)2,979 
Corporates15,822 — 830 (158)16,494 
Hybrids838 — 74 — 912 
Municipals1,445 — 67 (11)1,501 
Residential mortgage-backed securities731 (3)(4)731 
U.S. Government393 — (2)394 
Foreign Governments276 — (1)284 
Total available-for-sale securities$30,705 $(8)$1,518 $(225)$31,990 
Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)(in millions)
Amortized Cost Fair ValueAmortized CostFair Value
Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities:
Due in one year or less$536 $527 $426 $431 
Due after one year through five years3,288 3,089 2,998 3,051 
Due after five years through ten years2,171 1,939 2,389 2,458 
Due after ten years14,503 11,457 12,930 13,608 
20,498 17,012 18,743 19,548 
Other securities, which provide for periodic payments:
Asset-backed securities12,209 11,467 8,516 8,695 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities3,337 3,063 2,684 2,979 
Structured hybrids26 26 31 37 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,638 1,527 731 731 
17,210 16,083 11,962 12,442 
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities$37,708 $33,095 $30,705 $31,990 
Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Losses of Available-for-sale Securities
The fair value and gross unrealized losses of available-for-sale securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost were as follows (dollars in millions):
December 31, 2022
Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale securities
Asset-backed securities$7,001 $(410)$3,727 $(360)$10,728 $(770)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities2,079 (169)475 (116)2,554 (285)
Corporates9,913 (1,735)3,523 (1,330)13,436 (3,065)
Hybrids628 (83)(1)631 (84)
Municipals998 (180)352 (113)1,350 (293)
Residential mortgage-backed securities992 (51)184 (22)1,176 (73)
U.S. Government130 (7)140 (8)270 (15)
Foreign Government119 (32)59 (14)178 (46)
Total available-for-sale securities$21,860 $(2,667)$8,463 $(1,964)$30,323 $(4,631)
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months3,114 
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer1,296
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position 4,410 
December 31, 2021
Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross Unrealized
Losses
Available-for-sale securities
Asset-backed securities$4,410 $(31)$146 $(7)$4,556 $(38)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities603 (11)— 604 (11)
Corporates5,391 $(132)$394 $(26)$5,785 $(158)
Hybrids— — — — 
Municipals410 (5)85 (6)495 (11)
Residential mortgage-backed securities325 (3)11 (1)336 (4)
U.S. Government219 (2)— 223 (2)
Foreign Government82 (1)— 87 (1)
Total available-for-sale securities$11,443 $(185)$646 $(40)$12,089 $(225)
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months2,056
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer68
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position 2,124 
Schedule of Distribution of CMLs, Gross Valuation by Property Type and Geographic Region The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions):
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Amortized Cost% of TotalAmortized Cost% of Total
Property Type:
Hotel$18 %$19 %
Industrial520 22 %497 23 %
Mixed Use12 %13 %
Multifamily1,013 42 %894 41 %
Office330 14 %343 16 %
Retail105 %121 %
Student Housing83 %83 %
Other335 13 %204 %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $2,416 100 %$2,174 100 %
Allowance for expected credit loss(10)(6)
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance$2,406 $2,168 
U.S. Region:
East North Central$151 %$137 %
East South Central76 %79 %
Middle Atlantic326 13 %293 13 %
Mountain355 15 %236 11 %
New England158 %149 %
Pacific708 28 %649 30 %
South Atlantic521 22 %459 21 %
West North Central%12 %
West South Central117 %160 %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance $2,416 100 %$2,174 100 %
Allowance for expected credit loss(10)(6)
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance$2,406 $2,168 
Schedule of Investment in Mortgage Loans by Loan to Value and Debt Service Coverage Ratios
The following tables presents the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions):
Debt-Service Coverage RatiosTotal Amount% of TotalEstimated Fair Value% of Total
>1.251.00 - 1.25<1.00
December 31, 2022
LTV Ratios:
Less than 50.00%$511 $$11 $526 22 %$490 24 %
50.00% to 59.99%706 — — 706 29 %615 30 %
60.00% to 74.99%1,154 — 1,157 48 %955 45 %
75.00% to 84.99%— — 18 18 %14 %
Commercial mortgage loans (a)$2,371 $$29 $2,407 100 %$2,074 100 %
December 31, 2021
LTV Ratios:
Less than 50.00%$626 $33 $$668 31 %$745 33 %
50.00% to 59.99%470 — — 470 22 %481 21 %
60.00% to 74.99%1,036 — — 1,036 47 %1,039 46 %
Commercial mortgage loans$2,132 $33 $$2,174 100 %$2,265 100 %
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million.
Schedule of Residential Mortgage Loans by State The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions):
December 31, 2022
U.S. State:Amortized Cost% of Total
Florida$324 15 %
Texas215 10 %
New Jersey172 %
Pennsylvania153 %
California139 %
New York138 %
Georgia125 %
All Other States (1)914 42 %
Total mortgage loans$2,180 100 %
(1) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than to 5%.
December 31, 2021
U.S. State:Amortized Cost% of Total
Florida$234 15 %
Texas170 10 %
New Jersey153 10 %
All Other States (1)1,049 65 %
Total residential mortgage loans$1,606 100 %
(1) The individual concentration of each state is less than 9%.
Schedule of Loans with Credit Quality Indicators, Performing or Nonperforming The credit quality of RMLs was as follows (dollars in millions):
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Performance indicators:Amortized Cost% of TotalAmortized Cost% of Total
Performing$2,118 97 %$1,533 95 %
Non-performing62 %73 %
Total residential mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance$2,180 100 %$1,606 100 %
Allowance for expected loan loss(32)— %(25)— %
Total residential mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance$2,148 100 %$1,581 100 %
Loans Segregated by Risk Rating Exposure
Loans segregated by risk rating exposure were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions):
December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20222021202020192018PriorTotal
Residential mortgages
Current (less than 30 days past due)$766 $884 $214 $185 $23 $33 $2,105 
30-89 days past due— — — 13 
90 days or more past due15 34 — 62 
Total residential mortgages$771 $900 $229 $223 $24 $33 $2,180 
Commercial mortgages
Current (less than 30 days past due)$350 $1,300 $488 $— $— $269 $2,407 
30-89 days past due— — — — — — — 
90 days or more past due— — — — — 
Total commercial mortgages$350 $1,300 $488 $— $— $278 $2,416 
December 31, 2021
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20212020201920182017PriorTotal
Residential mortgages
Current (less than 30 days past due)$795 $293 $323 $50 $36 $21 $1,518 
30-89 days past due— — 16 
90 days or more past due23 46 — — 72 
Total residential mortgages$801 $320 $375 $53 $36 $21 $1,606 
Commercial mortgages
Current (less than 30 days past due)$1301 $543 $— $$— $324 $2,174 
30-89 days past due— — — — — — — 
90 days or more past due— — — — — — — 
Total commercial mortgages$1,301 $543 $— $$— $324 $2,174 
December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20222021202020192018PriorTotal
Commercial mortgages
LTV
Less than 50.00%$70 $120 $207 $— $— $129 $526 
50.00% to 59.99%149 268 158 — — 131 706 
60.00% to 74.99%113 912 123 — — 1,157 
75.00% to 84.99%— — — — 18 
Total commercial mortgages (a)$341 $1300 $488 $— $— $278 $2,407 
Commercial mortgages
DSCR
Greater than 1.25x$329 $1,300 $488 $— $— $254 $2,371 
1.00x - 1.25x— — — — 
Less than 1.00x— — — — 20 29 
Total commercial mortgages (a)$341 $1300 $488 $— $— $278 $2,407 
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million.
December 31, 2021
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20212020201920182017PriorTotal
Commercial mortgages
LTV
Less than 50.00%$120 $229 $— $$— $313 $668 
50.00% to 59.99%267 192 — — — 11 470 
60.00% to 74.99%914 122 — — — — 1,036 
Total commercial mortgages$1,301 $543 $— $$— $324 $2,174 
Commercial mortgages
DSCR
Greater than 1.25x$1,301 $543 $— $$— $284 $2,132 
1.00x - 1.25x— — — — 31 33 
Less than 1.00x— — — — — 
Total commercial mortgages$1,301 $543 $— $$— $324 $2,174 
Schedule of Nonaccrual Loans by Amortized Cost
Non-accrual loans by amortized cost were as follows (in millions):
Amortized cost of loans on non-accrualDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Residential mortgage$64 $72 
Commercial mortgage— 
Total non-accrual mortgages$73 $72 
Changes in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Loans
The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio is summarized as follows (in millions):
Year ended December 31, 2022Year ended December 31, 2021
Residential MortgageCommercial MortgageTotalResidential MortgageCommercial MortgageTotal
Beginning Balance$25 $$31 $37 $$39 
Provision for loan losses11 (12)(8)
Ending Balance$32 $10 $42 $25 $$31 
Seven months ended December 31, 2020
Residential MortgageCommercial MortgageTotal
Beginning Balance— — — 
Provision for loan losses30 32 
For initial credit losses on purchased loans accounted for as PCD financial assets— 
Ending Balance$37 $$39 
Schedule of Sources of Net Investment Income Reported
The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions):
Year ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale$1,489 $1,267 $708 
Equity securities31 23 19 
Preferred securities67 63 59 
Mortgage loans186 131 50 
Invested cash and short-term investments61 
Limited partnerships110 589 76 
Tax deferred property exchange income103 16 33 
Other investments41 32 25 
Gross investment income2,088 2,128 978 
Investment expense(197)(167)(78)
Interest and investment income$1,891 $1,961 $900 
Recognized Gains and Losses, net
Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows (in millions):
Year ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities$(253)$111 $102 
Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities (2)(386)(434)241 
Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on preferred securities (3)(230)(14)15 
Realized (losses) gains on other invested assets(68)(25)
Change in allowance for expected credit losses(41)(37)
Derivatives and embedded derivatives:
Realized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments(164)456 76 
Unrealized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments(693)159 161 
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (1)352 34 (53)
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives(10)
Realized (losses) gains on derivatives and embedded derivatives(515)655 192 
Recognized gains and losses, net$(1,493)$334 $488 
(1) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties with Kubera (novated from Kubera to Somerset effective October 31, 2021) and Aspida Re.
(2) Includes net valuation (losses) gains of $(387) million, $(436) million and $248 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively.
(3) Includes net valuation losses of $198million, $14 million, and $40 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Impact of Adoption of ASU on P&L
Proceeds from Sale of Fixed Maturity Available-for-sale Securities
The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions):
Year ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Proceeds$3,264 $4,749 $1,946 
Gross gains14 158 116 
Gross losses(252)(49)(12)
Schedule of Carrying Value and Maximum Loss Exposure, Unconsolidated VIEs
The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Carrying ValueMaximum Loss ExposureCarrying ValueMaximum Loss Exposure
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates $2,427 $4,030 $2,350 $3,496 
Fixed maturity securities15,680 17,404 12,382 12,802 
Total unconsolidated VIE investments$18,107 $21,434 $14,732 $16,298 
Schedule of Investment Concentrations
Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows (in millions):
December 31, 2022
Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (1)
$741 
__________________
(1)Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries.
Title insurance premiums as a percentage of the total title insurance premiums written from those five states are detailed as follows:
 202220212020
Texas15.0 %13.0 %12.3 %
California12.0 %14.6 %15.2 %
Florida10.6 %9.3 %8.6 %
Illinois5.3 %5.1 %5.0 %
Pennsylvania5.2 %5.1 %4.8 %