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Investments | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments | Investments Our fixed maturity securities investments have been designated as AFS, and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI, net of deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings. The Company’s consolidated investments at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:
| June 30, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 13,492 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | (710) |  |  | $ | 12,840 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,348 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (345) |  |  | 3,989 |  |  |
Corporates | 18,919 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 46 |  |  | (2,834) |  |  | 16,129 |  |  |
Hybrids | 773 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (73) |  |  | 704 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | (251) |  |  | 1,603 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,127 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (114) |  |  | 2,016 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 484 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (48) |  |  | 264 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 42,312 |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | (4,391) |  |  | $ | 38,029 |  |  |
| December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 12,209 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | (770) |  |  | $ | 11,467 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities | 3,337 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (284) |  |  | 3,063 |  |  |
Corporates | 17,396 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 32 |  |  | (3,069) |  |  | 14,337 |  |  |
Hybrids | 806 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | (84) |  |  | 731 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (293) |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,638 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (109) |  |  | 1,527 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 287 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 271 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 286 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (47) |  |  | 239 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 37,708 |  |  | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | (4,672) |  |  | $ | 33,095 |  |  |
Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $19,993 million and $17,870 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held no material investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $422 million and $365 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $3,543 million and $3,387 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | 581 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 527 |
Due after one year through five years | 4,202 |  |  | 4,001 |  |  | 3,288 |  |  | 3,089 |
Due after five years through ten years | 2,394 |  |  | 2,172 |  |  | 2,171 |  |  | 1,939 |
Due after ten years | 15,129 |  |  | 12,403 |  |  | 14,503 |  |  | 11,457 |
Subtotal | 22,319 |  |  | 19,157 |  |  | 20,498 |  |  | 17,012 |
Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 13,492 |  |  | 12,840 |  |  | 12,209 |  |  | 11,467 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,348 |  |  | 3,989 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | 3,063 |
Structured hybrids | 26 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,127 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 1,638 |  |  | 1,527 |
Subtotal | 19,993 |  |  | 18,872 |  |  | 17,210 |  |  | 16,083 |
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | 42,312 |  |  | $ | 38,029 |  |  | $ | 37,708 |  |  | $ | 33,095 |
Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: •The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; •The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); •The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); •Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral; •Expected future default rates; •Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; •Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and •Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e. the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and losses, net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income as we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost is necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible (generally based on proximity to expected credit loss), an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in AOCI. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our allowance for expected credit losses for AFS securities was $35 million and $39 million, respectively. Purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") financial assets are AFS securities purchased at a discount, where part of that discount is attributable to credit. Credit loss allowances are calculated for these securities as of the date of their acquisition, with the initial allowance serving to increase amortized cost. There were no purchases of PCD AFS securities during the three months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022. The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
| June 30, 2023
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 4,219 |  |  | $ | (182) |  |  | $ | 6,220 |  |  | $ | (517) |  |  | $ | 10,439 |  |  | $ | (699) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 1,593 |  |  | (103) |  |  | 1,665 |  |  | (243) |  |  | 3,258 |  |  | (346) |
Corporates | 5,267 |  |  | (317) |  |  | 9,522 |  |  | (2,517) |  |  | 14,789 |  |  | (2,834) |
Hybrids | 194 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 457 |  |  | (58) |  |  | 651 |  |  | (73) |
Municipals | 557 |  |  | (69) |  |  | 831 |  |  | (183) |  |  | 1,388 |  |  | (252) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,035 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 620 |  |  | (93) |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | (110) |
U.S. Government | 150 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 189 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 339 |  |  | (15) |
Foreign Government | 66 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 186 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 252 |  |  | (47) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 13,081 |  |  | $ | (712) |  |  | $ | 19,690 |  |  | $ | (3,664) |  |  | $ | 32,771 |  |  | $ | (4,376) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,196 |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,725
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,921 |
| December 31, 2022
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 7,001 |  |  | $ | (410) |  |  | $ | 3,727 |  |  | $ | (360) |  |  | $ | 10,728 |  |  | $ | (770) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 2,079 |  |  | (169) |  |  | 475 |  |  | (116) |  |  | 2,554 |  |  | (285) |
Corporates | 9,913 |  |  | (1,735) |  |  | 3,523 |  |  | (1,330) |  |  | 13,436 |  |  | (3,065) |
Hybrids | 628 |  |  | (83) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 631 |  |  | (84) |
Municipals | 998 |  |  | (180) |  |  | 352 |  |  | (113) |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | (293) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 992 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 184 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | (73) |
U.S. Government | 130 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 140 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 270 |  |  | (15) |
Foreign Government | 119 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 59 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 178 |  |  | (46) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 21,860 |  |  | $ | (2,667) |  |  | $ | 8,463 |  |  | $ | (1,964) |  |  | $ | 30,323 |  |  | $ | (4,631) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,114
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,296
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,410 |
We determined the decrease in unrealized losses as of June 30, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, was caused by long treasury rates being lower as well as spread compression. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2023, our allowance for expected credit loss was $35 million. We believe the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) represented approximately 6% of our total investments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio, are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables:
| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Property Type: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Hotel | $ | 18 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 18 |  |  | 1 | %
Industrial | 538 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 520 |  |  | 22 | %
Mixed Use | 12 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 12 |  |  | 1 | %
Multifamily | 1,012 |  |  | 41 | % |  | 1,013 |  |  | 42 | %
Office | 328 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 330 |  |  | 14 | %
Retail | 103 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 105 |  |  | 4 | %
Student Housing | 83 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 83 |  |  | 3 | %
Other | 376 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 335 |  |  | 13 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,470 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,416 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (13) |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,457 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,406 |  |  |
U.S. Region: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East North Central | $ | 150 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 151 |  |  | 6 | %
East South Central | 76 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 76 |  |  | 3 | %
Middle Atlantic | 325 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 326 |  |  | 13 | %
Mountain | 353 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 355 |  |  | 15 | %
New England | 166 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 158 |  |  | 7 | %
Pacific | 726 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 708 |  |  | 28 | %
South Atlantic | 553 |  |  | 22 | % |  | 521 |  |  | 22 | %
West North Central | 4 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 1 | %
West South Central | 117 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 117 |  |  | 5 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,470 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,416 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (13) |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,457 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,406 |  |  |
CMLs segregated by risk rating exposure as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:
| June 30, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 2,444 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Total commercial mortgages (a) | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 2,453 |
| December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Total commercial mortgages | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 2,416 |
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $17 million for June 30, 2023. Loan-to-value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage (“DSC”) ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25 year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following tables present the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
| Debt-Service Coverage Ratios |  | Total Amount |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
| >1.25 |  | 1.00 - 1.25 |  | <1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2023 | (In millions)
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  |  | $ | 525 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 491 |  |  | 23 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 740 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 740 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 649 |  |  | 30 | %
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,160 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 973 |  |  | 46 | %
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 14 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial mortgage loans (a) | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,453 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,127 |  |  | 100 | %
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 490 |  |  | 24 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 706 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 706 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 615 |  |  | 30 | %
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,154 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 955 |  |  | 45 | %
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 14 |  |  | 1 | %
Commercial mortgage loans (a) | $ | 2,371 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,407 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,074 |  |  | 100 | %
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million for June 30, 2023 and an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million for December 31, 2022.
| June 30, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 525 |
50.00% to 59.99% | 27 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | 740 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 22 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 913 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,170 |
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |
Total commercial mortgages (a) | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 2,453 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 2,410 |
1.00x - 1.25x | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 14 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 29 |
Total commercial mortgages (a) | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 2,453 |
| December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2017 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 526 |
50.00% to 59.99% | 149 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 706 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 113 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,157 |
75.00% to 84.99% | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |
Total commercial mortgages (a) | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 2,371 |
1.00x - 1.25x | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |
Less than 1.00x | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 29 |
Total commercial mortgages (a) | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million for June 30, 2023 and an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $9 million for December 31, 2022. We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table above. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) represented approximately 6% and 5% of our total investments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our RMLs are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances:
| June 30, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 152 |  |  | 5 | %
New York | 131 |  |  | 5 | %
California | 123 |  |  | 5 | %
All other states (a) | 2,264 |  |  | 85 | %
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 2,670 |  |  | 100 | %
(a) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than 5% as of June 30, 2023.
| December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 324 |  |  | 15 | %
Texas | 215 |  |  | 10 | %
New Jersey | 172 |  |  | 8 | %
Pennsylvania | 153 |  |  | 7 | %
California | 139 |  |  | 6 | %
New York | 138 |  |  | 6 | %
Georgia | 125 |  |  | 6 | %
All other states (a) | 914 |  |  | 42 | %
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 2,180 |  |  | 100 | %
(a) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than 5% as of December 31, 2022. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due or in non-accrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was as follows :
| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
Performance indicators: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Performing | $ | 2,598 |  |  | 97 | % |  | $ | 2,118 |  |  | 97 | %
Non-performing | 72 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 62 |  |  | 3 | %
Total residential mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,670 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,180 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected loan loss | (51) |  |  | — | % |  | (32) |  |  | — | %
Total residential mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,619 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,148 |  |  | 100 | %
RMLs segregated by risk rating exposure as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:
| June 30, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 963 |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 2,553 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 45 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 72 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 976 |  |  | $ | 906 |  |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 2,670 |
| December 31, 2022
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 766 |  |  | $ | 884 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |
30-89 days past due | 2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
90 days or more past due | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 2,180 |
Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were as follows:
| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual | (In millions)
Residential mortgage: | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Commercial mortgage: | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Total non-accrual mortgages | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 71 |
Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $72 million and $62 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due, of which $35 million and $38 million were in the process of foreclosure as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 respectively. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio are summarized as follows:
|  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (48) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (60) |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (42) |
Provision for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (22) |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (64) |
|  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2022 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (31) |
Provision for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (29) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (29) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (35) |
An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for CMLs as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for RMLs and were immaterial as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows:
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 682 |
Equity securities | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Preferred securities | 15 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 35 |
Mortgage loans | 57 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 88 |
Invested cash and short-term investments | 34 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 18 |
Limited partnerships | 45 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 171 |
Tax deferred property exchange income | 40 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 14 |
Other investments | 18 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 13 |
Gross investment income | 680 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 1,354 |  |  | 1,036 |
Investment expense | (62) |  |  | (48) |  |  | (125) |  |  | (95) |
Interest and investment income | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 463 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 941 |
Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $76 million and $20 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively, and $134 million and $38 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. Recognized Gains and Losses, net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows:
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Net realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | (54) |  |  | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | (98) |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities (1) | (37) |  |  | (221) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (370) |
Net realized/unrealized losses on preferred securities (2) | 2 |  |  | (118) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (208) |
Realized losses on other invested assets | (24) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (10) |
Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (20) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (23) |  |  | (12) |
Derivatives and embedded derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments | (65) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (154) |  |  | 15 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments | 164 |  |  | (359) |  |  | 311 |  |  | (717) |
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (3) | 17 |  |  | 141 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 263 |
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives | 1 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (8) |
Realized gains (losses) on derivatives and embedded derivatives | 117 |  |  | (258) |  |  | 158 |  |  | (447) |
Recognized gains and losses, net | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (676) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (1,145) |
(1) Includes net valuation losses of $37 million and $222 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and net valuation gains (losses) of $9 million and $(388) million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Includes net valuation gains (losses) of $16 million and $(118) million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and net valuation gains (losses) of $50 million and $(207) million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (3) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties with Somerset and Aspida Re. Recognized gains and (losses), net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized gains (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $21 million and $151 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively and $(1) million and $279 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively . The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows:
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022
| (In millions)
Proceeds | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 1,835 |
Gross gains | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |
Gross losses | (33) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (90) |  |  | (69) |
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We own investments in variable interest entities ("VIEs") that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary’, a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments, which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in Fixed maturity securities available for sale on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note F Commitments and Contingencies). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure |  | Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | $ | 2,803 |  |  | $ | 4,491 |  |  | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 4,030 |
Fixed maturity securities | 18,471 |  |  | 20,853 |  |  | 15,680 |  |  | 17,404 |
Total unconsolidated VIE investments | $ | 21,274 |  |  | $ | 25,344 |  |  | $ | 18,107 |  |  | $ | 21,434 |
Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows:
| June 30, 2023 |  |
| (In millions) |  |
Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (1) | $ | 738 |  |  |
(1) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. |  |

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