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Investments | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments | Investments Our fixed maturity securities investments have been designated as available-for-sale ("AFS"), and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), net of deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings (loss). The Company’s consolidated investments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:
| March 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 15,254 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  | $ | (408) |  |  | $ | 15,115 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 5,040 |  |  | (21) |  |  | 38 |  |  | (239) |  |  | 4,818 |  |  |
Corporates | 21,430 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 133 |  |  | (2,585) |  |  | 18,971 |  |  |
Hybrids | 667 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (38) |  |  | 633 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,773 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | (237) |  |  | 1,547 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,550 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 31 |  |  | (116) |  |  | 2,464 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 706 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 698 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49) |  |  | 320 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 47,789 |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | (3,683) |  |  | $ | 44,566 |  |  |
| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 14,631 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | (469) |  |  | $ | 14,342 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities | 4,797 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 23 |  |  | (323) |  |  | 4,475 |  |  |
Corporates | 20,133 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 186 |  |  | (2,417) |  |  | 17,896 |  |  |
Hybrids | 668 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 618 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,826 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (229) |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,507 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 29 |  |  | (104) |  |  | 2,429 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 679 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 678 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 365 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (44) |  |  | 324 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 45,606 |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | (3,648) |  |  | $ | 42,373 |  |  |
Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $145 million and $141 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held $69 million and $47 million, respectively, that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $516 million and $481 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $4,518 million and $4,345 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | 687 |
Due after one year through five years | 4,765 |  |  | 4,643 |  |  | 4,320 |  |  | 4,209 |
Due after five years through ten years | 3,940 |  |  | 3,770 |  |  | 3,195 |  |  | 3,048 |
Due after ten years | 15,531 |  |  | 13,065 |  |  | 15,453 |  |  | 13,183 |
Subtotal | 24,945 |  |  | 22,169 |  |  | 23,671 |  |  | 21,127 |
Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 15,254 |  |  | 15,115 |  |  | 14,631 |  |  | 14,342 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 5,040 |  |  | 4,818 |  |  | 4,797 |  |  | 4,475 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,550 |  |  | 2,464 |  |  | 2,507 |  |  | 2,429 |
Subtotal | 22,844 |  |  | 22,397 |  |  | 21,935 |  |  | 21,246 |
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | 47,789 |  |  | $ | 44,566 |  |  | $ | 45,606 |  |  | $ | 42,373 |
Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: •The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; •The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); •The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); •Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral; •Expected future default rates; •Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; •Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and •Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e. the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and losses, net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost are necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible (generally based on proximity to expected credit loss), an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in AOCI. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our allowance for expected credit losses for AFS securities was $40 million and $42 million, respectively. The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:
| March 31, 2024
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 1,558 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | 4,568 |  |  | $ | (358) |  |  | $ | 6,126 |  |  | $ | (399) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 470 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | (203) |  |  | 2,518 |  |  | (211) |
Corporates | 3,645 |  |  | (136) |  |  | 11,062 |  |  | (2,449) |  |  | 14,707 |  |  | (2,585) |
Hybrids | 71 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 464 |  |  | (36) |  |  | 535 |  |  | (38) |
Municipals | 340 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 935 |  |  | (186) |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | (237) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 507 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 687 |  |  | (99) |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | (108) |
U.S. Government | 337 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 147 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 484 |  |  | (11) |
Foreign Government | 42 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 187 |  |  | (46) |  |  | 229 |  |  | (48) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 6,970 |  |  | $ | (251) |  |  | $ | 20,098 |  |  | $ | (3,386) |  |  | $ | 27,068 |  |  | $ | (3,637) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,371 |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,775
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,146 |
| December 31, 2023
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 1,707 |  |  | $ | (56) |  |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | (404) |  |  | $ | 7,542 |  |  | $ | (460) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 819 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | (235) |  |  | 2,741 |  |  | (288) |
Corporates | 2,387 |  |  | (134) |  |  | 10,739 |  |  | (2,283) |  |  | 13,126 |  |  | (2,417) |
Hybrids | 60 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 483 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 543 |  |  | (53) |
Municipals | 399 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 920 |  |  | (179) |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | (228) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 336 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 662 |  |  | (89) |  |  | 998 |  |  | (94) |
U.S. Government | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 243 |  |  | (9) |
Foreign Government | 49 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 188 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 237 |  |  | (44) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 5,841 |  |  | $ | (302) |  |  | $ | 20,908 |  |  | $ | (3,291) |  |  | $ | 26,749 |  |  | $ | (3,593) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,035
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,846
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,881 |
The increase in unrealized losses as of March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, was caused by higher treasury rates compared to those at the time of the F&G acquisition or purchase of the security if later. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2024, our allowance for expected credit loss was $40 million. We believe the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of March 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables:
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Property Type: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Hotel | $ | 18 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 18 |  |  | 1 | %
Industrial | 617 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 616 |  |  | 24 | %
Mixed Use | 11 |  |  | — | % |  | 11 |  |  | — | %
Multifamily | 1,012 |  |  | 39 | % |  | 1,012 |  |  | 40 | %
Office | 315 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 316 |  |  | 13 | %
Retail | 101 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 102 |  |  | 4 | %
Student Housing | 83 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 83 |  |  | 3 | %
Other | 406 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 392 |  |  | 15 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,563 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,550 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (13) |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,550 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |
U.S. Region: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East North Central | $ | 104 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 151 |  |  | 6 | %
East South Central | 75 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 75 |  |  | 3 | %
Middle Atlantic | 354 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 354 |  |  | 14 | %
Mountain | 386 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 352 |  |  | 14 | %
New England | 92 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 168 |  |  | 6 | %
Pacific | 765 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 766 |  |  | 30 | %
South Atlantic | 618 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 563 |  |  | 22 | %
West North Central | 21 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 4 |  |  | — | %
West South Central | 148 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 117 |  |  | 5 | %
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,563 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,550 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (13) |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,550 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |
CMLs segregated by aging of the loans and charge offs (by year of origination) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:
| March 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total CMLs | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |
......................................................................................................... |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge offs..................................................................................... | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
......................................................................................................... |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge offs..................................................................................... | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million. Loan-to-value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage (“DSC”) ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25 year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following tables present the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
| Debt-Service Coverage Ratios |  | Total Amount |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
| >1.25 |  | 1.00 - 1.25 |  | <1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2024 | (In millions)
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | 19 | % |  | $ | 477 |  |  | 21 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 864 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 864 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 754 |  |  | 34 | %
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,134 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,191 |  |  | 46 | % |  | 983 |  |  | 44 | %
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 1 | %
CMLs | $ | 2,477 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,563 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,229 |  |  | 100 | %
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 510 |  |  | 23 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 764 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 764 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 679 |  |  | 30 | %
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,160 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,216 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 1,028 |  |  | 46 | %
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 14 |  |  | 1 | %
CMLs (a) | $ | 2,443 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,528 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,231 |  |  | 100 | %
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million.
| March 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 493 |
50.00% to 59.99% | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 864 |
60.00% to 74.99% | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 887 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,191 |
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Total CMLs | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 2,477 |
1.00x - 1.25x | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 23 |
Total CMLs | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 2,563 |
| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 533 |
50.00% to 59.99% | 53 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |  |  | 764 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 69 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,216 |
75.00% to 84.99% | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 2,443 |
1.00x - 1.25x | 59 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 66 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 19 |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million. We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no CMLs that were delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table above. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our RMLs are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances:
| March 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 164 |  |  | 5 | %
California | 142 |  |  | 5 | %
All other states (a) | 2,638 |  |  | 90 | %
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,944 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (54) |  |  |
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,890 |  |  |
(a) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than 5% as of March 31, 2024.
| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 163 |  |  | 6 | %
New York | 129 |  |  | 5 | %
Texas | 129 |  |  | 5 | %
All other states (a) | 2,431 |  |  | 84 | %
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,852 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (54) |  |  |
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,798 |  |  |
(a) The individual concentration of each state is equal to or less than 5% as of December 31, 2023. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due or in non-accrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was as follows:
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
Performance indicators: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Performing | $ | 2,878 |  |  | 98 | % |  | $ | 2,795 |  |  | 98 | %
Non-performing | 66 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 57 |  |  | 2 | %
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,944 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,852 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected loan loss | (54) |  |  | — | % |  | (54) |  |  | — | %
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,890 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,798 |  |  | 100 | %
There were no charge offs recorded by RMLs during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023. RMLs segregated by aging of the loans (by year of origination) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:
| March 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 984 |  |  | $ | 874 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 2,862 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 16 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 66 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 404 |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 895 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 389 |  |  | $ | 2,944 |
| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 985 |  |  | $ | 854 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 2,779 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 57 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 2,852 |
Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual | (In millions)
Residential mortgage: | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Commercial mortgage: | — |  |  | — |
Total non-accrual mortgages | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $66 million and $57 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due, of which $58 million and $41 million were in the process of foreclosure as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio are summarized as follows:
|  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2023 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for CMLs as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for RMLs and were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
| (In millions) |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | 10 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred securities | 8 |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | 66 |  |  | 51 |  |  |  |  |
Invested cash and short-term investments | 47 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |
Limited partnerships | 54 |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  |
Tax deferred property exchange income | 32 |  |  | 45 |  |  |  |  |
Other investments | 29 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |
Gross investment income | 780 |  |  | 673 |  |  |  |  |
Investment expense | (70) |  |  | (62) |  |  |  |  |
Interest and investment income | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $127 million and $58 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Recognized Gains and Losses, Net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
| (In millions) |  |
Net realized (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized gains on equity securities (1) | 54 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on preferred securities (2) | 16 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on other invested assets | 60 |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |
Change in allowance for expected credit losses | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives and embedded derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments | 21 |  |  | (89) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains on certain derivative instruments | 156 |  |  | 147 |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (3) | (18) |  |  | (19) |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on derivatives and embedded derivatives | 164 |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  |
Recognized gains and losses, net | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes net valuation gains of $22 million and $46 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. (2) Includes net valuation gains of $15 million and $35 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. (3) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties. Recognized gains and losses, net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which are passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized losses attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $19 million and $22 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows:
| Three months ended |  |
| March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
| (In millions)
Proceeds | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | 489 |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Gross losses | (25) |  |  | (51) |  |  |  |  |
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We own investments in variable interest entities ("VIEs") that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary’, a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments, which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum loss exposure with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note F Commitments and Contingencies). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure |  | Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | $ | 3,367 |  |  | $ | 5,733 |  |  | $ | 3,071 |  |  | $ | 4,806 |
Fixed maturity securities | 21,991 |  |  | 23,442 |  |  | 20,837 |  |  | 22,346 |
Total unconsolidated VIE investments | $ | 25,358 |  |  | $ | 29,175 |  |  | $ | 23,908 |  |  | $ | 27,152 |
Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity are as follows:
| March 31, 2024 |  |
| (In millions) |  |
Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (1) | $ | 733 |  |  |
(1) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. |  |

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