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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-32630

FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 16-1725106
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

601 Riverside Avenue
Jacksonville, Florida, 32204
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(904) 854-8100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
FNF Common Stock, $0.0001 par value |  | FNF |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ or No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ or No¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐
Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting Company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ or No ☒
The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant's common stock as of October 31, 2024 were:
FNF Common Stock 273,639,207

Table of Contents
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT
Quarter Ended September 30, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: | 2
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) | 3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings (unaudited) | 4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (unaudited) | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (unaudited) | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) | 8
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 69
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 9 3
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 9 3
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 9 4
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 9 4
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 9 7
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 9 8
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 9 8
Item 5. Other Information | 9 8
Item 6. Exhibits | 99
Signatures | 10 0

1

Table of Contents
PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
2

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except par values)

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (Unaudited)
ASSETS
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities available for sale, at fair value, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, at an amortized cost of $51,070 and $45,606, respectively, net of allowance for credit losses of $67 and $42, respectively, and includes pledged fixed maturity securities of $502 and $489, respectively, related to secured trust deposits | $ | 48,940 |  |  | $ | 42,373 |
Preferred securities, at fair value | 460 |  |  | 621 |
Equity securities, at fair value | 729 |  |  | 766 |
Derivative investments | 1,401 |  |  | 797 |
Mortgage loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $69 and $66 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 5,626 |  |  | 5,336 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates | 3,874 |  |  | 3,334 |
Other long-term investments | 780 |  |  | 703 |
Short-term investments | 1,177 |  |  | 2,119 |
Total investments | 62,987 |  |  | 56,049 |
Cash and cash equivalents, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 includes $289 and $262, respectively, of pledged cash related to secured trust deposits | 4,970 |  |  | 2,767 |
Trade and notes receivables, net of allowance for credit losses of $32 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 443 |  |  | 442 |
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for credit losses of $21 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 12,409 |  |  | 8,977 |
Goodwill | 5,272 |  |  | 4,830 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 1,755 |  |  | 1,900 |
Market risk benefits asset | 134 |  |  | 88 |
Lease assets | 348 |  |  | 348 |
Other intangible assets, net | 5,758 |  |  | 4,627 |
Title plants | 422 |  |  | 418 |
Property and equipment, net | 174 |  |  | 168 |
Total assets | $ | 94,672 |  |  | $ | 80,614 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities: |  |  |
Contractholder funds | $ | 55,468 |  |  | $ | 48,798 |
Future policy benefits | 8,268 |  |  | 7,050 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 4,375 |  |  | 3,009 |
Market risk benefits liability | 603 |  |  | 403 |
Notes payable | 4,186 |  |  | 3,887 |
Reserve for title claim losses | 1,720 |  |  | 1,770 |
Funds withheld for reinsurance liabilities | 9,980 |  |  | 7,083 |
Secured trust deposits | 766 |  |  | 731 |
Lease liabilities | 383 |  |  | 394 |
Income taxes payable | 21 |  |  | — |
Deferred tax liability | — |  |  | 29 |
Total liabilities | 85,770 |  |  | 73,154 |
Equity: |  |  |
FNF common stock, $0.0001 par value; authorized 600 shares as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023; outstanding of 274 and 273 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | — |  |  | — |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; authorized 50 shares; issued and outstanding, none | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital | 5,965 |  |  | 5,913 |
Retained earnings | 5,671 |  |  | 5,244 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,423) |  |  | (2,119) |
Treasury stock, 56 shares as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, at cost | (2,131) |  |  | (2,130) |
Total Fidelity National Financial, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 8,082 |  |  | 6,908 |
Non-controlling interests | 820 |  |  | 552 |
Total equity | 8,902 |  |  | 7,460 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 94,672 |  |  | $ | 80,614 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
3

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
(In millions, except per share data)

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
| (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited) |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct title insurance premiums | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |  |  |  |  |
Agency title insurance premiums | 789 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 1,991 |  |  |  |  |
Escrow, title-related and other fees | 1,159 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | 3,555 |  |  | 3,288 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and investment income | 815 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 2,308 |  |  | 1,915 |  |  |  |  |
Recognized gains and losses, net | 269 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 456 |  |  | (367) |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | 3,603 |  |  | 2,778 |  |  | 10,060 |  |  | 8,320 |  |  |  |  |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel costs | 810 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  |  |  |
Agent commissions | 612 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 1,681 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses | 396 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves | 1,095 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 2,864 |  |  | 1,921 |  |  |  |  |
Market risk benefit losses (gains) | 71 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 80 |  |  | (20) |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 189 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 545 |  |  | 438 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for title claim losses | 61 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 157 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 56 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 129 |  |  |  |  |
Total expenses | 3,290 |  |  | 2,175 |  |  | 8,958 |  |  | 7,459 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 313 |  |  | 603 |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | 861 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 44 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 245 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings before equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 269 |  |  | 462 |  |  | 879 |  |  | 616 |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 2 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings | 271 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 632 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net earnings attributable to non-controlling interests | 5 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 46 |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings attributable to Fidelity National Financial, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | 586 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings per share attributable to common shareholders, basic | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |  |  | $ | 3.03 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings per share attributable to common shareholders, diluted | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  | $ | 3.00 |  |  | $ | 2.16 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 272 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 270 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 273 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 271 |  |  |  |  |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
4

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS
(In millions)

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited)
Net earnings | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  | $ | 883 |  |  | $ | 632 |
Other comprehensive earnings (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments and other financial instruments (excluding investments in unconsolidated affiliates) (1) | 1,082 |  |  | (676) |  |  | 913 |  |  | (505) |
Unrealized gain on investments in unconsolidated affiliates (2) | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 9 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency translation (3) | 5 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |
Reclassification adjustments for change in unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings (4) | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 90 |
Changes in current discount rate - future policy benefits (5) | (293) |  |  | 229 |  |  | (110) |  |  | 186 |
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk - market risk benefits (6) | (25) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (7) |
Other comprehensive (loss) earnings attributable to non-controlling interest (7) | (112) |  |  | 63 |  |  | (118) |  |  | 31 |
Other comprehensive earnings (loss) | 664 |  |  | (386) |  |  | 696 |  |  | (197) |
Comprehensive earnings | 935 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 1,579 |  |  | 435 |
Less: Comprehensive earnings attributable to non-controlling interests | 5 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 46 |
Comprehensive earnings attributable to Fidelity National Financial, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 930 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 1,516 |  |  | $ | 389 |

_______________________________________
(1)Net of income tax expense (benefit) of $262 million and $(172) million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $220 million and $(126) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Net of income tax expense of $1 million and $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $6 million and $2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(3)Net of income tax expense (benefit) of $2 million and $(2) million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $(9) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
(4)Net of income tax expense (benefit) of $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and $(1) million and $22 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(5)Net of income tax (benefit) expense of $(78) million and $61 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $(29) million and $49 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(6)Net of income tax benefit of $6 million and $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1 million and $2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(7)Net of income tax (benefit) expense of $(28) million and $17 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $(30) million and $9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
5

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | Fidelity National Financial, Inc. Common Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | FNF |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Common |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | Other |  | Treasury |  | Non- |  |  |  |
|  |  | Stock |  |  |  | Paid-in |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stock |  | controlling |  | Total |  |
|  |  |  |  | Shares |  | $ |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Loss |  | Shares |  | $ |  | Interests |  | Equity |  |
Balance, June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 328 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,883 |  |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | (2,681) |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | (2,113) |  |  | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | 6,677 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss on investments and other financial instruments |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (676) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (676) |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings - unrealized gain on investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss on foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments for change in unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  |
Change in instrument-specific credit risk - market risk benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  |
Change in current discount rate - liability for future policy benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Shares withheld for taxes and in treasury |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |
F&G purchases of FG stock |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Dividends declared, $0.45 per common share |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (122) |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings associated with noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63) |  |  | — |  |  |
Subsidiary dividends declared to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 477 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 328 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,895 |  |  | $ | 5,444 |  |  | $ | (3,067) |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | (2,114) |  |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 6,584 |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | 329 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,942 |  |  | $ | 5,536 |  |  | $ | (2,087) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | (2,131) |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 7,981 |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings - unrealized gain on investments and other financial instruments |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,082 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings - unrealized gain on investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings - unrealized gain on foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments for change in unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Change in current discount rate — liability for future policy benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (293) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (293) |  |  |
Change in instrument-specific credit risk - market risk benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss associated with noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (112) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Dilution from share issuance by consolidated sub |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Dividends declared, $0.48 per common share |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (131) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131) |  |  |
Subsidiary dividends declared to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | (17) |  |  |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 266 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 271 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | 330 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,965 |  |  | $ | 5,671 |  |  | $ | (1,423) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | (2,131) |  |  | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | 8,902 |  |  |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
6

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | Fidelity National Financial, Inc. Common Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | FNF |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Common |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | Other |  | Treasury |  | Non- |  |  |  |
|  |  | Stock |  |  |  | Paid-in |  | Retained |  | Comprehensive |  | Stock |  | controlling |  | Total |  |
|  |  |  |  | Shares |  | $ |  |  |  |  |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | (Loss) |  | Shares |  | $ |  | Interests |  | Equity |  |
Balance, January 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 328 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,870 |  |  | $ | 5,225 |  |  | $ | (2,870) |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | (2,109) |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 6,569 |  |  |
Treasury stock repurchased |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |
Purchase of incremental share in consolidated subs |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (21) |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss on investments and other financial instruments |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (505) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (505) |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings - unrealized gain on investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss on foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments for change in unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  |
Change in current discount rate — liability for future policy benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 186 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 186 |  |  |
Change in instrument-specific credit risk - market risk benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings associated with noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30) |  |  | — |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 43 |  |  |
Shares withheld for taxes in treasury |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |
F&G purchases of treasury stock |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18) |  |  | (19) |  |  |
Dividends declared, $1.35 per common share |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (367) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (367) |  |  |
Subsidiary dividends declared to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | (20) |  |  |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 586 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | 632 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  | 328 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,895 |  |  | $ | 5,444 |  |  | $ | (3,067) |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | (2,114) |  |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 6,584 |  |  |
Balance, January 1, 2024 |  |  |  |  | 329 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,913 |  |  | $ | 5,244 |  |  | $ | (2,119) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | (2,130) |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 7,460 |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  |
Purchase of incremental share in consolidated subs |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (21) |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings — unrealized gain on investments and other financial instruments |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 913 |  |  |
Other comprehensive earnings — unrealized gain on investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss — unrealized loss on foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Reclassification adjustments for change in unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  |
Change in current discount rate - liability for future policy benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (110) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (110) |  |  |
Change in instrument-specific credit risk - market risk benefits |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss associated with noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (118) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 48 |  |  |
Dilution from share issuance by consolidated subsidiary |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |
Shares withheld for taxes and in treasury |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest associated with current period acquisitions |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | 136 |  |  |
Dividends declared, $1.44 per common share |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (393) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (393) |  |  |
Subsidiary dividends declared to non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | (35) |  |  |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 820 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | 883 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  | 330 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,965 |  |  | $ | 5,671 |  |  | $ | (1,423) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | (2,131) |  |  | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | 8,902 |  |  |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
7

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)

| Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net earnings | $ | 883 |  |  | $ | 632 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 545 |  |  | 438 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | (4) |  |  | (16) |
(Gain) loss on sales of investments and other assets and asset impairments, net | (132) |  |  | 481 |
Interest credited/index credits to contractholder account balances | 1,482 |  |  | 607 |
Change in market risk benefits, net | 80 |  |  | (20) |
Deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred sales inducements | (1,061) |  |  | (771) |
Charges assessed to contractholders for mortality and admin | (209) |  |  | (184) |
Non-cash lease costs | 99 |  |  | 102 |
Operating lease payments | (112) |  |  | (115) |
Distributions from unconsolidated affiliates, return on investment | 70 |  |  | 142 |
Stock-based compensation cost | 48 |  |  | 43 |
Change in NAV of limited partnerships, net | (261) |  |  | (160) |
Change in valuation of derivatives, equity securities, preferred securities, and other assets, net | (372) |  |  | (112) |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions: |  |  |
Change in reinsurance recoverable | (28) |  |  | 105 |
Change in future policy benefits | 1,080 |  |  | 706 |
Change in funds withheld from reinsurers | 2,895 |  |  | 2,418 |
Net (increase) decrease in trade receivables | (18) |  |  | 37 |
Net decrease in reserve for title claim losses | (50) |  |  | (41) |
Net change in income taxes | 25 |  |  | 54 |
Net change in other assets and other liabilities | 360 |  |  | (131) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 5,320 |  |  | 4,215 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of investment securities | 7,995 |  |  | 4,190 |
Additions to property and equipment, capitalized software and title plants | (116) |  |  | (101) |
Purchases of investment securities | (12,642) |  |  | (10,660) |
Net proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investment securities | 983 |  |  | 1,882 |
Acquisitions and dispositions | (570) |  |  | (299) |
Additional investments in unconsolidated affiliates | (903) |  |  | (1,061) |
Distributions from unconsolidated affiliates, return of investment | 224 |  |  | 302 |
Net other investing activities | 13 |  |  | (13) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (5,016) |  |  | (5,760) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Debt offering | 550 |  |  | 500 |
Debt service payments | (250) |  |  | (8) |
F&G Credit Agreement repayments, net | — |  |  | (35) |
Dividends paid | (391) |  |  | (366) |
Subsidiary dividends paid to non-controlling interest shareholders | (34) |  |  | (24) |
Exercise of stock options | 17 |  |  | — |
Net change in secured trust deposits | 35 |  |  | (9) |
Additional investment in consolidated subsidiaries | (21) |  |  | (20) |
Payment of contingent consideration for prior period acquisitions | (13) |  |  | (6) |
Contractholder account deposits | 8,574 |  |  | 5,718 |
Contractholder account withdrawals | (6,568) |  |  | (3,258) |
F&G repurchases of F&G stock | — |  |  | (18) |
Purchases of treasury stock | — |  |  | (6) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,899 |  |  | 2,468 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 2,203 |  |  | 923 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 2,767 |  |  | 2,286 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | 3,209 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
8

Table of Contents
FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note A — Basis of Financial Statements
The financial information in this report presented for interim periods is unaudited and includes the accounts of Fidelity National Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we,” “us,” “our,” the "Company" or “FNF”) prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All adjustments made were of a normal, recurring nature. This report should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K (our "Annual Report") for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Description of the Business
We are a leading provider of (i) title insurance, escrow and other title-related services, including loan sub-servicing, valuations, default services and home warranty, (ii) transaction services to the real estate and mortgage industries and (iii) annuity and life insurance products. FNF is one of the nation’s largest title insurance companies operating through its title insurance underwriters - Fidelity National Title Insurance Company ("FNTIC"), Chicago Title Insurance Company ("Chicago Title"), Commonwealth Land Title Insurance Company ("Commonwealth Title"), Alamo Title Insurance and National Title Insurance of New York Inc. - which collectively issue more title insurance policies than any other title company in the United States. Through our subsidiary, ServiceLink Holdings, LLC ("ServiceLink"), we provide mortgage transaction services, including title-related services and facilitation of production and management of mortgage loans. We are also a leading provider of insurance solutions serving retail annuity and life customers and institutional clients through our majority-owned subsidiary, F&G Annuities & Life ("F&G").
For information about our reportable segments refe r to Note H Segment Information.
Recent Developments
6.25% F&G Senior Notes
On October 4, 2024, F&G completed its public offering of its 6.25% Senior Notes due 2034 in aggregate principal amount of $500 million (the “6.25% F&G Notes”). The 6.25% F&G Notes are guaranteed on an unsecured, unsubordinated basis by each of F&G’s subsidiaries that are guarantors of F&G’s obligations under its existing credit agreement. A portion of the net proceeds were used to pay off the outstanding balance of $365 million on its revolving credit facility. F&G intends to use the remaining net proceeds of this offering for general corporate purposes, including the support of organic growth opportunities. The 6.25% F&G Notes were registered under the registered under the Securities Act of 1934 (as amended) (the "Securities Act").
Approval of the 2024 Repurchase Program
On July 31, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a new three-year stock repurchase program effective July 31, 2024 (the "2024 Repurchase Program") under which we may purchase up to 25 million shares of our FNF common stock through July 31, 2027. We may make repurchases from time to time in the open market, in block purchases or in privately negotiated transactions, depending on market conditions and other factors.
Acquisition of PALH
On July 18, 2024, F&G acquired 100% of PALH, LLC (“PALH”). PALH markets and sells life insurance and annuity products of various insurance carriers to individuals through a network of agents. Prior to the acquisition date, PALH owned a 70% ownership stake in an operating company of which F&G owned 30% equity. Total consideration to acquire the remaining 70% equity is approximately $314 million, comprised of cash of $215 million, settlement of a prepaid asset of $8 million, acquisition date fair value of the previously held interests of $92 million, net of $1 million cash acquired.
6.50% F&G Senior Notes
On June 4, 2024, F&G completed its public offering of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “6.50% F&G Notes”). The 6.50% F&G Notes are guaranteed on an unsecured, unsubordinated basis by each of F&G’s subsidiaries that are guarantors of F&G’s obligations under its existing credit agreement. A portion of the net proceeds were used to finance a cash tender offer by its wholly owned subsidiary Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGLH”) for an aggregate principal amount of $250 million of FGLH’s 5.50% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “5.50% F&G Notes”). F&G intends to use the remaining net proceeds of this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include the repurchase, redemption or repayment at maturity of outstanding indebtedness. The 6.50% F&G Notes were registered under the Securities Act. For further information related to the 6.50% F&G Notes refer to Note O Notes Payable.
9

Table of Contents
Consent Solicitation
On April 23, 2024, we announced the successful completion of consent solicitations of the holders of each of our 4.50% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Notes”), 3.40% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”), 2.45% Senior Notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”), and 3.20% Senior Notes due 2051 (the “2051 Notes” and, collectively with the 2028 Notes, 2030 Notes, and the 2031 Notes, the “Notes”; and each a “series of Notes”) to effect a certain amendment (the “Proposed Amendment”) to the indenture governing the Notes (the “Indenture”) with respect to each series of Notes, as described below. A supplemental indenture giving effect to the Proposed Amendment with respect to each series of Notes was executed promptly. Upon its execution, the supplemental indenture was effective and constituted a binding agreement between the Company and the trustee.
As described in the Consent Solicitation Statement dated April 16, 2024, we would have paid a consent fee to the holders of each series of Notes who validly delivered their consents at or prior to the Expiration Time immediately prior to the consummation of our proposed redomestication from a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware to a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Nevada (the “Redomestication”). The Redomestication required the affirmative vote of a majority of our outstanding common stock, which we did not receive. Given the Redomestication was not approved by our shareholders, we will not be paying the consent fee to the holders of our Notes and the supplemental indenture was terminated in accordance with its terms.
Amendment to our Revolving Credit Facility
On February 16, 2024, we entered into a Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for our $800 million revolving credit facility (the "Amended Revolving Credit Facility") with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and other agents party thereto (the "Sixth Restated Credit Agreement"). Among other changes, the Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement amends the Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from October 29, 2025, to February 16, 2029. For further information related to the Amended Revolving Credit Facility and the Sixth Restated Credit Agreement refer to Note O Notes Payable.
Amendment to the F&G Credit Agreement
On February 16, 2024, F&G entered into a Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement of our $665 million credit agreement, with the guarantors party thereto, the financial institutions party thereto as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and an issuing bank (the "Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement"). Among other changes, the Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement amends the Amended F&G Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date from November 22, 2025 to November 22, 2027 and increase the aggregate principal amount of commitments under the revolving credit facility to $750 million. For more information related to the Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement refer to Note O Notes Payable.
Acquisition of Roar
On January 2, 2024, F&G acquired a 70% majority ownership stake in the equity of Roar Joint Venture, LLC ("Roar"). Roar wholesales life insurance and annuity products to banks and broker dealers through a network of agents. Total initial consideration is comprised of cash of $269 million and $48 million of contingent consideration. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, the Company has agreed to make cash payments of up to $90 million over a three year period upon the achievement by Roar of certain earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") milestones. For further information related to the acquisition of Roar, refer to Note N Acquisitions.
Investment of $250 million in F&G
On January 12, 2024, we completed a $250 million preferred stock investment in F&G. F&G will use the net proceeds from the investment to support growth of its assets under management.
Under the terms of the agreement, we have agreed to invest $250 million in exchange for 5 million shares of F&G's 6.875% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock"). Each share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will have a liquidation preference of $50.00 per share. Unless earlier converted at the option of the holder, each outstanding share of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock of F&G on January 15, 2027 (the "Mandatory Conversion Date"). Upon conversion on the Mandatory Conversion Date, the conversion rate for each share of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will be no more than 1.1111 shares of common stock and no less than 0.9456 shares of common stock per share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, depending on the value of F&G's common stock. The preferred stock investment in F&G is eliminated upon consolidation.
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Income Tax
Income tax expense was $44 million and $141 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $223 million and $245 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Income tax expense as a percentage of earnings before income taxes was 14% and 23% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 20% and 28% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decreases in income tax expense as a percentage of earnings before taxes in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023 are primarily attributable to more valuation allowance being released in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding period in 2023, and less valuation allowance being recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding period in 2023.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share, as presented on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings, is computed by dividing net earnings available to common shareholders in a given period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during such period. In periods when earnings are positive, diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net earnings available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus assumed conversions of potentially dilutive securities. For periods when we recognize a net loss, diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share as the impact of assumed conversions of potentially dilutive securities is considered to be antidilutive. We have granted certain stock options and shares of restricted stock, which have been treated as common share equivalents for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share for periods in which positive earnings have been reported.
Options or other instruments, which provide the ability to purchase shares of our common stock that are antidilutive, are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. There were no antidilutive instruments outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There were fewer than 1 million antidilutive instruments outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Unconsolidated Owned Distribution Investments
We paid commissions on sales through our unconsolidated funded owned distribution investments and their affiliates of approximately $16 million and $37 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 respectively, and $110 million and $114 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The acquisition expense is deferred and amortized in Depreciation and amortization on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted Pronouncements
In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-02, Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structure Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2024, as required, and there was no material impact to our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendments in this update affect all entities that have investments in equity securities measured at fair value that are subject to a contractual sale restriction and clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. Additionally, the amendments require the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions: the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected in the balance sheet, the nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s), and the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s). The amendments in this update do not change the principles of fair value measurement, rather, they clarify those principles when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to a contractual sale restriction and improve current GAAP by reducing diversity in practice, reducing the cost and complexity in measuring fair value, and increasing comparability of financial information across reporting entities that hold those investments. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this standard as of January 1, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures upon adoption.
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Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expense categories that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included in each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements that are currently required annually, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, and contain other disclosure requirements. The amendments in this update are incremental to the current requirements of Topic 280 and do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The enhanced segment disclosure requirements apply retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The significant segment expense and other segment item amounts disclosed in prior periods shall be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The amendments in this update are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted, and the updates must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. We did not early adopt this standard and are in the process of assessing its impact on our disclosures upon adoption.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update enhance the transparency of the income tax disclosures by expanding on the disclosures required annually. The amendments require entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state, and foreign income taxes, in addition to providing details about the reconciling items in some categories if above a quantitative threshold. Additionally, the amendments require annual disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, however, retrospective application is permitted. We do not currently expect to early adopt this standard and are in the process of assessing its impact on our disclosures upon adoption.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): The amendment in this update enhances the transparency of certain expense captions by disclosing more granular information of specific expenses within those captions such as personnel cost, depreciation and amortization. The amendment also requires additional qualitative descriptions of such expenses. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating our adoption timing and are in the process of assessing its impact on our disclosures upon adoption.
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Summary of Updated Significant Accounting Policies
Since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, we have updated the following significant accounting policy, which has been followed in preparing the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:
Market Risk Benefits (“MRBs”)
MRBs are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk (equity, interest rate, and foreign exchange risk) and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk. MRBs include certain contract features primarily on fixed index annuity ("FIA") products that provide minimum guarantees to policyholders, such as guaranteed minimum death benefit, guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) riders, and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit riders. In certain reinsurance transactions, the underlying risks ceded to a reinsurer contain MRBs.
MRBs (inclusive of reinsured MRBs) are measured at fair value using an attributed fee measurement approach, where attributed fees are explicit rider charges collectible from the policyholder (or paid to the reinsurer) used to cover the excess benefits, which represent expected benefits in excess of the policyholder’s account value. At contract inception, an attributed fee ratio is calculated equal to rider charges over benefits paid in excess of the account value attributable to the MRBs. The attributed fee ratio remains static over the life of the MRBs and is capped at 100%. Each period subsequent to contract inception, the attributed fee ratio is used to calculate the fair value of the MRBs using a risk neutral valuation method and is based on current net amounts at risk, market data, internal and industry experience, and other factors. The balances are computed using assumptions including mortality, full and partial surrender, GMWB utilization, risk-free rates including non-performance spread and risk margin, market value of options, and economic scenarios. Policyholder behavior assumptions are reviewed at least annually, typically in the third quarter, for any revisions. Reinsured MRBs are valued using a methodology consistent with direct MRBs, with the exception of the non-performance spread, which reflects the credit of the reinsurer. MRBs can either be in an asset or liability position and are presented separately on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as the right of setoff criteria are not met. Changes in fair value, net, are recognized in Market risk benefits (gains) losses in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, except for the change in fair value due to a change in our instrument-specific credit risk, which is recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings. See a description of the fair value methodology used in Note C Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note P Market Risk Benefits.
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Note B — Summary of Reserve for Title Claim Losses
A summary of the reserve for title claim losses follows:

| Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Beginning balance | $ | 1,770 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |
Change in insurance recoverable | (14) |  |  | (1) |
Claim loss provision related to: |  |  |
Current year | 168 |  |  | 157 |
Total title claim loss provision | 168 |  |  | 157 |
Claims paid, net of recoupments related to: |  |  |
Current year | (13) |  |  | (8) |
Prior years | (191) |  |  | (190) |
Total title claims paid, net of recoupments | (204) |  |  | (198) |
Ending balance of claim loss reserve for title insurance | $ | 1,720 |  |  | $ | 1,768 |
Provision for title insurance claim losses as a percentage of title insurance premiums | 4.5 | % |  | 4.5 | %

Several lawsuits were filed by various parties against Chicago Title Company and Chicago Title Insurance Company as its principal (collectively, the “Named Companies”) by plaintiffs claiming they were investors who were solicited by Gina Champion-Cain through her former company, ANI Development LLC (“ANI”), or other affiliates to provide funds placed in an escrow account that purportedly were to be used for high-interest, short-term loans to parties seeking to acquire California alcoholic beverage licenses. Plaintiffs further alleged that employees of Chicago Title Company assisted Ms. Champion-Cain and her entities in diverting the funds placed into an escrow account maintained by Chicago Title Company into which some of the plaintiffs’ funds were deposited.
In connection with the alcoholic beverage license scheme, the SEC filed a civil enforcement proceeding asserting claims for securities fraud against Champion-Cain and ANI in a lawsuit styled, Securities and Exchange Commission v. Gina Champion-Cain and ANI Development, LLC, pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. The receiver, who was appointed by the court to preserve the assets of the defendant affiliated entities, then filed a lawsuit in San Diego County Superior Court against the Named Companies seeking damages in a lawsuit styled, Krista Freitag v. Chicago Title Co. and Chicago Title Ins. Co. The Named Companies reached a global settlement with the receiver and several other investor claimants and jointly sought court approval of the global settlement and entry of an order barring any claims against the Named Companies related to the alcoholic beverage license scheme. On November 23, 2022, the federal court overruled any objections by non-joining investors and entered an order approving the global settlement barring further claims against the Named Companies (“Settlement and Bar Order”). After her receipt of the settlement funds, the receiver dismissed the lawsuit against the Named Companies. Some of the non-joining investor claimants who objected to entry of the Settlement and Bar Order appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by (Cases 22-56206, 22-56208, and 23-55083). Appellate oral argument was held on August 13, 2024, and a decision is pending with the court.
Chicago Title Company has also resolved a number of other pre-suit claims and previously-disclosed lawsuits from both individual and groups of alleged investors under confidential terms. Based on the facts and circumstances of the remaining claims, including the settlements already reached, we have recorded reserves included in our reserve for title claim losses, which we believe are adequate to cover losses related to this matter, and believe that our reserves for title claim losses are adequate.
We continually upda te loss reserve estimates as new information becomes known, new loss patterns emerge, or as other contributing factors are considered and incorporated into the analysis of reserve for claim losses. Estimating future title loss payments is difficult because of the complex nature of title claims, the long periods of time over which claims are paid, significantly varying dollar amounts of individual claims, and other factors.
Due to the uncertainty inherent in the process and to the judgment used by management, the ultimate liability may be greater or less than our current reserves. If actual claims loss development varies from what is currently expected and is not offset by other factors, additional reserve adjustments may be required in future periods to maintain our recorded reserve within a reasonable range of our actuary's central estimate.
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Note C — Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset, or non-performance risk, which may include our own credit risk. We estimate an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the principal market, or the most advantageous market for that asset or liability in the absence of a principal market as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or assume a liability. We categorize financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique, along with net asset value. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:
Level 1 - Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads, and yield curves.
Level 3 - Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date based on the best information available in the circumstances.
Net Asset Value ("NAV") - Certain equity investments are measured using NAV as a practical expedient in determining fair value. In addition, our unconsolidated affiliates (primarily limited partnerships) are primarily accounted for using the equity method of accounting with fair value determined using NAV as a practical expedient. Our carrying value reflects our pro rata ownership percentage as indicated by NAV in the unconsolidated affiliate's financial statements, which we may adjust if we determine NAV is not calculated consistent with investment company fair value principles. The underlying investments of the unconsolidated affiliates may have significant unobservable inputs, which may include, but are not limited to, comparable multiples and weighted average cost of capital rates applied in valuation models or a discounted cash flow model. Additionally, management inquires quarterly with the general partner to determine whether any credit or other market events have occurred since prior period financial statements to ensure any material events are properly included in current period valuation and investment income.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.
When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. In addition to the unobservable inputs, Level 3 fair value investments may include observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.
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The estimated fair values of our financial instruments for which the disclosure of fair values is required, including financial assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis, with the exception of investment contracts, portions of other long-term investments and debt, which are disclosed later within this footnote, was summarized according to the hierarchy previously described, as follows:

| September 30, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | NAV |  | Fair Value |  |
Assets | (In millions) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities ("ABS") | — |  |  | 7,779 |  |  | 8,184 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,963 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 5,179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,179 |  |  |
Corporates | 78 |  |  | 19,166 |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,972 |  |  |
Hybrids | 37 |  |  | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 596 |  |  |
Municipals | — |  |  | 1,515 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,515 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,600 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 797 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 803 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 312 |  |  |
Short term investments | 1,013 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 156 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,177 |  |  |
Preferred securities | 199 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 460 |  |  |
Equity securities | 657 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 729 |  |  |
Derivative investments | — |  |  | 1,401 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  |
Market risk benefits asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |  |  |
Other assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  |
Other long-term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  |
Total financial assets at fair value | $ | 7,751 |  |  | $ | 38,770 |  |  | $ | 11,596 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 58,176 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities/indexed universal life insurance ("IUL") embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,411 |  |  |
Reinsurance related embedded derivative | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  |
Equity options | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Contingent consideration obligation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  |
Market risk benefits liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 603 |  |  | — |  |  | 603 |  |  |
Total financial liabilities at fair value | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 6,083 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,122 |  |  |

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| December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | NAV |  | Fair Value |  |
Assets | (In millions) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,767 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,767 |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 7,220 |  |  | 7,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,342 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 4,457 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,475 |  |  |
Corporates | 25 |  |  | 15,892 |  |  | 1,979 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,896 |  |  |
Hybrids | 95 |  |  | 523 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 618 |  |  |
Municipals | — |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,426 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,429 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 662 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 678 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 324 |  |  |
Short term investments | 2,111 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,119 |  |  |
Preferred securities | 214 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 621 |  |  |
Equity securities | 692 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 766 |  |  |
Derivative investments | — |  |  | 740 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 797 |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  |
Reinsurance related embedded derivative, included in other assets | — |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |  |  |
Market risk benefits asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  |
Other long-term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  |
Total financial assets at fair value | $ | 6,566 |  |  | $ | 33,703 |  |  | $ | 9,677 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 50,005 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,258 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,258 |  |  |
Market risk benefits liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 403 |  |  | — |  |  | 403 |  |  |
Equity options | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Total financial liabilities at fair value | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,661 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,662 |  |  |

Valuation Methodologies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts reported in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for these instruments approximate fair value.
Fixed Maturity Preferred and Equity Securities
We measure the fair value of our securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the fixed maturity, preferred or equity security, and we will then consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value. Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach, which utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. Sources of inputs to the market approach include third-party pricing services, independent broker quotations, or pricing matrices. We use observable and unobservable inputs in our valuation methodologies. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. In addition, market indicators and industry and economic events are monitored and further market data will be acquired when certain thresholds are met.
For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. The significant input used in the fair value measurement of equity securities for which the market approach valuation technique is employed is yield for comparable securities. Increases or decreases in the yields would result in lower or higher, respectively, fair value measurements. For broker-quoted only securities, quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized to be market participants. We believe the broker quotes are prices at which trades could be executed based on historical trades executed at broker-quoted or slightly higher prices.
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We analyze the third-party valuation methodologies and related inputs to perform assessments to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy. However, we did not adjust prices received from third parties as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.
Certain equity investments are measured using NAV as a practical expedient in determining fair value.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Our call options and put options (together referred to as “equity options”), futures contracts, and interest rate swaps can either be exchange traded or over the counter. Exchange traded derivatives typically fall within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy if there is active trading activity. Two methods are used to value over-the-counter derivatives. When required inputs are available, certain derivatives are valued using valuation pricing models, which represent what we would expect to receive or pay at the balance sheet date if we cancelled or exercised the derivative, or entered into offsetting positions. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, which include the use of market-observable inputs, including interest rate, yield curve volatilities, and other factors. These over-the-counter derivatives are typically classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as the majority trade in liquid markets, we can verify model inputs and model selection does not involve significant management judgment. When inputs aren’t available for valuation models, certain over-the-counter derivatives are valued using independent broker quotes, which are based on unobservable market data and classified within Level 3. Effective September 30, 2024, pricing for certain derivatives was obtained from internal models using substantially all market observable inputs, and those derivatives were transferred out of Level 3 to Level 2.
The fair value of the reinsurance-related embedded derivatives in our funds withheld reinsurance agreements are estimated based upon the fair value of the assets supporting the funds withheld from reinsurance liabilities. The fair value of the assets is based on a quoted market price of similar assets (Level 2), and therefore the fair value of the embedded derivative is based on market-observable inputs and classified as Level 2.
The fair value measurement of the indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives included in contractholder funds is determined through a combination of market observable information and significant unobservable inputs using the option budget method. The market observable inputs are the market value of option and treasury rates. The significant unobservable inputs are the budgeted option cost (i.e., the expected cost to purchase equity options in future periods to fund the equity indexed linked feature), surrender rates, mortality multiplier, and non-performance spread. The mortality multiplier as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was applied to the 2012 Individual Annuity mortality tables. Increases or decreases in the market value of an option in isolation would result in a higher or lower, respectively, fair value measurement. Increases or decreases in treasury rates, mortality multiplier, surrender rates, or non-performance spread in isolation would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement, respectively. Generally, a change in any one unobservable input would not directly result in a change in any other unobservable input.
Investments in Unconsolidated affiliates
We have elected the fair value option (“FVO”) for certain investments in unconsolidated affiliates as we believe this better aligns them with other investments in unconsolidated affiliates that are measured using NAV as a practical expedient in determining fair value. Investments measured using the FVO are included in Level 3 and the fair values of these investments are determined using a multiple of the affiliates’ EBITDA. The EBITDA is based on the affiliates’ financial information. The multiple is derived from market analysis of transactions involving comparable companies. The inputs are considered unobservable, as not all market participants have access to this data.
Short-term Investments
The carrying amounts reported in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for these instruments approximate fair value.
Other Long-term Investments
We hold a fund-linked note, which provides for an additional payment at maturity based on the value of an embedded derivative based on the actual return of a dedicated return fund. Fair value of the embedded derivative is based on an unobservable input, the NAV of the fund at the balance sheet date. The embedded derivative is similar to an equity option on the NAV of the fund with a strike price of zero since F&G will not be required to make any additional payments at maturity of the fund-linked note in order to receive the NAV of the fund on the maturity date. A Black-Scholes model determines the NAV of the fund as the fair value of the equity option regardless of the values used for the other inputs to the option pricing model. The NAV of the fund is provided by the fund manager at the end of each calendar month and represents the value an investor would receive if it withdrew its investment on the balance sheet date. Therefore, the key unobservable input used in the Black-Scholes model is the value of the fund. As the value of the fund increases or decreases, the fair value of the embedded
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derivative will increase or decrease. See further discussion on the available-for-sale embedded derivative in Note E Derivative Financial Instruments.
The fair value of the credit-linked note is based on a weighted average of a broker quote and a discounted cash flow analysis. The discounted cash flow approach is based on the expected portfolio cash flows and amortization schedule reflecting investment expectations, adjusted for assumptions on the portfolio's default and recovery rates, and the note's discount rate. The fair value of the note is provided by the fund manager at the end of each quarter.
Other Assets
Mortgage servicing rights are measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model, which incorporates assumptions that market participants use in estimating future net servicing income cash flows. These assumptions include estimates of prepayment rates, discount rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, and ancillary income.
Contingent Consideration
The contingent consideration liability is measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model applied using a Monte Carlo simulation of estimated EBITDA at each measurement period and for each simulated path relative to contractual EBITDA milestones. The Monte Carlo simulation utilizes a risk-adjusted discount rate, volatility assumption, and risk-free rates to assess the probability Roar's EBITDA trajectory reaches required milestones for the earn out payments to be made. The discounted cash flow approach applies a company-specific discount rate based on F&G credit profile to future expected earn out payments to calculate the estimated fair value based on the average outcome from the simulation. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note N Acquisitions.
MRBs
MRBs (inclusive of reinsured MRBs) are measured at fair value using an attributed fee measurement approach where attributed fees are explicit rider charges collectible from the policyholder (or paid to the reinsurer) used to cover the excess benefits. The fair value is calculated using a risk neutral valuation method and is based on current net amounts at risk, market data, internal and industry experience, and other factors. The balances are computed using assumptions including mortality, full and partial surrender, rider benefit utilization, risk-free rates including non-performance spread and risk margin, market value of options, and economic scenarios. Policyholder behavior assumptions are reviewed at least annually, typically in the third quarter, for any revisions. Reinsured MRBs are valued using a methodology consistent with direct MRBs, with the exception of the non-performance spread, which reflects the credit of the reinsurer. See further discussion on MRBs in Note P Market Risk Benefits.
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Quantitative information regarding significant unobservable inputs used for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of financial instruments carried at fair value as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

| Fair Value as of |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input(s) |  | Range (Weighted average)
| September 30, 2024 |  |  |
| (In millions) |  |  |  | September 30, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 99 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 4.82% - 6.71% (5.83%)
Corporates | 4 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 29.17% - 100.00% (73.00%)
Corporates | 741 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 3.55% - 20.69% (6.47%)
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 3 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 5.19% - 5.19% (5.19%)
Foreign Governments | 5 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 6.91% - 6.91% (6.91%)
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | 272 |  |  | Market Comparable Company Analysis |  | EBITDA Multiple |  | 8.8x - 15.1x (11.7x)
Preferred securities | 1 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount rate |  | 100.00% - 100.00% (100.00%)
Equity securities | 7 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount rate |  | 11.20% - 11.20% (11.20%)
|  |  | Market Comparable Company Analysis |  | EBITDA multiple |  | 5.1x - 5.1x (5.1x)
Other assets | 55 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 9.27% - 13.40% (11.34%)
|  |  |  |  | Conditional Prepayment Rate |  | 6.67% -15.71% (11.19%)
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 34 |  |  | Black Scholes Model |  | Market Value of AnchorPath Fund |  | 100.00%
Market risk benefits asset | 134 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Mortality |  | 80.00% - 115.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 30.00% (5.22%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawal Rates |  | 2.00% - 24.39% (2.48%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.30% - 0.98% (0.82%)
|  |  |  |  | GMWB Utilization |  | 50.00% - 60.00% (50.57%)
Total financial assets at fair value (a) | $ | 1,355 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/ IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | $ | 5,411 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Market Value of Option |  | 0.00% - 30.14% (4.21%)
|  |  |  |  | Mortality Multiplier |  | 80.00% - 115.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 50.00% (7.23%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawals |  | 2.00% - 35.71% (2.72%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.30% - 0.98% (0.82%)
|  |  |  |  | Option Cost |  | 0.07% - 5.70% (2.61%)
Contingent consideration | 69 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate |  | 13.00% - 13.00% (13.00%)
|  |  |  |  | EBITDA Volatility |  | 35.00% - 35.00% (35.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Counterparty Discount Rate |  | 6.00% - 6.00% (6.00%)
Market risk benefits liability | 603 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Mortality |  | 80.00% - 115.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 30.00% (5.22%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawal Rates |  | 2.00% - 24.39% (2.48%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.30% - 0.98% (0.82%)
|  |  |  |  | GMWB Utilization |  | 50.00% - 60.00% (50.57%)
Total financial liabilities at fair value | $ | 6,083 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a) Assets of $10,241 million for which significant quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed internally and not readily available to the Company (primarily those valued using broker quotes and certain third-party pricing services) are excluded from the respective totals in the table above.
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| Fair Value as of |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input(s) |  | Range (Weighted average)
| December 31, 2023 |  |  |
| (In millions) |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 57 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 5.09% - 6.95% (6.00%)
Corporates | 787 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 0.00% - 12.87% (6.91%)
Corporates | 8 |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 44.00% - 100.00% (75.20%)
Municipals | 32 |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 6.25% - 6.25% (6.25%)
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 3 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 5.46% - 5.46% (5.46%)
Foreign Governments | 16 |  |  | Third-Party Valuation |  | Discount Rate |  | 6.94% - 7.68% (7.45%)
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | 285 |  |  | Market Comparable Company Analysis |  | EBITDA Multiple |  | 4.4x - 31.8x (23.2x)
Preferred securities | 1 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount rate |  | 100.00%
Equity securities | 7 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount rate |  | 11.50% - 11.50% (11.50%)
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 28 |  |  | Black Scholes Model |  | Market Value of Fund |  | 100.00%
Market risk benefits asset | 88 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Mortality |  | 100.00% - 100.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 10.00% (5.22%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawal Rates |  | 0.00% -23.26% (2.50%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.38% - 1.10% (0.96%)
|  |  |  |  | GMWB Utilization |  | 50.00% -60.00% (50.81%)
Total financial assets at fair value (a) | $ | 1,312 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/ IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | $ | 4,258 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Market Value of Option |  | 0.00% - 18.93% (2.63%)
|  |  |  |  | Mortality Multiplier |  | 100.00% - 100.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 70.00% (6.83%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawals |  | 2.00% - 34.48% (2.74%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.38% - 1.10% (0.96%)
|  |  |  |  | Option Cost |  | 0.07% - 5.48% (2.38%)
Market risk benefits liability | 403 |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Mortality |  | 100.00% - 100.00% (100.00%)
|  |  |  |  | Surrender Rates |  | 0.25% - 10.00% (5.22%)
|  |  |  |  | Partial Withdrawal Rates |  | 0.00% - 23.26% (2.50%)
|  |  |  |  | Non-Performance Spread |  | 0.38% - 1.10% (0.96%)
|  |  |  |  | GMWB Utilization |  | 50.00% - 60.00% (50.81%)
Total financial liabilities at fair value | $ | 4,661 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a) Assets of $8,365 million for which significant quantitative unobservable inputs are not developed internally and not readily available to the Company (primarily those valued using broker quotes and certain third-party pricing services) are excluded from the table above.
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The following tables summarize changes to the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The gains and losses below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology.

| Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  |  | Total (Losses) Gains |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements |  | Net Transfer Out of Level 3 (a) |  | Balance at End of Period |  | Change in Unrealized Included in OCI |  |
|  |  | Included in Earnings |  | Included in AOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | (In millions) |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 8,042 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | (358) |  |  | $ | (59) |  |  | $ | 8,184 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 15 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Corporates | 2,355 |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | 67 |  |  | 354 |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 64 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 3 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 5 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  |
Preferred securities | 8 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  |
Equity securities | 13 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps | 8 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates (b) | 358 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (92) |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  |
Short term investments | 71 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 156 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other assets | 50 |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 31 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Credit linked note | 6 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |
Subtotal Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 10,965 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | (403) |  |  | $ | (176) |  |  | $ | 11,462 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  |
Market risk benefits asset (c) | 103 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  |  |
Total Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 11,068 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,596 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/ IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | 4,848 |  |  |  |  | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | (135) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,411 |  |  | — |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | 28 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Contingent consideration | 63 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  |
Subtotal Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 4,939 |  |  |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (135) |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 5,480 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Market risk benefits liability (c) | 459 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 603 |  |  |  |  |
Total Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 5,398 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,083 |  |  |  |  |

(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 were exclusively to Level 2.
(b) The transfer out of investments in unconsolidated affiliates represents F&G’s 30% ownership of PALH prior to the majority acquisition on July 18, 2024. Refer to Note N Acquisitions for details of the PALH majority acquisition.
(c) Refer to Note P Market Risk Benefits for roll forward activity of the net Market risk benefits asset and liability.
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| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  |
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Total (Losses) Gains |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements |  | Net Transfer Out of Level 3 (a) |  | Balance at End of Period |  | Change in Unrealized Included in OCI |  |
|  | Included in Earnings |  | Included in AOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | (In millions) |  |
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 6,510 |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | (171) |  |  | $ | (121) |  |  | $ | 6,757 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  |
Corporates | 1,628 |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | (21) |  |  |
Municipals | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | (2) |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (23) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  |
Short term investments | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | (19) |  |  | (103) |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  |
Preferred securities | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Equity securities | 14 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Credit linked note | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  |
Secured borrowing receivable | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  |
Subtotal Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 8,641 |  |  | $ | (44) |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | (300) |  |  | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | 9,003 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |
Market risk benefits asset (b) | 118 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  |  |
Total Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 8,759 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,121 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | 3,821 |  |  | (796) |  |  | — |  |  | 576 |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,556 |  |  | — |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 3,821 |  |  | $ | (780) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 576 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,572 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Market risk benefits liability (b) | 313 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  |  |
Total Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 4,134 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  |  |  |

(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended September 30, 2023 were exclusively to Level 2.
(b) Refer to Note P Market Risk Benefits for roll forward activity of the net Market risk benefits asset and liability.
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| Nine months ended September 30, 2024
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  |  | Total Gains (Losses) |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements |  | Net transfer In (Out) of Level 3 (a) |  | Balance at End of Period |  | Change in Unrealized Included in OCI
|  |  | Included in Earnings |  | Included in AOCI |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 7,122 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 1,981 |  |  | $ | (109) |  |  | $ | (904) |  |  | $ | (105) |  |  | $ | 8,184 |  |  | $ | 184 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 18 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Corporates | 1,979 |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | 79 |  |  | 873 |  |  | (96) |  |  | (85) |  |  | (20) |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 77 |
Municipals | 49 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 3 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Foreign Governments | 16 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Preferred securities | 8 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Equity securities | 15 |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |
Interest Rate Swaps | 57 |  |  |  |  | (50) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates (b) | 285 |  |  |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (92) |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |
Other assets | — |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |
Short term investments | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 156 |  |  | — |
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 27 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 7 |
Credit linked note | 10 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Subtotal Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 9,589 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 3,127 |  |  | $ | (255) |  |  | $ | (1,007) |  |  | $ | (301) |  |  | $ | 11,462 |  |  | $ | 270 |
Market risk benefits asset (c) | 88 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |
Total Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 9,677 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,596 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/ IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | $ | 4,258 |  |  |  |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,011 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (310) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,411 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Contingent consideration (d) | — |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |
Subtotal Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 4,258 |  |  |  |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (310) |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 5,480 |  |  | $ | — |
Market risk benefits liability (c) | 403 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 603 |  |  |
Total Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 4,661 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,083 |  |  |

(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 were exclusively to Level 2.
(b) The transfer out of investments in unconsolidated affiliates represents F&G’s 30% ownership of PALH prior to the majority acquisition on July 18, 2024. Refer to Note N Acquisitions for details of the PALH majority acquisition.
(c) Refer to Note P Market Risk Benefits for roll forward activity of the net Market risk benefits asset and liability.
(d) The initial contingent consideration recorded in the Roar transaction is included in purchases in the table above. Refer to Note N Acquisition for more information.
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| Nine months ended September 30, 2023
| Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Total (Losses) Gain |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements |  | Net Transfer (Out) In of Level 3 (a) |  | Balance at End of Period |  | Change in Unrealized Included in OCI
|  | Included in Earnings |  | Included in AOCI |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 6,263 |  |  | $ | (56) |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 1,331 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | (557) |  |  | $ | (207) |  |  | $ | 6,757 |  |  | $ | 107 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1 |
Corporates | 1,440 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (77) |  |  | 423 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (43) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | (77) |
Municipals | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 18 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 302 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (330) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |
Foreign Governments | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |
Short term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | (19) |  |  | (103) |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |
Preferred securities | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |
Equity securities | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale embedded derivative | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |
Credit linked note | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Secured borrowing receivable | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |
Subtotal Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 8,169 |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 2,248 |  |  | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | (715) |  |  | $ | (557) |  |  | $ | 9,003 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Market risk benefits asset (b) | 117 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |
Total Level 3 assets at fair value | $ | 8,286 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,121 |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuity/IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds | 3,115 |  |  | (214) |  |  | — |  |  | 765 |  |  | — |  |  | (110) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,556 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |
Subtotal Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 3,115 |  |  | $ | (198) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (110) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,572 |  |  | $ | — |
Market risk benefits liability (b) | 282 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |
Total Level 3 liabilities at fair value | $ | 3,397 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  |

(a) The net transfers out of Level 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were exclusively to Level 2
(b) Refer to Note P Market Risk Benefits for roll forward activity of the net Market risk benefits asset and liability.
Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
The following discussion outlines the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value. Considerable judgment is required to develop these assumptions used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the estimates shown are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a one-time, current market exchange of all of our financial instruments.
Mortgage Loans
The fair value of mortgage loans is established using a discounted cash flow method based on internal credit rating, maturity, and future income. This yield-based approach is sourced from our third-party vendor. The internal ratings for mortgages in good standing are based on property type, location, market conditions, occupancy, debt service coverage, loan-to-value, quality of tenancy, borrower, and payment record. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our mortgage loans are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
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Investments in Unconsolidated affiliates
In our F&G segment, the carrying value of Investments in unconsolidated affiliates is primarily determined using NAV as a practical expedient and are included in the NAV column in the table below. Recognition of income and adjustments to the carrying amount are delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are obtained from the general partner typically on a one to three-month delay. In our title segment, Investments in unconsolidated affiliates are accounted for under the equity method of accounting were $208 million and $263 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Policy Loans (included within Other long-term investments)
Policy loans are reported at the unpaid principal balance and are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of underlying insurance policies. The carrying value of the policy loans approximates the fair value and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Company Owned Life Insurance
Company owned life insurance ("COLI") is a life insurance program used to finance certain employee benefit expenses. The fair value of COLI is based on net realizable value, which is generally cash surrender value. COLI is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Other Invested Assets (included within Other long-term investments)
The fair value of bank loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow method with the discount rate based on weighted average cost of capital ("WACC"). This yield-based approach is sourced from a third-party vendor and the WACC establishes a market participant discount rate by determining the hypothetical capital structure for the asset should it be underwritten as of each period end. Bank loans are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. For cost method investments, our carrying value approximates fair value. Cost method investments are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.
Investment Contracts
Investment contracts include deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities), IUL policies, funding agreements and pension risk transfers ("PRT"), and immediate annuity contracts without life contingencies. The indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives, included in contractholder funds, are excluded as they are carried at fair value. The fair value of the deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities) and IUL contracts is based on their cash surrender value (i.e., the cost the Company would incur to extinguish the liability) as these contracts are generally issued without an annuitization date. The fair value of funding agreements and PRT and immediate annuity contracts without life contingencies is derived by calculating a new fair value interest rate using the updated yield curve and treasury spreads as of the respective reporting date. The Company is not required to, and has not, estimated the fair value of the liabilities under contracts that involve significant mortality or morbidity risks, as these liabilities fall within the definition of insurance contracts that are exceptions from financial instruments that require disclosures of fair value.
Other
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) common stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The carrying amount of FHLB common stock represents the value it can be sold back to the FHLB and is classified as Level 2 within the hierarchy.
Debt
The fair value of debt, with the exception of the F&G Credit Agreement is based on quoted market prices. The carrying value of the F&G Credit Agreement approximates fair value as the rates are comparable to those at which we could currently borrow under similar terms. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our outstanding debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
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The following tables provide the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments that are carried on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at amounts other than fair value, summarized according to the fair value hierarchy previously described.

| September 30, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | NAV |  | Total Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Assets | (In millions)
FHLB common stock | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 153 |
Commercial mortgage loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | 2,572 |
Residential mortgage loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,830 |  |  | 3,054 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3,390 |  |  | 3,394 |  |  | 3,394 |
Policy loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | 94 |
Other invested assets | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 69 |
Company-owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | 426 |
Trade and notes receivables, net of allowance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 443 |  |  | — |  |  | 443 |  |  | 443 |
Total | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 6,139 |  |  | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 9,751 |  |  | $ | 10,205 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contracts, included in contractholder funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,762 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,762 |  |  | $ | 55,057 |
Debt | — |  |  | 3,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,986 |  |  | 4,186 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,986 |  |  | $ | 44,762 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,748 |  |  | $ | 59,243 |

| December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | NAV |  | Total Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount
Assets | (In millions)
FHLB common stock | $ | — |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 138 |
Commercial mortgage loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,253 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,253 |  |  | 2,538 |
Residential mortgage loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | 2,798 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2,779 |  |  | 2,786 |  |  | 2,786 |
Policy loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 71 |
Other invested assets | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 59 |
Company-owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | 397 |
Trade and notes receivables, net of allowance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | 442 |
Total | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 5,715 |  |  | $ | 2,821 |  |  | $ | 8,691 |  |  | $ | 9,229 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment contracts, included in contractholder funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,229 |  |  | $ | 44,540 |
Debt | — |  |  | 3,568 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,568 |  |  | 3,887 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,568 |  |  | $ | 40,229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,797 |  |  | $ | 48,427 |

For investments for which NAV is used as a practical expedient for fair value, we do not have any significant restrictions in our ability to liquidate our positions in these investments, other than obtaining general partner approval, nor do we believe it is probable that a price less than NAV would be received in the event of a liquidation.
We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3, or between other levels, at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. The transfers into and out of Level 3 were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value.
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Note D — Investments
Our fixed maturity securities investments have been designated as available-for-sale ("AFS"), and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), net of deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings. The Company’s consolidated investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

| September 30, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 15,986 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | (275) |  |  | $ | 15,963 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 5,359 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (192) |  |  | 5,179 |  |  |
Corporates | 23,673 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 396 |  |  | (2,092) |  |  | 21,972 |  |  |
Hybrids | 609 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 596 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,682 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | (187) |  |  | 1,515 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,617 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (77) |  |  | 2,600 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 803 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 344 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (37) |  |  | 312 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 51,070 |  |  | $ | (67) |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | (2,885) |  |  | $ | 48,940 |  |  |

| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions) |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 14,631 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | (469) |  |  | $ | 14,342 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities | 4,797 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 23 |  |  | (323) |  |  | 4,475 |  |  |
Corporates | 20,133 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 186 |  |  | (2,417) |  |  | 17,896 |  |  |
Hybrids | 668 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 618 |  |  |
Municipals | 1,826 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | (229) |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,507 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 29 |  |  | (104) |  |  | 2,429 |  |  |
U.S. Government | 679 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 678 |  |  |
Foreign Governments | 365 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (44) |  |  | 324 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 45,606 |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | (3,648) |  |  | $ | 42,373 |  |  |

Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $150 million and $141 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company held $29 million and $47 million, respectively, of investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance was $531 million and $481 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $5,123 million and $4,345 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
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The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and Government securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 890 |  |  | $ | 885 |  |  | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | 687 |
Due after one year through five years | 4,996 |  |  | 4,985 |  |  | 4,320 |  |  | 4,209 |
Due after five years through ten years | 4,975 |  |  | 4,981 |  |  | 3,195 |  |  | 3,048 |
Due after ten years | 16,247 |  |  | 14,347 |  |  | 15,453 |  |  | 13,183 |
Subtotal | 27,108 |  |  | 25,198 |  |  | 23,671 |  |  | 21,127 |
Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 15,986 |  |  | 15,963 |  |  | 14,631 |  |  | 14,342 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 5,359 |  |  | 5,179 |  |  | 4,797 |  |  | 4,475 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,617 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 2,507 |  |  | 2,429 |
Subtotal | 23,962 |  |  | 23,742 |  |  | 21,935 |  |  | 21,246 |
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | 51,070 |  |  | $ | 48,940 |  |  | $ | 45,606 |  |  | $ | 42,373 |

Allowance for Expected Credit Loss
We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss:
•The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis;
•The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening);
•The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength);
•Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral;
•Expected future default rates;
•Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type;
•Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and
•Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations.
We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e., the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage-backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and losses, net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise.
We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost are necessary:
• We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible;
• We intend to sell a security; or
• It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery.
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If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible (generally based on proximity to expected credit loss), an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in AOCI. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our allowance for expected credit losses for AFS securities was $67 million and $42 million, respectively.
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The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

| September 30, 2024
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 3,447 |  |  | $ | (237) |  |  | $ | 4,030 |  |  | $ | (256) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 209 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | (168) |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | (173) |
Corporates | 1,382 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 10,698 |  |  | (2,084) |  |  | 12,080 |  |  | (2,092) |
Hybrids | 47 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 393 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 440 |  |  | (19) |
Municipals | 82 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | (186) |  |  | 1,171 |  |  | (187) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 188 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 447 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 635 |  |  | (71) |
U.S. Government | 268 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 130 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 398 |  |  | (6) |
Foreign Government | 23 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 170 |  |  | (36) |  |  | 193 |  |  | (38) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 2,782 |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | 18,056 |  |  | $ | (2,802) |  |  | $ | 20,838 |  |  | $ | (2,842) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 585 |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,393
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,978 |

| December 31, 2023
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale securities | (In millions)
Asset-backed securities | $ | 1,707 |  |  | $ | (56) |  |  | $ | 5,835 |  |  | $ | (404) |  |  | $ | 7,542 |  |  | $ | (460) |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 819 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | (235) |  |  | 2,741 |  |  | (288) |
Corporates | 2,387 |  |  | (134) |  |  | 10,739 |  |  | (2,283) |  |  | 13,126 |  |  | (2,417) |
Hybrids | 60 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 483 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 543 |  |  | (53) |
Municipals | 399 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 920 |  |  | (179) |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | (228) |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 336 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 662 |  |  | (89) |  |  | 998 |  |  | (94) |
U.S. Government | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | 159 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 243 |  |  | (9) |
Foreign Government | 49 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 188 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 237 |  |  | (44) |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 5,841 |  |  | $ | (302) |  |  | $ | 20,908 |  |  | $ | (3,291) |  |  | $ | 26,749 |  |  | $ | (3,593) |
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,035
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,846
Total number of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,881 |

The unrealized losses as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were caused by higher treasury rates compared to those at the time of the F&G acquisition or purchase of the security if later. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024, our allowance for expected credit loss was $67 million. We believe the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns.
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Mortgage Loans
Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties.
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) represented approximately 4% and 5% of our total investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties, and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | % of Total
Property Type: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Hotel | $ | 17 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 18 |  |  | 1 | %
Industrial | 617 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 616 |  |  | 24 |
Mixed Use | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Multifamily | 1,006 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | 40 |
Office | 356 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 13 |
Retail | 99 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 4 |
Student Housing | 83 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 3 |
Other | 401 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 15 |
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,590 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,550 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (18) |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,572 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |
U.S. Region: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East North Central | $ | 98 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 151 |  |  | 6 | %
East South Central | 75 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 3 |
Middle Atlantic | 354 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 14 |
Mountain | 409 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 14 |
New England | 164 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 6 |
Pacific | 713 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 30 |
South Atlantic | 595 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 563 |  |  | 22 |
West North Central | 22 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
West South Central | 160 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 5 |
Total commercial mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowance | $ | 2,590 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,550 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (18) |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  |
Total commercial mortgage loans, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,572 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,538 |  |  |

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CMLs segregated by aging of the loans and charge offs (by year of origination) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:

| September 30, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 2,581 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total CMLs | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 2,590 |
Charge offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
Charge offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |

(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million.
Loan-to-value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage (“DSC”) ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25 year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation.
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The following tables present the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated LTV ratios, gross of valuation allowances as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

| Debt-Service Coverage Ratios |  | Total Amount |  | % of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
| >1.25 |  | 1.00 - 1.25 |  | <1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | (In millions)
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 501 |  |  | 21 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 749 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | 820 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 32 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,182 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | 46 |
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |
CMLs | $ | 2,430 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,590 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,342 |  |  | 100 | %
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LTV Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 519 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 510 |  |  | 23 | %
50.00% to 59.99% | 764 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 764 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 30 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 1,160 |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,216 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | 46 |
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1 |
CMLs (a) | $ | 2,443 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,528 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,231 |  |  | 100 | %

(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million.

| September 30, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 516 |
50.00% to 59.99% | 59 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 820 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 23 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,239 |
75.00% to 84.99% | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Total CMLs | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 2,590 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 1,241 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 2,430 |
1.00x - 1.25x | 67 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Less than 1.00x | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 30 |
Total CMLs | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 2,590 |

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| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Commercial mortgages | (In millions)
LTV |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 50.00% | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 533 |
50.00% to 59.99% | 53 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |  |  | 764 |
60.00% to 74.99% | 69 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 912 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,216 |
75.00% to 84.99% | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
Commercial mortgages |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSCR |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Greater than 1.25x | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 2,443 |
1.00x - 1.25x | 59 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 66 |
Less than 1.00x | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 19 |
Total CMLs (a) | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |

(a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million.
We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At September 30, 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments as shown in the risk rating exposure table above compared to none at December 31, 2023.
Residential Mortgage Loans
Residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our RMLs are primarily closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances:

| September 30, 2024
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 160 |  |  | 5 | %
All other states (a) | 2,945 |  |  | 95 |
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | 3,105 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (51) |  |  |
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 3,054 |  |  |

(a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of September 30, 2024.

| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
U.S. State: | (In millions) |  |
Florida | $ | 163 |  |  | 6 | %
New York | 129 |  |  | 5 |
Texas | 129 |  |  | 5 |
All other states (a) | 2,431 |  |  | 84 |
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | 2,852 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected credit loss | (54) |  |  |
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 2,798 |  |  |

(a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of December 31, 2023.
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RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. We define non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due or in non-accrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, was as follows:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost |  | % of Total |  | Amortized Cost |  | % of Total
Performance indicators: | (In millions) |  |  |  | (In millions) |  |
Performing | $ | 3,031 |  |  | 98 | % |  | $ | 2,795 |  |  | 98 | %
Non-performing | 74 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 2 |
Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance | 3,105 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 2,852 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for expected loan loss | (51) |  |  |  |  | (54) |  |  |
Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance | $ | 3,054 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,798 |  |  |

There were no charge offs recorded by RMLs during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or during the year ended December 31, 2023. RMLs segregated by aging of the loans (by year of origination) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows, gross of valuation allowances:

| September 30, 2024
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 928 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | 2,994 |
30-89 days past due | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 37 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 74 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 393 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 946 |  |  | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | 3,105 |

| December 31, 2023
| Amortized Cost by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Total
Residential mortgages | (In millions)
Current (less than 30 days past due) | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 985 |  |  | $ | 854 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 2,779 |
30-89 days past due | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |
90 days or more past due | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 57 |
Total residential mortgages | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 995 |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 2,852 |

Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Amortized cost of loans on non-accrual | (In millions)
Residential mortgage: | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 57 |
Commercial mortgage: | — |  |  | — |
Total non-accrual mortgages | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 57 |

Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $74 million and $57 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $73 million and $41 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure.
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Under certain circumstances, modifications are granted to mortgage loans. Generally, the types of concessions may include interest rate reduction, term extension, payment deferrals, principal forgiveness, or a combination of these concessions. We had an immaterial amount of mortgage loans modified during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Allowance for Expected Credit Loss
We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio are summarized as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | (54) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (66) |
Provision (expense) benefit for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (3) |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (69) |

|  |  | Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions) |  | (In millions)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Commercial Mortgage |  | Total
Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (42) |
Provision (expense) benefit for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (22) |
Ending Balance |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | (64) |

An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for CMLs as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for RMLs and were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Interest and Investment Income
The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 1,679 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |
Equity securities | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 24 |
Preferred securities | 7 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 39 |
Mortgage loans | 69 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 167 |
Invested cash and short-term investments | 72 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 106 |
Limited partnerships | 84 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 171 |
Tax deferred property exchange income | 36 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 128 |
Other investments | 32 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 63 |
Gross investment income | 891 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 2,526 |  |  | 2,103 |
Investment expense | (76) |  |  | (63) |  |  | (218) |  |  | (188) |
Interest and investment income | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 2,308 |  |  | $ | 1,915 |

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Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $181 million and $102 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $463 million and $236 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Recognized Gains and Losses, Net
Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (137) |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities (1) | 48 |  |  | (33) |  |  | 48 |  |  | (37) |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on preferred securities (2) | 17 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (7) |
Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) on other invested assets | 3 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 73 |  |  | (20) |
Change in allowance for expected credit losses | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (30) |
Derivatives and embedded derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments | 30 |  |  | (30) |  |  | 65 |  |  | (184) |
Unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments | 347 |  |  | (297) |  |  | 450 |  |  | 14 |
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (3) | (178) |  |  | 36 |  |  | (186) |  |  | 34 |
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Realized gains (losses) on derivatives and embedded derivatives | 202 |  |  | (294) |  |  | 335 |  |  | (136) |
Recognized gains and losses, net | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | (356) |  |  | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | (367) |

(1) Includes net valuation gains (losses) of $31 million and $(22) million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and net valuation losses of $(42) million and $(12) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2) Includes net valuation gains of $18 million and $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and net valuation gains of $30 million and $52 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(3) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives is due to activity related to the reinsurance treaties.
Recognized gains and losses, net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which are passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized gains and (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, were $177 million and $(186) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $43 million and $42 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Proceeds | $ | 1,476 |  |  | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 2,638 |  |  | $ | 1,978 |
Gross gains | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | 7 |
Gross losses | (20) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (109) |

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
We own investments in variable interest entities ("VIEs") that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary,’ a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated.
We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership
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and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments, which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Our maximum loss exposure with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note F Commitments and Contingencies).
The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
| Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure |  | Carrying Value |  | Maximum Loss Exposure
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates | $ | 3,666 |  |  | $ | 4,814 |  |  | $ | 3,071 |  |  | $ | 4,806 |
Fixed maturity securities | 23,343 |  |  | 24,120 |  |  | 20,837 |  |  | 22,346 |
Total unconsolidated VIE investments | $ | 27,009 |  |  | $ | 28,934 |  |  | $ | 23,908 |  |  | $ | 27,152 |

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Note E — Derivative Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of derivative instruments, including derivative instruments embedded in indexed annuities and IUL contracts, and reinsurance are as follows:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions) |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity options | $ | 1,293 |  |  |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | 108 |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |
Other derivative investments | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Other long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other embedded derivatives | 34 |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance related embedded derivatives | — |  |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |
Total | $ | 1,435 |  |  |  |  | $ | 977 |  |  |

Liabilities |  |  |  |
Contractholder funds: |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives | $ | 5,411 |  |  | $ | 4,258 |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities: |  |  |  |
Reinsurance related embedded derivative | 34 |  |  | — |  |
Equity Options | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |
Total | $ | 5,449 |  |  | $ | 4,259 |  |

The change in fair value of derivative instruments included within Recognized gains and losses, net in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings is as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions) |  | (In millions)
Net investment gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity options | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | (308) |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | (155) |
Interest rate swaps | 114 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (19) |
Futures contracts | 7 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1 |
Other derivative investments | (4) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Other embedded derivatives | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Reinsurance related embedded derivatives | (178) |  |  | 36 |  |  | (186) |  |  | 34 |
Total net investment gains (losses) | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | (294) |  |  | $ | 335 |  |  | $ | (136) |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives increase | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | (265) |  |  | $ | 1,153 |  |  | $ | 441 |

Additional Disclosures
See descriptions of the fair value methodologies used for derivative financial instruments in Note C Fair Value of Financial Instruments.
Indexed Annuities/IUL Embedded Derivative, Equity Options and Futures
We have indexed annuities and IUL contracts that permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity index linked component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of various equity indices, for example the S&P 500 Index. This feature represents an embedded derivative under GAAP. The indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives are valued at fair value and included in the liability for contractholder funds in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with changes in fair value included as a component of Benefits and other changes in policy reserves in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
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We purchase derivatives consisting of a combination of equity options and futures contracts (specifically for indexed annuity contracts) on the applicable market indices to fund the index credits due to indexed annuity/IUL contractholders. The equity options are one, two, three, five, and six year options purchased to match the funding requirements of the underlying policies. On the respective anniversary dates of the indexed policies, the index used to compute the interest credit is reset and we purchase new equity options to fund the next index credit. We manage the cost of these purchases through the terms of our indexed annuities/IUL contracts, which permit us to change caps, spreads or participation rates, subject to guaranteed minimums, on each contract’s anniversary date. The change in the fair value of the equity options and futures contracts is generally designed to offset the portion of the change in the fair value of the indexed annuities/IUL embedded derivatives related to index performance through the current credit period. The equity options and futures contracts are marked to fair value with the change in fair value included as a component of Recognized gains and (losses), net, in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The change in fair value of the equity options and futures contracts includes the gains and losses recognized at the expiration of the instrument term or upon early termination and the changes in fair value of open positions.
Other market exposures are hedged periodically depending on market conditions and our risk tolerance. Our indexed annuities/IUL hedging strategy economically hedges the equity returns and exposes us to the risk that unhedged market exposures result in divergence between changes in the fair value of the liabilities and the hedging assets. We use a variety of techniques, including direct estimation of market sensitivities, to monitor this risk daily. We intend to continue to adjust the hedging strategy as market conditions and our risk tolerance changes.
Interest Rate Swaps
We utilize interest rate swaps to reduce market risks from interest rate changes on our earnings associated with our floating rate investments. With an interest rate swap, we agree with another party to exchange the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts tied to an agreed upon notional principal at specified intervals. The interest rate swaps are marked to fair value with the change in fair value, including accrued interest and related periodic cash flows received or paid, included as a component of Recognized gains and (losses), net, in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Reinsurance Related Embedded Derivatives
F&G cedes certain business on a coinsurance funds withheld basis. Investment results for the assets that support the coinsurance that are segregated within the funds withheld account are passed directly to the reinsurer pursuant to the contractual terms of the reinsurance agreement, which creates embedded derivatives considered to be total return swaps. These total return swaps are not clearly and closely related to the underlying reinsurance contract and thus require bifurcation. The fair value of the total return swaps is based on the change in fair value of the underlying assets held in the funds withheld account. These embedded derivatives are reported in Prepaid expenses and other assets if in a net gain position, or Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, if in a net loss position on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related gains or losses are reported in Recognized gains and (losses), net, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Credit Risk
We are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by our counterparties and reflect assumptions regarding this non-performance risk in the fair value of our derivatives. The non-performance risk is the net counterparty exposure based on the fair value of the open contracts less collateral held. We maintain a policy of requiring all derivative contracts to be governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreement.
We manage credit risk related to non-performance by our counterparties by (i) entering into derivative transactions with creditworthy counterparties; (ii) obtaining collateral, such as cash and securities when appropriate; (iii) establishing counterparty exposure limits, which are subject to periodic management review.
Information regarding our exposure to credit loss on the derivative instruments we hold, excluding futures contracts, is presented below:

|  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Collateral |  | Net Credit Risk
|  | (In millions)
September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 35,561 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 1,351 |  |  | $ | 53 |
December 31, 2023 |  | 29,968 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 39 |

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Collateral Agreements
We are required to maintain minimum ratings as a matter of routine practice as part of our over-the-counter derivative agreements on ISDA forms. Under some ISDA agreements, we have agreed to maintain certain financial strength ratings. A downgrade below these levels provides the counterparty under the agreement the right to terminate the open derivative contracts between the parties, at which time any amounts payable by us or the counterparty would be dependent on the market value of the underlying contracts. Our current rating does not allow any counterparty the right to terminate ISDA agreements. In certain transactions, both us and the counterparty have entered into a collateral support agreement requiring either party to post collateral when the net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds. For all counterparties, except one, the threshold is set to zero. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 counterparties posted collateral of $1,351 million and $775 million, respectively, of which $1,133 million and $588 million, respectively, is included in Cash and cash equivalents with an associated payable for this collateral included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that we would incur if parties to the derivatives failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts was $53 million as of September 30, 2024 and $39 million as of December 31, 2023.
We are required to pay our counterparties the effective federal funds interest rate each day for cash collateral posted to us. Cash collateral is reinvested in overnight investment sweep products, which are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, to reduce the interest cost.
We held 392 and 439 futures contracts as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The fair value of the futures contracts represents the cumulative unsettled variation margin (open trade equity, net of cash settlements). We provide cash collateral to the counterparties for the initial and variation margin on the futures contracts, which is included in Cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amount of cash collateral held by the counterparties for such contracts was $5 million and $4 million, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Note F — Commitments and Contingencies
Legal and Regulatory Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are involved in various pending and threatened litigation matters related to our operations, some of which include claims for punitive or exemplary damages. With respect to our title insurance operations, this customary litigation includes but is not limited to a wide variety of cases arising out of or related to title and escrow claims, for which we make provisions through our loss reserves. See Note B Summary of Reserve for Title Claim Losses for further discussion. Additionally, like other companies, our ordinary course litigation includes a number of class action and purported class action lawsuits, which make allegations related to aspects of our operations. We believe that no actions, other than the matters discussed below, if any, depart from customary litigation incidental to our business.
We review lawsuits and other legal and regulatory matters (collectively “legal proceedings”) on an ongoing basis when making accrual and disclosure decisions. When assessing reasonably possible and probable outcomes, management bases its decision on its assessment of the ultimate outcome assuming all appeals have been exhausted. For legal proceedings in which it has been determined that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability based on known facts and that represents our best estimate has been recorded. Our accrual for legal and regulatory matters was $17 million and $10 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. None of the amounts we have currently recorded are considered to be material to our financial condition individually or in the aggregate. Actual losses may materially differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of our pending legal proceedings is generally not yet determinable. While some of these matters could be material to our operating results or cash flows for any particular period if an unfavorable outcome results, at present we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
F&G is a defendant in two putative class action lawsuits related to the alleged compromise of certain of F&G’s customers’ personal information resulting from an alleged vulnerability in the MOVEit file transfer software. F&G’s vendor, Pension Benefit Information, LLC (“PBI”), used the MOVEit software in the course of providing audit and address research services to F&G and many other corporate customers. Miller v. F&G, No. 4:23-cv-00326, was filed against F&G in the Southern District of Iowa on August 31, 2023. Miller alleges that he is an F&G customer whose information was impacted in the MOVEit incident and brings common law tort and implied contract claims. Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief and damages. Cooper v. Progress Software Corp., No. 1:23-cv-12067, was filed against F&G and five other defendants in the District of Massachusetts on September 7, 2023. Cooper also alleges that he is an F&G customer and brings similar common law tort
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claims and alleges claims as a purported third-party beneficiary of an alleged contract. Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief and damages.
Well over 150 similar lawsuits have been filed against other entities impacted by the MOVEit incident including a number of such lawsuits related to PBI’s use of MOVEit. On October 4, 2023, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) created a multidistrict litigation (MDL) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to handle all litigation brought by individuals whose information was potentially compromised in connection with the alleged MOVEit vulnerability. Both Miller and Cooper have been transferred to the MDL and are proceeding under MDL Case No. 1:23-md-03083-ADB-PGL. Plaintiffs filed amendments to their complaints, and Defendants filed their omnibus motion to dismiss for lack of Article III standing on July 23, 2024. The case is proceeding under a modified bellweather structure to decide critical issues and facilitate reciprocal discovery. At this time, F&G does not believe the incident will have a material impact on its business, operations, or financial results.
In connection with the cybersecurity incident initially reported on November 21, 2023, the Company and/or its subsidiaries is a party to a consolidated putative nationwide class action, In Re: LoanCare Data Security Breach Litigation, Case No. 3:23cv1508, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida and originating from the consolidation of putative class actions filed in the U.S. District Courts for the Middle District of Florida, the Central District of California, and the Western District of Missouri. On March 19, 2024, plaintiffs filed their consolidated class action complaint on behalf of a nationwide class, along with a California subclass and a Florida subclass, alleging common law tort and contract claims and certain state statutory claims. The parties mediated the case on July 25, 2024, and reached an agreement in principle to resolve the case on a class-wide basis. The parties have sought preliminary court approval of the class-wide settlement. If approved, once the settlement administrator disburses all the funds, final court approval of the settlement will be sought, and the case dismissed.
On May 28, 2024, a lawsuit styled Roofers Local 149 Pension Fund v. Fidelity National Financial Inc., William P. Foley, F&G Annuities & Life Inc., C.A. No. 2024-0562-LWW, was filed in the Chancery Court of the State of Delaware against Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (“FNF”), in its capacity as F&G Annuities & Life Inc.’s (“F&G”) controlling stockholder, and William P. Foley, Executive Chairman of F&G and Chairman of FNF, alleging breach of fiduciary duty related to F&G’s January 11, 2024 sale of $250 million of 6.875% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock to FNF. Plaintiff alleges that, based upon an unfair process and unfair price, the preferred stock investment was advantageous to FNF and unfair to F&G. Plaintiff seeks to recover damages on behalf of F&G for the alleged unfair preferred stock investment and the adoption of certain corporate governance measures. On July 24, 2024, F&G filed its answer, and the remaining defendants, including FNF, filed their motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint. On September 23, 2024, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed its action against William P. Foley, leaving FNF’s motion to dismiss fully briefed and a decision pending with the court. The remaining defendants will vigorously contest the Plaintiff’s claims in the action.
From time to time, we receive inquiries and requests for information from state insurance departments, attorneys general, and other regulatory agencies about various matters relating to our business. Sometimes these take the form of civil investigative demands or subpoenas. We cooperate with all such inquiries, and we have responded to or are currently responding to inquiries from multiple governmental agencies. Also, regulators and courts have been dealing with issues arising from foreclosures and related processes and documentation. Various governmental entities are studying the title insurance product, market, pricing, and business practices, and potential regulatory and legislative changes, which may materially affect our business and operations. From time to time, we are assessed fines for violations of regulations or other matters or enter into settlements with such authorities, which may require us to pay fines or claims or take other actions. We do not anticipate such fines and settlements, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, or financial results.
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F&G Commitments
In our F&G segment, we have unfunded commitments as of September 30, 2024 based upon the timing of when investments and agreements are executed or signed compared to when the actual investments and agreements are funded or closed. Some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years. A summary of unfunded commitments by commitment type as of September 30, 2024 is included below:

| September 30, 2024 |
Commitment Type | (In millions) |
Unconsolidated VIEs: |  |
Limited partnerships | $ | 1,148 |  |
Whole loans | 949 |  |
Fixed maturity securities, ABS | 359 |  |
Direct Lending | 273 |  |
Other fixed maturity securities, AFS | 43 |  |
Commercial mortgage loans | 79 |  |
Other assets | 145 |  |
Other invested assets | 109 |  |
Total | $ | 3,105 |  |

Concurrent with the Roar purchase agreement, we executed a separate loan agreement with the sellers of Roar for us to lend up to $40 million. The loan matures on August 5, 2027. There was a $6 million balance outstanding as of September 30, 2024, and the unfunded loan commitment is included in the unfunded commitments table above in the “Other assets” line item. Refer to Note N Acquisitions for more information on the Roar acquisition.
Note G — Dividends
On November 6, 2024, our Board of Directors declared cash dividends of $0.50 per share, payable on December 31, 2024, to FNF common shareholders of record as of December 17, 2024.
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Note H — Segment Information
Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments is shown in the following tables.
As of and for the three months ended September 30, 2024:

| Title |  | F&G |  | Corporate and Other |  | Elimination |  | Total
| (In millions)
Title premiums | $ | 1,360 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,360 |
Other revenues | 581 |  |  | 526 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,159 |
Revenues from external customers | 1,941 |  |  | 526 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,519 |
Interest and investment income, including recognized gains and losses, net | 155 |  |  | 918 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 1,084 |
Total revenues | 2,096 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 89 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 3,603 |
Depreciation and amortization | 35 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 189 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 372 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (26) |  |  | 313 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 73 |  |  | (25) |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Earnings (loss) before equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 299 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 269 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 301 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  | $ | 271 |
Assets | $ | 8,046 |  |  | $ | 84,110 |  |  | $ | 2,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,672 |
Goodwill | 2,800 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | 293 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,272 |

As of and for the three months ended September 30, 2023:

| Title |  | F&G |  | Corporate and Other |  | Elimination |  | Total
| (In millions)
Title premiums | $ | 1,252 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,252 |
Other revenues | 577 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,196 |
Revenues from external customers | 1,829 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,448 |
Interest and investment income, including recognized gains and losses, net | 46 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 330 |
Total revenues | 1,875 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 2,778 |
Depreciation and amortization | 39 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 248 |  |  | 380 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (22) |  |  | 603 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 73 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |
Earnings (loss) before equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 175 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 462 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 306 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 477 |
Assets | $ | 8,136 |  |  | $ | 63,596 |  |  | $ | 2,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,002 |
Goodwill | 2,789 |  |  | 1,749 |  |  | 292 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,830 |

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As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

| Title |  | F&G |  | Corporate and Other |  | Elimination |  | Total
| (In millions)
Title premiums | $ | 3,741 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,741 |
Other revenues | 1,636 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,555 |
Revenues from external customers | 5,377 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,296 |
Interest and investment income, including recognized gains and losses, net | 313 |  |  | 2,413 |  |  | 118 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 2,764 |
Total revenues | 5,690 |  |  | 4,185 |  |  | 265 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 10,060 |
Depreciation and amortization | 106 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 545 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 825 |  |  | 366 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (80) |  |  | 1,102 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 190 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | 223 |
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates | 635 |  |  | 315 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 879 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (80) |  |  | $ | 883 |
Assets | $ | 8,046 |  |  | $ | 84,110 |  |  | $ | 2,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,672 |
Goodwill | 2,800 |  |  | 2,179 |  |  | 293 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,272 |

As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

| Title |  | F&G |  | Corporate and Other |  | Elimination |  | Total
| (In millions)
Title premiums | $ | 3,484 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,484 |
Other revenues | 1,629 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,288 |
Revenues from external customers | 5,113 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,772 |
Interest and investment income, including recognized gains and losses, net | 178 |  |  | 1,365 |  |  | 48 |  |  | (43) |  |  | 1,548 |
Total revenues | 5,291 |  |  | 2,888 |  |  | 184 |  |  | (43) |  |  | 8,320 |
Depreciation and amortization | 115 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 438 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 638 |  |  | 340 |  |  | (74) |  |  | (43) |  |  | 861 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 165 |  |  | 99 |  |  | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | 245 |
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 473 |  |  | 241 |  |  | (55) |  |  | (43) |  |  | 616 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 489 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 632 |
Assets | $ | 8,136 |  |  | $ | 63,596 |  |  | $ | 2,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,002 |
Goodwill | 2,789 |  |  | 1,749 |  |  | 292 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,830 |

The activities in our segments include the following:
•Title. This segment consists of the operations of our title insurance underwriters and related businesses. This segment provides core title insurance and escrow and other title-related services including loan sub-servicing, valuations, default services, and home warranty.
•F&G. This segment primarily consists of the operations of our annuities and life insurance related businesses. This segment issues a broad portfolio of annuity and life products, including deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities), immediate annuities and IUL. This segment also provides funding agreements and PRT solutions.
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•Corporate and Other. This segment consists of the operations of the parent holding company, our real estate technology subsidiaries, and our remaining real estate brokerage businesses. This segment also includes certain other unallocated corporate overhead expenses and eliminations of revenues and expenses between it and our Title segment.
•Elimination. This segment consists of the elimination of dividends paid from F&G to FNF, which are included in the Corporate and Other segment.
Note I — Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following supplemental cash flow information is provided with respect to certain cash payment and non-cash investing and financing activities:

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash paid for: |  | (In millions)
Interest |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Income taxes |  | 153 |  |  | 140 |
Deferred sales inducements |  | 219 |  |  | 113 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Change in proceeds of sales of investments available for sale receivable in period |  | (69) |  |  | 53 |
Change in purchases of investments available for sale payable in period |  | 639 |  |  | 145 |
Lease liabilities recognized in exchange for lease right-of-use assets |  | 35 |  |  | 29 |
Remeasurement of lease liabilities |  | 55 |  |  | 53 |
Liabilities assumed in connection with acquisitions |  |  |  |
Fair value of assets acquired |  | 771 |  |  | 304 |
Less: Total Purchase price |  | 570 |  |  | 299 |
Liabilities and noncontrolling interests assumed |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 5 |

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Note J — Revenue Recognition
Disaggregation of Revenue
Our revenue consists of:

|  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue Stream |  | Income Statement Classification |  | Segment |  | Total Revenue
Revenue from insurance contracts: |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Direct title insurance premiums |  | Direct title insurance premiums |  | Title |  | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |
Agency title insurance premiums |  | Agency title insurance premiums |  | Title |  | 789 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 1,991 |
Life insurance premiums, insurance and investment product fees, and other |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | F&G |  | 526 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | 1,523 |
Home warranty |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Title |  | 42 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 110 |
Total revenue from insurance contracts |  |  |  |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 5,627 |  |  | 5,117 |
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Escrow fees |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Title |  | 219 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 609 |  |  | 590 |
Other title-related fees and income |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Title |  | 169 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 482 |
ServiceLink, excluding title premiums, escrow fees, and subservicing fees |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Title |  | 83 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 247 |
Real estate technology |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Corporate and other |  | 35 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 114 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  |  |  |  |  | 506 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 1,431 |  |  | 1,433 |
Other revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan subservicing revenue |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Title |  | 68 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 200 |
Other |  | Escrow, title-related and other fees |  | Corporate and other |  | 17 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 41 |  |  | 22 |
Interest and investment income |  | Interest and investment income |  | Various |  | 815 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 2,308 |  |  | 1,915 |
Recognized gains and losses, net |  | Recognized gains and losses, net |  | Various |  | 269 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 456 |  |  | (367) |
Total revenues |  | Total revenues |  |  |  | $ | 3,603 |  |  | $ | 2,778 |  |  | $ | 10,060 |  |  | $ | 8,320 |

Our Direct title insurance premiums are recognized as revenue at the time of closing of the underlying transaction as the earnings process is then considered complete. Regulation of title insurance rates varies by state. Premiums are charged to customers based on rates predetermined in coordination with each states' respective Department of Insurance. Cash associated with such revenue is typically collected at closing of the underlying real estate transaction. Premium revenues from agency title operations are recognized when the underlying title order and transaction closing, if applicable, are complete.
Revenues from our home warranty business are generated from contracts with customers to provide warranty for major home appliances. Substantially all of our home warranty contracts are one year in length and revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the contract.
Escrow fees and other title-related fees and income in our Title segment are closely related to Direct title insurance premiums and are primarily associated with managing the closing of real estate transactions, including the processing of funds on behalf of the transaction participants, gathering and recording the required closing documents, providing notary and home inspection services, and other real estate or title-related activities. Revenue is primarily recognized upon closing of the underlying real estate transaction or completion of services. Cash associated with such revenue is typically collected at closing.
Revenues from ServiceLink, excluding its title premiums, escrow fees and loan subservicing fees primarily include revenues from real estate appraisal services and foreclosure processing and facilitation services. Revenues from real estate appraisal services are recognized when all appraisal work is complete, a final report is issued to the client and the client is billed. Revenues from foreclosure processing and facilitation services are primarily recognized upon completion of the services and when billing to the client is complete.
Life insurance premiums in our F&G segment reflect premiums for life-contingent PRT, traditional life insurance products, and life-contingent immediate annuity products, which are recognized as revenue when due from the policyholder. We have ceded the majority of our traditional life business to unaffiliated third party reinsurers. While the base contract has been reinsured, we continue to retain the return of premium rider. Insurance and investment product fees and other consist primarily of the cost of insurance on IUL policies, unearned revenue liabilities ("URL") on IUL policies, policy rider fees primarily on FIA policies and surrender charges assessed against policy withdrawals in excess of the policyholder's allowable penalty-free amounts.
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Premium and annuity deposit collections for indexed annuities, fixed rate annuities, immediate annuities and PRT without life contingency, and amounts received for funding agreements are reported in the financial statements as deposit liabilities (i.e., contractholder funds) instead of as sales or revenues. Similarly, cash payments to customers are reported as decreases in the liability for contractholder funds and not as expenses. Sources of revenues for products accounted for as deposit liabilities include net investment income, surrender, cost of insurance and other charges deducted from contractholder funds, and net realized gains (losses) on investments. Components of expenses for products accounted for as deposit liabilities are interest-sensitive and index product benefits (primarily interest credited to account balances or the hedging cost of providing index credits to the policyholder), amortization of value of business acquired ("VOBA"), deferred acquisition costs ("DAC") and deferred sales inducements ("DSI"), other operating costs and expenses, and income taxes.
Real estate technology revenues are primarily comprised of subscription fees for use of software provided to real estate professionals. Subscriptions are only offered on a month-by-month basis and fees are billed monthly. Revenue is recognized in the month services are provided.
Loan subservicing revenues are generated by certain subsidiaries of ServiceLink and are associated with the servicing of mortgage loans on behalf of its customers. Revenue is recognized when the underlying work is performed and billed. Loan subservicing revenues are subject to the recognition requirements of ASC Topic 860.
Interest and investment income consists primarily of interest payments received on fixed maturity security holdings and dividends received on equity and preferred security holdings along with the investment income of limited partnerships.
We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, primarily related to revenue from our home warranty business, and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.
Contract Balances
The following table provides information about trade receivables and deferred revenue:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| (In millions)
Trade receivables | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 317 |
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities) | 94 |  |  | 91 |

Deferred revenue is recorded primarily for our home warranty contracts. Revenues from home warranty products are recognized over the life of the policy, which is primarily one year. The unrecognized portion is recorded as deferred revenue in Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $40 million a nd $76 million of revenue, respectively, which was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective period.
URL
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total URL balance of $366 million and $270 million, respectively, is included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following tables roll forward URL for our universal life product for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Balance at January 1, | $ | 270 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 166 |
Capitalization | 110 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87 |
Amortization | (14) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |
Balance at September 30, | $ | 366 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 241 |

For IUL the cash flow assumptions used to amortize URL reflect the Company’s best estimates for policyholder behavior. We review cash flow assumptions annually, generally in the third quarter. In 2024, F&G undertook a review of all significant assumptions, resulting in a revision to the IUL assumptions involving premium persistency. In 2023, F&G undertook a review of all significant assumptions, resulting in revisions to IUL assumptions involving surrender rates, partial withdrawal rates, mortality improvement, premium persistency, and option budgets.
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Note K —Value of Business Acquired, Deferred Acquisition Costs and Deferred Sales Inducements
The following table reconciles to Other intangible assets, net, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Customer relationships and contracts |  | $ | 440 |  |  | $ | 174 |
Value of business acquired |  | 1,389 |  |  | 1,446 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  | 2,857 |  |  | 2,215 |
Deferred sales inducements |  | 538 |  |  | 346 |
Value of distribution asset |  | 76 |  |  | 86 |
Computer software |  | 282 |  |  | 266 |
Trademarks, tradenames, and other |  | 176 |  |  | 94 |
Total Other intangible assets, net |  | $ | 5,758 |  |  | $ | 4,627 |

The following tables roll forward VOBA by product for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

| Indexed Annuities |  | Fixed Rate Annuities |  | Immediate Annuities |  | Universal Life |  | Traditional Life |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
| (In millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2024 | $ | 1,025 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,446 |
Amortization | (101) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (120) |
Actuarial model updates and refinements (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 924 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,389 |
(a) net of amortization of ($15 million). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Indexed Annuities |  | Fixed Rate Annuities |  | Immediate Annuities |  | Universal Life |  | Traditional Life |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
| (In millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2023 | $ | 1,166 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,615 |
Amortization | (106) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (128) |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $ | 1,060 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,487 |

VOBA amortization expense of $135 million and $128 million was recorded in Depreciation and amortization on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The following tables roll forward DAC by product for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

| Indexed Annuities |  | Fixed Rate Annuities |  | Universal Life |  | Total (a)
| (In millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2024 | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 2,211 |
Capitalization | 496 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 842 |
Amortization | (112) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (200) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,762 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 717 |  |  | $ | 2,853 |
| Indexed Annuities |  | Fixed Rate Annuities |  | Universal Life |  | Total (a)
| (In millions)
Balance as of January 1, 2023 | $ | 971 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 1,402 |
Capitalization | 371 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 657 |
Amortization | (75) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (135) |
Reinsurance related adjustments | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $ | 1,267 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 490 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |

(a) Excludes insignificant amounts of DAC related to Funding Agreement Backed Note (“FABN”).
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DAC amortization expense of $200 million and $135 million was recorded in Depreciation and amortization on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, excluding insignificant amounts related to FABN.
The following table presents a reconciliation of DAC to the table above, which is reconciled to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Indexed Annuities |  | $ | 1,762 |  |  | $ | 1,378 |
Fixed Rate Annuities |  | 374 |  |  | 288 |
Universal Life |  | 717 |  |  | 545 |
Funding Agreements |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total |  | $ | 2,857 |  |  | $ | 2,215 |

The following table rolls forward DSI for our indexed annuity products for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Balance as of January 1, | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 200 |
Capitalization | 219 |  |  | 112 |
Amortization | (27) |  |  | (15) |
Balance as of September 30, | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 297 |

DSI amortization expense of $27 million and $15 million was recorded in Depreciation and amortization on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The cash flow assumptions used to amortize VOBA and DAC were consistent with the assumptions used to estimate the future policy benefits (“FPB”) for life contingent immediate annuities, and will be reviewed and unlocked, if applicable, in the same period as those balances. For nonparticipating traditional life contracts, the VOBA amortization is straight-line, without the use of cash flow assumptions. For indexed annuity contracts, the cash flow assumptions used to amortize VOBA, DAC, and DSI were consistent with the assumptions used to estimate the value of the embedded derivative and MRBs, and will be reviewed and unlocked, if applicable, in the same period as those balances. For fixed rate annuities and IUL the cash flow assumptions used to amortize VOBA, DAC and DSI reflect the Company’s best estimates for policyholder behavior, consistent with the development of assumptions for indexed annuities and immediate annuities.
We review cash flow assumptions annually, generally in the third quarter. In 2024 and 2023, F&G undertook a review of all significant assumptions and revised several assumptions relating to our deferred annuity (indexed annuity and fixed rate annuity) and IUL products. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we updated assumptions including surrender rates, GMWB election timing, premium persistency, and option budgets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we updated assumptions including surrender rates, partial withdrawal rates, mortality improvement, and option budgets. All updates to these assumptions brought us more in line with our company and overall industry experience since the prior assumption update.
For the in-force liabilities as of September 30, 2024, the estimated amortization expense for VOBA in future fiscal periods is as follows:

| Estimated Amortization Expense
Fiscal Year | (In millions)
2024 | $ | 38 |
2025 | 143 |
2026 | 130 |
2027 | 119 |
2028 | 108 |
Thereafter | 851 |
Total | $ | 1,389 |

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Note L — F&G Reinsurance
The Company reinsures portions of its policy risks with other insurance companies. The use of indemnity reinsurance does not discharge an insurer from liability on the insurance ceded. The insurer is required to pay in full the amount of its insurance liability regardless of whether it is entitled to or able to receive payment from the reinsurer. The portion of risks exceeding the Company's retention limit is reinsured. The Company primarily seeks reinsurance coverage in order to manage loss exposures, to enhance our capital position, to diversify risks and earnings, and to manage new business volume. The Company follows reinsurance accounting when the treaty adequately transfers insurance risk and any acquisition cost reimbursements reduce policy acquisition costs deferred and maintenance expense reimbursements reduce direct expenses incurred. Otherwise, the Company follows deposit accounting if there is inadequate transfer of insurance risk or if the underlying policy for which risk is being transferred is an investment contract that does not contain insurance risk.
The effects of reinsurance on net premiums earned and net benefits incurred (benefits paid and reserve changes) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
| Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Benefits Incurred |  | Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Benefits Incurred |  | Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Benefits Incurred |  | Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Benefits Incurred
Direct | $ | 363 |  |  | $ | 1,127 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 1,340 |  |  | $ | 2,999 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |  |  | $ | 2,057 |
Ceded | (23) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (135) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (136) |
Net | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 482 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 2,864 |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 1,921 |

Amounts payable or recoverable for reinsurance on paid and unpaid claims are not subject to periodic or maximum limits. No policies issued by the Company have been reinsured with any foreign company, which is controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a party not primarily engaged in the business of insurance. The Company has not entered into any reinsurance agreements in which the reinsurer may unilaterally cancel any reinsurance for reasons other than non-payment of premiums or other similar credit issues.
Reinsurance Transactions
The following summarizes significant changes to a third-party reinsurance agreement for the period ended September 30, 2024:
Somerset: Effective July 1, 2024, F&G amended the existing flow reinsurance agreement with Somerset Reinsurance Ltd. (“Somerset”), a third-party reinsurer, to additionally cede the base contract benefits and GMWB riders attached under certain FIA policies on a coinsurance funds withheld quota share basis.
There have been no other significant changes to third party reinsurance agreements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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The following summarizes our reinsurance recoverable as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Parent Company/ Principal Reinsurers |  | Reinsurance Recoverable (a) |  | Agreement Type |  | Products Covered |  | Accounting
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Aspida Life Re Ltd |  | $ | 7,543 |  |  | $ | 6,128 |  |  | Coinsurance Funds Withheld |  | Certain MYGA (b) |  | Deposit
Somerset Reinsurance Ltd (c) |  | 2,181 |  |  | 716 |  |  | Coinsurance Funds Withheld |  | Certain MYGA (b) and deferred annuities |  | Deposit
|  |  |  |  |  | Coinsurance Funds Withheld |  | Certain FIA |  | Reinsurance
Everlake Life Insurance Company |  | 1,120 |  |  | 509 |  |  | Coinsurance (d) |  | Certain MYGA (b) (d) |  | Deposit
Wilton Reassurance Company |  | 1,073 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | Coinsurance |  | Block of traditional, IUL and UL (e) |  | Reinsurance
Other (f) |  | 508 |  |  | 536 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance recoverable, gross of allowance for credit losses |  | 12,425 |  |  | 8,981 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit loss |  | (21) |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 12,404 |  |  | $ | 8,960 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(a) Reinsurance recoverables do not include unearned ceded premiums that would be recovered in the event of early termination of certain traditional life policies.
(b) The combined quota share flow reinsurance amongst all reinsurers for 2024 was 90% through May 31, 2024, decreased to 30% in June and July 2024, and increased to 90% in August and September 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the combined quota share flow reinsurance amongst all reinsurers was 90%.
(c) The balance represents the total reinsurance recoverable for all reinsurance agreements with Somerset.
(d) Reinsurance recoverable is collateralized by assets placed in a statutory comfort trust by the reinsurer and maintained for our sole benefit.
(e) Also includes certain FGL Insurance life insurance policies that are subject to redundant reserves, reported on a statutory basis, under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX.
(f) Represents all other reinsurers, with no single reinsurer having a carrying value in excess of 5% of total reinsurance recoverable.

As of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, F&G had a deposit asset of $10.5 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, which is reported in the Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for credit losses on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The Company incurred risk charge fees of $10 million and $10 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $32 million and $30 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, in relation to reinsurance agreements.
Credit Losses
The Company estimates expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to the model include the reinsurer's credit risk, expected timing of recovery, industry-wide historical default experience, senior unsecured bond recovery rates, and credit enhancement features.
The expected credit loss reserves were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (10) |
Changes in the expected credit loss reserve | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (10) |

Concentration of Reinsurance Risk
As indicated above, F&G has a significant concentration of reinsurance risk with third party reinsurers, ASPIDA Life Re Ltd. (“Aspida Re”), Somerset, Everlake Life Insurance Company (“Everlake”), and Wilton Reinsurance (“Wilton Re”) that could have a material impact on our financial position in the event that any of these reinsurers fails to perform its obligations under the various reinsurance treaties. We monitor the financial condition and financial strength of individual reinsurers using public ratings (refer to table below) and ratings reports of individual reinsurers to attempt to reduce the risk of default by such reinsurers. In addition, the risk of non-performance is further mitigated with various forms of collateral or collateral
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arrangements, including secured trusts, funds withheld accounts, and irrevocable letters of credit. We believe that all amounts due from Aspida Re, Somerset, Everlake, and Wilton Re for periodic treaty settlements, net of any applicable credit loss reserves, are collectible as of September 30, 2024. The following table presents financial strength ratings as of September 30, 2024:

Parent Company/Principal Reinsurers | Financial Strength Rating
| AM Best |  | S&P |  | Fitch |  | Moody's
Aspida Re | A- |  | — |  | — |  | —
Somerset | A- |  | BBB+ |  | — |  | —
Everlake | A |  | — |  | — |  | —
Wilton Re | A+ |  | — |  | A |  | —

“—” indicates not rated
Note M — F&G Insurance Subsidiary Financial Information and Regulatory Matters
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, FGL Insurance, FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re and Corbeau Re file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities and, with the exception of Raven Re, with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) that are prepared in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by such authorities, which may vary materially from GAAP. Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the NAIC as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so prescribed. The principal differences between SAP financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are that SAP financial statements do not reflect VOBA, DAC, and DSI, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contractholder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted. Accordingly, SAP operating results and SAP capital and surplus may differ substantially from amounts reported in the GAAP basis financial statements for comparable items.
Our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries, F&G Cayman Re Ltd (“F&G Cayman Re”) and F&G Life Re Ltd (Bermuda), file financial statements with their respective regulators.
U.S. Companies
Our principal insurance subsidiaries' statutory financial statements are based on a December 31 year end. Statutory net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, and statutory capital and surplus as ofSeptember 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of our insurance subsidiaries were as follows (in millions):

| Subsidiary (state of domicile) (a)
| FGL Insurance (IA) |  | FGL NY Insurance (NY) |  | Raven Re (VT) |  | Corbeau Re (VT)
Statutory net income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 5 |
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 | 94 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 | 71 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (394) |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 | 54 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |
Statutory capital and surplus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,704 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 139 |
December 31, 2023 | 2,009 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 171 |

(a) FGL NY Insurance, Raven Re, and Corbeau Re are subsidiaries of FGL Insurance, and the columns should not be added together. Corbeau Re was incorporated on September 1, 2023.
Non-U.S. Companies
Our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries, F&G Cayman Re and F&G Life Re, file financial statements with their respective regulators. As of and for the annual period ended December 31, 2023, F&G Cayman Re began to file financial statements that are prepared in accordance with SAP prescribed or permitted by such authorities, which may vary materially from GAAP. Accordingly, SAP operating results and SAP capital and surplus may differ substantially from amounts reported in the GAAP basis financial statements for comparable items.
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F&G Cayman Re has two permitted practices which have been approved by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (“CIMA”). F&G Cayman Re has a permitted practice approved by CIMA to include, as an admitted asset, the value of the letters of credit (“LOCs”) acquired to support reinsurance transactions. Also, F&G Cayman Re has a permitted practice, approved by CIMA, for PRT reinsurance transactions to use U.S. statutory book value adjusted for best estimate reserve calculations (consistent with GAAP prior to ASU 2018-12, Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts). These reserve calculations will be subject to annual assumption reviews consistent with other GAAP liability balances. If F&G Cayman Re had not been permitted to calculate PRT assumed reserves using best estimate reserve calculations or include the value of the LOCs as an admitted asset, statutory surplus would be $29 million and $102 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Without such permitted statutory accounting practices, F&G Cayman Re’s risk-based capital would fall below the minimum regulatory requirements as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
F&G Life Re files financial statements based on GAAP.
Net income and capital and surplus of our wholly owned Cayman Islands and Bermuda regulated insurance subsidiaries under SAP and GAAP, respectively, were as follows (in millions):

| Subsidiary (country of domicile)
| F&G Cayman Re (Cayman Islands) |  | F&G Life Re (Bermuda)
Statutory net income (loss): |  |  |
For the three months ended September 30, 2024 | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 102 |
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 | 6 |  |  | (80) |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 | $ | (27) |  |  | $ | 181 |
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 | 13 |  |  | (6) |
Statutory capital and surplus: |  |  |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 625 |  |  | $ | 195 |
December 31, 2023 | 543 |  | 11

There have been no material changes to the prescribed and permitted practices for our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, which were detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, and no other significant changes in the regulatory status of our insurance subsidiaries as of September 30, 2024.
The prescribed and permitted statutory accounting practices have no impact on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Note N — Acquisitions
Owned Distribution - Acquisition of Roar
On January 2, 2024, F&G acquired a 70% majority ownership stake in the equity of Roar. Roar wholesales life insurance and annuity products to banks and broker dealers through a network of agents. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, the Company has agreed to make cash payments of up to $90 million over a three-year period upon the achievement of certain EBITDA milestones of Roar.
The initial purchase price is as follows (in millions):

Cash paid for 70% majority interest of Roar shares | $ | 269 |
Less: Cash acquired net of noncontrolling interests | 1 |
Net cash paid for 70% majority interest of Roar | 268 |
Initial fair value of contingent consideration | 48 |
Total initial consideration | $ | 316 |

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The following table summarizes the fair value amounts recognized for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date:

| Fair value as of January 2, 2024
| (In millions)
Goodwill | $ | 268 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 3 |
Other intangible assets | 183 |
Total assets acquired | 454 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 2 |
Total liabilities assumed | 2 |
Noncontrolling interests (fair value determined using income approach) | 136 |
Total liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests | 138 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 316 |

The gross carrying value and weighted average estimated useful lives of Other intangible assets acquired in the Roar acquisition consist of the following:

| Gross Carrying Value |  | Estimated Useful Life
Other intangible assets: | (In millions) |  | (In years)
Customer relationships | $ | 179 |  |  | 12
Definite lived trademarks, tradenames, and other | 4 |  |  | 10
Total Other intangible assets | $ | 183 |  |  |

Goodwill consists primarily of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, such as the assembled workforce and synergies between the entities. The total amount of goodwill recorded is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Roar’s revenues of $19 million and $60 million and net earnings of $2 million and $6 million are included in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
Contingent Consideration
Under the terms of the purchase agreement for Roar, we have agreed to make cash payments of up to $90 million over a three-year period upon the achievement by Roar of certain EBITDA milestones. The contingent consideration is recorded at fair value in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Refer to Note A Basis of Financial Statements for more information on the Roar purchase and refer to Note C Fair Value of Financial Instruments for more information regarding the fair value of the contingent consideration.
Owned Distribution - Acquisition of PALH, LLC
On July 18, 2024, F&G acquired a 100% ownership stake in the equity of PALH. PALH markets and sells life insurance and annuity products of various insurance carriers to individuals through a network of agents. Prior to the acquisition date, PALH owned a 70% ownership stake in an operating company of which F&G owned 30% equity. Immediately before the acquisition date, the fair value of F&G’s minority stake in the operating company was approximately $92 million, derived from the transaction value. The transaction value contemplates measures such as EBITDA margin, revenue growth over time periods and growth opportunities. This remeasurement resulted in a realized gain of $2 million recorded in Recognized gains and losses, net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The initial purchase price was as follows (in millions):
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Cash consideration | $ | 215 |
Less: Cash acquired | 1 |
Net cash paid | 214 |
Settlement of prepaid asset | 8 |
Acquisition date fair value of previously held interests | 92 |
Total consideration | $ | 314 |

The following table summarizes the fair value amounts recognized for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in millions):

| Fair value as of July 18, 2024
Goodwill | $ | 162 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 5 |
Other intangible assets | 149 |
Total assets acquired | 316 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 2 |
Total liabilities assumed | 2 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 314 |

The gross carrying value and weighted average estimated useful lives of Other intangible assets acquired in the PALH acquisition consist of the following:

| Gross Carrying Value |  | Estimated Useful Life
Other intangible assets: | (In millions) |  | (In years)
Customer relationships | $ | 131 |  |  | 20
Definite lived trademarks, tradenames, and other | 18 |  |  | 5 to 10
Total Other intangible assets | $ | 149 |  |  |

Goodwill consists primarily of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, such as the assembled workforce and synergies between the entities. A portion of the total amount of goodwill recorded is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Note O — Notes Payable
Notes payable consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | (In millions)
4.50% Notes, net of discount |  | $ | 446 |  |  | $ | 446 |
3.40% Notes, net of discount |  | 645 |  |  | 644 |
2.45% Notes, net of discount |  | 595 |  |  | 594 |
3.20% Notes, net of discount |  | 444 |  |  | 444 |
Revolving Credit Facility |  | (4) |  |  | (2) |
F&G Credit Agreement |  | 358 |  |  | 362 |
6.50% F&G Notes, net of discount |  | 544 |  |  | — |
7.40% F&G Notes, net of discount |  | 496 |  |  | 495 |
5.50% F&G Notes, net of discount |  | 304 |  |  | 561 |
7.95% F&G Notes, net of discount |  | 336 |  |  | 336 |
Other |  | 22 |  |  | 7 |
|  | $ | 4,186 |  |  | $ | 3,887 |

On June 4, 2024, F&G completed its public offering of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% F&G Notes due 2029. The 6.50% F&G Notes were issued at 99.74% of face value net of deferred issuance costs of approximately $6 million. The 6.50% F&G Notes are guaranteed on an unsecured, unsubordinated basis by each of F&G’s subsidiaries that are guarantors of F&G’s obligations under its existing credit agreement. The 6.50% F&G Notes mature on June 4, 2029, and become callable on May 4, 2029. Interest is payable semi-annually at a fixed rate of 6.50%, and, if the 6.50% F&G Notes are
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downgraded, the interest rate payable is subject to adjustment from time to time per the terms of the indenture.
F&G used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering to repay an aggregate principal amount of $250 million of the 5.50% F&G Notes. The balance of the 5.50% F&G Notes was $304 million as of September 30, 2024 compared to $561 million at December 31, 2023. F&G intends to use the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes, which may include the repurchase, redemption, or repayment at maturity of outstanding indebtedness.
On December 6, 2023, F&G issued $345 million of its 7.95% Senior Notes due 2053 ("7.95% F&G Notes"). The 7.95% F&G Notes were issued at par, net of deferred issuance costs of approximately $9 million. The 7.95% F&G Notes are senior unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of F&G and are guaranteed by each of F&G’s subsidiaries that are guarantors of F&G’s obligations under its existing credit agreement. The 7.95% F&G Notes mature on December 15, 2053, and become callable on December 15, 2028. Interest is payable quarterly at a fixed rate of 7.95%, and, if the 7.95% F&G Notes are downgraded, the interest rate payable is subject to adjustment from time to time per the terms of the indenture. F&G used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering to repay borrowings under its revolving credit facility as discussed below and for general corporate purposes, including the support of organic growth opportunities.
On January 13, 2023, F&G completed its issuance and sale of $500 million aggregate amount of its 7.40% Notes due 2028 ("the 7.40% F&G Notes"), pursuant to Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 7.40% F&G Notes are the senior unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of F&G and are guaranteed on an unsecured, unsubordinated basis by each of F&G's subsidiaries that are guarantors of its obligations under the F&G Credit Agreement (the “Guarantors”). The interest rate payable on the 7.40% F&G Notes will be subject to adjustment from time to time if either S&P or Fitch (or a substitute rating agency therefor) downgrades (or downgrades and subsequently upgrades) the credit ratings assigned to the 7.40% F&G Notes. F&G intends to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including to support the growth of assets under management and for F&G's future liquidity requirements. The Senior notes were registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended).
On November 22, 2022, F&G entered into a Credit Agreement (the "F&G Credit Agreement") with certain lenders (the "Lenders") and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent"), swing line lender and issuing bank, pursuant to which the Lenders have made available to F&G an unsecured revolving credit facility (the "F&G Credit Facility") in an aggregate principal amount of $550 million to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The F&G Credit Agreement matures on the earlier to occur of November 22, 2025 or 91 days prior to May 1, 2025, the stated maturity date of the 5.50% F&G Notes, unless the principal amount of the 5.50% F&G Notes is $150 million or less at such time, the 5.50% F&G Notes have been redeemed or defeased in full, and any refinancing indebtedness incurred in connection therewith matures at least 91 days after the date that is 3 years from the Effective Date, as defined in the F&G Credit Agreement, or certain other conditions are met. Revolving loans under the F&G Credit Agreement generally bear interest at a variable rate based on either (i) the base rate (which is the highest of (a) one-half of one percent in excess of the federal funds rate, (b) the Administrative Agent’s “prime rate”, or (c) the sum of one percent plus the term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a margin of between 30.0 and 80.0 basis points depending on the non-credit-enhanced, senior unsecured long-term debt ratings of F&G or (ii) SOFR plus a margin of between 130.0 and 180.0 basis points depending on the non-credit-enhanced, senior unsecured long-term debt ratings of F&G). On February 21, 2023, F&G amended the F&G Credit Agreement with the Lenders and the Administrative Agent, swing line lender and issuing bank. The amendment to the F&G Credit Agreement increased the aggregate principal amount of commitments under the F&G Credit Facility by $115 million to $665 million. On February 16, 2024, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement. Among other changes, the Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement amends the Amended F&G Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date to November 22, 2027 and increase the aggregate principal amount of commitments under the revolving credit facility to $750 million.
On September 17, 2021, we completed our underwritten public offering of $450 million aggregate principal amount of our 3.20% Notes due 2051 ("the 3.20% Notes"), pursuant to our registration statement on Form S-3 ASR (File No. 333-239002) and the related prospectus supplement. The net proceeds from the registered offering of the 3.20% Notes were approximately $443 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses. We plan to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes.
On October 29, 2020, we entered into the Fifth Restated Credit Agreement for our Amended Revolving Credit Facility with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and the other agents party thereto. Among other changes, the Fifth Restated Credit Agreement amends the Fourth Restated Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date from April 27, 2022 to October 29, 2025. The material terms of the Fourth Restated Credit Agreement are set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. On February 16, 2024, we entered into a Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for our $800 million revolving credit facility (the "Amended Revolving Credit Facility") with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and other agents party thereto (the "Sixth Restated Credit Agreement"). Among other changes, the
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Sixth Restated Credit Agreement amends the Amended Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from October 29, 2025, to February 16, 2029. As of September 30, 2024, there was no principal outstanding, $4 million of unamortized debt issuance costs, and $800 million of available borrowing capacity under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility.
On September 15, 2020, we completed our underwritten public offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.45% Notes due March 15, 2031 (the "2.45% Notes") pursuant to an effective registration statement filed with the SEC. The net proceeds from the registered offering of the 2.45% Notes were approximately $593 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from the offering (i) to repay all our $260 million outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan, and (ii) for general corporate purposes.
On June 12, 2020, we completed our underwritten public offering of $650 million aggregate principal amount of the 3.40% Notes due June 15, 2030 (the “3.40% Notes”) pursuant to an effective registration statement filed with the SEC. The net proceeds from the registered offering of the 3.40% Notes were approximately $642 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, and commissions and offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from the offering (i) to repay $640 million of the outstanding principal amount under the Term Loan, and (ii) for general corporate purposes.
On June 1, 2020, as a result of the F&G acquisition, we assumed $550 million aggregate principal amount of 5.50% senior notes due 2025 (the "5.50% F&G Notes"), originally issued on April 20, 2018 at 99.5% of face value for proceeds of $547 million. In 2024, F&G used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% F&G Notes to repay an aggregate principal amount of $250 million of the 5.50% F&G Notes.
On August 13, 2018, we completed an offering of $450 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.50% notes due August 2028 (the "4.50% Notes"), pursuant to Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 4.50% Notes were priced at 99.252% of par to yield 4.594% annual interest. We pay interest on the 4.50% Notes semi-annually on the 15th of February and August, beginning February 15, 2019. The 4.50% Notes contain customary covenants and events of default for investment grade public debt, which primarily relate to failure to make principal or interest payments. On May 16, 2019, we completed an offering to exchange the 4.50% Notes for substantially identical notes registered pursuant to Rule 424 under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "4.50% Notes Exchange"). There were no material changes to the terms of the 4.50% Notes as a result of the 4.50% Notes Exchange and all holders of the 4.50% Notes accepted the offer to exchange.
Gross principal maturities of notes payable as of September 30, 2024 are as follows:

| (In millions)
2024 (remaining) | $ | 365 |
2025 | 303 |
2026 | 22 |
2027 | — |
2028 | 950 |
Thereafter | 2,595 |
| $ | 4,235 |

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Note P — Market Risk Benefits
The following table presents the balances of and changes in MRBs associated with indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
| Indexed annuities |  | Fixed rate annuities |  | Indexed annuities |  | Fixed rate annuities |  |  |  |
| (In millions)
Balance, beginning of period, net liability | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Issuances and benefit payments | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Attributed fees collected and interest accrual | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Changes in assumptions and other | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Effects of market related movements | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | (70) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | 399 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period, net liability | 511 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Less: reinsured market risk benefits | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period, net of reinsurance | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average attained age of policyholders weighted by total AV (years) | 68.04 |  | 72.47 |  | 68.28 |  | 72.59 |  |  |  |
Net amount at risk | $ | 1,390 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,059 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  |

The following table reconciles MRBs by amounts in an asset position and amounts in a liability position to the MRBs amounts in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Direct |  | Reinsured |  | Net |  | Direct |  | Reinsured |  | Net
| (In millions)
MRB asset |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88 |
Total MRB asset | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88 |
MRB liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indexed annuities | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 402 |
Fixed rate annuities | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total MRB liability | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 403 |

The net MRB liability increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily as a result of collection of attributed fees, interest accrual, MRB reserves for contracts issued within the period, and changes in actuarial assumptions. These increases were partially offset by the effects of market related movements, including the impacts of higher risk-free rates and increases in the equity market related projections.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, notable changes made to the inputs to the fair value estimates of MRBs calculations included an increase in risk-free rates leading to a favorable change in the MRBs associated with indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities; increases in the equity market related projections resulted in a decrease in the net amount at risk associated with indexed annuities, leading to a favorable change in the value of the associated MRBs; and an increase in the rider benefit utilization assumption, leading to an unfavorable change in the value of the associated MRBs.
The net MRB liability increased for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of attributed fees collected, increases as a result of actual policyholder behavior different than expected and changes in assumptions as discussed below. These increases were partially offset by the effects of market related movements, including the impacts of higher risk-free rates and increases in the equity market related projections.
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For the year ended December 31, 2023, notable changes made to the inputs to the fair value estimates of MRBs calculations included a significant increase in risk-free rates leading to a favorable change in the MRBs associated with indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities; increases in the equity market related projections resulted in a decrease in the net amount at risk associated with indexed annuities, leading to a favorable change in the value of the associated MRBs; and F&G’s credit spread decreased, lead to a corresponding unfavorable change in the MRBs associated with both indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities.
In 2024 and 2023, F&G undertook a review of all significant assumptions and revised several assumptions relating to our deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities) with MRBs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we updated assumptions including surrender rates, rider benefit election utilization and option budgets. For the year ended December 31, 2023,we updated assumptions including surrender rates, partial withdrawal rates, mortality improvement, and option budgets. All updates to these assumptions brought us more in line with our Company and overall industry experience since the prior assumption updates. These updates, in total, led to increases in the net MRB liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Note Q — Contractholder Funds
The following tables summarize balances of and changes in contractholder funds’ account balances:

| September 30, 2024
| Indexed annuities |  | Fixed rate annuities |  | Universal Life |  | FABN (b) |  | FHLB (b)
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 27,164 |  |  | $ | 13,443 |  |  | $ | 2,391 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 2,539 |
Issuances | 4,829 |  |  | 4,476 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 1,803 |
Premiums received | 85 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 361 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Policy charges (a) | (140) |  |  | — |  |  | (231) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Surrenders and withdrawals | (2,807) |  |  | (1,184) |  |  | (75) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit payments | (368) |  |  | (233) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (791) |  |  | (1,576) |
Interest credited | 488 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 89 |
Other | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Balance, end of period | 29,256 |  |  | 16,979 |  |  | 2,698 |  |  | 2,471 |  |  | 2,853 |
Embedded derivative adjustment (c) | 790 |  |  | — |  |  | 119 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross Liability, end of period | 30,046 |  |  | 16,979 |  |  | 2,817 |  |  | 2,471 |  |  | 2,853 |
Less: Reinsurance | 410 |  |  | 10,471 |  |  | 883 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Liability, after Reinsurance | $ | 29,636 |  |  | $ | 6,508 |  |  | $ | 1,934 |  |  | $ | 2,471 |  |  | $ | 2,853 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 2.33 | % |  | 4.26 | % |  | 5.84 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Net amount at risk (d) | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | 70,859 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Cash surrender value (e) | $ | 26,985 |  |  | $ | 15,815 |  |  | $ | 2,088 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

(a) Contracts included in the contractholder funds are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessment on the basis of the account balance.
(b) FABN and FHLB are considered funding agreements that are investment contracts, which follow the interest method of accounting, and therefore are not subject to ASU 2018-12 disclosure requirements. However, the Company has elected to present the liability for these agreements within the disaggregated roll forward as we believe it will provide meaningful information for users of the financials.
(c) The embedded derivative adjustment reconciles the account balance to the gross GAAP liability and represents the combination of the host contract and the fair value of the embedded derivatives.
(d) For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.
(e) These amounts are gross of reinsurance.
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| December 31, 2023
| Indexed annuities |  | Fixed rate annuities |  | Universal Life |  | FABN (b) |  | FHLB (b)
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 24,766 |  |  | $ | 9,358 |  |  | $ | 2,112 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 1,982 |
Issuances | 4,722 |  |  | 5,061 |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,256 |
Premiums received | 103 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Policy charges (a) | (182) |  |  | — |  |  | (261) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Surrenders and withdrawals | (2,005) |  |  | (1,142) |  |  | (90) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit payments | (526) |  |  | (240) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (763) |
Interest credited | 270 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 64 |
Other | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period | 27,164 |  |  | 13,443 |  |  | 2,391 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  | 2,539 |
Embedded derivative adjustment (c) | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gross Liability, end of period | 27,407 |  |  | 13,443 |  |  | 2,475 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  | 2,539 |
Less: Reinsurance | 17 |  |  | 7,520 |  |  | 894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net Liability, after Reinsurance | $ | 27,390 |  |  | $ | 5,923 |  |  | $ | 1,581 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 2,539 |
Weighted-average crediting rate | 1.40 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  | 3.44 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Net amount at risk (d) | N/A |  | N/A |  | $ | 60,389 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Cash surrender value (e) | $ | 25,099 |  |  | $ | 12,505 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

(a) Contracts included in the contractholder funds are generally charged a premium and/or monthly assessment on the basis of the account balance.
(b) FABN and FHLB are considered funding agreements that are investment contracts, which follow the interest method of accounting, and therefore are not subject to ASU 2018-12 disclosure requirements. However, the Company has elected to present the liability for these agreements within the disaggregated roll forward as we believe it will provide meaningful information for users of the financials.
(c) The embedded derivative adjustment reconciles the account balance to the gross GAAP liability and represents the combination of the host contract and the fair value of the embedded derivatives.
(d) For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.
(e) These amounts are gross of reinsurance.
The following table reconciles contractholder funds’ account balances to the contractholder funds liability in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
| (In millions)
Indexed annuities | $ | 30,046 |  |  | $ | 27,407 |  |  |
Fixed rate annuities | 16,979 |  |  | 13,443 |  |  |
Immediate annuities | 292 |  |  | 311 |  |  |
Universal life | 2,817 |  |  | 2,475 |  |  |
Traditional life | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Funding Agreement-FABN | 2,471 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  |
FHLB | 2,853 |  |  | 2,539 |  |  |
PRT | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Total | $ | 55,468 |  |  | $ | 48,798 |  |  |

Annually, typically in the third quarter, we review assumptions associated with reserves for policy benefits and product guarantees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, based on policyholder behavior, experience and interest rate movements, we reflected updates to surrender assumptions for recent and expected near term policyholder behavior, as well as updated certain FIA assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds. These changes resulted in a decrease in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $79 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, based on increases in interest rates and pricing changes, we updated certain FIA assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds and also aligned reserves to actual policyholder behavior. These changes resulted in an increase in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $73 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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The following tables present the account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums:

| September 30, 2024
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Indexed Annuities | (In millions)
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 23,095 |  |  | $ | 1,285 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 1,847 |  |  | $ | 26,729 |
1.51%-2.50% | 700 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 2,207 |
Greater than 2.50% | 317 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 320 |
Total | $ | 24,112 |  |  | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | 2,894 |  |  | $ | 29,256 |
Fixed Rate Annuities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 925 |  |  | $ | 13,855 |  |  | $ | 14,847 |
1.51%-2.50% | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 491 |
Greater than 2.50% | 826 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 1,641 |
Total | $ | 876 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 948 |  |  | $ | 15,125 |  |  | $ | 16,979 |
Universal Life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 2,303 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 2,331 |
Greater than 2.50% | 366 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Total | $ | 2,669 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 2,698 |

| December 31, 2023
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate | At Guaranteed Minimum |  | 1 Basis Point-50 Basis Points Above |  | 51 Basis Points-150 Basis Points Above |  | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above |  | Total
Indexed Annuities | (In millions)
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 22,392 |  |  | $ | 1,444 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |  |  | $ | 26,315 |
1.51%-2.50% | 196 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 471 |
Greater than 2.50% | 377 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 378 |
Total | $ | 22,965 |  |  | $ | 1,446 |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 2,203 |  |  | $ | 27,164 |
Fixed Rate Annuities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 1,532 |  |  | $ | 10,271 |  |  | $ | 11,851 |
1.51%-2.50% | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 489 |
Greater than 2.50% | 893 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 1,103 |
Total | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 10,928 |  |  | $ | 13,443 |
Universal Life |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0.00%-1.50% | $ | 1,987 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 2,013 |
Greater than 2.50% | 361 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 378 |
Total | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 2,391 |

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Note R — Future Policy Benefits
The following table summarizes balances and changes in the present value of expected net premiums and the present value of the expected FPB for nonparticipating traditional contracts:

|  | Traditional Life |  |
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Expected net premiums |  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 797 |  |  |
Beginning balance at original discount rate |  | 874 |  |  | 974 |  |  |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (4) |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Balance adjusted for variances from expectation |  | 870 |  |  | 973 |  |  |
Interest accrual |  | 13 |  |  | 19 |  |  |
Net premiums collected |  | (82) |  |  | (118) |  |  |
Ending Balance at original discount rate |  | 801 |  |  | 874 |  |  |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (128) |  |  | (152) |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 722 |  |  |
Expected FPB |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 2,071 |  |  | $ | 2,151 |  |  |
Beginning balance at original discount rate |  | 2,492 |  |  | 2,665 |  |  |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | 48 |  |  | (24) |  |  |
Balance adjusted for variances from expectation |  | 2,540 |  |  | 2,641 |  |  |
Interest accrual |  | 41 |  |  | 56 |  |  |
Benefits payments |  | (165) |  |  | (205) |  |  |
Ending Balance at original discount rate |  | 2,416 |  |  | 2,492 |  |  |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (358) |  |  | (421) |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,058 |  |  | $ | 2,071 |  |  |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | $ | 1,385 |  |  | $ | 1,349 |  |  |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 525 |  |  | 413 |  |  |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | $ | 860 |  |  | $ | 936 |  |  |
Weighted-average duration of liability for future policyholder benefits (years) |  | 6.87 |  | 7.36 |  |

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The following tables summarize balances and changes in the present value of the expected FPB for limited-payment contracts:

|  | September 30, 2024
|  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 1,415 |  |  | $ | 4,189 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate |  | 1,788 |  |  | 4,351 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (26) |  |  | (20) |
Balance adjusted for variances from expectation |  | 1,762 |  |  | 4,335 |
Issuances |  | 27 |  |  | 1,300 |
Interest accrual |  | 46 |  |  | 168 |
Benefits payments |  | (88) |  |  | (346) |
Ending Balance at original discount rate |  | 1,747 |  |  | 5,457 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (354) |  |  | (63) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 5,394 |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | $ | 1,393 |  |  | $ | 5,394 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 115 |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | $ | 1,278 |  |  | $ | 5,394 |
Weighted-average duration of liability for future policyholder benefits (years) |  | 12.89 |  | 8.03

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 2,165 |
Beginning balance at original discount rate |  | 1,858 |  |  | 2,475 |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions |  | — |  |  | (9) |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | (15) |  |  | (7) |
Balance adjusted for variances from expectation |  | $ | 1,843 |  |  | $ | 2,459 |
Issuances |  | 22 |  |  | 2,041 |
Interest accrual |  | 51 |  |  | 109 |
Benefits payments |  | (128) |  |  | (258) |
Ending Balance at original discount rate |  | $ | 1,788 |  |  | $ | 4,351 |
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions |  | (373) |  |  | (162) |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 1,415 |  |  | $ | 4,189 |
Net liability for future policy benefits |  | $ | 1,415 |  |  | $ | 4,189 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 116 |  |  | — |
Net liability for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverable |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 4,189 |
Weighted-average duration of liability for future policyholder benefits (years) |  | 12.47 |  | 8.23

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The following tables summarize balances and changes in the liability for DPL for limited-payment contracts:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT |  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT |  |  |  |
|  | (In millions) |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of modeling changes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of actual variances from expected experience |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |
Balance adjusted for variances from expectation |  | 93 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
Issuances |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Interest accrual |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization |  | (6) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  |

The following table reconciles the net FPB to the FPB in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The DPL for Immediate Annuities and PRT is presented together with the FPB in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and has been included as a reconciling item in the table below:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | (In millions)
Traditional Life |  | $ | 1,385 |  |  | $ | 1,349 |  |  |
Immediate annuities |  | 1,393 |  |  | 1,415 |  |  |
PRT |  | 5,394 |  |  | 4,189 |  |  |
Immediate annuities DPL |  | 90 |  |  | 87 |  |  |
PRT DPL |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 8,268 |  |  | $ | 7,050 |  |  |

The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefits and expenses for nonparticipating traditional and limited-payment contracts:

|  | Undiscounted |  | Discounted
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
Traditional Life |  | (In millions)
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 2,843 |  |  | $ | 2,996 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | 1,984 |
Expected future gross premiums |  | 978 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 772 |
Immediate annuities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 3,212 |  |  | $ | 3,227 |  |  | $ | 1,392 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |
Expected future gross premiums |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
PRT |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected future benefit payments |  | $ | 8,449 |  |  | $ | 5,445 |  |  | $ | 5,470 |  |  | $ | 3,605 |
Expected future gross premiums |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The following table summarizes the amount of revenue and interest related to nonparticipating traditional and limited-payment contracts recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings:

|  | Gross Premiums (a) |  | Interest Expense (b)
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
|  | (In millions)
Traditional Life |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 28 |
Immediate annuities |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 42 |
PRT |  | 1,240 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 79 |
Total |  | $ | 1,340 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 149 |

(a) Included in Life insurance premiums and other fees on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
(b) Included in Benefits and other changes in policy reserves (remeasurement gains (losses) (a)) on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
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The following table presents the weighted-average interest rate:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Traditional Life |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 2.34 | % |  | 2.33 | % |  |
Current discount rate |  | 4.95 |  |  | 5.03 |  |  |
Immediate annuities |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 3.17 | % |  | 3.14 | % |  |
Current discount rate |  | 4.90 |  |  | 4.98 |  |  |
PRT |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest accretion rate |  | 4.70 | % |  | 4.61 | % |  |
Current discount rate |  | 4.85 |  |  | 5.03 |  |  |

The following tables summarize the actual experience and expected experience for mortality and lapses of the FPB:

|  | September 30, 2024
|  | Traditional Life |  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT
Mortality |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 1.4 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Expected experience |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2.5 |
Lapses |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Expected experience |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Traditional Life |  | Immediate annuities |  | PRT
Mortality |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | 1.7 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 3.2 | %
Expected experience |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 2.3 |
Lapses |  |  |  |  |  |
Actual experience |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Expected experience |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

The following table provides additional information for periods in which a cohort has an net premium ratio ("NPR") greater than 100% (and therefore capped at 100%) (dollars in millions):

| September 30, 2024 |  |
| Cohort X |  | Description |  |  |  |
NPR before capping | 109 | % |  | Term with return of premium Non-NY Cohort |  |  |  |
Reserves before NPR capping | $ | 1,219 |  |  | Term with return of premium Non-NY Cohort |  |  |  |
Reserves after NPR capping | 1,250 |  |  | Term with return of premium Non-NY Cohort |  |  |  |
Loss Expense | 31 |  |  | Term with return of premium Non-NY Cohort |  |  |  |

Premium deficiency testing
F&G conducts annual premium deficiency testing for its long-duration contracts except for the FPB for nonparticipating traditional and limited-payment contracts. F&G also conducts annual premium deficiency testing for the VOBA of all long-duration contracts. Premium deficiency testing is performed by reviewing assumptions used to calculate the insurance liabilities and determining whether the sum of the existing contract liabilities and the present value of future gross premiums is sufficient to cover the present value of future benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders and settlement costs and recover unamortized present value of future profits. Anticipated investment income, based on F&G’s experience, is considered when performing premium deficiency testing for long-duration contracts. During 2024, F&G was not required to establish any additional liabilities as a result of premium deficiency testing.
F&G made changes to assumptions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023. Significant assumption inputs used in the calculation of our FPB are described below. Refer to the tables above for further details on changes to our FPB.
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Traditional life
Significant assumption inputs to the calculation of the FPB for traditional life include mortality, lapses (including lapses due to nonpayment of premium and surrenders for cash surrender value), and discount rates (both accretion and current). We review the cash flow assumptions annually, typically in the third quarter. In 2023, F&G undertook a review of all significant assumptions and revised the lapse assumption, resulting in a slight decrease to the FPB. In 2024, F&G made an adjustment to the calculation to reflect additional actuarial precision, unrelated to the assumptions, driving an increase to the FPB liability. There have been no other significant changes.
Market data that underlies current discount rates was updated in 2024 from that utilized in 2023 resulting in decreased discount rates that drove a material increase to the FPB.
Immediate annuities (life contingent)
Significant assumption inputs to the calculation of the FPB for immediate annuities (life contingent) include mortality and discount rates (both accretion and current). We review the cash flow assumptions annually, typically in the third quarter. In 2024 and 2023, F&G undertook a review of the significant cash flow assumptions and did not make any changes to mortality. Market data that underlies current discount rates was updated in 2024 from that utilized in 2023, resulting in decreased discount rates that drove a material increase to the FPB.
PRT (life contingent)
Significant assumption inputs to the calculation of the FPB for PRT (life contingent) include mortality and discount rates (both accretion and current). We review the cash flow assumptions annually, typically in the third quarter. In 2024 and 2023, F&G undertook a review of the significant cash flow assumptions and did not make any changes to mortality. Market data that underlies current discount rates was updated in 2024 from 2023 resulting in decreased discount rates that drove a material increase to the FPB.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our expectations, hopes, intentions or strategies regarding the future. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. It is important to note that our actual results could vary materially from those forward-looking statements contained herein due to many factors, including, but not limited to: the potential impact of the F&G Distribution on relationships, including employees, suppliers, customers and competitors; changes in general economic, business and political conditions, including changes in the financial markets and geopolitical uncertainties associated with international conflict; weakness or adverse changes in the level of real estate activity, which may be caused by, among other things, high or increasing interest rates, a limited supply of mortgage funding, or a weak U.S. economy; our potential inability to find suitable acquisition candidates, acquisitions in lines of business that will not necessarily be limited to our traditional areas of focus, or difficulties in consummating and integrating acquisitions; our dependence on distributions from our title insurance underwriters as our main source of cash flow; significant competition that our operating subsidiaries face; compliance with extensive government regulation of our operating subsidiaries; and other risks detailed in the “Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information,” “Risk Factors” and other sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K (our "Annual Report") for the year ended December 31, 2023 and other filings with the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used herein, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” or “FNF” refer collectively to Fidelity National Financial, Inc., and its subsidiaries.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Overview
For a description of our business, including descriptions of segments and recent business developments, see the discussion in Note A Basis of Financial Statements in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Report, which is incorporated by reference into this Part I, Item 2.
Business Trends and Conditions
Title
Our Title segment revenue is closely related to the level of real estate activity that includes sales, mortgage financing and mortgage refinancing. Declines in the level of real estate activity or the average price of real estate sales will adversely affect our title insurance revenues.
We have found that residential real estate activity is generally dependent on the following factors:
•mortgage interest rates;
•mortgage funding supply;
•housing inventory and home prices;
•supply and demand for commercial real estate; and
•the strength of the United States economy, including employment levels.
The most recent forecast of the Mortgage Bankers Association ("MBA"), as of October 27, 2024, estimates (actual for fiscal year 2023) the size of the U.S. residential mortgage originations market as shown in the following table for 2023 - 2026 in its "Mortgage Finance Forecast" (in trillions):

|  |  |  | 2026 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Purchase originations |  |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
Refinance originations |  |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |
Total U.S. mortgage originations forecast |  |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |

As of October 27, 2024, the MBA expects residential purchase transactions to remain relatively flat through 2024 before increasing in 2025 and 2026, and expects residential refinance transactions to increase in 2024 and 2025 but remain flat in 2026, and overall mortgage originations to increase in 2024, 2025, and 2026.
Average interest rates for a 30-year fixed rate mortgage were 6.5% and 6.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to 7.0% and 6.7% for the corresponding periods in 2023, respectively. In September 2024, the Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate by 50 basis points to a range of 4.75% - 5.0%, the first cut in interest rates
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since the Federal Reserve's emergency response to the outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020. On November 7, 2024, the Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate by an additional 25 basis points.
A shortage in the supply of homes for sale, increasing home prices, high mortgage interest rates, disrupted labor markets and geopolitical uncertainties associated with international conflicts created some volatility in the residential real estate market in 2023 and 2024. Existing-home sales decreased 3.5% in September 2024 as compared to the corresponding period in 2023 while median existing-home sales prices increased to $404,500, or approximately 3%, from the corresponding period in 2023.
Other economic indicators used to measure the health of the U.S. economy, including the unemployment rate, have remained strong. The unemployment rate was 4.1% and 3.8% in September 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We issue commercial title insurance policies in sectors including office, industrial, energy, hospitality, retail, and multi-family, among others. The demand for commercial title insurance varies based on a variety of factors such as investor appetite, financing availability, and supply and demand in a particular area. Because commercial real estate transactions tend to be generally driven by supply and demand for commercial space in a particular area rather than by interest rate fluctuations, we believe that our commercial real estate title insurance business is less dependent on the industry cycles discussed above than our residential real estate title business. Factors including U.S. tax reform and a shift in U.S. monetary policy have had, or are expected to have, varying effects on availability of financing in the U.S. Lower corporate and individual tax rates and corporate tax-deductibility of capital expenditures have provided increased capacity and incentive for investments in commercial real estate. In recent years, we experienced fluctuating demand in commercial real estate markets. Commercial volumes and commercial fee-per-file were depressed in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 when compared to recent prior periods.
We continually monitor mortgage origination trends and believe that, based on our ability to produce industry leading operating margins through all economic cycles, we are well positioned to adjust our operations for adverse changes in real estate activity and to take advantage of increased volume when demand increases.
Seasonality. H istorically, real estate transactions have produced seasonal revenue fluctuations in the real estate industry. The first calendar quarter is typically the weakest quarter in terms of revenue due to the generally low volume of home sales during January and February. The second and third calendar quarters are typically the strongest quarters in terms of revenue, primarily due to a higher volume of residential transactions in the spring and summer months. The fourth quarter is typically strong due to the desire of commercial entities to complete transactions by year-end. We have noted short-term fluctuations through recent years in resale and refinance transactions as a result of changes in interest rates.
F&G
The following factors represent some of the key trends and uncertainties that have influenced the development of our F&G segment and its historical financial performance, and we believe these key trends and uncertainties will continue to influence the business and financial performance of our F&G segment in the future.
Market Conditions
Market volatility has affected, and may continue to affect, our business and financial performance in varying ways. Volatility can pressure sales and reduce demand as consumers hesitate to make financial decisions. To enhance the attractiveness and profitability of our products and services, we continually monitor the behavior of our customers, as evidenced by annuitization rates and lapse rates in our F&G segment, which vary in response to changes in market conditions. See Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion of risk factors that could affect market conditions.
Interest Rate Environment
Some of our F&G products include guaranteed minimum crediting rates, most notably our fixed rate annuities. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our reserves, net of reinsurance, and average crediting rate on our fixed rate annuities were $7.0 billion and 4%, respectively. We are required to pay the guaranteed minimum crediting rates even if earnings on our investment portfolio decline, which would negatively impact earnings. In addition, we expect more policyholders to hold policies with comparatively high guaranteed rates for a longer period in a low interest rate environment. Conversely, a rise in average yield on our investment portfolio would increase earnings if the average interest rate we pay on our products does not rise correspondingly. Similarly, we expect that policyholders would be less likely to hold policies with existing guarantees as interest rates rise and the relative value of other new business offerings are increased, which would negatively impact our earnings and cash flows.
See Item 7A of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for a more detailed discussion of interest rate risk.
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Aging of the U.S. Population
We believe that the aging of the U.S. population will increase the demand for our indexed annuity and indexed universal life ("IUL") products. As the “baby boomer” generation prepares for retirement, we believe that demand for retirement savings, growth, and income products will grow. Over 10,000 people will turn 65 each day in the United States over the next 15 years, and according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the proportion of the U.S. population over the age of 65 is expected to grow from 19% in 2024 to 21% in 2035. The impact of this growth may be offset to some extent by asset outflows as an increasing percentage of the population begins withdrawing assets to convert their savings into income.
Industry Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations
We operate in the sector of the insurance industry that focuses on the needs of middle-income Americans. The underserved middle-income market represents a major growth opportunity for us. As a tool for addressing the unmet need for retirement planning, we believe that many middle-income Americans have grown to appreciate the financial certainty that we believe annuities such as our indexed annuity products afford. For example, the fixed index annuity market grew from nearly $12 billion of sales in 2002 to $97 billion of sales in 2023 and the registered index-linked annuities market grew from $11 billion of sales in 2018 to $44 billion of sales in 2023. Additionally, this market demand has positively impacted the IUL market as it has expanded from $100 million of annual sales in 2002 to $3 billion of annual sales in 2023.
See Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for a more detailed discussion of industry factors and trends affecting our Results of Operations.
Results of Operations
Consolidated Results of Operations
Net Earnings. The following table presents certain financial data for the periods indicated:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct title insurance premiums | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |
Agency title insurance premiums | 789 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 1,991 |
Escrow, title-related and other fees | 1,159 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | 3,555 |  |  | 3,288 |
Interest and investment income | 815 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 2,308 |  |  | 1,915 |
Recognized gains and losses, net | 269 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 456 |  |  | (367) |
Total revenues | 3,603 |  |  | 2,778 |  |  | 10,060 |  |  | 8,320 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves | 1,095 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 2,864 |  |  | 1,921 |
Personnel costs | 810 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 2,316 |  |  | 2,166 |
Agent commissions | 612 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 1,681 |  |  | 1,534 |
Other operating expenses | 396 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | 1,134 |
Market risk benefit losses (gains) | 71 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 80 |  |  | (20) |
Depreciation and amortization | 189 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 545 |  |  | 438 |
Provision for title claim losses | 61 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 157 |
Interest expense | 56 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 129 |
Total expenses | 3,290 |  |  | 2,175 |  |  | 8,958 |  |  | 7,459 |
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 313 |  |  | 603 |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | 861 |
Income tax expense | 44 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 245 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | 2 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 16 |
Net earnings | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  | $ | 883 |  |  | $ | 632 |

Revenues
Total revenues increased by $825 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $1,740 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the corresponding periods in 2023.
Net earnings decreased by $206 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $251 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the corresponding periods in 2023.
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The change in revenue and net earnings from our reportable segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.
Expenses
Our operating expenses consist primarily of Personnel costs; Other operating expenses, which in our title business are incurred as orders are received and processed; Agent commissions, which are incurred as title agency revenue is recognized; and Benefits and other changes in policy reserves, which in our F&G segment are charged to earnings in the period they are earned by the policyholder based on their selected strategy. For traditional life and immediate annuities, policy benefit claims are charged to expense in the period that the claims are incurred, net of reinsurance recoveries. Title insurance premiums, escrow, and title-related fees are generally recognized as income at the time the underlying transaction closes or other service is provided. Direct title operations revenue often lags approximately 45-60 days behind expenses and therefore gross margins may fluctuate. The changes in the market environment, mix of business between direct and agency operations, and the contributions from our various business units have historically impacted margins and net earnings. We have implemented programs and have taken necessary actions to maintain expense levels consistent with revenue streams. However, a short-term lag exists in reducing controllable fixed costs and certain fixed costs are incurred regardless of revenue levels.
Personnel costs include base salaries, commissions, benefits, stock-based compensation, and bonuses paid to employees, and are one of our most significant operating expenses.
Agent commissions represent the portion of premiums retained by our third-party agents pursuant to the terms of their respective agency contracts.
Benefit expenses for deferred annuity, indexed annuity and IUL policies include index credits and interest credited to contractholder account balances and benefit claims in excess of contract account balances, net of reinsurance recoveries. Other changes in policy reserves include the change in the fair value of the indexed annuity embedded derivative and the change in the reserve for secondary guarantee benefit payments. Other changes in policy reserves also include the change in reserves for life insurance products.
Other operating expenses consist primarily of facilities expenses, title plant maintenance, premium taxes (which insurance underwriters are required to pay on title premiums in lieu of franchise and other state taxes), appraisal fees and other cost of sales on ServiceLink product offerings and other title-related products, postage and courier services, computer services, professional services, travel expenses, general insurance, and bad debt expense on our trade and notes receivable.
The provision for title claim losses includes an estimate of anticipated title and title-related claims, and escrow losses.
The change in expenses attributable to our reportable segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.
Income tax expense was $44 million and $141 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $223 million and $245 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Income tax expense as a percentage of earnings before income taxes was 14% and 23% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 20% and 28% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decreases in income tax expense as a percentage of earnings before taxes in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023 are primarily attributable to more valuation allowance being released in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding period in 2023, and less valuation allowance being recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding period in 2023.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has developed guidance known as the Global Anti-Base Erosion Pillar Two minimum tax rules, or Pillar Two, which generally provide for a minimum effective tax rate of 15% and are intended to apply to tax years beginning in 2024. As of September 30, 2024, based on the countries in which we do business that have enacted legislation, the Company does not expect these rules to have a material impact on our income tax provision.
The Company considers its non-U.S. earnings to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. to the extent these earnings are not subject to the U.S. income tax under an anti-deferral tax regime. Given our intent to reinvest these earnings for an indefinite period of time, the Company has not accrued a deferred tax liability on these earnings. A determination of an unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.
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Title
The following table presents the results from operations of our Title segment:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues: | (In millions)
Direct title insurance premiums | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 524 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 1,493 |
Agency title insurance premiums | 789 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 1,991 |
Escrow, title-related and other fees | 581 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 1,636 |  |  | 1,629 |
Interest and investment income | 92 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 252 |
Recognized gains and losses, net | 63 |  |  | (46) |  |  | 51 |  |  | (74) |
Total revenues | 2,096 |  |  | 1,875 |  |  | 5,690 |  |  | 5,291 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel costs | 688 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 1,986 |  |  | 1,908 |
Agent commissions | 612 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 1,681 |  |  | 1,534 |
Other operating expenses | 328 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 939 |
Depreciation and amortization | 35 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 115 |
Provision for title claim losses | 61 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 157 |
Total expenses | 1,724 |  |  | 1,627 |  |  | 4,865 |  |  | 4,653 |
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 825 |  |  | $ | 638 |
Orders opened by direct title operations (in thousands) | 352 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 973 |
Orders closed by direct title operations (in thousands) | 232 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 645 |
Fee per file (in dollars) | $ | 3,708 |  |  | $ | 3,618 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |  |  | $ | 3,561 |

Total revenues for the Title segment increased by $221 million, or 12%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased by $399 million, or 8%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023.
The following table presents the percentages of title insurance premiums generated by our direct and agency operations:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  |  | % of |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  | % of |  |  |  | % of
| 2024 |  | Total |  | 2023 |  | Total |  | 2024 |  | Total |  | 2023 |  | Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Title premiums from direct operations | $ | 571 |  |  | 42 | % |  | $ | 524 |  |  | 42 | % |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | 42 | % |  | $ | 1,493 |  |  | 43 | %
Title premiums from agency operations | 789 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2,166 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 1,991 |  |  | 57 |
Total title premiums | $ | 1,360 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,252 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,741 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,484 |  |  | 100 | %

Title premiums increased by $108 million, or 9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding period in 2023. The increase was comprised of an increase in Title premiums from direct operations of $47 million, or 9%, and an increase in Title premiums from agency operations of $61 million, or 8%.
Title premiums increased by $257 million, or 7%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding period in 2023. The increase was compromised of an increase in Title premiums from direct operations of $82 million, or 5%, and an increase in Title premiums from agency operations of $175 million, or 9%.
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The following table presents the percentages of opened and closed title insurance orders generated by purchase and refinance transactions by our direct operations:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Opened title insurance orders from purchase transactions (1) | 73 | % |  | 80 | % |  | 77 | % |  | 79 | %
Opened title insurance orders from refinance transactions (1) | 27 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 21 |
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Closed title insurance orders from purchase transactions (1) | 77 | % |  | 80 | % |  | 79 | % |  | 80 | %
Closed title insurance orders from refinance transactions (1) | 23 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 20 |
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) Percentages exclude consideration of an immaterial number of non-purchase and non-refinance orders.
Title premiums from direct operations increased in the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding period in 2023. The increase was attributable to an increase in the average fee per file and an increase in closed order volume.
We experie nced an increase in c losed title insurance order volumes from both purchase and refinance transactions in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. Total closed order volume was 232,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 224,000 in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 647,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 645,000 in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This represented an overall increase of 4% and 0% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, from the corresponding periods in 2023. The increases were primarily attributable to lower average mortgage interest rates in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 when compared to the corresponding periods in 2023.
Total opened title insurance order volumes increased in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023.
The average fee per file in our direct operations was $3,708 and $3,682 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $3,618 and $3,561 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increases in average fee per file in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023 are primarily attributable to home price appreciation. The fee per file tends to change as the mix of refinance and purchase transactions changes, because purchase transactions involve the issuance of both a lender’s policy and an owner’s policy, resulting in higher fees, whereas refinance transactions only require a lender’s policy, resulting in lower fees.
Title premiums from agency operations increased $61 million, or 8%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased $175 million, or 9%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023.
Escrow, title-related and other fees increased by $4 million, or 1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased $7 million, or 0.4%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. Escrow and title-related fees increased by $8 million, or 4%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $19 million, or 3%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. The increases in escrow and title-related fees in the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023 are relatively consistent with the increases in direct premiums. Other fees, excluding escrow and title-related fees, decreased by $4 million, or 1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased $12 million, or 1%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The changes in Other fees, excluding escrow and title-related fees, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the prior periods in 2023 were attributable to various immaterial items.
Interest and investment income levels are primarily a function of securities markets, interest rates, and the amount of cash available for investment. Interest and investment income increased $10 million, or 4%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023.
Net recognized gains were $63 million and $51 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Net recognized losses were $46 million and $74 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increases in recognized gains and losses, net in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2023 are primarily attributable to fluctuations in non-cash valuation changes on our equity and preferred security holdings in addition to various other immaterial items.
Personnel costs include base salaries, commissions, benefits, stock-based compensation, and bonuses paid to employees, and are one of our most significant operating expenses. Personnel costs increased $34 million, or 5%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased $78 million, or 4%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the
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corresponding periods in 2023. The increases are due to inflationary salary and increased variable costs from a modest increase in revenue and earnings. Personnel costs as a percentage of total revenues from direct title premiums and escrow, title-related and other fees were 60% and 59% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 62% and 61% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Average employee count in the Title segment was 21,493 and 21,486 in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 21,167 and 21,510 in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Other operating expenses increased by $15 million, or 5%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024, and decreased by $15 million, or 2%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. Other operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue excluding agency premiums, interest and investment income, and recognized gains and losses were 28% and 28% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 29% and 30% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Agent commissions represent the portion of premiums retained by agents pursuant to the terms of their respective agency contracts. Agent commissions and the resulting percentage of agent premiums that we retain vary according to regional differences in real estate closing practices and state regulations.
The following table illustrates the relationship of agent premiums and agent commissions, which has remained relatively consistent since 2023:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | % |  | 2023 |  | % |  | 2024 |  | % |  | 2023 |  | %
| (Dollars in millions)
Agent premiums | $ | 789 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 728 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,166 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,991 |  |  | 100 | %
Agent commissions | 612 |  |  | 78 | % |  | 564 |  |  | 77 | % |  | 1,681 |  |  | 78 | % |  | 1,534 |  |  | 77 | %
Net retained agent premiums | $ | 177 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 164 |  |  | 23 | % |  | $ | 485 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 457 |  |  | 23 | %

The claim loss provision for title insurance was $61 million and $57 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $168 million and $157 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The provision reflects an average provision rate of 4.5% of title premiums in all periods. We continually monitor and evaluate our loss provision level, actual claims paid, and the loss reserve position each quarter. This loss provision rate is set to provide for losses on current year policies, but due to development of prior years and our long claim duration, it periodically includes amounts of estimated adverse or positive development on prior years' policies.
F&G
Segment Overview
Through our majority-owned F&G subsidiary, we have five distribution channels across retail and institutional markets. Our three retail channels include agent-based Independent Marketing Organizations ("IMOs"), banks, and broker dealers. We have deep, long-tenured relationships with our network of leading IMOs and their agents to serve the needs of the middle-income market and develop competitive annuity and life products to align with their evolving needs. Upon FNF’s ownership and F&G’s subsequent rating upgrades in mid-2020, we launched into banks and broker dealers. Further, in 2021, we launched into two institutional markets to originate Funding Agreement Backed Notes ("FABN") and pension risk transfer ("PRT") transactions. The FABN Program offers funding agreements to institutional clients by means of capital markets transactions through investment banks. The funding agreements issued under the FABN Program are in addition to those issued to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta ("FHLB"). The PRT solutions business was launched by building an experienced team and then working with brokers and institutional consultants for distribution. These markets leverage our existing team's spread-based capabilities as well as our strategic partnership with Blackstone ISG-I Advisors LLC (“Blackstone”).
In setting the features and pricing of our flagship indexed annuity products relative to our targeted net margin, we take into account our expectations regarding (1) the difference between the net investment income we earn and the sum of the interest credited to policyholders and the cost of hedging our risk on the policies; (2) fees, including surrender charges and rider fees, partly offset by vesting bonuses that we pay our policyholders; and (3) a number of related expenses, including benefits and changes in reserves, acquisition costs, and general and administrative expenses.
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Key Components of Our Historical Results of Operations
Through our insurance subsidiaries, we issue a broad portfolio of deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities), IUL insurance, immediate annuities, funding agreements, and PRT solutions. A deferred annuity is a type of contract that accumulates value on a tax deferred basis and typically begins making specified periodic or lump sum payments a certain number of years after the contract has been issued. IUL insurance is a complementary type of contract that accumulates value in a cash value account and provides a payment to designated beneficiaries upon the policyholder’s death. An immediate annuity is a type of contract that begins making specified payments within one annuity period (e.g., one month or one year) and typically makes payments of principal and interest earnings over a period of time. As defined by the Iowa Insurance Division, a funding agreement is an agreement for an insurer to accept and accumulate funds and to make one or more payments at future dates in amounts that are not based on mortality or morbidity contingencies of the person to whom the funding agreement is issued. In essence, funding agreement providers issue fixed maturity contracts with fixed or floating interest rates in exchange for a single upfront premium. Our PRT products are comparable to income annuities, as we generally receive a single, upfront premium in exchange for paying a guaranteed stream of future income payments, which are typically fixed in nature but may vary in duration based on participant mortality experience.
Under GAAP, premium collections for deferred annuities (indexed annuities and fixed rate annuities), immediate annuities and PRT without life contingency, and deposits received for funding agreements are reported in the financial statements as deposit liabilities (i.e., contractholder funds) instead of as sales or revenues. Similarly, cash payments to customers are reported as decreases in the liability for contractholder funds and not as expenses. Sources of revenues for products accounted for as deposit liabilities are net investment income, surrender charges, cost of insurance and other charges deducted from contractholder funds (i.e., amortization of unearned revenue liabilities ("URL")), and net realized gains (losses) on investments. Components of expenses for products accounted for as deposit liabilities are interest-sensitive and index product benefits (primarily interest credited to account balances or the hedging cost of providing index credits to the policyholder), amortization of value of business acquired ("VOBA"), deferred acquisition costs ("DAC") and deferred sales inducements ("DSI"), and other operating costs and expenses.
F&G hedges certain portions of its exposure to product related equity market risk by entering into derivative transactions. We purchase derivatives consisting predominantly of equity options and, to a lesser degree, futures contracts (specifically for indexed annuity contracts) on the equity indices underlying the applicable policy. These derivatives are used to offset the reserve impact of the index credits due to policyholders under the indexed annuity and IUL contracts. The majority of all such equity options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements underlying the indexed annuity/IUL contracts. We attempt to manage the cost of these purchases through the terms of our indexed annuity/IUL contracts, which permit us to change caps, spread, or participation rates on each policy's annual anniversary, subject to certain guaranteed minimums that must be maintained. The equity options and futures contracts are marked to fair value with the change in fair value included as a component of net investment gains (losses). The change in fair value of the equity options and futures contracts includes the gains and losses recognized at the expiration of the instruments’ terms or upon early termination and the changes in fair value of open positions. In addition, to reduce market risks from interest rate changes on our earnings associated with our floating rate investments, during 2023 we began to execute pay-float and receive-fixed interest rate swaps.
Market Risk Benefits ("MRBs") are contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from other-than-nominal capital market risk (equity, interest and foreign exchange risk) and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk. MRBs (inclusive of reinsured MRBs) are measured at fair value using a risk neutral valuation method, which is based on current net amounts at risk, market data, internal and industry experience, and other factors. The change in fair value of MRBs generally reflects impacts from actual policyholder behavior (including surrenders of the benefit), changes in interest rates, and changes in equity market returns. Generally, higher interest rates and equity returns result in gains whereas lower interest rates and equity returns result in losses. Reinsured MRBs are valued using a methodology consistent with direct MRBs, with the exception of the non-performance spread, which reflects the credit of the reinsurer.
Earnings from products accounted for as deposit liabilities are primarily generated from the excess of net investment income earned over the sum of interest credited to policyholders and the cost of hedging our risk on indexed annuity/IUL policies. With respect to indexed annuities/IULs, which includes the expenses incurred to fund the index credits. Proceeds received upon expiration or early termination of equity options purchased to fund annual index credits are recorded as part of the change in fair value of derivatives and are largely offset by an expense for index credits earned on annuity contractholder fund balances.
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F&G Results of Operations
The results of operations of our F&G segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues | (In millions)
Life insurance premiums and other fees | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  |  | $ | 1,711 |  |  | $ | 1,523 |
Interest and investment income | 712 |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 2,012 |  |  | 1,622 |
Owned distribution revenues | 20 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |
Recognized gains and (losses), net | 206 |  |  | (309) |  |  |  | 401 |  |  | (257) |
Total revenues | 1,444 |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 4,185 |  |  | 2,888 |
Benefits and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves | 1,095 |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | 2,864 |  |  | 1,921 |
Market risk benefit losses (gains) | 71 |  |  | (49) |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | (20) |
Depreciation and amortization | 147 |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  | 302 |
Personnel costs | 80 |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  | 167 |
Other operating expenses | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | 107 |
Interest expense | 36 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  | 71 |
Total benefits and expenses | 1,474 |  |  | 471 |  |  |  | 3,819 |  |  | 2,548 |
(Loss) earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | $ | (30) |  |  | $ | 380 |  |  |  | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | 340 |

Revenues
Life insurance premiums and other fees
Life insurance premiums and other fees primarily reflect premiums on life-contingent PRTs and traditional life insurance products, which are recognized as revenue when due from the policyholder, as well as policy rider fees primarily on indexed annuity policies, the cost of insurance on IUL policies, and surrender charges assessed against policy withdrawals in excess of the policyholder's allowable penalty-free amounts (up to 10% of the prior year's value, subject to certain limitations). The following table summarizes the Life insurance premiums and other fees, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Life-contingent pension risk transfer premiums | $ | 332 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 1,207 |
Traditional life insurance and life-contingent immediate annuity premiums | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 34 |
Surrender charges | 82 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 66 |
Policyholder fees and other income | 84 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 216 |
Life insurance premiums and other fees | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 1,711 |  |  | $ | 1,523 |

•Life-contingent pension risk transfer premiums decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, reflecting the timing of PRT transactions. As noted above, PRT premiums are subject to fluctuation period to period.
•Surrender charges increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily reflecting increases in withdrawals from policyholders with surrender charges and market value adjustments, primarily on our indexed annuities policies.
•Policyholder fees and other income increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to increased cost of insurance charges, net of changes in URL on IUL policies from growth in business and higher guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) rider fees. GMWB rider fees are based on the policyholder's benefit base and are collected at the end of the policy year.
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Interest and investment income
Below is a summary of interest and investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 1,620 |  |  | $ | 1,356 |
Equity securities | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 14 |
Preferred securities | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 31 |
Mortgage loans | 69 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 167 |
Invested cash and short-term investments | 53 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 52 |
Limited partnerships | 83 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 169 |
Other investments | 9 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 19 |
Gross investment income | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 641 |  |  | $ | 2,228 |  |  | $ | 1,808 |
Investment expense | (74) |  |  | (63) |  |  | (216) |  |  | (186) |
Interest and investment income | $ | 712 |  |  | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 2,012 |  |  | $ | 1,622 |

Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $181 million and $463 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $102 million and $236 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
Recognized gains and losses, net
Below is a summary of the major components included in recognized gains and losses, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | (88) |
Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (10) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (33) |  |  | (33) |
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivatives instruments | 377 |  |  | (327) |  |  | 515 |  |  | (170) |
Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives | (178) |  |  | 36 |  |  | (186) |  |  | 34 |
Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Recognized gains and losses, net | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | (309) |  |  | $ | 401 |  |  | $ | (257) |

Recognized gains and (losses), net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements, which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized net gains (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $(177) million and $(186) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $43 million and $42 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
•For the three months ended September 30, 2024, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of mark-to-market gains on our preferred and equity securities.
•For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result of unrealized FVO gains on owned distribution investments and mark-to-market gains on our preferred and equity securities.
•For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, equity securities and other invested assets is primarily the result realized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, partially offset by mark-to-market gains on our equity securities and realized gains on other invested assets..
•For all periods, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments primarily relate to the net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity options and futures used to hedge indexed annuity and IUL products,
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including gains on option and futures expiration and changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps. See the table below for primary drivers of gains (losses) on certain derivatives.
•The fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivative is based on the change in fair value of the underlying assets held in the funds withheld portfolio.
We utilize a combination of static (equity options) and dynamic (long futures contracts) instruments in our product hedging strategy. A substantial portion of the equity options and futures contracts are based upon the S&P 500 Index with the remainder based upon other equity, bond, and gold market indices.
We utilize interest rate swaps to reduce market risks from interest rate changes on our earnings associated with our floating rate investments.
The components of the realized and unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments hedging our indexed annuities, universal life products and floating rate investments are summarized in the table below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Equity options: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | (193) |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) | 227 |  |  | (274) |  |  | 438 |  |  | 38 |
Futures contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on futures contracts expiration | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 6 |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) | 6 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (5) |
Interest rate swap gains (losses) | 114 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (19) |
Other derivative investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on other derivative investments | (4) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Total net change in fair value | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | (327) |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | (170) |
Annual Point-to-Point Change in S&P 500 Index during the periods | 6 | % |  | (4) | % |  | 34 | % |  | 12 | %
Secured Overnight Financing Rates | 4.96 | % |  | 5.31 | % |  | 4.96 | % |  | 5.31 | %

•Realized gains and (losses) on certain derivative instruments are directly correlated to the performance of the indices upon which the equity options and futures contracts are based and the value of the derivatives at the time of expiration compared to the value at the time of purchase.
•The changes in unrealized gains (losses) due to the net changes in fair value of equity options and futures contracts are driven by the underlying performance of the indices (for example, the S&P 500 Index) upon which the equity options and futures contracts are based during each respective period relative to the respective indices on the policyholder buy dates.
•The net change in fair value of the interest rate swaps was primarily driven by fluctuations in the interest rate index underlying the swap contracts.
The average index credits to policyholders are as follows:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Average Crediting Rate | 5 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 1 | %
S&P 500 Index: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Point-to-point strategy | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |
Monthly average strategy | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Monthly point-to-point strategy | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
3 year high water mark | 3 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 8 | %

•Actual amounts credited to contractholder fund balances may differ from the index appreciation due to contractual features in the indexed annuity contracts and certain IUL contracts (caps, spreads and participation rates), which allow F&G to manage the cost of the options purchased to fund the annual index credits.
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•The credits for the periods presented were based on comparing the S&P 500 Index on each issue date in the period to the same issue date in the respective prior year periods.
Benefits and expenses
Benefits and other changes in policy reserves
Below is a summary of the major components included in Benefits and other changes in policy reserves:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
PRT agreements | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |
Indexed annuities/IUL market related liability movements | 321 |  |  | (432) |  |  | 460 |  |  | 56 |
Index credits, interest credited and bonuses | 427 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | 543 |
Other changes in policy reserves | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 89 |
Total benefits and other changes in policy reserves | $ | 1,095 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 2,864 |  |  | $ | 1,921 |

•PRT agreements decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, reflecting the timing of PRT transactions. PRT transactions are subject to fluctuation period to period.
•The indexed annuities/IUL market related liability movements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are mainly driven by changes in the equity markets, non-performance spreads, and risk free rates during the periods. The change in risk free rates and non-performance spreads increased (decreased) the indexed annuities market related liability by $255 million and $(196) million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The change in risk free rates and non-performance spreads increased (decreased) the FIA market related liability by $87 million and $(190) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The remaining changes in market value of the market related liability movements for all periods was driven by equity market impacts. See “Revenues — Recognized gains and losses, net” above for summary and discussion of net unrealized gains (losses) on certain derivative instruments.
•Annually, typically in the third quarter, F&G reviews assumptions associated with reserves for policy benefits and product guarantees.
◦During the third quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2024, based on policyholder behavior experience and interest rate movements, we reflected updates to surrender assumptions for recent and expected near term policyholder behavior, as well as updated certain FIA assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds. These changes resulted in decreases in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $136 million and $79 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
◦During the third quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, based on increases in interest rates and pricing changes, we updated certain FIA assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the embedded derivative component within contractholder funds and also aligned reserves to actual policyholder behavior. These changes resulted in a decrease in total benefits and other changes in policy reserves of approximately $23 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and an increase of approximately $74 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
•Index credits, interest credited and bonuses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, were higher compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily reflecting higher index credits and interest credited on indexed annuities and other policies as a result of market movement during the respective periods and higher interest credited associated with the growth in PRT agreements.
Market Risk Benefit losses (Gains)
Below is a summary of market risk benefit losses (gains):

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Market risk benefit losses (gains) | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | (20) |

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•Market risk benefit losses (gains) is primarily driven by attributed fees collected, effects of market related movements (including changes in equity markets and risk-free rates), actual policyholder behavior as compared with expected and changes in assumptions during the periods.
•Changes in market risk benefit losses (gains) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily reflect changes in market related movements for the respective periods.
•In addition, as a result of F&G's annual actuarial assumption update process, we updated GMWB rider assumptions for emerging utilization rates related to policyholder behavior. These updates resulted in market risk benefit losses of $24 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Depreciation and Amortization
Below is a summary of the major components included in depreciation and amortization:

| Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Amortization of DAC, VOBA and DSI | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 280 |
Amortization of other intangible assets and fixed asset depreciation | 20 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  | 22 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 302 |

•DAC, VOBA, and DSI are amortized on a constant level basis for the grouped contracts over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. Amortization of DAC, VOBA, and DSI increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily reflecting increased DAC and DSI associated with the growth of the business. In addition, as a result of our annual actuarial assumption update process, amortization rates on some DAC and DSI balances increased primarily for indexed annuities. Amortization of VOBA also increased approximately $15 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 reflecting other actuarial model updates and refinements.
•Amortization of other intangible assets and fixed asset depreciation for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 included amortization of other intangible assets from our majority owned interests in Roar Joint Venture, LLC ("Roar") and PALH, LLC ("PALH").
Personnel Costs and Other Operating Expenses
Below is a summary of personnel costs and other operating expenses:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions)
Personnel costs | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 167 |
Other operating expenses | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 107 |
Total personnel costs and other operating expenses | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 274 |

•Personnel costs and other operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were higher compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, reflecting costs in line with the growth in sales and assets along with continued investments in our operating platform. In addition, the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes $10 million and $28 million, respectively, from our majority owned interests in Roar and PALH.
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Investment Portfolio
The types of assets in which we may invest are influenced by various state laws, which prescribe qualified investment assets applicable to insurance companies. Within the parameters of these laws, we invest in assets giving consideration to four primary investment objectives: (i) maintain robust absolute returns; (ii) provide reliable yield and investment income; (iii) preserve capital; and (iv) provide liquidity to meet policyholder and other corporate obligations.
Our investment portfolio is designed to contribute stable earnings, excluding short term mark to market effects, and balance risk across diverse asset classes and is primarily invested in high quality fixed income securities.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of our investment portfolio was approximately $59 billion and $52 billion, respectively, and was divided among the following asset classes and sectors:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Fair Value |  | Percent |  | Fair Value |  | Percent
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale: | (Dollars in millions)
United States Government full faith and credit | $ | 352 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 261 |  |  | 1 | %
United States Government sponsored entities | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |
United States municipalities, states and territories | 1,473 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 3 |
Foreign Governments | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance, insurance and real estate | 8,622 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 6,895 |  |  | 13 |
Manufacturing, construction and mining | 1,416 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 2 |
Utilities, energy and related sectors | 2,888 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,374 |  |  | 5 |
Wholesale/retail trade | 3,109 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,433 |  |  | 5 |
Services, media and other | 4,576 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3,930 |  |  | 8 |
Hybrid securities | 596 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 1 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,560 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2,393 |  |  | 5 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 5,124 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4,410 |  |  | 9 |
Asset-backed securities | 10,206 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 8,929 |  |  | 17 |
Collateral loan obligations ("CLO") | 5,750 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5,405 |  |  | 10 |
Total fixed maturity available for sale securities | 46,909 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 40,419 |  |  | 79 |
Equity securities (a) | 435 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 606 |  |  | 1 |
Limited partnerships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private equity | 1,839 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,277 |  |  | 2 |
Real assets | 533 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 1 |
Credit | 1,018 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 2 |
Limited Partnerships | 3,390 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,779 |  |  | 5 |
Commercial mortgage loans | 2,342 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2,253 |  |  | 4 |
Residential mortgage loans | 2,830 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | 5 |
Other (primarily derivatives, company owned life insurance and unconsolidated owned distribution investments) | 2,352 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,697 |  |  | 3 |
Short term investments | 681 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 3 |
Total investments | $ | 58,939 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 51,751 |  |  | 100 | %
(a) Includes investment grade non-redeemable preferred stocks ($239 million and $428 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively).

Insurance statutes regulate the type of investments that our life insurance subsidiaries are permitted to make and limit the amount of funds that may be used for any one type of investment. In light of these statutes and regulations, and our business and investment strategy, we generally seek to invest in primarily high-grade fixed-income assets across a wide range of sectors, including Corporate securities, U.S. Government and government-sponsored agency securities, and Structured securities, among others.
The NAIC’s Securities Valuation Office ("SVO") is responsible for the day-to-day credit quality assessment and valuation of securities owned by state regulated insurance companies. Insurance companies report ownership of securities to the SVO when such securities are eligible for regulatory filings. The SVO conducts credit analysis on these securities for the purpose of assigning an NAIC designation or unit price. Typically, if a security has been rated by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization ("NRSRO"), the SVO utilizes that rating and assigns an NAIC designation based upon the NAIC published comparison of NRSRO ratings to NAIC designations.
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The NAIC determines ratings for non-agency Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (“RMBS”) and Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities using modeling that estimates security level expected losses under a variety of economic scenarios. For such assets issued prior to January 1, 2013, an insurer’s amortized cost basis in applicable assets can impact the assigned rating. In the tables below, we present the rating of structured securities based on ratings from the NAIC rating methodologies described above (which in some cases do not correspond to rating agency designations). All NAIC designations (e.g., NAIC 1-6) are based on the NAIC methodologies.
The following table summarizes the credit quality by NRSRO rating, or NAIC designation equivalent, of our fixed income portfolio as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

|  |  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
NRSRO Rating | NAIC Designation |  |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Percent |  |  |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Percent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | (Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA/AA/A | 1 |  |  | $ | 31,037 |  | $ | 29,764 |  |  | 64 | % |  |  |  | $ | 28,052 |  | $ | 26,170 |  |  | 65 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BBB | 2 |  |  | 15,726 |  | 15,028 |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |  | 13,421 |  | 12,302 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BB | 3 |  |  | 1,647 |  | 1,600 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 1,633 |  | 1,554 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
B | 4 |  |  | 377 |  | 334 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 268 |  | 215 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CCC | 5 |  |  | 113 |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 103 |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CC and lower | 6 |  |  | 126 |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 124 |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 49,026 |  | $ | 46,909 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | $ | 43,601 |  | $ | 40,419 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Investment Concentrations
The tables below present the top ten structured security and industry categories of our fixed maturity and equity securities including the fair value and percent of total fixed maturity and equity securities fair value as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |
Top 10 Concentrations |  | Fair Value (In millions) |  | Percent of Total Fair Value |  |
Asset backed securities ("ABS") other |  | $ | 10,206 |  |  | 22 | % |  |
Collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") securities |  | 5,750 |  |  | 12 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage backed securities |  | 5,124 |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Diversified financial services |  | 4,416 |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Whole loan collateralized mortgage obligation |  | 2,498 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Banking |  | 2,008 |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Insurance |  | 1,791 |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Municipal |  | 1,491 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Electric |  | 1,295 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Pharmaceuticals |  | 751 |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 35,330 |  |  | 75 | % |  |
|  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Top 10 Concentrations |  | Fair Value (In millions) |  | Percent of Total Fair Value |  |
ABS other |  | $ | 8,929 |  |  | 22 | % |  |
CLO securities |  | 5,405 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 4,410 |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Diversified financial services |  | 3,272 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Banking |  | 2,048 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Whole loan collateralized mortgage obligation |  | 2,043 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Municipal |  | 1,600 |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Insurance |  | 1,567 |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Electric |  | 1,086 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Telecommunications |  | 696 |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 31,056 |  |  | 77 | % |  |

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |
Corporate, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal and U.S. Government securities: | (In millions) |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  |  |  |
Due after one year through five years | 3,945 |  |  | 3,943 |  |  | 3,207 |  |  | 3,129 |  |  |  |  |
Due after five years through ten years | 4,570 |  |  | 4,571 |  |  | 2,822 |  |  | 2,680 |  |  |  |  |
Due after ten years | 16,169 |  |  | 14,274 |  |  | 15,333 |  |  | 13,068 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal | $ | 25,135 |  |  | $ | 23,238 |  |  | $ | 21,745 |  |  | $ | 19,251 |  |  |  |  |
Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 15,979 |  |  | $ | 15,956 |  |  | $ | 14,623 |  |  | $ | 14,334 |  |  |  |  |
Commercial-mortgage-backed securities | 5,304 |  |  | 5,124 |  |  | 4,732 |  |  | 4,410 |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 2,608 |  |  | 2,591 |  |  | 2,501 |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  |  |
Subtotal | $ | 23,891 |  |  | $ | 23,671 |  |  | $ | 21,856 |  |  | $ | 21,168 |  |  |  |  |
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities | $ | 49,026 |  |  | $ | 46,909 |  |  | $ | 43,601 |  |  | $ | 40,419 |  |  |  |  |

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Non-Agency RMBS Exposure
Our investment in non-agency RMBS securities is predicated on the conservative and adequate cushion between purchase price and NAIC 1 rating, general lack of sensitivity to interest rates, positive convexity to prepayment rates and correlation between the price of the securities and the unfolding recovery of the housing market.
The fair value of our investments in subprime securities and Alt-A RMBS securities were $30 million and $46 million as of September 30, 2024, respectively, and $33 million and $49 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively. As of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 95% of the subprime and Alt-A RMBS exposures were rated NAIC 2 or higher.
ABS and CLO Exposures
Our ABS exposures are largely diversified by underlying collateral and issuer type. Our CLO exposures are generally senior tranches of CLOs, which have leveraged loans as their underlying collateral.
As of September 30, 2024, the CLO and ABS positions were trading at a net unrealized gain of $103 million and a net unrealized loss of $114 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the CLO and ABS positions were trading at a net unrealized gain of $65 million and a net unrealized loss of $344 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the credit quality by NRSRO rating, or NAIC designation equivalent, of our AFS ABS portfolio as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Fair Value |  | Percent |  | Fair Value |  | Percent
NRSRO Rating | NAIC Designation | (Dollars in millions)
AAA/AA/A | 1 | $ | 7,888 |  |  | 78% |  | $ | 7,023 |  |  | 79%
BBB | 2 | 1,665 |  | 16 |  | 1,375 |  | 15
BB | 3 | 479 |  | 5 |  | 418 |  | 5
B | 4 | 128 |  | 1 |  | 59 |  | 1
CCC | 5 | 7 |  | — |  | 13 |  | —
CC and lower | 6 | 39 |  | — |  | 41 |  | —
Total |  | $ | 10,206 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 8,929 |  |  | 100%

The following table summarizes the credit quality by NRSRO rating, or NAIC designation equivalent, of our AFS CLO portfolio as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Fair Value |  | Percent |  | Fair Value |  | Percent
NRSRO Rating | NAIC Designation | (Dollars in millions)
AAA/AA/A | 1 | $ | 3,826 |  |  | 67% |  | $ | 3,288 |  |  | 61%
BBB | 2 | 1,442 |  | 25 |  | 1,582 |  | 29
BB | 3 | 431 |  | 7 |  | 480 |  | 9
B | 4 | 10 |  | — |  | 17 |  | —
CCC | 5 | — |  | — |  | 0 |  | —
CC and lower | 6 | 41 |  | 1 |  | 38 |  | 1
Total |  | $ | 5,750 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 5,405 |  |  | 100%

Municipal Bond Exposure
Our municipal bond exposure is a combination of general obligation bonds (fair value of $217 million and $231 million and an amortized cost of $248 million and $268 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) and special revenue bonds (fair value of $1,256 million and $1,334 million and an amortized cost of $1,387 million and $1,506 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively).
Across all municipal bonds, the largest issuer represented 5% of the category for both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and is rated NAIC 1. Our focus within municipal bonds is on NAIC 1 rated instruments, and 98% of our municipal bond exposure is rated NAIC 1 at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
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Mortgage Loans
Commercial Mortgage Loans
We diversify our commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs") portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a level to secure the related debt. Loan-to value ("LTV") and debt-service coverage ("DSC") ratios are utilized to assess the risk and quality of CMLs. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our mortgage loans on real estate portfolio had a weighted average DSC ratio of 2.3 times, and a weighted average LTV ratio of 57% and 55%, respectively.
We consider a CML delinquent when a loan payment is greater than 30 days past due. For mortgage loans that are determined to require foreclosure, the carrying value is reduced to the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of estimated costs to obtain and sell at the point of foreclosure. As of September 30, 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments compared to none at December 31, 2023. We had no CMLs in the process of foreclosure as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See Note D Investments to the unaudited Condensed Financial Statements included in this report for additional information on our CMLs, including our distribution by property type, geographic region, LTV, and DSC ratios.
Residential Mortgage Loans
F&G's residential mortgage loans ("RMLs") are closed end, amortizing loans, and 100% of the properties are in the United States. F&G diversifies its RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or nonperforming loan. F&G defines non-performing RMLs as those that are 90 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status.
Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they are over 90 days delinquent. If a loan becomes over 90 days delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current can be put in place. See Note D Investments to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information on our RMLs.
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Unrealized Losses
The amortized cost and fair value of the fixed maturity securities and the equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

| September 30, 2024
| Number of Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale: | (Dollars in millions)
United States Government full faith and credit | 13 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | 267 |
United States Government sponsored agencies | 55 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 24 |
United States municipalities, states and territories | 152 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  | — |  |  | (182) |  |  | 1,130 |
Foreign Governments | 40 |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | 145 |
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance, insurance and real estate | 490 |  |  | 4,546 |  |  | — |  |  | (520) |  |  | 4,026 |
Manufacturing, construction and mining | 108 |  |  | 911 |  |  | — |  |  | (111) |  |  | 800 |
Utilities, energy and related sectors | 319 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | — |  |  | (417) |  |  | 1,967 |
Wholesale/retail trade | 308 |  |  | 2,057 |  |  | — |  |  | (360) |  |  | 1,697 |
Services, media and other | 435 |  |  | 3,370 |  |  | — |  |  | (664) |  |  | 2,706 |
Hybrid securities | 25 |  |  | 459 |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | 440 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities | 197 |  |  | 728 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (74) |  |  | 653 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 300 |  |  | 2,249 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (191) |  |  | 2,037 |
Asset-backed securities | 376 |  |  | 4,411 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (275) |  |  | 4,127 |
Total fixed maturity available for sale securities | 2,818 |  |  | 22,902 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (2,852) |  |  | 20,019 |
Equity securities | 30 |  |  | 354 |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |  |  | 281 |
Total investments | 2,848 |  |  | $ | 23,256 |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | (2,925) |  |  | $ | 20,300 |
| December 31, 2023
| Number of Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available for sale: | (Dollars in millions)
United States Government full faith and credit | 8 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 14 |
United States Government sponsored agencies | 56 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 27 |
United States municipalities, states and territories | 180 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | — |  |  | (222) |  |  | 1,276 |
Foreign Governments | 50 |  |  | 209 |  |  | — |  |  | (39) |  |  | 170 |
Corporate securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance, insurance and real estate | 637 |  |  | 5,529 |  |  | — |  |  | (690) |  |  | 4,839 |
Manufacturing, construction and mining | 117 |  |  | 965 |  |  | — |  |  | (135) |  |  | 830 |
Utilities, energy and related sectors | 316 |  |  | 2,402 |  |  | — |  |  | (471) |  |  | 1,931 |
Wholesale/retail trade | 332 |  |  | 2,165 |  |  | — |  |  | (397) |  |  | 1,768 |
Services, media and other | 401 |  |  | 3,370 |  |  | — |  |  | (686) |  |  | 2,684 |
Hybrid securities | 36 |  |  | 597 |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | 544 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities | 244 |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (101) |  |  | 1,015 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 435 |  |  | 3,198 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (323) |  |  | 2,853 |
Asset-backed securities | 800 |  |  | 8,078 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (470) |  |  | 7,599 |
Total fixed maturity available for sale securities | 3,612 |  |  | 29,174 |  |  | (33) |  |  | (3,591) |  |  | 25,550 |
Equity securities | 41 |  |  | 567 |  |  | — |  |  | (100) |  |  | 467 |
Total investments | 3,653 |  |  | $ | 29,741 |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | (3,691) |  |  | $ | 26,017 |

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The gross unrealized loss position on the fixed maturity available-for-sale fixed and equity portfolio was $2,925 million and $3,691 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Most components of the portfolio exhibited price depreciation caused primarily by higher treasury rates. The total amortized cost of all securities in an unrealized loss position was $23,256 million and $29,741 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The average market value/book value of the investment category with the largest unrealized loss position was 80% for services, media and other as of September 30, 2024. In the aggregate, services, media and other represented 23% of the total unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024. The average market value/book value of the investment category with the largest unrealized loss position was 88% for finance, insurance and real estate as of December 31, 2023. In aggregate, finance, insurance and real estate represented 19% of the total unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity available for sale securities under watch list analysis and the number of months in a loss position with investment grade securities (NRSRO rating of BBB/Baa or higher) as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

| September 30, 2024
| Number of Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade: | (Dollars in millions)
Less than six months | 1 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Six months or more and less than twelve months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Twelve months or greater | 51 |  |  | 795 |  |  | 554 |  |  | — |  |  | (241) |
Total investment grade | 52 |  |  | 799 |  |  | 558 |  |  | — |  |  | (241) |
Below investment grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than six months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Six months or more and less than twelve months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Twelve months or greater | 4 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Total below investment grade | 4 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Total | 56 |  |  | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (264) |
| December 31, 2023
| Number of Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Allowance for Credit Loss |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade: | (Dollars in Millions)
Less than six months | 1 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |
Six months or more and less than twelve months | 1 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Twelve months or greater | 47 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 444 |  |  | — |  |  | (190) |
Total investment grade | 49 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 502 |  |  | — |  |  | (201) |
Below investment grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than six months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Six months or more and less than twelve months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Twelve months or greater | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Total below investment grade | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |
Total | 52 |  |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (205) |

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Expected Credit Losses and Watch List
F&G prepares a watch list to identify securities to evaluate for expected credit losses. Factors used in preparing the watch list include fair values relative to amortized cost, ratings and negative ratings actions and other factors. Detailed analysis is performed for each security on the watch list to further assess the presence of credit impairment loss indicators and, where present, calculate an allowance for expected credit loss or direct write-down of a security’s amortized cost.
As of September 30, 2024, our watch list included 56 securities in an unrealized loss position with an amortized cost of $858 million, no allowance for expected credit losses, unrealized losses of $264 million, and a fair value of $594 million.
As of December 31, 2023, our watch list included 52 securities in an unrealized loss position with an amortized cost of $722 million, no allowance for expected credit losses, unrealized losses of $205 million, and a fair value of $517 million.
The watch list excludes structured securities as we have separate processes to evaluate the credit quality on the structured securities.
There were 101 and 101 structured securities with a fair value of $500 million and $316 million to which we had potential credit exposure as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our analysis of these structured securities, which included cash flow testing, resulted in allowances for expected credit losses of $62 million and $35 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Exposure to Sovereign Debt and Certain Other Exposures
Our investment portfolio had an immaterial amount of direct exposure to European sovereign debt as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We have no exposure to investments in Russia or Ukraine and de minimis investments in peripheral countries in the region.
Interest and Investment Income
For discussion regarding our interest and investment income and recognized gains and (losses), net refer to Note D Investments to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
AFS Securities
For additional information regarding our AFS securities, including the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses), and fair value as well as the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, refer to Note D Investments to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Concentrations of Financial Instruments
For certain information regarding our concentrations of financial instruments, refer to Note D Investments to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
There have been no other material changes in the concentrations of financial instruments described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Derivatives
We are exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by our counterparties on derivative instruments. We attempt to reduce this credit risk by purchasing such derivative instruments from large, well-established financial institutions.
We also hold cash and cash equivalents received from counterparties for derivative instrument collateral, as well as U.S. Government securities pledged as derivative instrument collateral, if our counterparty’s net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds.
We are required to pay counterparties the effective federal funds rate each day for cash collateral posted to F&G for daily mark to market margin changes. We reduce the negative interest cost associated with cash collateral posted from counterparties under various ISDA agreements by reinvesting derivative cash collateral. This program permits collateral cash received to be invested in short term Treasury securities, bank deposits and commercial paper rated A1/P1, which are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
See Note E Derivative Financial Instruments to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our derivatives and our exposure to credit loss on equity options.
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Corporate and Other
The Corporate and Other segment consists of the operations of the parent holding company and our real estate technology subsidiaries. This segment also includes certain other unallocated corporate overhead expenses and eliminations of revenues and expenses between it and our Title segment.
The following table presents the results of operations of our Corporate and Other segment:

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues: | (In millions)
Escrow, title-related and other fees | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 136 |
Interest and investment income | 37 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 84 |
Recognized gains and losses, net | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (36) |
Total revenues | 89 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 184 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel costs | 42 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 91 |
Other operating expenses | 23 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 88 |
Depreciation and amortization | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 21 |
Interest expense | 20 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 58 |
Total expenses | 92 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 258 |
Loss from continuing operations, before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (74) |

The revenue in the Corporate and Other segment represents revenue generated by our non-title real estate technology subsidiaries as well as mark-to-market valuation changes on certain corporate deferred compensation plans.
Total revenues in the Corporate and Other segment increased $15 million, or 20%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased $81 million, or 44%, in the nine months ended from the corresponding periods in 2023. The increase in the three months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding period in 2023 is primarily attributable to an increase in valuation associated with our deferred compensation plan assets of $16 million. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding period in 2023 is primarily attributable to the aforementioned increase in valuations associated with our deferred compensation plan assets of $16 million, increased dividends received from F&G of $37 million, and an impairment of cost method investments in the 2023 period of $33 million, partially offset by various immaterial items. The dividends received from F&G are eliminated upon consolidation.
Personnel costs in the Corporate and Other segment increased $20 million, or 91%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024, and increased $24 million, or 26%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. The increase in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023 are primarily attributable to inflationary pressures on salaries expense and the aforementioned increase in valuations associated with our deferred compensation plan assets of $16 million, which increased both revenue and personnel costs.
Other operating expenses in the Corporate and Other segment decreased $6 million, or 21%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased $9 million, or 10%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023. The decreases in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023 are attributable to various immaterial items.
There was no change in interest expense in the Corporate and Other segment in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the corresponding periods in 2023.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Requirements. Our current cash requirements include personnel costs, operating expenses, claim payments, taxes, payments of interest and principal on our debt, capital expenditures, business acquisitions, stock repurchases, and dividends on our common stock. We paid dividends of $0.48 per share in the third quarter of 2024, or approximately $131 million to our common shareholders. On November 6, 2024, our Board of Directors declared cash dividends of $0.50 per share, payable on December 31, 2024, to FNF common shareholders of record as of December 17, 2024. There are no restrictions on our retained earnings regarding our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders, although there are limits on the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends to us, as described below. The declaration of any future dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors.
As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $4,970 million, short term investments of $1,177 million, available capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility of $800 million, and available capacity under the Amended F&G Credit agreement of $385 million. On October 4, 2024, F&G completed its public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.25% Senior Notes due 2034 (the “6.25% F&G Notes”). A portion of the net proceeds were used to pay off the outstanding balance of $365 million on its revolving credit facility. F&G intends to use the remaining net proceeds of the 6.25% F&G Notes offering for general corporate purposes, including the support of organic growth opportunities. On July 18, 2024 F&G acquired 100% of PALH, LLC for cash consideration of $215 million. On June 4, 2024, F&G completed its public offering of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “6.50% F&G Notes”). A portion of the net proceeds were used to finance a cash tender offer by its wholly owned subsidiary Fidelity & Guaranty Life Holdings, Inc. (“FGLH”) for an aggregate principal amount of $250 million of FGLH’s 5.50% Senior Notes due 2025. F&G intends to use the remaining net proceeds of this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include the repurchase, redemption, or repayment at maturity of outstanding indebtedness. On January 2, 2024, F&G acquired a 70% majority ownership stake in the equity of Roar. Roar wholesales life insurance and annuity products to banks and broker dealers through a network of agents. Total initial consideration was $269 million. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, F&G has agreed to make cash payments of up to $90 million over a three year period upon the achievement of certain earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization milestones of Roar. On February 16, 2024, we entered into a Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for our $800 million revolving credit facility with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and other agents party thereto (the "Sixth Restated Credit Agreement"). Among other changes, the Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement amends the Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from October 29, 2025, to February 16, 2029. On February 16, 2024, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement of our $665 million credit agreement, with the guarantors party thereto, the financial institutions party thereto as lenders, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and an issuing bank (the "Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement"). Among other changes, the Second Amended and Restated F&G Credit Agreement amends the Amended F&G Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date and increase the aggregate principal amount of commitments under the revolving credit facility to $750 million.
We continually assess our capital allocation strategy, including decisions relating to the amount of our dividend, reducing debt, repurchasing our stock, investing in growth of our subsidiaries, making acquisitions, and/or conserving cash. We believe that all anticipated cash requirements for current operations will be met from internally generated funds, through cash dividends from subsidiaries, cash generated by investment securities, potential sales of non-strategic assets, potential issuances of additional debt or equity securities, and borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility. Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are monitored regularly to ensure that we can meet our cash requirements. We forecast the needs of all of our subsidiaries and periodically review their short-term and long-term projected sources and uses of funds, as well as the asset, liability, investment, and cash flow assumptions underlying such forecasts.
Our insurance subsidiaries generate cash from premiums earned and their respective investment portfolios, and these funds are adequate to satisfy the payments of claims and other liabilities. Due to the magnitude of our investment portfolio in relation to our title claim loss reserves, we do not specifically match durations of our investments to the cash outflows required to pay claims, but do manage outflows on a shorter time frame.
Our two significant sources of internally generated funds are dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries. As a holding company, we receive cash from our subsidiaries in the form of dividends and as reimbursement for operating and other administrative expenses we incur. The reimbursements are paid within the guidelines of management agreements among us and our subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by state regulation in their ability to pay dividends and make distributions. Each applicable state of domicile regulates the extent to which our title underwriters can pay dividends or make other distributions. As of December 31, 2023, $1,445 million of our net assets were restricted from dividend payments without prior approval from the relevant departments of insurance. We anticipate that our title insurance subsidiaries will pay or make dividends in the remainder of 2024 of approximately $120 million. Our underwritten title companies and non-insurance subsidiaries are not regulated to the same extent as our insurance subsidiaries.
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The maximum dividend permitted by law is not necessarily indicative of an insurer’s actual ability to pay dividends, which may be constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus, which could affect an insurer’s ratings or competitive position, the amount of premiums that can be written, and the ability to pay future dividends. Further, depending on business and regulatory conditions, we may in the future need to retain cash in our underwriters or even contribute cash to one or more of them in order to maintain their ratings or their statutory capital position. Such a requirement could be the result of investment losses, reserve charges, adverse operating conditions in the current economic environment, or changes in statutory accounting requirements by regulators.
Cash flow from our operations will be used for general corporate purposes including to reinvest in operations, repay debt, pay dividends, repurchase stock, pursue other strategic initiatives, and/or conserve cash.
Operating Cash Flow. Our cash flows provided by operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 totaled $5,320 million and $4,215 million, respectively. The increase in cash provided by operating activities in the 2024 period of $1,105 million is primarily attributable to increased net cash inflows associated with the change in funds withheld from reinsurers of $477 million, increased net cash inflows associated with the change in future policy benefits of $374 million, and net cash inflows associated with the change in other assets and other liabilities of $360 million in the 2024 period as compared to net cash outflows of $131 million in the 2023 period.
Investing Cash Flows. Our cash flows used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were $5,016 million and $5,760 million, respectively. The decrease in cash used in investing activities in the 2024 period of $744 million was primarily attributable to increased cash inflows from proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of investment securities of $3,805 million, and decreased net cash outflows associated with additional investments in unconsolidated affiliates of $158 million, partially offset by increased purchases of investment securities of $1,982 million, decreased cash inflows associated with the net proceeds from sales of short-term investment securities of $899 million, and increased cash outflows associated with acquisitions of $271 million.
Capital Expenditures. Total capital expenditures for property and equipment and capitalized software were $116 million and $101 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Financing Cash Flows. Our cash flows provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were $1,899 million and $2,468 million, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities in the 2024 period of $569 million was primarily attributable to increased cash outflows from contractholder withdrawals of $3,310 million and the cash outflow associated with the tender offer of $250 million of the 5.50% F&G Notes, partially offset by increased cash inflows from contractholder deposits of $2,856 million.
Financing Arrangements. For a description of our financing arrangements see Note G Notes Payable included in Item 8 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Capital Stock Transactions. On August 3, 2021, our Board of Directors approved a three-year repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Program") under which we were authorized to purchase up to 25 million shares of our FNF common stock through July 31, 2024. Since the commencement of the 2021 Repurchase Program, we repurchased a total of 16,449,565 FNF common shares for approximately $701 million, at an average price of $42.60 per share. On July 31, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a new three-year stock repurchase program effective July 31, 2024 (the "2024 Repurchase Program") under which we are authorized to purchase up to 25 million shares of our FNF common stock through July 31, 2027. We did not repurchase any FNF common stock under the 2021 Repurchase Program or the 2024 Repurchase Program during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Equity and Preferred Security Investments. Our equity and preferred security investments may be subject to significant volatility. Currently prevailing accounting standards require us to record the change in fair value of equity and preferred security investments held as of any given period end within earnings. Our results of operations in future periods is anticipated to be subject to such volatility.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. Other than our unfunded investment commitments discussed below, t here have been no significant changes to our off-balance sheet arrangements since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We have unfunded investment commitments as of September 30, 2024 based upon the timing of when investments are executed compared to when the actual investments are funded, as some investments require that funding occur over a period of months or years. Please refer to Note F Commitments and Contingencies to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional details on unfunded investment commitments.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
There have been no material changes in the market risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is: (a) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms; and (b) accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See discussion of legal proceedings in Note F Commitments and Contingencies to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated by reference into this Item 1 of Part II.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the "Risk Factors" disclosed under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Except as discussed below, there have been no material changes as of the date of this report to the risk factors disclosed in “Item IA. Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Risk Factors Relating to Our Business
Changes in the Company’s dealings with large mortgage lenders, servicers or government-sponsored enterprises could adversely affect our title insurance and mortgage servicing subsidiaries.
Large mortgage lenders, servicers and government-sponsored enterprises have significant influence over the products and services provided by our title insurance and mortgage servicing subsidiaries. Changes in our dealings with any of these lenders, servicers or the government-sponsored enterprises, the loss of all or a portion of the business derived from these parties, or revisions to the government-sponsored enterprises’ Selling or Servicing Guides related to title insurance or mortgage servicing, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risk Factors Relating to Government Regulation of the Insurance Industry
Our subsidiaries must comply with federal and state statutes and regulations. These statutes and regulations may increase our costs, impede our provision of certain products or services, or impose burdensome conditions on actions that we might seek to take to increase the revenues of those subsidiaries, resulting in decreased demand for the Company's products and services or otherwise adversely affecting the Company.
Changes to federal and state statutes and regulations; statutory or regulatory guidance, policies, or interpretations of existing regulations or statutes; guidelines published by the government-sponsored enterprises; enhanced federal or state governmental oversight or efforts by federal or state governmental agencies that cause customers to refrain from purchasing or using the Company’s products and services, could: (i) prohibit, impact, or limit our future operations, (ii) make it more costly or burdensome to conduct such operations, or (iii) result in decreased demand for the Company’s products and services. Such changes could impact our competitive position and have a negative impact on our ability to generate revenues, earnings and cash flows.
Additionally, our insurance b usinesses are subject to extensive regulation by state insurance authorities in each state in which they operate. These agencies have broad administrative and supervisory power relating to the following, among other matters:
•licensing requirements;
•trade and marketing practices;
•accounting and financing practices;
•disclosure requirements on key terms of mortgage loans;
•capital and surplus requirements;
•the amount of dividends and other payments made by insurance subsidiaries;
•investment practices;
•rate schedules;
•deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders;
•establishing reserves; and
•regulation of reinsurance.
Most states also regulate insurance holding companies like us with respect to acquisitions, changes of control and the terms of transactions with our affiliates. State regulations may impede or impose burdensome conditions on our ability to increase or maintain rate levels or on other actions that we may want to take to enhance our operating results. In addition, we may incur significant costs in the course of complying with regulatory requirements. Further, various state legislatures have in the past considered offering a public alternative to the title industry in their states, as a means to increase state government revenues. Although we think this situation is unlikely, if one or more such takeovers were to occur, they could adversely affect our business. We cannot be assured that future legislative or regulatory changes will not adversely affect our business operations. See “Item 1. Business — Regulation” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion of the current regulatory environment.
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Our ServiceLink subsidiary provides mortgage transaction services including title-related services and facilitation of production and management of mortgage loans. Certain of these businesses are subject to federal and state regulatory oversight. For example, ServiceLink’s LoanCare business services and subservices mortgage loans secured primarily by residential real estate throughout the United States. LoanCare is subject to extensive federal, state, and local regulatory oversight, including federal and state regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, inquiries, and investigations by governmental and regulatory agencies, including the CFPB. In connection with formal and informal inquiries by those agencies, LoanCare receives numerous requests, subpoenas, and orders for documents, testimony, and information in connection with various aspects of its or its clients’ regulated activities.
LoanCare is also required to maintain a variety of licenses, both federal and state. License requirements are in a frequent state of renewal and reexamination as regulations change or are reinterpreted. In addition, federal and state statutes establish specific guidelines and procedures that debt collectors must follow when collecting consumer accounts. LoanCare’s failure to comply with any of these laws, should the states take an opposing interpretation, could have an adverse effect on LoanCare in the event and to the extent that they apply to some or all of its servicing activities.
Our F&G segment is highly regulated and subject to numerous legal restrictions and regulations.
State insurance regulators, the NAIC and federal regulators continually reexamine existing laws and regulations and may impose changes in the future. New interpretations of existing laws and the passage of new legislation may harm our ability to sell new policies, increase our claims exposure on policies we issued previously and adversely affect our profitability and financial strength. We are also subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator’s interpretation of a legal or accounting issue may not result in compliance with another regulator’s interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. Regulators and other authorities have the power to bring administrative or judicial proceedings against us, which could result in, among other things, suspension or revocation of our licenses, cease and desist orders, fines, civil penalties, criminal penalties or other disciplinary action, which could materially harm our results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot predict what form any future changes in these or other areas of regulation affecting the insurance industry might take or what effect, if any, such proposals might have on us if enacted into law. In addition, because our activities are relatively concentrated in a small number of lines of business, any change in law or regulation affecting one of those lines of business could have a disproportionate impact on us as compared to other more diversified insurance companies. See section titled “Regulation” in Item 1. Business in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 for further discussion of the impact of regulations on our business.
State Regulation
Our business is subject to government regulation in each of the states in which we conduct business and is concerned primarily with the protection of policyholders and other customers rather than shareholders. Such regulation is vested in state agencies having broad administrative and discretionary authority, which may include, among other things, premium rates and increases thereto, underwriting practices, reserve requirements, marketing practices, advertising, privacy, policy forms, reinsurance reserve requirements, acquisitions, mergers, and capital adequacy. At any given time, we and our insurance subsidiaries may be the subject of a number of ongoing financial or market conduct, audits or inquiries. From time to time, regulators raise issues during such examinations or audits that could have a material impact on our business.
Under insurance guaranty fund laws in most states, insurance companies doing business therein can be assessed up to prescribed limits for policyholder losses incurred by insolvent companies. We cannot predict the amount or timing of any such future assessments and therefore the liability we have established for these potential assessments may not be adequate. In addition, regulators may change their interpretation or application of existing laws and regulations such as the case with broadening the scope of carriers that must contribute towards Long Term Care insolvencies.
NAIC
Although our business is subject to regulation in each state in which we conduct business, in many instances the state regulatory models emanate from the NAIC. Some of the NAIC pronouncements, particularly as they affect accounting issues, take effect automatically in the various states without affirmative action by the states. Statutes, regulations and interpretations may be applied with retroactive impact, particularly in areas such as accounting and reserve requirements. The NAIC continues to work to reform state regulation in various areas, including comprehensive reforms relating to cybersecurity regulations, best interest standards, RBC and life insurance reserves.
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capitalization requirements based on RBC formulas for life insurance companies that establish capital requirements relating to insurance, business, asset, interest rate and certain other risks. Changes to statutory reserve or risk-based capital requirements may increase the amount of reserves or capital our insurance companies are required to hold and may impact our ability to pay dividends. In addition, changes in statutory reserve or risk-based capital requirements may adversely impact our financial strength ratings. Changes currently under consideration include adding an operational risk component, factors for asset credit risk, and group wide capital calculations.
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“Fiduciary” Rule
In December 2020, the DOL issued its final version of an investment advice rule replacing the previous “Fiduciary Rule” that had been challenged by industry participants and vacated in March 2018 by the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The new investment advice rule reinstates the five-part test for determining whether a person is considered a fiduciary for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and sets forth a new exemption, referred to as prohibited transaction class exemption (“PTE”) 2020-02. The rule’s preamble also contains the DOL’s reinterpretation of elements of the five-part test that appears to encompass more insurance agents selling IRA products and withdraws the DOL’s longstanding position that rollover recommendations out of employer plans are not subject to ERISA. The new rule took effect on February 16, 2021. The DOL left in place PTE 84-24, which is a longstanding class exemption providing prohibited transaction relief for insurance agents selling annuity products, provided that certain disclosures are made to the plan fiduciary, which is the policyholder in the case of an IRA, and certain other conditions are met. Among other things, these disclosures include the agent’s relationship to the insurer and commissions received in connection with the annuity sale. F&G, along with FGL Insurance and FGL NY Insurance, designed and launched a compliance program in January 2022 requiring all agents selling IRA products to submit an acknowledgment with each IRA application indicating the agent has satisfied PTE 84-24 requirements on a precautionary basis in case the agent acted or is found to have acted as a fiduciary. Meanwhile, the DOL has publicly announced its intention to consider future rulemaking that may revoke or modify PTE 84-24.
On April 23, 2024, following previous attempts to expand fiduciary regulation for advisers, the DOL released a new rule, the New Fiduciary Rule, which significantly broadens the definition of “fiduciary” under ERISA and Section 4975 when advisers provide investment recommendations to plans subject to ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code. Among other requirements, the New Fiduciary Rule provides that any person will be an investment advice fiduciary such person provides investment advice or makes an investment recommendation to a retirement investor (i.e., a plan, a discretionary plan fiduciary, a plan participant or beneficiary, an IRA, an IRA owner or beneficiary, or an IRA fiduciary) for a fee or other compensation, the person makes professional investment recommendations to investors on a regular basis as part of their business, and the recommendation is provided under circumstances that would indicate to a reasonable investor in like circumstances that the recommendation is based on a review of the particular needs or individual investor circumstances of the retirement investor, reflects the application of professional or expert judgment to the retirement investor’s particular needs or individual circumstances, and may be relied upon by the retirement investor as intended to advance the retirement investor’s best interest. Unlike the current ERISA standard, the New Fiduciary Rule subjects non-discretionary investment advice to retirement plans and accounts care and loyalty standards that also apply to investment advisors with discretionary authority or control over such plans and accounts. In addition, on the same date, the DOL issued amended versions of PTE 2020-02 and PTE 84-24, either or both of which provide prohibited transaction exemptive relief to insurance companies and insurance producers who make insurance product recommendations to retirement investors, subject to certain conditions. The New Fiduciary Rule likely means that certain of the Company’s agents will be considered fiduciaries for purposes of ERISA and the Code, subjecting the Company, and the insurance industry on the whole, to greater regulatory risk.
The DOL’s new Fiduciary Rule, which was scheduled to become effective on September 23, 2024, has been challenged. On July 25, 2024, in the case of Federation of Americans for Consumer Choice, Inc., et al. v. United States Department of Labor, et al., (“Federation of Americans”) the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order staying the effective date of the DOL’s final fiduciary rule (and related amendments to PTE 84-14) that was issued in March 2024. The District Court, in part relying on the Supreme Court’s recent ruling in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, found that the plaintiffs (primarily insurance agents) were likely to succeed on their arguments that the Final Rule improperly expanded the definition of an “investment advice fiduciary” under ERISA. As a result, the Final Rule’s original effective date of September 23, 2024 has been delayed until further notice.
In addition, on July 26, 2024, a companion case to Federation of Americans filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, American Council of Life Insurers, et al. v. United States Dep’t of Labor, et al., held the remaining PTE amendments included in the Final Rule (PTEs 2020-02, 75-1, 77-4, 80-83, 83-1 and 86-128) that were not challenged in Federation of Americans were also stayed, noting that the Northern District fully agreed with the Eastern District’s analysis and decision to stay the effective date of the Final Rule.
The DOL appealed both rulings to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Management believes these current and emerging developments relating to market conduct standards for the financial services industry may, over time, materially affect the way in which our agents do business, the role of IMOs, sale of IRA products including IRA-to-IRA and employer plan rollovers, how we supervise our distribution force, compensation practices, and liability exposure and costs. In addition to implementing the compliance procedures described above, management is monitoring further developments closely and will be working with IMOs and distributors to adapt to these evolving regulatory requirements and risks.
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Bermuda and Cayman Islands Regulation
Our business is subject to regulation in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, including the BMA and the CIMA. These regulations may limit or curtail our activities, including activities that might be profitable, and changes to existing regulations may affect our ability to continue to offer our existing products and services, or new products and services we may wish to offer in the future.
Our reinsurance subsidiary, F&G Life Re, is registered in Bermuda under the Bermuda Insurance Act and subject to the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The BMA has sought regulatory equivalency, which enables Bermuda’s commercial insurers to transact business with the European Union on a “level playing field.” In connection with its initial efforts to achieve equivalency under the European Union’s Directive (2009/138/EC) (“Solvency II”), the BMA implemented and imposed additional requirements on the companies it regulates. The European Commission in 2016 granted Bermuda’s commercial insurers full equivalence in all areas of Solvency II for an indefinite period of time.
Our reinsurance subsidiary, F&G Cayman Re, is licensed in the Cayman Islands by the CIMA and is subject to supervision by CIMA and CIMA may at any time direct F&G Cayman Re, in relation to a policy, a line of business or the entire business, to cease or refrain from committing an act or pursing a course of conduct and to perform such acts as in the opinion of CIMA are necessary to remedy or ameliorate the situation.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.
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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, except as described below.
On September 24, 2024, Sandra D. Morgan, a Director on our Board of Directors, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (the "Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement") that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c). The Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement was entered into during an open trading window and in accordance with our insider trading policies. Ms. Morgan was not aware of any material, nonpublic information concerning us or our securities upon adoption of the Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
The Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement provides for the sale, on December 24, 2024, of 35% of an aggregate 5,979 of FNF common stock, or 2,093 shares, to be received by Ms. Morgan upon the vesting of restricted stock awards in November 2024. The Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement will terminate on the earlier of (a) September 12, 2025, (b) execution of all trades or expirations of all the orders relating to such trades, or (c) upon other conditions as defined in the Morgan Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
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Item 6. Exhibits
(a) Exhibits:

1.1 |  | Underwriting Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2024, among F&G Annuities & Life, Inc., the guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein |
4.1 |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture relating to F&G Annuities & Life, Inc.’s 6.250% senior notes due 2034, dated as of October 4, 2024, among F&G Annuities & Life, Inc., the guarantors named therein and Citibank, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2024). |
4.2 |  | Form of F&G Annuities & Life, Inc.’s 6.250% senior notes due 2034 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2024). |
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.1** |  | Certification by Chief Executive Officer of Periodic Financial Reports pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |
32.2** |  | Certification by Chief Financial Officer of Periodic Financial Reports pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document* |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101. |
* The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. |

** Furnished herewith in accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: | November 7, 2024 | FIDELITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL, INC. (registrant) |
|  | By: | /s/ Anthony J. Park |
|  |  | Anthony J. Park |
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

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