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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________to__________

Commission File Number | Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter, Principal Office Address and Telephone Number | State of Incorporation or Organization | I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
001-38646 | Dow Inc. | Delaware | 30-1128146
| 2211 H.H. Dow Way, Midland, MI 48674 |  |
| (989) 636-1000 |  |
001-03433 | The Dow Chemical Company | Delaware | 38-1285128
| 2211 H.H. Dow Way, Midland, MI 48674 |  |
| (989) 636-1000 |  |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Registrant | Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Dow Inc. | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | DOW | New York Stock Exchange
The Dow Chemical Company | 0.500% Notes due March 15, 2027 | DOW/27 | New York Stock Exchange
The Dow Chemical Company | 1.125% Notes due March 15, 2032 | DOW/32 | New York Stock Exchange
The Dow Chemical Company | 1.875% Notes due March 15, 2040 | DOW/40 | New York Stock Exchange
The Dow Chemical Company | 4.625% Notes due October 1, 2044 | DOW/44 | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Dow Inc. | ☑ | Yes | ☐ | No |  | The Dow Chemical Company | ☑ | Yes | ☐ | No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Dow Inc. | ☑ | Yes | ☐ | No |  | The Dow Chemical Company | ☑ | Yes | ☐ | No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Dow Inc. | Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐
The Dow Chemical Company | Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☑ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Dow Inc. | ☐ |  | The Dow Chemical Company | ☐ |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Dow Inc. | ☐ | Yes | ☑ | No |  | The Dow Chemical Company | ☐ | Yes | ☑ | No

Dow Inc. had 703,759,269 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding at September 30, 2022. The Dow Chemical Company had 100 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding at September 30, 2022, all of which were held by the registrant’s parent, Dow Inc.
The Dow Chemical Company meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction H(1)(a) and (b) for Form 10-Q and therefore is filing this form with a reduced disclosure format.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | PAGE
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements. | 5
| Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries: |
| Consolidated Statements of Income. | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. | 6
| Consolidated Balance Sheets. | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Equity. | 9
| The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries: |
| Consolidated Statements of Income. | 10
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. | 11
| Consolidated Balance Sheets. | 12
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. | 13
| Consolidated Statements of Equity. | 14
| Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries and The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries: |
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. | 15
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 46
| Results of Operations. | 48
| Changes in Financial Condition. | 55
| Other Matters. | 63
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. | 63
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures. | 64
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings. | 65
Item 1A. | Risk Factors. | 65
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds. | 66
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. | 66
Item 5. | Other Information. | 66
Item 6. | Exhibits. | 67
SIGNATURE | 69

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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is a combined report being filed by Dow Inc. and The Dow Chemical Company and its consolidated subsidiaries (“TDCC” and together with Dow Inc., “Dow” or the "Company") due to the parent/subsidiary relationship between Dow Inc. and TDCC. The information reflected in the report is equally applicable to both Dow Inc. and TDCC, except where otherwise noted. Each of Dow Inc. and TDCC is filing information in this report on its own behalf and neither company makes any representation to the information relating to the other company.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements often address expected future business and financial performance, financial condition, and other matters, and often contain words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “opportunity,” “outlook,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target,” “will,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” “would” and similar expressions, and variations or negatives of these words or phrases.
Forward-looking statements are based on current assumptions and expectations of future events that are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that are beyond Dow’s control, which may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected, anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements and speak only as of the date the statements were made. These factors include, but are not limited to: sales of Dow’s products; Dow’s expenses, future revenues and profitability; the continuing global and regional economic impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic and other public health-related risks and events on Dow’s business; any sanction, export restrictions, supply chain disruptions or increased economic uncertainty related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine; capital requirements and need for and availability of financing; unexpected barriers in the development of technology, including with respect to Dow's contemplated capital and operating projects; Dow's ability to realize its commitment to carbon neutrality on the contemplated timeframe; size of the markets for Dow’s products and services and ability to compete in such markets; failure to develop and market new products and optimally manage product life cycles; the rate and degree of market acceptance of Dow’s products; significant litigation and environmental matters and related contingencies and unexpected expenses; the success of competing technologies that are or may become available; the ability to protect Dow’s intellectual property in the United States and abroad; developments related to contemplated restructuring activities and proposed divestitures or acquisitions such as workforce reduction, manufacturing facility and/or asset closure and related exit and disposal activities, and the benefits and costs associated with each of the foregoing; fluctuations in energy and raw material prices; management of process safety and product stewardship; changes in relationships with Dow’s significant customers and suppliers; changes in consumer preferences and demand; changes in laws and regulations, political conditions or industry development; global economic and capital markets conditions, such as inflation, market uncertainty, interest and currency exchange rates, and equity and commodity prices; business or supply disruptions; security threats, such as acts of sabotage, terrorism or war including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine; weather events and natural disasters; disruptions in Dow’s information technology networks and systems; and risks related to Dow’s separation from DowDuPont Inc. such as Dow’s obligation to indemnify DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and/or Corteva, Inc. for certain liabilities.
Where, in any forward-looking statement, an expectation or belief as to future results or events is expressed, such expectation or belief is based on the current plans and expectations of management and expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished. A detailed discussion of principal risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included in the section titled “Risk Factors” contained in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. These are not the only risks and uncertainties that Dow faces. There may be other risks and uncertainties that Dow is unable to identify at this time or that Dow does not currently expect to have a material impact on its business. If any of those risks or uncertainties develops into an actual event, it could have a material adverse effect on Dow’s business. Dow and TDCC assume no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by securities and other applicable laws.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions, except per share amounts (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 14,115 |  | $ | 14,837 |  | $ | 45,043 |  | $ | 40,604 |
Cost of sales | 12,381 |  | 11,611 |  | 37,682 |  | 32,413 |
Research and development expenses | 191 |  | 210 |  | 626 |  | 632 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 356 |  | 403 |  | 1,289 |  | 1,209 |
Amortization of intangibles | 83 |  | 100 |  | 256 |  | 301 |
Restructuring and asset related charges - net | — |  | — |  | 186 |  | 22 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates | (58) |  | 249 |  | 311 |  | 751 |
Sundry income (expense) - net | 69 |  | (350) |  | 292 |  | (225) |
Interest income | 41 |  | 14 |  | 105 |  | 35 |
Interest expense and amortization of debt discount | 155 |  | 178 |  | 487 |  | 561 |
Income before income taxes | 1,001 |  | 2,248 |  | 5,225 |  | 6,027 |
Provision for income taxes | 241 |  | 542 |  | 1,232 |  | 1,383 |
Net income | 760 |  | 1,706 |  | 3,993 |  | 4,644 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders | $ | 739 |  | $ | 1,683 |  | $ | 3,969 |  | $ | 4,575 |
Per common share data: |  |  |  |
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 1.03 |  | $ | 2.25 |  | $ | 5.45 |  | $ | 6.11 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 1.02 |  | $ | 2.23 |  | $ | 5.41 |  | $ | 6.06 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic | 714.3 |  | 744.5 |  | 724.9 |  | 745.4 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted | 718.1 |  | 750.0 |  | 729.8 |  | 750.9 |
Depreciation | $ | 482 |  | $ | 517 |  | $ | 1,459 |  | $ | 1,550 |
Capital expenditures | $ | 452 |  | $ | 413 |  | $ | 1,224 |  | $ | 1,035 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net income | $ | 760 |  | $ | 1,706 |  | $ | 3,993 |  | $ | 4,644 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on investments | (122) |  | (13) |  | (371) |  | (45) |
Cumulative translation adjustments | (403) |  | (157) |  | (1,081) |  | (345) |
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans | 125 |  | 149 |  | 356 |  | 1,432 |
Derivative instruments | 22 |  | 32 |  | 491 |  | 148 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (378) |  | 11 |  | (605) |  | 1,190 |
Comprehensive income | 382 |  | 1,717 |  | 3,388 |  | 5,834 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Dow Inc. | $ | 361 |  | $ | 1,694 |  | $ | 3,364 |  | $ | 5,765 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

In millions, except share amounts (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
Assets |  |
Current Assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,988 |
Accounts and notes receivable: |  |
Trade (net of allowance for doubtful receivables - 2022: $212; 2021: $54) | 6,407 |  | 6,841 |
Other | 2,123 |  | 2,713 |
Inventories | 7,571 |  | 7,372 |
Other current assets | 1,460 |  | 934 |
Total current assets | 19,777 |  | 20,848 |
Investments |  |
Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates | 1,785 |  | 2,045 |
Other investments (investments carried at fair value - 2022: $1,685; 2021: $2,079) | 2,732 |  | 3,193 |
Noncurrent receivables | 499 |  | 478 |
Total investments | 5,016 |  | 5,716 |
Property |  |
Property | 56,931 |  | 57,604 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | 36,899 |  | 37,049 |
Net property | 20,032 |  | 20,555 |
Other Assets |  |
Goodwill | 8,524 |  | 8,764 |
Other intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization - 2022: $4,888; 2021: $4,725) | 2,483 |  | 2,881 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 1,231 |  | 1,412 |
Deferred income tax assets | 1,136 |  | 1,358 |
Deferred charges and other assets | 1,358 |  | 1,456 |
Total other assets | 14,732 |  | 15,871 |
Total Assets | $ | 59,557 |  | $ | 62,990 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |
Current Liabilities |  |
Notes payable | $ | 185 |  | $ | 161 |
Long-term debt due within one year | 364 |  | 231 |
Accounts payable: |  |
Trade | 5,008 |  | 5,577 |
Other | 2,599 |  | 2,839 |
Operating lease liabilities - current | 277 |  | 314 |
Income taxes payable | 579 |  | 623 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 3,303 |  | 3,481 |
Total current liabilities | 12,315 |  | 13,226 |
Long-Term Debt | 12,921 |  | 14,280 |
Other Noncurrent Liabilities |  |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 716 |  | 506 |
Pension and other postretirement benefits - noncurrent | 6,541 |  | 7,557 |
Asbestos-related liabilities - noncurrent | 868 |  | 931 |
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent | 1,012 |  | 1,149 |
Other noncurrent obligations | 6,555 |  | 6,602 |
Total other noncurrent liabilities | 15,692 |  | 16,745 |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |
Common stock (authorized 5,000,000,000 shares of $0.01 par value each; issued 2022: 768,611,564 shares; 2021: 764,226,882 shares) | 8 |  | 8 |
Additional paid-in capital | 8,396 |  | 8,151 |
Retained earnings | 23,068 |  | 20,623 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (9,582) |  | (8,977) |
Unearned ESOP shares | — |  | (15) |
Treasury stock at cost (2022: 64,852,295 shares; 2021: 29,011,573 sha res) | (3,773) |  | (1,625) |
Dow Inc.’s stockholders’ equity | 18,117 |  | 18,165 |
Noncontrolling interests | 512 |  | 574 |
Total equity | 18,629 |  | 18,739 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 59,557 |  | $ | 62,990 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

In millions (Unaudited) | Nine Months Ended
Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Operating Activities |  |
Net income | $ | 3,993 |  | $ | 4,644 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,104 |  | 2,187 |
Provision for deferred income tax | 124 |  | 488 |
Earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates less than (in excess of) dividends received | 517 |  | (519) |
Net periodic pension benefit cost | 19 |  | 34 |
Pension contributions | (156) |  | (1,166) |
Net gain on sales of assets, businesses and investments | (11) |  | (67) |
Restructuring and asset related charges - net | 186 |  | 22 |
Other net loss | 159 |  | 874 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquired and divested companies: |  |
Accounts and notes receivable | 323 |  | (2,222) |
Inventories | (254) |  | (1,502) |
Accounts payable | (860) |  | 1,487 |
Other assets and liabilities, net | (736) |  | 252 |
Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations | 5,408 |  | 4,512 |
Cash used for operating activities - discontinued operations | (11) |  | (78) |
Cash provided by operating activities | 5,397 |  | 4,434 |
Investing Activities |  |
Capital expenditures | (1,224) |  | (1,035) |
Investment in gas field developments | (134) |  | (44) |
Purchases of previously leased assets | (5) |  | (5) |
Proceeds from sales of property and businesses, net of cash divested | 16 |  | 15 |
Acquisitions of property and businesses, net of cash acquired | (54) |  | (107) |
Investments in and loans to nonconsolidated affiliates | (69) |  | — |
Distributions and loan repayments from nonconsolidated affiliates | 10 |  | 11 |
Proceeds from sales of ownership interests in nonconsolidated affiliates | 11 |  | — |
Purchases of investments | (445) |  | (1,004) |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments | 596 |  | 644 |
Other investing activities, net | (41) |  | (10) |
Cash used for investing activities | (1,339) |  | (1,535) |
Financing Activities |  |
Changes in short-term notes payable | 72 |  | (44) |
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt greater than three months | — |  | 144 |
Payments on short-term debt greater than three months | (14) |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 82 |  | 95 |
Payments on long-term debt | (957) |  | (2,638) |
Purchases of treasury stock | (2,200) |  | (600) |
Proceeds from issuance of stock | 99 |  | 212 |
Transaction financing, debt issuance and other costs | (8) |  | (536) |
Employee taxes paid for share-based payment arrangements | (34) |  | (11) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (42) |  | (35) |
Dividends paid to stockholders | (1,511) |  | (1,561) |
Cash used for financing activities | (4,513) |  | (4,974) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (261) |  | (57) |
Summary |  |
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (716) |  | (2,132) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 3,033 |  | 5,108 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 2,317 |  | $ | 2,976 |
Less: Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in "Other current assets" | 101 |  | 65 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,911 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions, except per share amounts (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Common Stock |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8 |
Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 8,343 |  | 7,898 |  | 8,151 |  | 7,595 |
Common stock issued/sold | 2 |  | 11 |  | 99 |  | 211 |
Stock-based compensation and allocation of ESOP shares | 79 |  | 79 |  | 198 |  | 182 |
Treasury stock issuances - compensation and benefit plans | (28) |  | — |  | (52) |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 8,396 |  | 7,988 |  | 8,396 |  | 7,988 |
Retained Earnings |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 22,827 |  | 18,200 |  | 20,623 |  | 16,361 |
Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders | 739 |  | 1,683 |  | 3,969 |  | 4,575 |
Dividends to stockholders | (493) |  | (518) |  | (1,511) |  | (1,561) |
Other | (5) |  | (8) |  | (13) |  | (18) |
Balance at end of period | 23,068 |  | 19,357 |  | 23,068 |  | 19,357 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (9,204) |  | (9,676) |  | (8,977) |  | (10,855) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (378) |  | 11 |  | (605) |  | 1,190 |
Balance at end of period | (9,582) |  | (9,665) |  | (9,582) |  | (9,665) |
Unearned ESOP Shares |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | — |  | (32) |  | (15) |  | (49) |
Allocation of ESOP shares | — |  | 8 |  | 15 |  | 25 |
Balance at end of period | — |  | (24) |  | — |  | (24) |
Treasury Stock |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (3,001) |  | (825) |  | (1,625) |  | (625) |
Treasury stock purchases | (800) |  | (400) |  | (2,200) |  | (600) |
Treasury stock issuances - compensation and benefit plans | 28 |  | — |  | 52 |  | — |
Balance at end of period | (3,773) |  | (1,225) |  | (3,773) |  | (1,225) |
Dow Inc.'s stockholders' equity | 18,117 |  | 16,439 |  | 18,117 |  | 16,439 |
Noncontrolling Interests | 512 |  | 589 |  | 512 |  | 589 |
Total Equity | $ | 18,629 |  | $ | 17,028 |  | $ | 18,629 |  | $ | 17,028 |
Dividends declared per share of common stock | $ | 0.70 |  | $ | 0.70 |  | $ | 2.10 |  | $ | 2.10 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 14,115 |  | $ | 14,837 |  | $ | 45,043 |  | $ | 40,604 |
Cost of sales | 12,379 |  | 11,610 |  | 37,676 |  | 32,410 |
Research and development expenses | 191 |  | 210 |  | 626 |  | 632 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 357 |  | 403 |  | 1,289 |  | 1,209 |
Amortization of intangibles | 83 |  | 100 |  | 256 |  | 301 |
Restructuring and asset related charges - net | — |  | — |  | 186 |  | 22 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates | (58) |  | 249 |  | 311 |  | 751 |
Sundry income (expense) - net | 73 |  | (356) |  | 287 |  | (231) |
Interest income | 45 |  | 15 |  | 111 |  | 36 |
Interest expense and amortization of debt discount | 155 |  | 178 |  | 487 |  | 561 |
Income before income taxes | 1,010 |  | 2,244 |  | 5,232 |  | 6,025 |
Provision for income taxes | 242 |  | 542 |  | 1,233 |  | 1,380 |
Net income | 768 |  | 1,702 |  | 3,999 |  | 4,645 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Net income available for The Dow Chemical Company common stockholder | $ | 747 |  | $ | 1,679 |  | $ | 3,975 |  | $ | 4,576 |
Depreciation | $ | 482 |  | $ | 517 |  | $ | 1,459 |  | $ | 1,550 |
Capital expenditures | $ | 452 |  | $ | 413 |  | $ | 1,224 |  | $ | 1,035 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net income | $ | 768 |  | $ | 1,702 |  | $ | 3,999 |  | $ | 4,645 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |
Unrealized losses on investments | (122) |  | (13) |  | (371) |  | (45) |
Cumulative translation adjustments | (403) |  | (157) |  | (1,081) |  | (345) |
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans | 125 |  | 149 |  | 356 |  | 1,432 |
Derivative instruments | 22 |  | 32 |  | 491 |  | 148 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (378) |  | 11 |  | (605) |  | 1,190 |
Comprehensive income | 390 |  | 1,713 |  | 3,394 |  | 5,835 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Comprehensive income attributable to The Dow Chemical Company | $ | 369 |  | $ | 1,690 |  | $ | 3,370 |  | $ | 5,766 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

In millions, except share amounts (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
Assets |  |
Current Assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,988 |
Accounts and notes receivable: |  |
Trade (net of allowance for doubtful receivables - 2022: $212; 2021: $54) | 6,407 |  | 6,841 |
Other | 2,120 |  | 2,712 |
Inventories | 7,571 |  | 7,372 |
Other current assets | 1,425 |  | 924 |
Total current assets | 19,739 |  | 20,837 |
Investments |  |
Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates | 1,785 |  | 2,045 |
Other investments (investments carried at fair value - 2022: $1,685; 2021: $2,079) | 2,732 |  | 3,193 |
Noncurrent receivables | 489 |  | 452 |
Total investments | 5,006 |  | 5,690 |
Property |  |
Property | 56,931 |  | 57,604 |
Less accumulated depreciation | 36,899 |  | 37,049 |
Net property | 20,032 |  | 20,555 |
Other Assets |  |
Goodwill | 8,524 |  | 8,764 |
Other intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization - 2022: $4,888; 2021: $4,725) | 2,483 |  | 2,881 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 1,231 |  | 1,412 |
Deferred income tax assets | 1,135 |  | 1,358 |
Deferred charges and other assets | 1,358 |  | 1,455 |
Total other assets | 14,731 |  | 15,870 |
Total Assets | $ | 59,508 |  | $ | 62,952 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |
Current Liabilities |  |
Notes payable | $ | 185 |  | $ | 161 |
Long-term debt due within one year | 364 |  | 231 |
Accounts payable: |  |
Trade | 5,008 |  | 5,577 |
Other | 2,599 |  | 2,841 |
Operating lease liabilities - current | 277 |  | 314 |
Income taxes payable | 579 |  | 623 |
Accrued and other current liabilities | 3,146 |  | 3,299 |
Total current liabilities | 12,158 |  | 13,046 |
Long-Term Debt | 12,921 |  | 14,280 |
Other Noncurrent Liabilities |  |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 716 |  | 506 |
Pension and other postretirement benefits - noncurrent | 6,541 |  | 7,557 |
Asbestos-related liabilities - noncurrent | 868 |  | 931 |
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent | 1,012 |  | 1,149 |
Other noncurrent obligations | 6,415 |  | 6,454 |
Total other noncurrent liabilities | 15,552 |  | 16,597 |
Stockholder's Equity |  |
Common stock (authorized and issued 100 shares of $0.01 par value each) | — |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital | 8,456 |  | 8,159 |
Retained earnings | 19,491 |  | 19,288 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (9,582) |  | (8,977) |
Unearned ESOP shares | — |  | (15) |
The Dow Chemical Company’s stockholder's equity | 18,365 |  | 18,455 |
Noncontrolling interests | 512 |  | 574 |
Total equity | 18,877 |  | 19,029 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 59,508 |  | $ | 62,952 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

In millions (Unaudited) | Nine Months Ended
Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Operating Activities |  |
Net income | $ | 3,999 |  | $ | 4,645 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,104 |  | 2,187 |
Provision for deferred income tax | 125 |  | 488 |
Earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates less than (in excess of) dividends received | 517 |  | (519) |
Net periodic pension benefit cost | 19 |  | 34 |
Pension contributions | (156) |  | (1,166) |
Net gain on sales of assets, businesses and investments | (11) |  | (67) |
Restructuring and asset related charges - net | 186 |  | 22 |
Other net loss | 167 |  | 878 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquired and divested companies: |  |
Accounts and notes receivable | 323 |  | (2,222) |
Inventories | (254) |  | (1,502) |
Accounts payable | (860) |  | 1,487 |
Other assets and liabilities, net | (718) |  | 369 |
Cash provided by operating activities | 5,441 |  | 4,634 |
Investing Activities |  |
Capital expenditures | (1,224) |  | (1,035) |
Investment in gas field developments | (134) |  | (44) |
Purchases of previously leased assets | (5) |  | (5) |
Proceeds from sales of property and businesses, net of cash divested | 16 |  | 15 |
Acquisitions of property and businesses, net of cash acquired | (54) |  | (107) |
Investments in and loans to nonconsolidated affiliates | (69) |  | — |
Distributions and loan repayments from nonconsolidated affiliates | 10 |  | 11 |
Proceeds from sales of ownership interests in nonconsolidated affiliates | 11 |  | — |
Purchases of investments | (445) |  | (1,004) |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments | 596 |  | 644 |
Other investing activities, net | (41) |  | (10) |
Cash used for investing activities | (1,339) |  | (1,535) |
Financing Activities |  |
Changes in short-term notes payable | 72 |  | (44) |
Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt greater than three months | — |  | 144 |
Payments on short-term debt greater than three months | (14) |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 82 |  | 95 |
Payments on long-term debt | (957) |  | (2,638) |
Proceeds from issuance of stock | 99 |  | 212 |
Transaction financing, debt issuance and other costs | (8) |  | (536) |
Employee taxes paid for share-based payment arrangements | (34) |  | (11) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (42) |  | (35) |
Dividends paid to Dow Inc. | (3,755) |  | (2,361) |
Cash used for financing activities | (4,557) |  | (5,174) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (261) |  | (57) |
Summary |  |
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (716) |  | (2,132) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 3,033 |  | 5,108 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 2,317 |  | $ | 2,976 |
Less: Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in "Other current assets" | 101 |  | 65 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,911 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions (Unaudited) | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Common Stock |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 8,375 |  | 7,906 |  | 8,159 |  | 7,603 |
Issuance of parent company stock - Dow Inc. | 2 |  | 11 |  | 99 |  | 211 |
Stock-based compensation and allocation of ESOP shares | 79 |  | 79 |  | 198 |  | 182 |
Balance at end of period | 8,456 |  | 7,996 |  | 8,456 |  | 7,996 |
Retained Earnings |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 20,049 |  | 17,745 |  | 19,288 |  | 16,300 |
Net income available for The Dow Chemical Company common stockholder | 747 |  | 1,679 |  | 3,975 |  | 4,576 |
Dividends to Dow Inc. | (1,301) |  | (919) |  | (3,755) |  | (2,361) |
Other | (4) |  | (8) |  | (17) |  | (18) |
Balance at end of period | 19,491 |  | 18,497 |  | 19,491 |  | 18,497 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (9,204) |  | (9,676) |  | (8,977) |  | (10,855) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (378) |  | 11 |  | (605) |  | 1,190 |
Balance at end of period | (9,582) |  | (9,665) |  | (9,582) |  | (9,665) |
Unearned ESOP Shares |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | — |  | (32) |  | (15) |  | (49) |
Allocation of ESOP shares | — |  | 8 |  | 15 |  | 25 |
Balance at end of period | — |  | (24) |  | — |  | (24) |
The Dow Chemical Company's stockholder's equity | 18,365 |  | 16,804 |  | 18,365 |  | 16,804 |
Noncontrolling Interests | 512 |  | 589 |  | 512 |  | 589 |
Total Equity | $ | 18,877 |  | $ | 17,393 |  | $ | 18,877 |  | $ | 17,393 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries (Unaudited)

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Table of Contents

Note |  | Page
1 | Consolidated Financial Statements | 15
2 | Recent Accounting Guidance | 16
3 | Separation from DowDuPont | 16
4 | Revenue | 16
5 | Restructuring and Asset Related Charges - Net | 19
6 | Supplementary Information | 20
7 | Earnings Per Share Calculations | 21
8 | Inventories | 21
9 | Nonconsolidated Affiliates | 22
10 | Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 22
11 | Transfers of Financial Assets | 23
12 | Notes Payable, Long-Term Debt and Available Credit Facilities | 24
13 | Commitments and Contingencies | 26
14 | Leases | 28
15 | Stockholders' Equity | 30
16 | Noncontrolling Interests | 32
17 | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans | 33
18 | Stock-Based Compensation | 34
19 | Financial Instruments | 35
20 | Fair Value Measurements | 41
21 | Variable Interest Entities | 42
22 | Related Party Transactions | 43
23 | Segments and Geographic Regions | 43

NOTE 1 – CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Basis of Presentation
Dow Inc. is the direct parent company of The Dow Chemical Company and its consolidated subsidiaries ("TDCC" and together with Dow Inc., "Dow" or the "Company"). The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of Dow Inc. and TDCC were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and reflect all adjustments (including normal recurring accruals) which, in the opinion of management, are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the results for the periods presented. These statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the combined Dow Inc. and TDCC Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 ("2021 10-K").
As a result of the parent/subsidiary relationship between Dow Inc. and TDCC, and considering that the financial statements and disclosures of each company are substantially similar, the companies are filing a combined report for this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The information reflected in the report is equally applicable to both Dow Inc. and TDCC, except where otherwise noted. Transactions between TDCC and Dow Inc. are treated as related party transactions for TDCC. See Note 22 for additional information.
Except as otherwise indicated by the context, the term "Union Carbide" means Union Carbide Corporation and the term "Dow Silicones" means Dow Silicones Corporation, both wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.
15

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NOTE 2 – RECENT ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE
Accounting Guidance Issued But Not Adopted at September 30, 2022
In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-04, "Liabilities — Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations," which requires disclosures intended to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs. The amendments in this ASU require buyers in a supplier finance program to disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program’s nature, activity during the period, changes from period to period, and potential magnitude. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the disclosure of rollforward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to each period in which a balance sheet is presented, except for disclosure of rollforward information, which should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the Company's disclosures.
NOTE 3 – SEPARATION FROM DOWDUPONT
For additional information on the separation from DowDuPont Inc. ("DowDuPont"), see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
Agreements Related to the Separation and Distribution
The impacts of indemnifications and other post-separation matters relating to Dow's separation from DowDuPont were primarily included in the consolidated financial statements of Dow Inc. At September 30, 2022, the Company had assets of $23 million (zero at December 31, 2021) included in "Other current assets" and $2 million ($20 million at December 31, 2021) included in "Noncurrent receivables," and liabilities of $128 million ($148 million at December 31, 2021) included in "Accrued and other current liabilities" and $32 million ($39 million at December 31, 2021) included in "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets of Dow Inc. related to these agreements.
In addition, the Company deferred a portion of the cash distribution received from DowDuPont at separation and recorded an associated liability with an offset to "Retained earnings" in the consolidated balance sheets of Dow Inc. At September 30, 2022, $10 million ($15 million at December 31, 2021) of this liability was recorded in "Accrued and other current liabilities" and $96 million ($96 million at December 31, 2021) was recorded in "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets of Dow Inc.
NOTE 4 – REVENUE
Revenue Recognition
The majority of the Company's revenue is derived from product sales. The Company's revenue related to product sales was 99 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 (99 percent and 98 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively). The remaining sales were primarily related to the Company's insurance operations and licensing of patents and technologies. Product sales consist of sales of the Company's products to manufacturers and distributors. The Company considers order confirmations or purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master supply agreements, to be contracts with a customer. The Company enters into licensing arrangements in which it licenses certain rights of its patents and technology to customers. Revenue from the Company’s licenses for patents and technology is derived from sales-based royalties and licensing arrangements based on billing schedules established in each contract.
Remaining Performance Obligations
Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations. At September 30, 2022, the Company had unfulfilled performance obligations of $919 million ($829 million at December 31, 2021) related to the licensing of technology. The Company expects revenue to be recognized for the remaining performance obligations over the next six years.
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The remaining performance obligations are for product sales that have expected durations of one year or less, product sales of materials delivered through a pipeline for which the Company has elected the right to invoice practical expedient, or variable consideration attributable to royalties for licenses of patents and technology. The Company has received advance payments from customers related to long-term supply agreements that are deferred and recognized over the life of the contract, with remaining contract terms that range up to 18 years. The Company will have rights to future consideration for revenue recognized when product is delivered to the customer. These payments are included in "Accrued and other current liabilities" and "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by operating segment and business, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See details in the tables below:

Net Trade Sales by Segment and Business | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Hydrocarbons & Energy | $ | 2,509 |  | $ | 2,251 |  | $ | 7,704 |  | $ | 6,010 |
Packaging and Specialty Plastics | 4,818 |  | 5,485 |  | 15,483 |  | 14,929 |
Packaging & Specialty Plastics | $ | 7,327 |  | $ | 7,736 |  | $ | 23,187 |  | $ | 20,939 |
Industrial Solutions | $ | 1,420 |  | $ | 1,377 |  | $ | 4,381 |  | $ | 3,627 |
Polyurethanes & Construction Chemicals | 2,636 |  | 3,102 |  | 8,560 |  | 8,670 |
Other | 3 |  | 2 |  | 12 |  | 6 |
Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | $ | 4,059 |  | $ | 4,481 |  | $ | 12,953 |  | $ | 12,303 |
Coatings & Performance Monomers | $ | 1,052 |  | $ | 1,110 |  | $ | 3,256 |  | $ | 2,975 |
Consumer Solutions | 1,602 |  | 1,416 |  | 5,450 |  | 4,139 |
Performance Materials & Coatings | $ | 2,654 |  | $ | 2,526 |  | $ | 8,706 |  | $ | 7,114 |
Corporate | $ | 75 |  | $ | 94 |  | $ | 197 |  | $ | 248 |
Total | $ | 14,115 |  | $ | 14,837 |  | $ | 45,043 |  | $ | 40,604 |

Net Trade Sales by Geographic Region | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
U.S. & Canada | $ | 5,334 |  | $ | 5,476 |  | $ | 16,578 |  | $ | 14,431 |
EMEAI 1 | 4,634 |  | 5,229 |  | 15,823 |  | 14,660 |
Asia Pacific | 2,571 |  | 2,579 |  | 7,997 |  | 7,423 |
Latin America | 1,576 |  | 1,553 |  | 4,645 |  | 4,090 |
Total | $ | 14,115 |  | $ | 14,837 |  | $ | 45,043 |  | $ | 40,604 |

1.Europe, Middle East, Africa and India.
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Contract Assets and Liabilities
The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets include amounts related to the Company's contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet invoiced. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract and are recognized in revenue when the performance obligations are met. "Contract liabilities - current" primarily reflects deferred revenue from prepayments from customers for product to be delivered in 12 months or less and royalty payments that are deferred and will be recognized in 12 months or less. "Contract liabilities - noncurrent" includes advance payments that the Company has received from customers related to long-term supply agreements and royalty payments that are deferred and recognized over the life of the contract.
Revenue recognized in the first nine months of 2022 from amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period was approximately $165 million (approximately $250 million in the first nine months of 2021). In the first nine months of 2022, the amount of contract assets reclassified to receivables as a result of the right to the transaction consideration becoming unconditional was insignificant (approximately $5 million in the first nine months of 2021).
The following table summarizes contract assets and liabilities at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Contract Assets and Liabilities | Balance Sheet Classification | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Accounts and notes receivable - trade | Accounts and notes receivable - trade | $ | 6,407 |  | $ | 6,841 |
Contract assets - current | Other current assets | $ | 40 |  | $ | 34 |
Contract assets - noncurrent | Deferred charges and other assets | $ | 19 |  | $ | 26 |
Contract liabilities - current 1 | Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 315 |  | $ | 209 |
Contract liabilities - noncurrent 2 | Other noncurrent obligations | $ | 1,727 |  | $ | 1,925 |

1.The increase from December 31, 2021 to September 30, 2022 was due to the reclassification of deferred royalty payments from noncurrent to current.
2.The decrease from December 31, 2021 to September 30, 2022 was due to the recognition of revenue on long-term product supply agreements and reclassification of deferred royalty payments from noncurrent to current.
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NOTE 5 – RESTRUCTURING AND ASSET RELATED CHARGES - NET
Charges for restructuring programs and other asset related charges, which includes asset impairments, are recorded in "Restructuring and asset related charges - net" in the consolidated statements of income. For additional information on the Company's restructuring programs, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
2020 Restructuring Program
Actions related to the restructuring program approved by the Dow Inc. Board of Directors ("Board") on September 29, 2020 ("2020 Restructuring Program") were substantially complete at the end of 2021, with the exception of certain cash payments that will continue through 2022 and into 2023. The following table summarizes the activities related to the 2020 Restructuring Program since January 1, 2021:

2020 Restructuring Program | Severance and Related Benefit Costs | Asset Write-downs and Write-offs | Costs Associated with Exit and Disposal Activities | Total
In millions
Reserve balance at Jan 1, 2021 | $ | 289 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 75 |  | $ | 364 |
Cash payments | (37) |  | — |  | (12) |  | (49) |
Reserve balance at Mar 31, 2021 | $ | 252 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | 315 |
Packaging & Specialty Plastics | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 8 |
Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |
Performance Materials & Coatings | — |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 10 |
Corporate | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |
Total restructuring charges | $ | — |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 22 |
Charges against the reserve | — |  | (12) |  | — |  | (12) |
Cash payments | (53) |  | — |  | (3) |  | (56) |
Reserve balance at Jun 30, 2021 | $ | 199 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | 269 |
Cash payments | (55) |  | — |  | (2) |  | (57) |
Reserve balance at Sep 30, 2021 | $ | 144 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | 212 |
Restructuring charges - Corporate | (10) |  | — |  | — |  | (10) |
Cash payments | (30) |  | — |  | (4) |  | (34) |
Reserve balance at Dec 31, 2021 | $ | 104 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 64 |  | $ | 168 |
Cash payments | (59) |  | — |  | (1) |  | (60) |
Reserve balance at Mar 31, 2022 | $ | 45 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | 108 |
Cash payments | (8) |  | — |  | (2) |  | (10) |
Reserve balance at Jun 30, 2022 | $ | 37 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 61 |  | $ | 98 |
Cash payments | (5) |  | — |  | (1) |  | (6) |
Reserve balance at Sep 30, 2022 | $ | 32 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 92 |

At September 30, 2022, $38 million of the reserve balance was included in "Accrued and other current liabilities" ($112 million at December 31, 2021) and $54 million was included in "Other noncurrent obligations" ($56 million at December 31, 2021) in the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company recorded pretax restructuring charges of $585 million inception-to-date under the 2020 Restructuring Program, consisting of severance and related benefit costs of $287 million, asset write-downs and write-offs of $208 million and costs associated with exit and disposal activities of $90 million.
The Company expects to incur additional costs in the future related to its restructuring activities. Future costs are expected to include demolition costs related to closed facilities and restructuring implementation costs; these costs will be recognized as incurred. The Company also expects to incur additional employee-related costs, including involuntary termination benefits, related to its other optimization activities. These costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
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2022 Asset Related Charges
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded pretax asset related charges of $186 million due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict and the expectation that certain assets will not be recoverable. These charges included the write-down of inventory, the recording of bad debt reserves and the impairment of other assets. Asset related charges by segment were as follows: $31 million in Packaging & Specialty Plastics, $109 million in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure, $16 million in Performance Materials & Coatings and $30 million in Corporate.
NOTE 6 – SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Dow Inc. Sundry Income (Expense) – Net | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit plan net credits 1 | $ | 89 |  | $ | 86 |  | $ | 267 |  | $ | 247 |
Foreign exchange losses | (31) |  | (5) |  | (46) |  | (21) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 2 | — |  | (472) |  | (8) |  | (574) |
Gains on sales of other assets and investments | 10 |  | 12 |  | 53 |  | 74 |
Indemnification and other transaction related costs 3 | (7) |  | — |  | (3) |  | (5) |
Luxi arbitration award 4 | — |  | 54 |  | — |  | 54 |
Other - net | 8 |  | (25) |  | 29 |  | — |
Total sundry income (expense) – net | $ | 69 |  | $ | (350) |  | $ | 292 |  | $ | (225) |

1.See Note 17 for additional information.
2.See Note 12 for additional information.
3.See Note 3 for additional information.
4.The three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes an arbitration award and interest assessment paid by Luxi Chemical Group Co., Ltd., related to Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure.

TDCC Sundry Income (Expense) – Net | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit plan net credits 1 | $ | 89 |  | $ | 86 |  | $ | 267 |  | $ | 247 |
Foreign exchange losses | (34) |  | (8) |  | (54) |  | (24) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 2 | — |  | (472) |  | (8) |  | (574) |
Gains on sales of other assets and investments | 10 |  | 12 |  | 53 |  | 74 |
Luxi arbitration award 3 | — |  | 54 |  | — |  | 54 |
Other - net | 8 |  | (28) |  | 29 |  | (8) |
Total sundry income (expense) – net | $ | 73 |  | $ | (356) |  | $ | 287 |  | $ | (231) |

1.See Note 17 for additional information.
2.See Note 12 for additional information.
3.The three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes an arbitration award and interest assessment paid by Luxi Chemical Group Co., Ltd., related to Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure.
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NOTE 7 - EARNINGS PER SHARE CALCULATIONS
The following tables provide earnings per share calculations for Dow Inc. for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Earnings per share of TDCC is not presented as this information is not required in financial statements of wholly owned subsidiaries.

Net Income for Earnings Per Share Calculations | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net income | $ | 760 |  | $ | 1,706 |  | $ | 3,993 |  | $ | 4,644 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Net income attributable to participating securities 1 | 4 |  | 8 |  | 21 |  | 23 |
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 735 |  | $ | 1,675 |  | $ | 3,948 |  | $ | 4,552 |

Earnings Per Share - Basic and Diluted | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
Dollars per share | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Earnings per common share - basic | $ | 1.03 |  | $ | 2.25 |  | $ | 5.45 |  | $ | 6.11 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 1.02 |  | $ | 2.23 |  | $ | 5.41 |  | $ | 6.06 |

Share Count Information | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
Shares in millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic | 714.3 |  | 744.5 |  | 724.9 |  | 745.4 |
Plus dilutive effect of equity compensation plans | 3.8 |  | 5.5 |  | 4.9 |  | 5.5 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted | 718.1 |  | 750.0 |  | 729.8 |  | 750.9 |
Stock options and restricted stock units excluded from EPS calculations 2 | 9.7 |  | 7.2 |  | 6.8 |  | 5.6 |

1.Restricted stock units are considered participating securities due to the Company's practice of paying dividend equivalents on unvested shares.
2.These outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock and restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the effect of including them would have been antidilutive.
NOTE 8 – INVENTORIES
The following table provides a breakdown of inventories:

Inventories | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Finished goods | $ | 4,745 |  | $ | 4,554 |
Work in process | 1,626 |  | 1,615 |
Raw materials | 1,016 |  | 822 |
Supplies | 874 |  | 866 |
Total | $ | 8,261 |  | $ | 7,857 |
Adjustment of inventories to a LIFO basis | (690) |  | (485) |
Total inventories | $ | 7,571 |  | $ | 7,372 |

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NOTE 9 – NONCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATES
For additional information on the Company’s nonconsolidated affiliates, see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
The Company's investments in companies accounted for using the equity method ("nonconsolidated affiliates"), by classification in the consolidated balance sheets, and dividends received from nonconsolidated affiliates are shown in the following tables:

Investments in Nonconsolidated Affiliates | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 1,785 |  | $ | 2,045 |
Other noncurrent obligations | (148) |  | — |
Net investment in nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 1,637 |  | $ | 2,045 |

Dividends from Nonconsolidated Affiliates | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Dividends from nonconsolidated affiliates 1 | $ | 828 |  | $ | 232 |

1.Included in "Earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates less than (in excess of) dividends received" in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
At September 30, 2022, the Company had a negative investment balance in EQUATE Petrochemical Company K.S.C.C of $148 million included in "Other noncurrent obligations" (positive $115 million at December 31, 2021 included in "Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates") in the consolidated balance sheets.
NOTE 10 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table shows changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:

Goodwill | Packaging & Specialty Plastics | Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | Performance Materials & Coatings | Total
In millions
Net goodwill at Dec 31, 2021 | $ | 5,105 |  | $ | 1,096 |  | $ | 2,563 |  | $ | 8,764 |
Foreign currency impact | (14) |  | (7) |  | (219) |  | (240) |
Net goodwill at Sep 30, 2022 | $ | 5,091 |  | $ | 1,089 |  | $ | 2,344 |  | $ | 8,524 |

The following table provides information regarding the Company’s other intangible assets:

Other Intangible Assets | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Gross Carrying Amount | Accum Amort | Net | Gross Carrying Amount | Accum Amort | Net
Intangible assets with finite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Developed technology | $ | 2,633 |  | $ | (1,985) |  | $ | 648 |  | $ | 2,637 |  | $ | (1,871) |  | $ | 766 |
Software | 1,356 |  | (960) |  | 396 |  | 1,396 |  | (945) |  | 451 |
Trademarks/tradenames | 352 |  | (345) |  | 7 |  | 352 |  | (344) |  | 8 |
Customer-related | 3,013 |  | (1,598) |  | 1,415 |  | 3,204 |  | (1,565) |  | 1,639 |
Total other intangible assets, finite lives | $ | 7,354 |  | $ | (4,888) |  | $ | 2,466 |  | $ | 7,589 |  | $ | (4,725) |  | $ | 2,864 |
In-process research and development | 17 |  | — |  | 17 |  | 17 |  | — |  | 17 |
Total other intangible assets | $ | 7,371 |  | $ | (4,888) |  | $ | 2,483 |  | $ | 7,606 |  | $ | (4,725) |  | $ | 2,881 |

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The following table provides information regarding amortization expense related to intangible assets:

Amortization Expense | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Other intangible assets, excluding software | $ | 83 |  | $ | 100 |  | $ | 256 |  | $ | 301 |
Software, included in “Cost of sales” | $ | 20 |  | $ | 22 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 67 |

Total estimated amortization expense for 2022 and the five succeeding fiscal years, including amounts expected to be capitalized, is as follows:

Estimated Amortization Expense
In millions
2022 | $ | 411 |
2023 | $ | 376 |
2024 | $ | 357 |
2025 | $ | 266 |
2026 | $ | 192 |
2027 | $ | 159 |

NOTE 11 – TRANSFERS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
Accounts Receivable Programs
The Company maintains committed accounts receivable facilities with various financial institutions, including in the United States, which expires in November 2022 and is expected to be renewed in the fourth quarter (“U.S. Program”) and in Europe, which expires in July 2023 (“Europe Program” and together with the U.S. Program, "the Programs"). Under the terms of the Programs, the Company may sell certain eligible trade accounts receivable at any point in time, up to $900 million for the U.S. Program and up to €500 million for the Europe Program. Under the terms of the Programs, the Company continues to service the receivables from the customer, but retains no interest in the receivables, and remits payment to the financial institutions. The Company also provides a guarantee to the financial institutions for the creditworthiness and collection of the receivables in satisfaction of the facility. See Note 13 for additional information related to guarantees. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company sold no receivables under the Programs ($391 million in the first nine months of 2022; zero for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021).
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NOTE 12 – NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND AVAILABLE CREDIT FACILITIES

Notes Payable | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Commercial paper | $ | 100 | $ | —
Notes payable to banks and other lenders | 85 | 161
Total notes payable | $ | 185 | $ | 161
Period-end average interest rates | 8.09 | % | 5.78 | %

Long-Term Debt | 2022 Average Rate | Sep 30, 2022 | 2021 Average Rate | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Promissory notes and debentures: |  |  |  |
Final maturity 2022 | — | % | $ | — |  | 8.64 | % | $ | 121 |
Final maturity 2023 | 7.63 | % | 250 |  | 7.63 | % | 250 |
Final maturity 2025 | 5.63 | % | 333 |  | 5.63 | % | 333 |
Final maturity 2026 | — | % | — |  | 3.63 | % | 750 |
Final maturity 2028 and thereafter 1 | 5.15 | % | 9,364 |  | 5.15 | % | 9,363 |
Other facilities: |  |  |  |
Foreign currency notes and loans, various rates and maturities | 1.16 | % | 2,339 |  | 1.17 | % | 2,730 |
InterNotes®, varying maturities through 2052 | 3.52 | % | 462 |  | 3.37 | % | 392 |
Finance lease obligations 2 |  | 804 |  |  | 869 |
Unamortized debt discount and issuance costs |  | (267) |  |  | (297) |
Long-term debt due within one year 3 |  | (364) |  |  | (231) |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 12,921 |  |  | $ | 14,280 |

1.Cost includes net fair value hedge adjustment gains of $47 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. See Note 19 for additional information.
2.See Note 14 for additional information.
3.Presented net of current portion of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Maturities of Long-Term Debt for Next Five Years at Sep 30, 2022
In millions
2022 | $ | 34 |
2023 | $ | 390 |
2024 | $ | 84 |
2025 | $ | 386 |
2026 | $ | 79 |
2027 | $ | 1,068 |

2022 Activity
In the second quarter of 2022, the Company redeemed $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.625 percent notes due May 2026. As a result of the redemption, the Company recognized a pretax loss on the early extinguishment of debt of $8 million, included in "Sundry income (expense) - net" in the consolidated statements of income and related to Corporate.
In the first nine months of 2022, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $82 million of InterNotes®. The Company also repaid approximately $121 million of long-term debt at maturity and approximately $2 million of long-term debt was repaid by consolidated variable interest entities.
2021 Activity
In the second quarter of 2021, the Company redeemed $208 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15 percent notes due May 2024 and $811 million aggregate principal amount of 3.50 percent notes due October 2024. As a result of the redemptions, the Company recognized a pretax loss on the early extinguishment of debt of
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$101 million, included in "Sundry income (expense) - net" in the consolidated statements of income and related to Corporate.
In the third quarter of 2021, the Company completed cash tender offers for certain debt securities. In total, $1,042 million aggregate principal amount was tendered and retired. As a result, the Company recognized a pretax loss of $472 million on the early extinguishment of debt, included in "Sundry income (expense) – net" in the consolidated statements of income (related to Corporate) and included in "Other net loss" in the consolidated statements of cash flows. In addition, the Company voluntarily repaid $81 million of long-term debt due within one year.
In the first nine months of 2021, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $95 million of InterNotes®, and redeemed an aggregate principal amount of $28 million at maturity. In addition, the Company voluntarily repaid an aggregate principal amount of $213 million of InterNotes® with various maturities. As a result, the Company recognized a pretax loss on the early extinguishment of debt for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 of $1 million, included in "Sundry income (expense) - net" in the consolidated statements of income and related to Corporate. The Company also repaid approximately $173 million of long-term debt at maturity and approximately $14 million of long-term debt was repaid by consolidated variable interest entities.
Available Credit Facilities
The following table summarizes the Company's credit facilities:

Committed and Available Credit Facilities at Sep 30, 2022
In millions | Committed Credit | Available Credit | Maturity Date | Interest
Five Year Competitive Advance and Revolving Credit Facility | $ | 5,000 |  | $ | 5,000 |  | November 2026 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 200 |  | 200 |  | November 2022 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 200 |  | 200 |  | September 2023 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 250 |  | 250 |  | September 2023 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 300 |  | 300 |  | September 2023 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 300 |  | 300 |  | December 2023 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 300 |  | 300 |  | December 2023 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | October 2024 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | March 2025 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 250 |  | 250 |  | March 2025 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | March 2025 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | March 2025 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 200 |  | 200 |  | September 2025 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | March 2026 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | October 2026 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 150 |  | 150 |  | November 2026 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 100 |  | 100 |  | May 2027 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 350 |  | 350 |  | June 2027 | Floating rate
Bilateral Revolving Credit Facility | 200 |  | 200 |  | September 2027 | Floating rate
Total committed and available credit facilities | $ | 8,400 |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  |

Debt Covenants and Default Provisions
There were no material changes to the debt covenants and default provisions related to the Company's outstanding long-term debt and primary, private credit agreements in the first nine months of 2022. For additional information on the Company's debt covenants and default provisions, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
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NOTE 13 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
A summary of the Company's commitments and contingencies can be found in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Environmental Matters
Accruals for environmental matters are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, based on current law and existing technologies. At September 30, 2022, the Company had accrued obligations of $1,197 million for probable environmental remediation and restoration costs ($1,220 million at December 31, 2021), including $239 million for the remediation of Superfund sites ($237 million at December 31, 2021). This is management’s best estimate of the costs for remediation and restoration with respect to environmental matters for which the Company has accrued liabilities, although it is reasonably possible that the ultimate cost with respect to these particular matters could range up to approximately two times that amount. Consequently, it is reasonably possible that environmental remediation and restoration costs in excess of amounts accrued could have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. It is the opinion of the Company’s management, however, that the possibility is remote that costs in excess of the range disclosed will have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Inherent uncertainties exist in these estimates primarily due to unknown conditions, changing governmental regulations and legal standards regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies for handling site remediation and restoration. As new or additional information becomes available and/or certain spending trends become known, management will evaluate such information in determination of the current estimate of environmental liability.
Litigation
Asbestos-Related Matters of Union Carbide Corporation
Each quarter, Union Carbide reviews claims filed, settled and dismissed, as well as average settlement and resolution costs by disease category. Union Carbide also considers additional quantitative and qualitative factors such as the nature of pending claims, trial experience of Union Carbide and other asbestos defendants, current spending for defense and processing costs, significant appellate rulings and legislative developments, trends in the tort system, and their respective effects on expected future resolution costs. Union Carbide's management considers these factors in conjunction with the most recent actuarial study and determines whether a change in the estimate is warranted. Based on Union Carbide's review of 2022 activity, it was determined that no adjustment to the accrual was required at September 30, 2022.
Union Carbide’s total asbestos-related liability for pending and future claims and defense and processing costs was $958 million at September 30, 2022 ($1,016 million at December 31, 2021). At September 30, 2022, approximately 25 percent of the recorded claim liability related to pending claims and approximately 75 percent related to future claims.
Dow Silicones Chapter 11 Related Matters
At September 30, 2022, Dow Silicones and its insurers have made life-to-date payments of $1,835 million to the settlement program administered by an independent claims office (the “Settlement Facility”), created to resolve breast implant and other product liability claims. At September 30, 2022, Dow Silicones estimates that it will be obligated to contribute an additional $87 million to the Settlement Facility which was included in “Accrued and other current liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets ($130 million at December 31, 2021, which was included in “Accrued and other current liabilities” and "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets).
Indemnifications with Corning Incorporated
The Company had indemnification assets with Corning Incorporated of $99 million at September 30, 2022 ($95 million at December 31, 2021), which were included primarily in "Noncurrent receivables" in the consolidated balance sheets.
Gain Contingency - Dow v. Nova Chemicals Corporation Patent Infringement Matter
As a result of a 2017 damages judgment related to the patent infringement matter, Nova Chemicals Corporation ("Nova") was ordered to pay the Company $645 million Canadian dollars, plus pre- and post-judgment interest, for which the Company received payment of $501 million U.S. dollars in July 2017. At September 30, 2022, the Company had $341 million ($341 million at December 31, 2021) included in "Accrued and other current liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets related to the disputed portion of the damages judgment.
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Gain Contingency - Dow v. Nova Chemicals Corporation Ethylene Asset Matter
As a result of a 2019 damages judgment related to the ethylene asset matter, Nova was ordered to pay the Company $1.43 billion Canadian dollars (equivalent to approximately $1.08 billion U.S. dollars). In October 2019, Nova paid $1.08 billion Canadian dollars (equivalent to approximately $0.8 billion U.S. dollars) directly to the Company, and remitted $347 million Canadian dollars to the Canada Revenue Agency ("CRA") for the tax account of one of the Company's subsidiaries. In March 2020, the Company received the full refund from the CRA, equivalent to $259 million U.S. dollars. At September 30, 2022, $323 million ($323 million at December 31, 2021) was included in "Other noncurrent obligations" in the Company's consolidated balance sheets related to the disputed portion of the damages judgment.
Brazilian Tax Credits
In March 2017, the Federal Supreme Court of Brazil (“Brazil Supreme Court”) ruled in a leading case that a Brazilian value-added tax ("ICMS") should not be included in the base used to calculate a taxpayer's federal contribution on total revenue known as PIS/COFINS (the “2017 Decision”). Previously, three of the Company’s Brazilian subsidiaries filed lawsuits challenging the inclusion of ICMS in their calculation of PIS/COFINS, seeking recovery of excess taxes paid. In response to the 2017 Decision, the Brazilian tax authority filed an appeal seeking clarification of the amount of ICMS tax to exclude from the calculation of PIS/COFINS. In May 2021, the Brazil Supreme Court ruled in a leading case related to the amount of ICMS tax to exclude from the calculation of PIS/COFINS, which resolved two of the lawsuits filed by the Company and, in May 2022, a court decision related to the remaining lawsuit, ruling in favor of the Company's Brazilian subsidiary, became final and unappealable. As a result, the Company recorded pretax gains of $112 million in the second quarter of 2022 and $61 million in the second quarter of 2021 for certain excess PIS/COFINS paid from 2009 to 2019, plus applicable interest, which the Company expects to apply to future required federal tax payments, and the reversal of related liabilities. The pretax gains were recorded in “Cost of sales” in the consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2022, related tax credits available and expected to be applied to future required federal tax payments totaled $129 million ($52 million at December 31, 2021).
Guarantees
The following table provides a summary of the final expiration, maximum future payments and recorded liability included in the consolidated balance sheets for guarantees:

Guarantees | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Final Expiration | Maximum Future Payments 1 | Recorded Liability | Final Expiration | Maximum Future Payments 1 | Recorded Liability
Guarantees | 2038 | $ | 1,249 |  | $ | 205 |  | 2038 | $ | 1,273 |  | $ | 220 |

1.In addition, TDCC has provided guarantees, in proportion to the Company's 35 percent ownership interest, of all future interest payments that will become due on Sadara’s project financing debt during the grace period, which Dow's share is estimated to be $480 million at September 30, 2022 ($446 million at December 31, 2021). Based on Sadara's current forecasted cash flows, the Company does not expect to be required to perform under the guarantees.
Guarantees arise during the ordinary course of business from relationships with customers, committed accounts receivable facilities and nonconsolidated affiliates when the Company undertakes an obligation to guarantee the performance of others (via delivery of cash or other assets) if specified triggering events occur. With guarantees, such as commercial or financial contracts, non-performance by the guaranteed party triggers the obligation of the Company to make payments to the beneficiary of the guarantee. The majority of the Company’s guarantees relate to debt of nonconsolidated affiliates, which have expiration dates ranging from less than 1 year to 16 years. The Company’s current expectation is that future payment or performance related to the non-performance of others is considered remote.
TDCC has entered into guarantee agreements related to Sadara, a nonconsolidated affiliate. Sadara reached an agreement with its lenders to re-profile its outstanding project financing debt in the first quarter of 2021. In conjunction with the debt re-profiling, TDCC entered into a guarantee of up to approximately $1.3 billion of Sadara’s debt, proportionate to the Company's 35 percent ownership interest. The debt re-profiling also includes a grace period until June 2026, during which Sadara is obligated to make interest-only payments which are guaranteed by TDCC in proportion to the Company’s 35 percent ownership interest. As part of the debt re-profiling, Sadara established a $500 million revolving credit facility guaranteed by Dow, which would be used to fund Dow’s pro-rata share of any potential shortfall during the grace period. Based on Sadara's forecasted cash flows and no significant scheduled debt repayments until 2026, the Company does not expect Sadara to draw on the facility.
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NOTE 14 - LEASES
For additional information on the Company's leases, see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
The components of lease cost for operating and finance leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Lease Cost | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Operating lease cost | $ | 98 |  | $ | 123 |  | $ | 294 |  | $ | 362 |
Finance lease cost |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets - finance | $ | 28 |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | 80 |  | $ | 53 |
Interest on lease liabilities - finance | 8 |  | 6 |  | 25 |  | 19 |
Total finance lease cost | $ | 36 |  | $ | 25 |  | $ | 105 |  | $ | 72 |
Short-term lease cost | 69 |  | 57 |  | 194 |  | 177 |
Variable lease cost | 164 |  | 78 |  | 412 |  | 228 |
Sublease income | (2) |  | (2) |  | (8) |  | (5) |
Total lease cost | $ | 365 |  | $ | 281 |  | $ | 997 |  | $ | 834 |

The following table provides supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases:

Other Lease Information | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |
Operating cash flows for operating leases | $ | 289 |  | $ | 364 |
Operating cash flows for finance leases | $ | 25 |  | $ | 19 |
Financing cash flows for finance leases | $ | 79 |  | $ | 48 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: |  |
Operating leases | $ | 93 |  | $ | 133 |
Finance leases | $ | 44 |  | $ | 73 |

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The following table summarizes the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Lease Position | Balance Sheet Classification | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Assets |  |  |
Operating lease assets | Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 1,231 |  | $ | 1,412 |
Finance lease assets | Property | 1,145 |  | 1,158 |
Finance lease amortization | Accumulated depreciation | (418) |  | (368) |
Total lease assets |  | $ | 1,958 |  | $ | 2,202 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Current |  |  |
Operating | Operating lease liabilities - current | $ | 277 |  | $ | 314 |
Finance | Long-term debt due within one year | 110 |  | 106 |
Noncurrent |  |  |
Operating | Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent | 1,012 |  | 1,149 |
Finance | Long-Term Debt | 694 |  | 763 |
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 2,093 |  | $ | 2,332 |

The weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for leases recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are provided below:

Lease Term and Discount Rate | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  |
Operating leases | 7.7 years | 7.9 years
Finance leases | 11.1 years | 11.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate |  |
Operating leases | 4.21 | % | 3.72 | %
Finance leases | 4.19 | % | 4.17 | %

The following table provides the maturities of lease liabilities at September 30, 2022:

Maturities of Lease Liabilities | Sep 30, 2022
In millions | Operating Leases | Finance Leases
2022 | $ | 93 |  | $ | 40 |
2023 | 298 |  | 166 |
2024 | 230 |  | 109 |
2025 | 186 |  | 76 |
2026 | 151 |  | 70 |
2027 and thereafter | 590 |  | 545 |
Total future undiscounted lease payments | $ | 1,548 |  | $ | 1,006 |
Less: Imputed interest | 259 |  | 202 |
Total present value of lease liabilities | $ | 1,289 |  | $ | 804 |

At September 30, 2022, Dow had additional leases of approximately $85 million, primarily for equipment, which had not yet commenced. These leases are expected to commence in 2022 and 2025, with lease terms of up to 16 years.
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Dow provides guarantees related to certain leased assets, specifying the residual value that will be available to the lessor at lease termination through the sale of the assets to the lessee or third parties. The following table provides a summary of the final expiration, maximum future payments and recorded liability included in the consolidated balance sheets for residual value guarantees at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The lease agreements do not contain any material restrictive covenants.

Lease Guarantees | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Final Expiration | Maximum Future Payments | Recorded Liability | Final Expiration | Maximum Future Payments | Recorded Liability
Residual value guarantees | 2031 | $ | 245 |  | $ | — |  | 2031 | $ | 280 |  | $ | — |

NOTE 15 – STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Treasury Stock
Dow Inc.
On April 1, 2019, the Dow Inc. Board ratified the share repurchase program originally approved on March 15, 2019, authorizing up to $3 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company completed the April 1, 2019 share repurchase program in the second quarter of 2022. On April 13, 2022, the Dow Inc. Board approved a new share repurchase program authorizing up to $3 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company repurchased $800 million of its common stock in the third quarter of 2022 ($2,200 million in the first nine months of 2022). At September 30, 2022, approximately $2,175 million of the new share repurchase program authorization remained available for repurchases.
The Company began issuing treasury shares to satisfy its obligation to make matching contributions to plan participants under The Dow Employees’ Savings Plan in the first quarter of 2022. The Company may satisfy these obligations using shares of Dow Inc. treasury stock or by issuing new shares of common stock.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | (190) |  | $ | 72 |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | 104 |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments | (61) |  | (10) |  | (385) |  | (25) |
Tax (expense) benefit | (55) |  | 3 |  | 12 |  | 5 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments | (116) |  | (7) |  | (373) |  | (20) |
(Gains) losses reclassified from AOCL to net income 1 | (8) |  | (8) |  | 2 |  | (33) |
Tax expense (benefit) 2 | 2 |  | 2 |  | — |  | 8 |
Net (gains) losses reclassified from AOCL to net income | (6) |  | (6) |  | 2 |  | (25) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (122) |  | (13) |  | (371) |  | (45) |
Ending balance | $ | (312) |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | (312) |  | $ | 59 |
Cumulative Translation Adjustment |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | (2,033) |  | $ | (1,118) |  | $ | (1,355) |  | $ | (930) |
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation | (369) |  | (148) |  | (1,034) |  | (298) |
Tax (expense) benefit | (17) |  | (8) |  | (7) |  | (43) |
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation | (386) |  | (156) |  | (1,041) |  | (341) |
(Gains) losses reclassified from AOCL to net income 3 | (17) |  | (1) |  | (40) |  | (4) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (403) |  | (157) |  | (1,081) |  | (345) |
Ending balance | $ | (2,436) |  | $ | (1,275) |  | $ | (2,436) |  | $ | (1,275) |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | (7,103) |  | $ | (8,276) |  | $ | (7,334) |  | $ | (9,559) |
Gains (losses) arising during the period 4 | 6 |  | 2 |  | 11 |  | 1,270 |
Tax (expense) benefit | — |  | — |  | — |  | (298) |
Net gains (losses) arising during the period | 6 |  | 2 |  | 11 |  | 972 |
Amortization of net loss and prior service credits reclassified from AOCL to net income 5 | 155 |  | 191 |  | 468 |  | 583 |
Tax expense (benefit) 2 | (36) |  | (44) |  | (123) |  | (123) |
Net loss and prior service credits reclassified from AOCL to net income | 119 |  | 147 |  | 345 |  | 460 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 125 |  | 149 |  | 356 |  | 1,432 |
Ending balance | $ | (6,978) |  | $ | (8,127) |  | $ | (6,978) |  | $ | (8,127) |
Derivative Instruments |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 122 |  | $ | (354) |  | $ | (347) |  | $ | (470) |
Gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 122 |  | 55 |  | 802 |  | 167 |
Tax (expense) benefit | (31) |  | (9) |  | (114) |  | (10) |
Net gains (losses) on derivative instruments | 91 |  | 46 |  | 688 |  | 157 |
(Gains) losses reclassified from AOCL to net income 6 | (80) |  | (16) |  | (222) |  | (10) |
Tax expense (benefit) 2 | 11 |  | 2 |  | 25 |  | 1 |
Net (gains) losses reclassified from AOCL to net income | (69) |  | (14) |  | (197) |  | (9) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 22 |  | 32 |  | 491 |  | 148 |
Ending balance | $ | 144 |  | $ | (322) |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | (322) |
Total AOCL ending balance | $ | (9,582) |  | $ | (9,665) |  | $ | (9,582) |  | $ | (9,665) |

1.Reclassified to "Net sales" and "Sundry income (expense) - net."
2.Reclassified to "Provision for income taxes."
3.Reclassified to "Sundry income (expense) - net."
4.The 2021 impact relates to an interim remeasurement of U.S. pension plans due to the announced freeze of plan benefits in the first quarter of 2021.
5.These AOCL components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost of the Company's defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. See Note 17 for additional information.
6.Reclassified to "Cost of sales," "Sundry income (expense) - net" and "Interest expense and amortization of debt discount."
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NOTE 16 – NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Ownership interests in the Company's subsidiaries held by parties other than the Company are presented separately from the Company's equity in the consolidated balance sheets as "Noncontrolling interests." The amount of consolidated net income attributable to the Company and the noncontrolling interests are both presented on the face of the consolidated statements of income.
The following table summarizes the activity for equity attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Noncontrolling Interests | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 534 |  | $ | 580 |  | $ | 574 |  | $ | 570 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 1 | 21 |  | 23 |  | 24 |  | 69 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests 2 | (20) |  | (7) |  | (35) |  | (27) |
Cumulative translation adjustments | (24) |  | (8) |  | (51) |  | (23) |
Other | 1 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Balance at end of period | $ | 512 |  | $ | 589 |  | $ | 512 |  | $ | 589 |

1.The nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes the portion of asset related charges attributable to noncontrolling interests related to a joint venture in Russia. See Note 5 for additional information.
2.Distributions to noncontrolling interests are net of $7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 ($8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021) in dividends paid to a joint venture, which were reclassified to "Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates" in the consolidated statements of income.
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NOTE 17 – PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
A summary of the Company's pension and other postretirement benefit plans can be found in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
The Company's funding policy is to contribute to defined benefit pension plans in the United States and a number of other countries when pension laws and/or economics either require or encourage funding. The Company expects to contribute approximately $250 million to its pension plans in 2022, of which $156 million has been contributed through September 30, 2022.
The following table provides the components of the Company's net periodic benefit cost for all significant plans:

Net Periodic Benefit Cost for All Significant Plans | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Defined Benefit Pension Plans |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 97 |  | $ | 95 |  | $ | 295 |  | $ | 293 |
Interest cost | 170 |  | 151 |  | 512 |  | 444 |
Expected return on plan assets | (420) |  | (434) |  | (1,267) |  | (1,291) |
Amortization of prior service credit | (5) |  | (5) |  | (16) |  | (15) |
Amortization of net loss | 163 |  | 198 |  | 495 |  | 622 |
Curtailment gain | — |  | — |  | — |  | (19) |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 5 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | 34 |
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans |  |  |  |
Service cost | $ | 1 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 6 |
Interest cost | 6 |  | 6 |  | 20 |  | 17 |
Amortization of net gain | (3) |  | (2) |  | (11) |  | (5) |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 4 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 13 |  | $ | 18 |

Net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, is included in "Sundry income (expense) - net" in the consolidated statements of income.
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NOTE 18 – STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
A summary of the Company's stock-based compensation plans can be found in Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
Stock Incentive Plan
The Company grants stock-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors under the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended. Most of the Company's stock-based compensation awards are granted in the first quarter of each year.
In the first quarter of 2022, Dow Inc. granted the following stock-based compensation awards to employees:
•1.2 million stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $60.95 per share and a weighted-average fair value of $11.08 per share;
•1.7 million restricted stock units with a weighted-average fair value of $60.96 per share; and
•1.2 million performance stock units with a weighted-average fair value of $65.83 per share.
There was minimal grant activity in the second and third quarters of 2022.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Dow Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2021 ESPP") was adopted by the Dow Inc. Board on February 11, 2021, and approved by stockholders at the Company's annual meeting on April 15, 2021. Under the 2022 annual offering of the 2021 ESPP, most employees were eligible to purchase shares of common stock of Dow Inc. valued at up to 10 percent of their annual total base salary or wages. The number of shares purchased is determined using the amount contributed by the employee divided by the plan price. The plan price of the stock is equal to 85 percent of the fair market value (closing price) of the common stock at April 1, 2022 (beginning) or October 7, 2022 (ending) of the offering period, whichever is lower.
In the first quarter of 2022, employees subscribed to the right to purchase approximately 2.7 million shares under the 2021 ESPP. The shares were delivered to employees in October 2022.
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NOTE 19 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
A summary of the Company's financial instruments, risk management policies, derivative instruments and hedging activities can be found in Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
The following table summarizes the fair value of financial instruments at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Cost | Gain | Loss | Fair Value | Cost | Gain | Loss | Fair Value
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity securities 1 | $ | 327 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 327 |  | $ | 317 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 317 |
Money market funds | 735 |  | — |  | — |  | 735 |  | 489 |  | — |  | — |  | 489 |
Total cash equivalents | $ | 1,062 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,062 |  | $ | 806 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 806 |
Marketable securities 2 | $ | 136 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 148 |  | $ | 237 |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 245 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government debt 3 | $ | 744 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | (155) |  | $ | 590 |  | $ | 746 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | (28) |  | $ | 735 |
Corporate bonds | 1,268 |  | 5 |  | (188) |  | 1,085 |  | 1,251 |  | 93 |  | (20) |  | 1,324 |
Total debt securities | $ | 2,012 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | (343) |  | $ | 1,675 |  | $ | 1,997 |  | $ | 110 |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | 2,059 |
Equity securities 4 | 4 |  | 6 |  | — |  | 10 |  | 7 |  | 13 |  | — |  | 20 |
Total other investments | $ | 2,016 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | (343) |  | $ | 1,685 |  | $ | 2,004 |  | $ | 123 |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | 2,079 |
Total cash equivalents, marketable securities and other investments | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | (343) |  | $ | 2,895 |  | $ | 3,047 |  | $ | 131 |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | 3,130 |
Long-term debt including debt due within one year 5 | $ | (13,285) |  | $ | 1,996 |  | $ | (333) |  | $ | (11,622) |  | $ | (14,511) |  | $ | 27 |  | $ | (2,641) |  | $ | (17,125) |
Derivatives relating to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rates 6 | $ | — |  | $ | 198 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 198 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | (140) |  | $ | (139) |
Foreign currency | — |  | 189 |  | (158) |  | 31 |  | — |  | 46 |  | (18) |  | 28 |
Commodities 6 | — |  | 274 |  | (100) |  | 174 |  | — |  | 142 |  | (92) |  | 50 |
Total derivatives | $ | — |  | $ | 661 |  | $ | (258) |  | $ | 403 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | (250) |  | $ | (61) |

1.The Company's held-to-maturity securities primarily included treasury bills and time deposits.
2.The Company’s investments in marketable securities are included in “Other current assets” in the consolidated balance sheets.
3.U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. agency obligations, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and other municipalities’ obligations.
4.Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value.
5.Cost includes fair value hedge adjustment gains of $47 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 on $2,279 million of debt at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
6.Presented net of cash collateral where master netting arrangements allow.
Cost approximates fair value for all other financial instruments.
Debt Securities
The Company's investments in debt securities are primarily classified as available-for-sale. The following table provides investing results from available-for-sale securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Investing Results | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities | $ | 449 |  | $ | 339 |
Gross realized gains | $ | 40 |  | $ | 41 |
Gross realized losses | $ | (42) |  | $ | (8) |

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The following table summarizes contractual maturities of the Company's investments in debt securities:

Contractual Maturities of Debt Securities at Sep 30, 2022 1 | Cost | Fair Value
In millions
Within one year | $ | 71 |  | $ | 66 |
One to five years | 706 |  | 627 |
Six to ten years | 710 |  | 581 |
After ten years | 525 |  | 401 |
Total | $ | 2,012 |  | $ | 1,675 |

1.Includes marketable securities with maturities of less than one year.
Equity Securities
There were no material adjustments to the carrying value of the not readily determinable investments for impairment or observable price changes for the three months ended September 30, 2022. There was $2 million of net unrealized losses recognized in earnings on equity securities for the three months ended September 30, 2022 ($6 million net unrealized loss for the three months ended September 30, 2021). There was $8 million of net unrealized losses recognized in earnings on equity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ($7 million net unrealized loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2021).

Investments in Equity Securities | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Readily determinable fair value | $ | 10 |  | $ | 20 |
Not readily determinable fair value | $ | 191 |  | $ | 209 |

Derivative Instruments
The notional amounts of the Company's derivative instruments presented on a net basis at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Notional Amounts - Net | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 3,000 |  | $ | 3,000 |
Foreign currency contracts | $ | 13,131 |  | $ | 5,300 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 10 |  | $ | 36 |
Foreign currency contracts | $ | 15,743 |  | $ | 8,234 |

The notional amounts of the Company's commodity derivatives presented on a net basis at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Commodity Notionals - Net | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Notional Volume Unit
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Hydrocarbon derivatives | 13.5 |  | 9.7 |  | million barrels of oil equivalent
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Hydrocarbon derivatives | — |  | 0.1 |  | million barrels of oil equivalent
Power derivatives | — |  | 3.3 |  | thousands of megawatt hours

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Maturity Dates of Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Year
Interest rate contracts | 2023
Foreign currency contracts | 2023
Commodity contracts | 2026

The following tables provide the fair value and balance sheet classification of derivative instruments at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments | Sep 30, 2022
In millions | Balance Sheet Classification | Gross | Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting 1 | Net Amounts Included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Asset derivatives |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Other current assets | $ | 657 |  | $ | (459) |  | $ | 198 |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets | 862 |  | (700) |  | 162 |
Commodity contracts | Other current assets | 478 |  | (225) |  | 253 |
Commodity contracts | Deferred charges and other assets | 7 |  | — |  | 7 |
Total |  | $ | 2,004 |  | $ | (1,384) |  | $ | 620 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets | $ | 110 |  | $ | (83) |  | $ | 27 |
Commodity contracts | Other current assets | 34 |  | (20) |  | 14 |
Total |  | $ | 144 |  | $ | (103) |  | $ | 41 |
Total asset derivatives |  | $ | 2,148 |  | $ | (1,487) |  | $ | 661 |
Liability derivatives |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 459 |  | $ | (459) |  | $ | — |
Foreign currency contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 723 |  | (700) |  | 23 |
Commodity contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 335 |  | (245) |  | 90 |
Commodity contracts | Other noncurrent obligations | 1 |  | (1) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,518 |  | $ | (1,405) |  | $ | 113 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 218 |  | $ | (83) |  | $ | 135 |
Commodity contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 31 |  | (21) |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 249 |  | $ | (104) |  | $ | 145 |
Total liability derivatives |  | $ | 1,767 |  | $ | (1,509) |  | $ | 258 |

1.Counterparty and cash collateral amounts represent the estimated net settlement amount when applying netting and set-off rights included in master netting arrangements between the Company and its counterparties and the payable or receivable for cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparty.
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Fair Value of Derivative Instruments | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Balance Sheet Classification | Gross | Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting 1 | Net Amounts Included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Asset derivatives |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Other current assets | $ | 14 |  | $ | (14) |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts | Deferred charges and other assets | 130 |  | (130) |  | — |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets | 24 |  | (13) |  | 11 |
Foreign currency contracts | Deferred charges and other assets | 117 |  | (89) |  | 28 |
Commodity contracts | Other current assets | 305 |  | (173) |  | 132 |
Commodity contracts | Deferred charges and other assets | 9 |  | (2) |  | 7 |
Total |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | (421) |  | $ | 178 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Other current assets | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |
Foreign currency contracts | Other current assets | 23 |  | (16) |  | 7 |
Foreign currency contracts | Deferred charges and other assets | 1 |  | (1) |  | — |
Commodity contracts | Other current assets | 8 |  | (5) |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 33 |  | $ | (22) |  | $ | 11 |
Total asset derivatives |  | $ | 632 |  | $ | (443) |  | $ | 189 |
Liability derivatives |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 33 |  | $ | (14) |  | $ | 19 |
Interest rate contracts | Other noncurrent obligations | 192 |  | (130) |  | 62 |
Foreign currency contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 15 |  | (13) |  | 2 |
Foreign currency contracts | Other noncurrent obligations | 90 |  | (89) |  | 1 |
Commodity contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 267 |  | (192) |  | 75 |
Commodity contracts | Other noncurrent obligations | 2 |  | (2) |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | (440) |  | $ | 159 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 59 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 59 |
Foreign currency contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 31 |  | (16) |  | 15 |
Foreign currency contracts | Other noncurrent obligations | 1 |  | (1) |  | — |
Commodity contracts | Accrued and other current liabilities | 25 |  | (8) |  | 17 |
Total |  | $ | 116 |  | $ | (25) |  | $ | 91 |
Total liability derivatives |  | $ | 715 |  | $ | (465) |  | $ | 250 |

1.Counterparty and cash collateral amounts represent the estimated net settlement amount when applying netting and set-off rights included in master netting arrangements between the Company and its counterparties and the payable or receivable for cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparty.
Assets and liabilities related to forward contracts, interest rate swaps, currency swaps, options and other conditional or exchange contracts executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement are netted. Collateral accounts are netted with corresponding assets or liabilities, when applicable. The Company posted cash collateral of $54 million at September 30, 2022 ($71 million at December 31, 2021). No cash collateral was posted by counterparties with the Company at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
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The following tables summarize the gain (loss) of derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Effect of Derivative Instruments | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI 1 | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income 2 | Income Statement Classification
| Three Months Ended | Three Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 24 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (2) |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount
Foreign currency contracts | 2 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | (3) |  | Cost of sales
Commodity contracts | 23 |  | 37 |  | 79 |  | 21 |  | Cost of sales
Net foreign investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | 88 |  | 20 |  | — |  | — |  |
Excluded components 3 | 25 |  | 12 |  | 15 |  | 1 |  | Sundry income (expense) - net
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | $ | 162 |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | 95 |  | $ | 17 |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (2) |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount
Foreign currency contracts | — |  | — |  | (255) |  | (84) |  | Sundry income (expense) - net
Commodity contracts | — |  | — |  | 10 |  | (12) |  | Cost of sales
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (245) |  | $ | (98) |  |
Total derivatives | $ | 162 |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | (150) |  | $ | (81) |  |

1.OCI is defined as other comprehensive income (loss).
2.Pretax amounts.
3.The excluded components are related to the time value of the derivatives designated as hedges.
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Effect of Derivative Instruments | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI 1 | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income 2 | Income Statement Classification
| Nine Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (25) |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount 3
Excluded components 4 | — |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | 231 |  | (39) |  | (8) |  | (7) |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount
Foreign currency contracts | 8 |  | 10 |  | 10 |  | (15) |  | Cost of sales
Commodity contracts | 310 |  | 143 |  | 220 |  | 32 |  | Cost of sales
Net foreign investment hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency contracts | 135 |  | 33 |  | — |  | — |  |
Excluded components 4 | 59 |  | 20 |  | 38 |  | 5 |  | Sundry income (expense) - net
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | $ | 743 |  | $ | 169 |  | $ | 260 |  | $ | (10) |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (5) |  | Interest expense and amortization of debt discount
Foreign currency contracts | — |  | — |  | (531) |  | (202) |  | Sundry income (expense) - net
Commodity contracts | — |  | — |  | 39 |  | (47) |  | Cost of sales
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (493) |  | $ | (254) |  |
Total derivatives | $ | 743 |  | $ | 169 |  | $ | (233) |  | $ | (264) |  |

1.OCI is defined as other comprehensive income (loss).
2.Pretax amounts.
3.Gain (loss) recognized in income of derivatives is offset by gain (loss) recognized in income of the hedged item.
4.The excluded components are related to the time value of the derivatives designated as hedges.
The following table provides the net after-tax gain (loss) expected to be reclassified from AOCL to income within the next 12 months:

Expected Reclassifications from AOCL within the next 12 months | Sep 30, 2022
In millions
Cash flow hedges: |
Interest rate contracts | $ | (8) |
Commodity contracts | $ | 170 |
Foreign currency contracts | $ | 9 |
Net foreign investment hedges: |
Excluded components | $ | 18 |

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NOTE 20 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
A summary of the Company's recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements can be found in Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
The following table summarizes the bases used to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis:

Basis of Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
In millions
Assets at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity securities 1 | $ | — |  | $ | 327 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 327 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 317 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 317 |
Money market funds | — |  | 735 |  | — |  | 735 |  | — |  | 489 |  | — |  | 489 |
Marketable securities 2 | — |  | 148 |  | — |  | 148 |  | — |  | 245 |  | — |  | 245 |
Equity securities 3 | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | 10 |  | 20 |  | — |  | — |  | 20 |
Debt securities: 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government debt 4 | — |  | 590 |  | — |  | 590 |  | — |  | 735 |  | — |  | 735 |
Corporate bonds | 35 |  | 1,050 |  | — |  | 1,085 |  | 44 |  | 1,280 |  | — |  | 1,324 |
Derivatives relating to: 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rates | — |  | 657 |  | — |  | 657 |  | — |  | 145 |  | — |  | 145 |
Foreign currency | — |  | 972 |  | — |  | 972 |  | — |  | 165 |  | — |  | 165 |
Commodities | 19 |  | 500 |  | — |  | 519 |  | 15 |  | 307 |  | — |  | 322 |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 64 |  | $ | 4,979 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,043 |  | $ | 79 |  | $ | 3,683 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,762 |
Liabilities at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt including debt due within one year 6 | $ | — |  | $ | 11,622 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,622 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,125 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,125 |
Guarantee liability 7 | — |  | — |  | 205 |  | 205 |  | — |  | — |  | 220 |  | 220 |
Derivatives relating to: 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rates | — |  | 459 |  | — |  | 459 |  | — |  | 284 |  | — |  | 284 |
Foreign currency | — |  | 941 |  | — |  | 941 |  | — |  | 137 |  | — |  | 137 |
Commodities | 37 |  | 330 |  | — |  | 367 |  | 37 |  | 257 |  | — |  | 294 |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 37 |  | $ | 13,352 |  | $ | 205 |  | $ | 13,594 |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | 17,803 |  | $ | 220 |  | $ | 18,060 |

1.The Company's held-to-maturity securities primarily included treasury bills and time deposits.
2.The Company’s investments in marketable securities are included in “Other current assets” in the consolidated balance sheets.
3.The Company’s investments in debt securities, which are primarily available-for-sale, and equity securities are included in “Other investments” in the consolidated balance sheets.
4.U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. agency obligations, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and other municipalities’ obligations.
5.See Note 19 for the classification of derivatives in the consolidated balance sheets.
6.See Note 19 for information on fair value measurements of long-term debt.
7.Estimated liability for TDCC's guarantee of Sadara's debt which is included in "Other noncurrent obligations" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 13 for additional information.
For equity securities calculated at net asset value per share (or its equivalent), the Company had $97 million in private market securities and $20 million in real estate at September 30, 2022 ($106 million in private market securities and $22 million in real estate at December 31, 2021). There are no redemption restrictions and the unfunded commitments on these investments were $54 million at September 30, 2022 ($59 million at December 31, 2021).
For certain investments in limited liability companies accounted for as nonconsolidated affiliates, the unfunded commitment on the investments was $72 million at September 30, 2022.
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For liabilities classified as Level 3 measurements, fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs including assumptions where there is little, if any, market activity. The fair value of the Company’s accrued liability related to the guarantee of Sadara’s debt is in proportion to the Company’s 35 percent ownership interest in Sadara. The estimated fair value of the guarantee was calculated using a "with" and "without" method. The fair value of the debt was calculated "with" the guarantee less the fair value of the debt "without" the guarantee. The "with" and "without" values were calculated using a discounted cash flow method based on contractual cash flows as well as projected prepayments made on the debt by Sadara. See Note 13 for further information on guarantees classified as Level 3 measurements.
NOTE 21 – VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
A summary of the Company's variable interest entities ("VIEs") can be found in Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs
The Company's consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The other equity holders’ interests are included in “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” in the consolidated statements of income and "Noncontrolling interests" in the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of these entities' assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 14 |  | $ | 40 |
Other current assets | 38 |  | 40 |
Net property | 152 |  | 184 |
Other noncurrent assets | 15 |  | 15 |
Total assets 1 | $ | 219 |  | $ | 279 |
Current liabilities | $ | 35 |  | $ | 37 |
Long-term debt | — |  | 3 |
Other noncurrent obligations | 10 |  | 13 |
Total liabilities 2 | $ | 45 |  | $ | 53 |

1.All assets were restricted at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
2.All liabilities were nonrecourse at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets and the table above as restricted assets or nonrecourse obligations relating to consolidated VIEs at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are adjusted for intercompany eliminations.
Nonconsolidated VIEs
The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of assets included in the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, related to variable interests in joint ventures or entities for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. The Company's maximum exposure to loss is the same as the carrying amounts.

Carrying Amounts of Assets Related to Nonconsolidated VIEs |  | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions | Description of asset
Silicon joint ventures | Equity method investments 1 | $ | 113 |  | $ | 110 |

1.Included in "Investment in nonconsolidated affiliates" in the consolidated balance sheets.
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NOTE 22 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
TDCC has committed to fund Dow Inc.'s dividends paid to common stockholders and share repurchases, as approved by the Dow Inc. Board from time to time, as well as certain governance expenses. Funding is accomplished through intercompany loans. TDCC's Board reviews and determines a dividend distribution to Dow Inc. to settle the intercompany loans. The following table summarizes cash dividends TDCC declared and paid to Dow Inc. for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

TDCC Cash Dividends Declared and Paid | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
| Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
In millions
Cash dividends declared and paid | $ | 1,301 |  | $ | 919 |  | $ | 3,755 |  | $ | 2,361 |

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, TDCC's outstanding intercompany loan balance with Dow Inc. was insignificant.
NOTE 23 – SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
Dow’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting purposes is Operating EBIT as this is the manner in which the Company's chief operating decision maker assesses performance and allocates resources. The Company defines Operating EBIT as earnings (i.e., "Income before income taxes") before interest, excluding the impact of significant items. Operating EBIT by segment includes all operating items relating to the businesses; items that principally apply to Dow as a whole are assigned to Corporate.

Segment Information | Pack. & Spec. Plastics | Ind. Interm. & Infrast. | Perf. Materials & Coatings | Corp. | Total
In millions
Three months ended Sep 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 7,327 |  | $ | 4,059 |  | $ | 2,654 |  | $ | 75 |  | $ | 14,115 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 55 |  | $ | (114) |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (58) |
Dow Inc. Operating EBIT 1 | $ | 785 |  | $ | 167 |  | $ | 302 |  | $ | (59) |  | $ | 1,195 |
Three months ended Sep 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 7,736 |  | $ | 4,481 |  | $ | 2,526 |  | $ | 94 |  | $ | 14,837 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 124 |  | $ | 122 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 249 |
Dow Inc. Operating EBIT 1 | $ | 1,954 |  | $ | 713 |  | $ | 284 |  | $ | (65) |  | $ | 2,886 |
Nine months ended Sep 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 23,187 |  | $ | 12,953 |  | $ | 8,706 |  | $ | 197 |  | $ | 45,043 |
Equity in earnings (losses) of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 303 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 311 |
Dow Inc. Operating EBIT 1 | $ | 3,455 |  | $ | 1,254 |  | $ | 1,458 |  | $ | (178) |  | $ | 5,989 |
Nine months ended Sep 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 20,939 |  | $ | 12,303 |  | $ | 7,114 |  | $ | 248 |  | $ | 40,604 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates | $ | 360 |  | $ | 381 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 751 |
Dow Inc. Operating EBIT 1 | $ | 5,196 |  | $ | 1,687 |  | $ | 571 |  | $ | (186) |  | $ | 7,268 |

1.Operating EBIT for TDCC for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 is substantially the same as that of Dow Inc. and therefore has not been disclosed separately in the table above. A reconciliation of "Net income" to Operating EBIT is provided in the following table.
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Reconciliation of "Net income" to Operating EBIT | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net income | $ | 760 |  | $ | 1,706 |  | $ | 3,993 |  | $ | 4,644 |
+ Provision for income taxes | 241 |  | 542 |  | 1,232 |  | 1,383 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 1,001 |  | $ | 2,248 |  | $ | 5,225 |  | $ | 6,027 |
- Interest income | 41 |  | 14 |  | 105 |  | 35 |
+ Interest expense and amortization of debt discount | 155 |  | 178 |  | 487 |  | 561 |
- Significant items | (80) |  | (474) |  | (382) |  | (715) |
Operating EBIT | $ | 1,195 |  | $ | 2,886 |  | $ | 5,989 |  | $ | 7,268 |

The following tables summarize the pretax impact of significant items by segment excluded from Operating EBIT:

Significant Items by Segment | Three Months Ended Sep 30, 2022 | Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2022
Pack. & Spec. Plastics | Ind. Interm. & Infrast. | Perf. Mat. & Coatings | Corp. | Total | Pack. & Spec. Plastics | Ind. Interm. & Infrast. | Perf. Mat. & Coatings | Corp. | Total
In millions
Digitalization program costs 1 | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (62) |  | $ | (62) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (154) |  | $ | (154) |
Restructuring, implementation costs and asset related charges - net 2 | — |  | — |  | — |  | (11) |  | (11) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (31) |  | (31) |
Russia / Ukraine conflict charges 3 | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (31) |  | (109) |  | (16) |  | (30) |  | (186) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 4 | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (8) |  | (8) |
Indemnification and other transaction related costs 5 | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7) |  | (7) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3) |  | (3) |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (80) |  | $ | (80) |  | $ | (31) |  | $ | (109) |  | $ | (16) |  | $ | (226) |  | $ | (382) |

1.Includes costs associated with implementing the Company's Digital Acceleration program.
2.Includes costs associated with implementing the Company's 2020 Restructuring Program.
3.Asset related charges due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict. See Note 5 for additional information.
4.The Company redeemed outstanding long-term debt resulting in a loss on early extinguishment. See Note 12 for additional information.
5.Primarily related to charges associated with agreements entered into with DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and Corteva, Inc. as part of the separation and distribution which, among other matters, provides for cross-indemnities and allocations of obligations and liabilities for periods prior to, at and after the completion of the separation. See Note 3 for additional information.
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Significant Items by Segment | Three Months Ended Sep 30, 2021 | Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2021
Pack. & Spec. Plastics | Ind. Interm. & Infrast. | Perf. Mat. & Coatings | Corp. | Total | Pack. & Spec. Plastics | Ind. Interm. & Infrast. | Perf. Mat. & Coatings | Corp. | Total
In millions
Digitalization program costs 1 | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (40) |  | $ | (40) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (121) |  | $ | (121) |
Restructuring, implementation costs and asset related charges - net 2 | — |  | — |  | — |  | (16) |  | (16) |  | (8) |  | (1) |  | (10) |  | (50) |  | (69) |
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 3 | — |  | — |  | — |  | (472) |  | (472) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (574) |  | (574) |
Litigation related charges, awards and adjustments 4 | — |  | 54 |  | — |  | — |  | 54 |  | — |  | 54 |  | — |  | — |  | 54 |
Indemnification and other transactions related costs 5 | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5) |  | (5) |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (528) |  | $ | (474) |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | 53 |  | $ | (10) |  | $ | (750) |  | $ | (715) |

1.Includes costs associated with implementing the Company's Digital Acceleration program.
2.Includes costs associated with implementing the Company's 2020 Restructuring Program.
3.The Company redeemed outstanding long-term debt resulting in a loss on early extinguishment. See Note 12 for additional information.
4.Related to an arbitration award and interest assessment paid by Luxi Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
5.Primarily related to charges associated with agreements entered into with DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and Corteva, Inc. as part of the separation and distribution which, among other matters, provides for cross-indemnities and allocations of obligations and liabilities for periods prior to, at and after the completion of the separation. See Note 3 for additional information.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is a combined report being filed by Dow Inc. and The Dow Chemical Company and its consolidated subsidiaries (“TDCC” and together with Dow Inc., “Dow” or the "Company") due to the parent/subsidiary relationship between Dow Inc. and TDCC. The information reflected in the report is equally applicable to both Dow Inc. and TDCC, except where otherwise noted. Each of Dow Inc. and TDCC is filing information in this report on its own behalf and neither company makes any representation to the information relating to the other company.
Pursuant to General Instruction H(1)(a) and (b) for Form 10-Q "Omission of Information by Certain Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries," TDCC is filing this Form 10-Q with a reduced disclosure format.
Except as otherwise indicated by the context, the term "Union Carbide" means Union Carbide Corporation and the term "Dow Silicones" means Dow Silicones Corporation, both wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.
Russia and Ukraine Conflict
In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine resulting in the United States, Canada, the European Union and other countries imposing economic sanctions on Russia. Dow is monitoring and evaluating the broader economic impact, including sanctions imposed, the potential for additional sanctions and any responses from Russia that could directly affect the Company’s supply chain, business partners or customers. At the time of this filing, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not had and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded pretax asset related charges of $186 million due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict and the expectation that certain assets will not be recoverable. The Company's remaining net asset exposure is not significant.
OUTLOOK
In the near-term, Dow expects the macro environment to remain dynamic. As a result, Dow has outlined a playbook of actions that have the potential to deliver more than $1 billion in cost savings in 2023 while Dow continues to leverage its scale, geographic diversity and feedstock and derivative flexibility. Dow remains focused on advancing its decarbonize and grow strategy with higher-return investments that will extend its competitive advantages and industry leadership positions. Dow's strong financial position and balance sheet as well as its continued focus on cash flow generation give it ample flexibility to execute on its capital allocation priorities, including attractive shareholder remuneration, as it maximizes value creation over the longer-term.
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OVERVIEW
The following is a summary of the results for the three months ended September 30, 2022:
•The Company reported net sales in the third quarter of 2022 of $14.1 billion, down 5 percent from $14.8 billion in the third quarter of 2021, with decreases in Packaging & Specialty Plastics and Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure, partially offset by an increase in Performance Materials & Coatings. Net sales decreased in the U.S. & Canada and Europe, Middle East, Africa and India ("EMEAI"), were flat in Asia Pacific and increased in Latin America. Net sales were down 10 percent from $15.7 billion in the second quarter of 2022, with decreases across all operating segments and geographic regions.
•Local price increased 3 percent compared with the third quarter of 2021 with a decrease in Packaging & Specialty Plastics (down 2 percent) which was more than offset by increases in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (up 5 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (up 15 percent). Local price increased in all geographic regions, except the U.S. & Canada, compared with the third quarter of 2021. Local price decreased 6 percent compared with the second quarter of 2022.
•Volume decreased 4 percent compared with the third quarter of 2021. Volume was flat in Packaging & Specialty Plastics and decreased in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (down 9 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (down 5 percent). Volume decreased 12 percent in EMEAI, which was partially offset by 2 percent increases in the U.S. & Canada and Asia Pacific. Volume decreased 3 percent compared with the second quarter of 2022.
•Currency had an unfavorable impact of 4 percent on net sales compared with the third quarter of 2021, driven by EMEAI (down 10 percent) and Asia Pacific (down 4 percent).
•Equity in losses of nonconsolidated affiliates was $58 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with equity in earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates of $249 million in the third quarter of 2021, primarily due to margin compression in polyurethanes at Sadara Chemical Company ("Sadara") and monoethylene glycol ("MEG") at the Kuwait joint ventures.
•Net income available for Dow Inc. and TDCC common stockholder(s) was $739 million and $747 million, respectively, in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $1,683 million and $1,679 million in the third quarter of 2021. Earnings per share for Dow Inc. was $1.02 per share in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $2.23 per share in the third quarter of 2021. These decreases reflect margin compression due to higher energy costs, primarily in EMEAI.
•Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations was $1.9 billion in the third quarter of 2022, down $779 million compared with the same period last year. Compared with the second quarter of 2022, cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations increased $84 million.
•Dow Inc. repurchased $800 million of the Company's common stock in the third quarter of 2022.
•On August 10, 2022, Dow Inc. announced that its Board of Directors ("Board") declared a dividend of $0.70 per share, which was paid on September 9, 2022, to shareholders of record as of August 31, 2022.
In addition to the highlights above, the following events occurred subsequent to the third quarter of 2022:
•On October 13, 2022, Dow Inc. announced that its Board declared a dividend of $0.70 per share, payable on December 9, 2022, to shareholders of record as of November 30, 2022.
•On October 17, 2022 Dow Inc. announced it will accelerate the sustainability targets the Company set in 2020 by expanding its Stop the Waste target to a Transform the Waste target. By 2030, Dow will transform plastic waste and other forms of alternative feedstock to commercialize 3 million metric tons of circular and renewable plastics solutions annually.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Sales
The following tables summarize net sales and sales variances by operating segment and geographic region from the prior year:

Summary of Sales Results | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 14,115 |  | $ | 14,837 |  | $ | 45,043 |  | $ | 40,604 |

Sales Variances by Operating Segment and Geographic Region
| Three Months Ended Sep 30, 2022 | Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2022
Local Price & Product Mix | Currency | Volume |  | Total | Local Price & Product Mix | Currency | Volume |  | Total
Percentage change from prior year
Packaging & Specialty Plastics | (2) | % | (3) | % | — | % |  | (5) | % | 12 | % | (3) | % | 2 | % |  | 11 | %
Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | 5 |  | (5) |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |  | 15 |  | (5) |  | (5) |  |  | 5 |
Performance Materials & Coatings | 15 |  | (5) |  | (5) |  |  | 5 |  | 29 |  | (4) |  | (3) |  |  | 22 |
Total | 3 | % | (4) | % | (4) | % |  | (5) | % | 16 | % | (4) | % | (1) | % |  | 11 | %
Total, excluding the Hydrocarbons & Energy business | 4 | % | (4) | % | (8) | % |  | (8) | % | 15 | % | (4) | % | (3) | % |  | 8 | %
U.S. & Canada | (5) | % | — | % | 2 | % |  | (3) | % | 12 | % | — | % | 3 | % |  | 15 | %
EMEAI | 11 |  | (10) |  | (12) |  |  | (11) |  | 24 |  | (9) |  | (7) |  |  | 8 |
Asia Pacific | 2 |  | (4) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | 12 |  | (3) |  | (1) |  |  | 8 |
Latin America | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 11 |  | — |  | 3 |  |  | 14 |
Total | 3 | % | (4) | % | (4) | % |  | (5) | % | 16 | % | (4) | % | (1) | % |  | 11 | %

Net sales in the third quarter of 2022 were $14.1 billion, down 5 percent from $14.8 billion in the third quarter of 2021, with local price up 3 percent, volume down 4 percent and an unfavorable currency impact of 4 percent. Net sales decreased in Packaging & Specialty Plastics and Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure, which were partially offset by an increase in Performance Materials & Coatings. Local price decreased in Packaging & Specialty Plastics (down 2 percent) and increased in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (up 5 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (up 15 percent). Volume was flat in Packaging & Specialty Plastics and decreased in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (down 9 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (down 5 percent). Volume decreased in EMEAI reflecting the impact of inflation and high energy costs on demand and was partially offset by increases in the U.S. & Canada and Asia Pacific. Currency unfavorably impacted net sales by 4 percent, driven by EMEAI (down 10 percent) and Asia Pacific (down 4 percent). Excluding the Hydrocarbons & Energy business, net sales decreased 8 percent.
Net sales for the first nine months of 2022 were $45.0 billion, up 11 percent from $40.6 billion in the same period last year, with local price up 16 percent, volume down 1 percent and an unfavorable currency impact of 4 percent. Net sales increased in all operating segments and geographic regions. Local price increased in all operating segments and geographic regions, primarily driven by tight supply and demand dynamics and increasing raw material prices. Local price increased in Packaging & Specialty Plastics (up 12 percent), Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (up 15 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (up 29 percent). Volume increased in Packaging & Specialty Plastics (up 2 percent) and decreased in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure (down 5 percent) and Performance Materials & Coatings (down 3 percent). Volume decreases in EMEAI and Asia Pacific were partially offset by increases in the U.S. & Canada and Latin America. Currency unfavorably impacted net sales by 4 percent compared with the same period last year, driven by EMEAI (down 9 percent) and Asia Pacific (down 3 percent). Excluding the Hydrocarbons & Energy business, net sales increased 8 percent.
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Cost of Sales
Cost of sales ("COS") was $12.4 billion in the third quarter of 2022, up from $11.6 billion in the third quarter of 2021, primarily due to higher feedstocks, energy, other raw material costs, and logistics costs, partially offset by insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year. For the first nine months of 2022, COS was $37.7 billion, up from $32.4 billion in the first nine months of 2021, primarily due to higher feedstocks, energy, other raw material costs, and logistics costs, partially offset by insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year. The third quarter of 2022 included $55 million ($36 million in the third quarter of 2021) and $137 million in the first nine months of 2022 ($106 million in the first nine months of 2021) of costs associated with implementing the Company's digital acceleration program (related to Corporate). Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales in the third quarter of 2022 was 87.7 percent (78.3 percent in the third quarter of 2021) and 83.7 percent for the first nine months of 2022 (79.8 percent for the first nine months of 2021).
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development ("R&D") expenses totaled $191 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $210 million in the third quarter of 2021. R&D expenses for the first nine months of 2022 were $626 million, compared with $632 million in the first nine months of 2021. R&D expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 decreased primarily due to lower performance-based compensation costs and a decrease in fringe benefit expenses which reflected stock market declines.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses totaled $356 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $403 million in the third quarter of 2021. SG&A expenses decreased in the third quarter of 2022 due to lower performance-based compensation costs and a decrease in fringe benefit expenses which reflected stock market declines. In the first nine months of 2022, SG&A expenses were $1,289 million, compared with $1,209 million in the first nine months of 2021. SG&A expenses for the first nine months of 2022 increased primarily due to higher bad debt reserves which more than offset lower performance-based compensation costs and a decrease in fringe benefit expenses which reflected stock market declines.
Amortization of Intangibles
Amortization of intangibles was $83 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $100 million in the third quarter of 2021. In the first nine months of 2022, amortization of intangibles was $256 million, compared with $301 million in the first nine months of 2021. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on intangible assets.
Restructuring and Asset Related Charges - Net
Asset Related Charges
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded pretax asset related charges of $186 million due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict and the expectation that certain assets will not be recoverable. These charges included the write-down of inventory, the recording of bad debt reserves and the impairment of other assets. Asset related charges by segment were as follows: $31 million in Packaging & Specialty Plastics, $109 million in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure, $16 million in Performance Materials & Coatings and $30 million in Corporate.
2020 Restructuring Program
Actions related to the restructuring program approved by the Dow. Inc. Board on September 29, 2020 were substantially complete at the end of 2021, with the exception of certain cash payments that will continue through 2022 and into 2023. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded pretax restructuring charges of $12 million for asset write-downs and write-offs and $10 million for costs associated with exit and disposal activities. Restructuring charges by segment were as follows: $8 million in Packaging & Specialty Plastics, $1 million in Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure, $10 million in Performance Materials & Coatings and $3 million in Corporate.
Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Nonconsolidated Affiliates
The Company's share of equity in losses of nonconsolidated affiliates was $58 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with equity in earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates of $249 million in the third quarter of 2021, primarily due to margin compression in polyurethanes at Sadara and MEG at the Kuwait joint ventures. Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates was $311 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $751 million in the first nine months of 2021, primarily due to lower equity earnings at Sadara due to planned maintenance turnaround activity, pandemic-related lockdowns in China and margin compression in polyurethanes, as well as MEG margin
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compression at the Kuwait joint ventures. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Sundry Income (Expense) – Net
Sundry income (expense) – net includes a variety of income and expense items such as foreign currency exchange gains and losses, dividends from investments, gains and losses on sales of investments and assets, non-operating pension and other postretirement benefit plan credits or costs, losses on early extinguishment of debt and certain litigation matters.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, Sundry income (expense) - net was income of $69 million and $73 million for Dow Inc. and TDCC, respectively, compared with expense of $350 million and $356 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The third quarter of 2022 included non-operating pension and postretirement benefit plan credits and gains on the sales of assets and investments. These were partially offset by foreign currency exchange losses. In addition, Dow Inc. included a $7 million loss associated with agreements entered into with DuPont de Nemours, Inc. ("DuPont") and Corteva, Inc. ("Corteva") as part of the separation and distribution (related to Corporate). The third quarter of 2021 included a $472 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt (related to Corporate). This was partially offset by non-operating pension and postretirement benefit plan credits and a $54 million gain related to an arbitration award (related to Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure).
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Sundry income (expense) - net was income of $292 million and $287 million for Dow Inc. and TDCC, respectively, compared with expense of $225 million and $231 million for Dow Inc. and TDCC, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The first nine months of 2022 included non-operating pension and postretirement benefit plan credits and gains on the sales of assets and investments. These were partially offset by foreign currency exchange losses and an $8 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt (related to Corporate). In addition, Dow Inc. included a $3 million loss associated with agreements entered into with DuPont and Corteva as part of the separation and distribution (related to Corporate). The first nine months of 2021 included a $574 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt (related to Corporate) and foreign currency exchange losses. These were partially offset by non-operating pension and postretirement benefit plan credits, gains on the sales of assets and investments and a $54 million gain related to an arbitration award (related to Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure). In addition, Dow Inc. included a $5 million loss associated with agreements entered into with DuPont and Corteva as part of the separation and distribution (related to Corporate).
Interest Expense and Amortization of Debt Discount
Interest expense and amortization of debt discount was $155 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $178 million in the third quarter of 2021. Interest expense and amortization of debt discount was $487 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $561 million in the first nine months of 2021. The decrease in interest expense is primarily due to the liability management actions taken in 2021.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rate fluctuates based on, among other factors, where income is earned, the level of income relative to tax attributes and the level of equity earnings, since most earnings from the Company's equity method investments are taxed at the joint venture level. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2022 was 24.1 percent and 24.0 percent for Dow Inc. and TDCC, respectively, compared with 24.1 percent and 24.2 percent for the third quarter of 2021. For the first nine months of 2022, the effective tax rate was 23.6 percent for Dow Inc. and TDCC, compared with 22.9 percent for the first nine months of 2021.
Net Income Available for Common Stockholder(s)
Dow Inc.
Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders was $739 million, or $1.02 per share, in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $1,683 million, or $2.23 per share, in the third quarter of 2021. Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders was $3,969 million, or $5.41 per share, in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $4,575 million, or $6.06 per share, in the first nine months of 2021. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on Dow Inc.'s earnings per share calculations.
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TDCC
Net income available for the TDCC common stockholder was $747 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with $1,679 million in the third quarter of 2021. Net income available for the TDCC common stockholder was $3,975 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $4,576 million in the first nine months of 2021. TDCC's common shares are owned solely by Dow Inc.
SEGMENT RESULTS
Dow’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting purposes is Operating EBIT as this is the manner in which the Company's chief operating decision maker assesses performance and allocates resources. The Company defines Operating EBIT as earnings (i.e., "Income before income taxes") before interest, excluding the impact of significant items. Operating EBIT by segment includes all operating items relating to the businesses; items that principally apply to Dow as a whole are assigned to Corporate.
PACKAGING & SPECIALTY PLASTICS
The Packaging & Specialty Plastics operating segment consists of two highly integrated global businesses: Hydrocarbons & Energy and Packaging and Specialty Plastics. The segment employs the industry’s broadest polyolefin product portfolio, supported by the Company’s proprietary catalyst and manufacturing process technologies. These differentiators, plus collaboration at the customer’s design table, enable the segment to deliver more reliable, durable, higher-performing solutions designed for recyclability and enhanced plastics circularity and sustainability. The segment serves customers, brand owners and ultimately consumers in key markets including food and specialty packaging; industrial and consumer packaging; health and hygiene; caps, closures and pipe applications; consumer durables; mobility and transportation; and infrastructure. Ethylene is transferred to downstream derivative businesses at market-based prices, which are generally equivalent to prevailing market prices for large volume purchases. This segment also includes the results of The Kuwait Styrene Company K.S.C.C. and The SCG-Dow Group, as well as a portion of the results of EQUATE Petrochemical Company K.S.C.C. ("EQUATE"), The Kuwait Olefins Company K.S.C.C. ("TKOC"), Map Ta Phut Olefins Company Limited ("Map Ta Phut") and Sadara, all joint ventures of the Company.
The Company is responsible for marketing a majority of Sadara products outside of the Middle East zone through the Company's established sales channels. As part of this arrangement, the Company purchases and sells Sadara products for a marketing fee. In 2021, Dow and the Saudi Arabian Oil Company agreed to and began transitioning the marketing rights and responsibilities for Sadara’s finished products to levels more consistent with each partner’s equity ownership, which is being implemented through 2026. This transition will not impact equity earnings but is expected to reduce the Company's sales of Sadara products over the five year period.

Packaging & Specialty Plastics | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 7,327 |  | $ | 7,736 |  | $ | 23,187 |  | $ | 20,939 |
Operating EBIT | $ | 785 |  | $ | 1,954 |  | $ | 3,455 |  | $ | 5,196 |
Equity earnings | $ | 55 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 303 |  | $ | 360 |

Packaging & Specialty Plastics | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
Percentage change from prior year | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022
Change in Net Sales from Prior Period due to: |  |
Local price & product mix | (2) | % | 12 | %
Currency | (3) |  | (3) |
Volume | — |  | 2 |
Total | (5) | % | 11 | %

Packaging & Specialty Plastics net sales were $7,327 million in the third quarter of 2022, down 5 percent from net sales of $7,736 million in the third quarter of 2021, with local price down 2 percent, volume flat and an unfavorable currency impact of 3 percent, primarily in EMEAI. Local price decreased in both businesses as gains in functional polymers were more than offset by lower polyethylene prices. Local price decreased in Hydrocarbons & Energy in the U.S. & Canada which more than offset increases in EMEAI. Local price decreased in Packaging and Specialty Plastics in the U.S. & Canada and Latin America which more than offset increases in EMEAI and Asia Pacific.
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Volume increased in Hydrocarbons & Energy, primarily in the U.S. & Canada. Volume decreased in Packaging and Specialty Plastics in EMEAI, the U.S. & Canada and Asia Pacific which more than offset an increase in Latin America.
Operating EBIT was $785 million in the third quarter of 2022, down $1,169 million from Operating EBIT of $1,954 million in the third quarter of 2021. Operating EBIT decreased primarily due to higher raw material and energy costs, lower selling prices and decreased equity earnings which were partially offset by insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year.
Packaging & Specialty Plastics net sales were $23,187 million in the first nine months of 2022, up 11 percent from net sales of $20,939 million in the first nine months of 2021, with local price up 12 percent, volume up 2 percent and an unfavorable currency impact of 3 percent, primarily in EMEAI. Local price increased in both businesses and all geographic regions. Local price increased in Hydrocarbons & Energy, primarily in EMEAI and the U.S. & Canada, as prices for co-products are generally correlated to Brent crude oil prices, which, on average, increased 50 percent compared with the first nine months of 2021. Local price increased in Packaging and Specialty Plastics, driven by favorable supply and demand dynamics in polyethylene and functional polymers, notably in flexible food and beverage packaging and infrastructure material applications. Volume increased in Hydrocarbons & Energy, primarily in the U.S. & Canada and EMEAI. Volume decreased in Packaging and Specialty Plastics in EMEAI, the U.S. & Canada and Asia Pacific which more than offset an increase in Latin America.
Operating EBIT was $3,455 million in the first nine months of 2022, down $1,741 million from Operating EBIT of $5,196 million in the first nine months of 2021. Operating EBIT decreased primarily due to higher feedstock and raw material costs and lower equity earnings, which were partially offset by higher selling prices and insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year.
INDUSTRIAL INTERMEDIATES & INFRASTRUCTURE
The Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure operating segment consists of two customer-centric global businesses - Industrial Solutions and Polyurethanes & Construction Chemicals - that develop important intermediate chemicals that are essential to manufacturing processes, as well as downstream, customized materials and formulations that use advanced development technologies. These businesses primarily produce and market ethylene oxide and propylene oxide derivatives that are aligned to market segments as diverse as appliances, coatings, electronics, surfactants for cleaning and sanitization, infrastructure and oil and gas. The businesses' global scale and reach, world-class technology, R&D capabilities and materials science expertise enable the Company to be a premier solutions provider offering customers value-add sustainable solutions to enhance comfort, energy efficiency, product effectiveness and durability across a wide range of home comfort and appliance, building and construction, mobility and transportation, and adhesive and lubricant applications, among others. This segment also includes a portion of the results of EQUATE, TKOC, Map Ta Phut and Sadara, all joint ventures of the Company.
The Company is responsible for marketing a majority of Sadara products outside of the Middle East zone through the Company's established sales channels. As part of this arrangement, the Company purchases and sells Sadara products for a marketing fee. In 2021, Dow and the Saudi Arabian Oil Company agreed to and began transitioning the marketing rights and responsibilities for Sadara’s finished products to levels more consistent with each partner’s equity ownership, which is being implemented through 2026. This transition will not impact equity earnings but is expected to reduce the Company's sales of Sadara products over the five year period.

Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 4,059 |  | $ | 4,481 |  | $ | 12,953 |  | $ | 12,303 |
Operating EBIT | $ | 167 |  | $ | 713 |  | $ | 1,254 |  | $ | 1,687 |
Equity earnings (losses) | $ | (114) |  | $ | 122 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 381 |

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Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
Percentage change from prior year | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022
Change in Net Sales from Prior Period due to: |  |
Local price & product mix | 5 | % | 15 | %
Currency | (5) |  | (5) |
Volume | (9) |  | (5) |
Total | (9) | % | 5 | %

Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure net sales were $4,059 million in the third quarter of 2022, down 9 percent from $4,481 million in the third quarter of 2021, with local price up 5 percent, volume down 9 percent, and an unfavorable currency impact of 5 percent. Local price increased in both businesses and across all geographic regions, except Asia Pacific. Currency had an unfavorable impact on sales in both businesses, driven by EMEAI and A sia Pacific. Volume declines in Polyurethanes & Construction Chemicals were partially offset by gains in Industrial Solutions. Volume increased in Industrial Solutions in all geographic regions, except Latin America, driven by strong demand in energy, pharmaceutical, and mobility end-markets and increased catalyst sales. Volume declines in Polyurethanes & Construction Chemicals in the U.S. & Canada and EMEAI were driven by inflationary pressure on demand for consumer durables, industrial, and building and construction applications.
Operating EBIT was $167 million in the third quarter of 2022, down $546 million from Operating EBIT of $713 million in the third quarter of 2021. Operating EBIT decreased primarily due to lower demand in EMEAI, margin compression due to rising raw material and energy costs and lower equity earnings at Sadara and the Kuwait and Map Ta Phut joint ventures, which were partially offset by higher selling prices and insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year.
Industrial Intermediates & Infrastructure net sales were $12,953 million in the first nine months of 2022, up 5 percent from net sales of $12,303 million in the first nine months of 2021, with local price up 15 percent, volume down 5 percent, and an unfavorable currency impact of 5 percent. Local pric e increased in both businesses and across all geographic regions, primarily driven by rising raw material and energy prices. Currency had an unfavorable impact on sales in both businesses, driven by EMEAI and Asia Pacific. Volume in Industrial Solutions increased in all geographic regions driven by improved supply availability as the year-ago period was impacted by Winter Storm Uri, and by strong demand in agricultural, pharmaceutical and energy related applications. Volume in Polyurethanes & Construction Chemicals decreased in all geographic regions, except Latin America, primarily due to lower demand, particularly for consumer durables, combined with reduced supply from planned maintenance turnaround activity, Sadara and third-party outages.
Operating EBIT was $1,254 million in the first nine months of 2022, down $433 million from Operating EBIT of $1,687 million in the first nine months of 2021. Operating EBIT decreased primarily due to inflationary pressure on demand, particularly for consumer durables, margin compression due to higher raw material and energy costs and lower equity earnings at Sadara and the Kuwait and Map Ta Phut joint ventures, combined with reduced supply from planned maintenance turnaround activity and third-party outages, which were partially offset by local price increases in both businesses and insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year.
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PERFORMANCE MATERIALS & COATINGS
The Performance Materials & Coatings operating segment includes industry-leading franchises that deliver a wide array of solutions into consumer, infrastructure and mobility end-markets. The segment consists of two global businesses: Coatings & Performance Monomers and Consumer Solutions. These businesses primarily utilize the Company's acrylics-, cellulosics- and silicone-based technology platforms to serve the needs of the architectural and industrial coatings; home care and personal care; consumer and electronics; mobility and transportation; industrial and chemical processing; and building and infrastructure end-markets. Both businesses employ materials science capabilities, global reach and unique products and technology to combine chemistry platforms to deliver differentiated, market-driven and sustainable innovations to customers.

Performance Materials & Coatings | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 2,654 |  | $ | 2,526 |  | $ | 8,706 |  | $ | 7,114 |
Operating EBIT | $ | 302 |  | $ | 284 |  | $ | 1,458 |  | $ | 571 |
Equity earnings | $ | 1 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 5 |

Performance Materials & Coatings | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
Percentage change from prior year | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2022
Change in Net Sales from Prior Period due to: |  |
Local price & product mix | 15 | % | 29 | %
Currency | (5) |  | (4) |
Volume | (5) |  | (3) |
Total | 5 | % | 22 | %

Performance Materials & Coatings net sales were $2,654 million in the third quarter of 2022, up 5 percent from net sales of $2,526 million in the third quarter of 2021, with local price up 15 percent, volume down 5 percent and an unfavorable currency impact of 5 percent. Local price increased in both businesses and across all geographic regions. Volume decreased in Consumer Solutions in EMEAI and the U.S. & Canada, driven by lower demand in siloxanes and planned maintenance turnaround activity, which was partially offset by increases in Asia Pacific and Latin America. Volume decreased in Coatings & Performance Monomers in EMEAI, Asia Pacific and the U.S. & Canada, driven by lower demand for architectural coatings, which was partially offset by an increase in Latin America. The unfavorable currency impact was driven by EMEAI and Asia Pacific.
Operating EBIT was $302 million in the third quarter of 2022, up $18 million from Operating EBIT of $284 million in the third quarter of 2021. Operating EBIT increased due to insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year in Coatings & Performance Monomers and price increases in Consumer Solutions offset by higher raw material costs.
Performance Materials & Coatings net sales were $8,706 million in the first nine months of 2022, up 22 percent from net sales of $7,114 million in the first nine months of 2021, with local price up 29 percent, volume down 3 percent and an unfavorable currency impact of 4 percent. Local price increased in both businesses and across all geographic regions due to favorable supply and demand dynamics and higher raw material prices. Volume decreased in both businesses and in EMEAI, Latin America and Asia Pacific, which was partially offset by an increase in the U.S. & Canada. Volume decreased in Consumer Solutions in EMEAI, the U.S. & Canada and Latin America, which was partially offset by an increase in Asia Pacific. Volume decreased in Coatings & Performance Monomers in Asia Pacific and EMEAI, which was partially offset by an increase in the U.S. & Canada, primarily due to improved supply availability as the year-ago period was impacted by Winter Storm Uri, and Latin America. The unfavorable currency impact was driven by EMEAI and Asia Pacific.
Operating EBIT was $1,458 million in the first nine months of 2022, up $887 million from Operating EBIT of $571 million in the first nine months of 2021. Operating EBIT increased primarily due to margin expansion in Consumer Solutions and insurance recoveries related to certain weather-related events in the prior year in Coatings & Performance Monomers.
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CORPORATE
Corporate includes certain enterprise and governance activities (including insurance operations, environmental operations, etc.); non-business aligned joint ventures; non-business aligned litigation expenses; and discontinued or non-aligned businesses.

Corporate | Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
In millions | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Net sales | $ | 75 |  | $ | 94 |  | $ | 197 |  | $ | 248 |
Operating EBIT | $ | (59) |  | $ | (65) |  | $ | (178) |  | $ | (186) |
Equity earnings (losses) | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 5 |

Net sales for Corporate, which primarily relate to the Company's insurance operations, were $75 million in the third quarter of 2022, a decrease from net sales of $94 million in the third quarter of 2021. Net sales were $197 million in the first nine months of 2022, a decrease from net sales of $248 million in the first nine months of 2021.
Operating EBIT was a loss of $59 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared with a loss of $65 million in the third quarter of 2021. Operating EBIT was a loss of $178 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with a loss of $186 million in the first nine months of 2021. Operating EBIT improved primarily due to lower costs.
CHANGES IN FINANCIAL CONDITION
The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $2,216 million at September 30, 2022 and $2,988 million at December 31, 2021, of which $1,216 million at September 30, 2022 and $1,745 million at December 31, 2021 was held by subsidiaries in foreign countries, including U.S. territories. For each of its foreign subsidiaries, Dow makes an assertion regarding the amount of earnings intended for permanent reinvestment, with the balance available to be repatriated to the United States.
Cash held by foreign subsidiaries for permanent reinvestment is generally used to finance the subsidiaries' operational activities and future foreign investments. Dow has the ability to repatriate additional funds to the U.S., which could result in an adjustment to the tax liability for foreign withholding taxes, foreign and/or U.S. state income taxes and the impact of foreign currency movements. At September 30, 2022, management believed that sufficient liquidity was available in the United States. The Company has and expects to continue repatriating certain funds from its non‑U.S. subsidiaries that are not needed to finance local operations; however, these particular repatriation activities have not and are not expected to result in a significant incremental tax liability to the Company.
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The Company's cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows, are summarized in the following table:

Cash Flow Summary | Dow Inc. | TDCC
| Nine Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
| Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
In millions
Cash provided by (used for): |  |  |  |
Operating activities - continuing operations | $ | 5,408 |  | $ | 4,512 |  | $ | 5,441 |  | $ | 4,634 |
Operating activities - discontinued operations | (11) |  | (78) |  | — |  | — |
Operating activities | 5,397 |  | 4,434 |  | 5,441 |  | 4,634 |
Investing activities | (1,339) |  | (1,535) |  | (1,339) |  | (1,535) |
Financing activities | (4,513) |  | (4,974) |  | (4,557) |  | (5,174) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (261) |  | (57) |  | (261) |  | (57) |
Summary |  |  |  |
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (716) |  | (2,132) |  | (716) |  | (2,132) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 3,033 |  | 5,108 |  | 3,033 |  | 5,108 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 2,317 |  | $ | 2,976 |  | $ | 2,317 |  | $ | 2,976 |
Less: Restricted cash and cash equivalents, included in "Other current assets" | 101 |  | 65 |  | 101 |  | 65 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,911 |  | $ | 2,216 |  | $ | 2,911 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations in the first nine months of 2022 was primarily driven by the Company's cash earnings and dividends from equity method investments, which were partially offset by cash used for working capital requirements and performance-based compensation payments. Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations in the first nine months of 2021 was primarily driven by the Company's cash earnings and dividends from equity method investments, which were partially offset by elective pension contributions, cash used for working capital requirements and performance-based compensation payments.

Net Working Capital | Dow Inc. | TDCC
| Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Current assets | $ | 19,777 |  | $ | 20,848 |  | $ | 19,739 |  | $ | 20,837 |
Current liabilities | 12,315 |  | 13,226 |  | 12,158 |  | 13,046 |
Net working capital | $ | 7,462 |  | $ | 7,622 |  | $ | 7,581 |  | $ | 7,791 |
Current ratio | 1.61:1 | 1.58:1 | 1.62:1 | 1.60:1

Working Capital Metrics | Three Months Ended
| Sep 30, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
Days sales outstanding in trade receivables | 45 |  | 43 |  | 43 |
Days sales in inventory | 59 |  | 56 |  | 56 |
Days payables outstanding | 63 |  | 58 |  | 58 |

Cash used for operating activities from discontinued operations in the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 was related to cash payments and receipts Dow Inc. had with DuPont and Corteva that related to certain agreements and matters related to the separation from DowDuPont Inc. ("DowDuPont"). See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash used for investing activities in the first nine months of 2022 was primarily for capital expenditures and purchases of investments, which were partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of investments. Cash used for investing activities in the first nine months of 2021 was primarily for capital expenditures, purchases of investments and acquisitions of property and businesses, which were partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of investments.
The Company's capital expenditures were $1,224 million in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $1,035 million in the first nine months of 2021. The Company expects full year capital spending in 2022 to be approximately $1.9 billion. The Company will adjust its spending through the year as economic conditions evolve.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash used for financing activities in the first nine months of 2022 was primarily for payments on long-term debt. In addition, Dow Inc. included cash outflows for dividends paid to stockholders and purchases of treasury stock. TDCC included cash outflows for dividends paid to Dow Inc. Cash used for financing activities in the first nine months of 2021 included payments on long-term debt and transaction financing, debt issuance and other costs, which were partially offset by proceeds from issuance of common stock and proceeds from issuance of short-term debt greater than three months. In addition, Dow Inc. included cash outflows for dividends paid to stockholders and purchases of treasury stock. TDCC included cash outflows for dividends paid to Dow Inc. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the issuance and retirement of debt.
Dow Inc. Non-GAAP Cash Flow Measures
Free Cash Flow
Dow defines Free Cash Flow as "Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations," less capital expenditures. Under this definition, Free Cash Flow represents the cash generated by Dow from operations after investing in its asset base. Free Cash Flow, combined with cash balances and other sources of liquidity, represents the cash available to fund obligations and provide returns to shareholders. Free Cash Flow is an integral financial measure used in the Company's financial planning process.
Operating EBITDA
Dow defines Operating EBITDA as earnings (i.e., "Income before income taxes") before interest, depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of significant items.
Cash Flow Conversion (Operating EBITDA to Cash Flow from Operations)
Dow defines Cash Flow Conversion (Operating EBITDA to Cash Flow from Operations) as "Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations," divided by Operating EBITDA. Management believes Cash Flow Conversion is an important financial metric as it helps the Company determine how efficiently it is converting its earnings into cash flow.
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These financial measures are not recognized in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and should not be viewed as alternatives to U.S. GAAP financial measures of performance. All companies do not calculate non-GAAP financial measures in the same manner and, accordingly, Dow's definitions may not be consistent with the methodologies used by other companies.

Reconciliation of Free Cash Flow | Nine Months Ended
| Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
In millions
Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations (GAAP) | $ | 5,408 |  | $ | 4,512 |
Capital expenditures | (1,224) |  | (1,035) |
Free Cash Flow (non-GAAP) 1 | $ | 4,184 |  | $ | 3,477 |

1.Free cash flow in the first nine months of 2021 reflects a $1 billion elective pension contribution.

Reconciliation of Cash Flow Conversion (Operating EBITDA to Cash Flow from Operations) | Nine Months Ended
Sep 30, 2022 | Sep 30, 2021
In millions
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 3,993 | $ | 4,644
+ Provision for income taxes | 1,232 | 1,383
Income before income taxes | $ | 5,225 | $ | 6,027
- Interest income | 105 | 35
+ Interest expense and amortization of debt discount | 487 | 561
- Significant items ¹ | (382) | (715)
Operating EBIT (non-GAAP) | $ | 5,989 | $ | 7,268
+ Depreciation and amortization | 2,104 | 2,187
Operating EBITDA (non-GAAP) | $ | 8,093 | $ | 9,455
Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations (GAAP) | $ | 5,408 | $ | 4,512
Cash Flow Conversion (Operating EBITDA to cash flow from operations) (non-GAAP) 2 | 66.8 | % | 47.7 | %

1.The nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes costs associated with implementing the Company's Digital Acceleration program and 2020 Restructuring Program, asset related charges due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict, a loss on the early extinguishment of debt and activity related to the separation from DowDuPont. The nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes costs associated with implementing the Company's Digital Acceleration program and 2020 Restructuring Program, a loss on early extinguishment of debt, litigation related charges, awards and adjustments and activity related to the separation from DowDuPont. See Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
2.Cash flow conversion in the first nine months of 2021 reflects a $1 billion elective pension contribution.
Liquidity & Financial Flexibility
The Company’s primary source of incremental liquidity is cash flows from operating activities. In addition to cash from operating activities, the Company’s current liquidity sources also include TDCC's U.S. and Euromarket commercial paper programs, committed and uncommitted credit facilities, committed accounts receivable facilities, a medium-term notes program, a U.S. retail note program (“InterNotes®”) and other debt markets.
The Company continues to maintain a strong financial position with all of its committed credit facilities undrawn and fully available at September 30, 2022. Cash and committed and available forms of liquidity were $12 billion at September 30, 2022. The Company also has no substantive long-term debt maturities due until 2027. As a well-known seasoned issuer the Company may issue debt at any time as an additional source of liquidity. Additional details on sources of liquidity are as follows:
Commercial Paper
TDCC issues promissory notes under its U.S. and Euromarket commercial paper programs. TDCC had $100 million of commercial paper outstanding at September 30, 2022. TDCC maintains access to the commercial paper market at competitive rates. Amounts outstanding under TDCC's commercial paper programs during the period may be greater, or less than, the amount reported at the end of the period. Subsequent to September 30, 2022, TDCC issued approximately $600 million of commercial paper.
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Committed Credit Facilities
The Company also has the ability to access liquidity through TDCC's committed and available credit facilities. At September 30, 2022, TDCC had total committed and available credit facilities of $8.4 billion. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on committed and available credit facilities.
Committed Accounts Receivable Facilities
In addition to the above committed credit facilities, the Company maintains a committed accounts receivable facility in the U.S. where eligible trade accounts receivable, up to $900 million, may be sold at any point in time. The Company also maintains a committed accounts receivable facility in Europe where eligible trade accounts receivable, up to €500 million, may be sold at any point in time. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company sold no receivables under the U.S. and Europe committed accounts receivable facilities ($391 million in the first nine months of 2022). See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Company-Owned Life Insurance
The Company has investments in company-owned life insurance ("COLI") policies, which are recorded at their cash surrender value as of each balance sheet date. The Company has the ability to monetize its investment in its COLI policies as an additional source of liquidity. The Company had no outstanding monetization of its existing COLI policies' surrender value at September 30, 2022. For additional information, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.
Uncommitted Credit Facilities
The Company has entered into various uncommitted bilateral credit arrangements as a potential source of excess liquidity. These lines can be used to support short-term liquidity needs and for general purposes, including letters of credit. The Company had no drawdowns outstanding at September 30, 2022.
Shelf Registration - U.S.
On June 13, 2022, Dow Inc. and TDCC filed a shelf registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The shelf indicates that Dow Inc. may offer common stock; preferred stock; depositary shares; debt securities; guarantees; warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock and debt securities; and stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units, with pricing and availability of any such offerings depending on market conditions. The shelf also indicates that TDCC may offer debt securities, guarantees and warrants to purchase debt securities, with pricing and availability of any such offerings depending on market conditions. On July 22, 2022, TDCC filed a prospectus supplement under this shelf registration to register an undetermined amount of securities for issuance under InterNotes®. Also, on July 22, 2022, TDCC filed a prospectus supplement under this shelf registration to register an undetermined amount of securities for issuance under a medium-term notes program.
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Debt
As the Company continues to maintain its strong balance sheet and financial flexibility, management is focused on net debt (a non-GAAP financial measure), as the Company believes this is the best representation of its financial leverage at this point in time. As shown in the following table, net debt is equal to total gross debt minus "Cash and cash equivalents" and "Marketable securities."

Total Debt | Dow Inc. | TDCC
| Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Sep 30, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021
In millions
Notes payable | $ | 185 | $ | 161 | $ | 185 | $ | 161
Long-term debt due within one year | 364 | 231 | 364 | 231
Long-term debt | 12,921 | 14,280 | 12,921 | 14,280
Gross debt | $ | 13,470 | $ | 14,672 | $ | 13,470 | $ | 14,672
- Cash and cash equivalents | 2,216 | 2,988 | 2,216 | 2,988
- Marketable securities 1 | 148 | 245 | 148 | 245
Net debt | $ | 11,106 | $ | 11,439 | $ | 11,106 | $ | 11,439
Total equity | $ | 18,629 | $ | 18,739 | $ | 18,877 | $ | 19,029
Gross debt as a percent of total capitalization | 42.0 | % | 43.9 | % | 41.6 | % | 43.5 | %
Net debt as a percent of total capitalization | 37.3 | % | 37.9 | % | 37.0 | % | 37.5 | %

1.Included in "Other current assets" in the consolidated balance sheets.
In the second quarter of 2022, the Company redeemed $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.625 percent notes due May 2026.
The Company may at any time repurchase certain debt securities in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions subject to: the applicable terms under which any such debt securities were issued, certain internal approvals of the Company, and applicable laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdiction in which any such potential transactions might take place. This in no way obligates the Company to make any such repurchases nor should it be considered an offer to do so.
TDCC's public debt instruments and primary, private credit agreements contain, among other provisions, certain customary restrictive covenant and default provisions. TDCC's most significant debt covenant with regard to its financial position is the obligation to maintain the ratio of its consolidated indebtedness to consolidated capitalization at no greater than 0.70 to 1.00 at any time the aggregate outstanding amount of loans under the Five Year Competitive Advance and Revolving Credit Facility Agreement ("Revolving Credit Agreement") equals or exceeds $500 million. The ratio of TDCC's consolidated indebtedness to consolidated capitalization as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement was 0.39 to 1.00 at September 30, 2022. Management believes TDCC was in compliance with all of its covenants and default provisions at September 30, 2022. For information on TDCC's debt covenants and default provisions, see Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K. There were no material changes to the debt covenants and default provisions related to TDCC’s outstanding long-term debt and primary, private credit agreements in the first nine months of 2022.
While taking into consideration the current economic environment, management expects that the Company will continue to have sufficient liquidity and financial flexibility to meet all of its business obligations.
Credit Ratings
At September 30, 2022, TDCC's credit ratings were as follows:

Credit Ratings | Long-Term Rating | Short-Term Rating | Outlook
Fitch Ratings | BBB+ | F2 | Positive
Moody’s Investors Service | Baa1 | P-2 | Stable
Standard & Poor’s | BBB | A-2 | Positive

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On May 31, 2022, Moody's Investors Service announced a credit rating upgrade for TDCC from Baa2 to Baa1, affirmed its P-2 rating and maintained a stable outlook. On June 8, 2022, Standard & Poor’s affirmed TDCC’s BBB and A-2 rating, and revised its outlook to positive from stable. On June 16, 2022, Fitch Ratings affirmed TDCC’s BBB+ and F2 rating, and revised its outlook to positive from stable. These credit agencies' decisions were made as part of their annual review process and reflect the Company's supportive financial policies and strong operating performance.
Dividends
Dow Inc.
Dow Inc. has paid dividends on a quarterly basis since the separation from DowDuPont and expects to continue to do so, subject to approval by the Dow Inc. Board. Dividends declared by the Board align to the Company's strategy announced in 2018 of returning approximately 45 percent of operating net income 1 to the shareholders through the dividend and total shareholder remuneration of approximately 65 percent, when including share repurchases, over the economic cycle. The following table summarizes cash dividends declared by the Board and paid to common stockholders of record by Dow Inc. in 2022:

Dow Inc. Cash Dividends Declared and Paid
Declaration Date | Record Date | Payment Date | Amount (per share)
February 10, 2022 | February 28, 2022 | March 11, 2022 | $ | 0.70 |
April 13, 2022 | May 31, 2022 | June 10, 2022 | $ | 0.70 |
August 10, 2022 | August 31, 2022 | September 9, 2022 | $ | 0.70 |
October 13, 2022 | November 30, 2022 | December 9, 2022 | $ | 0.70 |

TDCC
TDCC has committed to fund Dow Inc.'s dividends paid to common stockholders and share repurchases, as approved by the Dow Inc. Board from time to time, as well as certain governance expenses. Funding is accomplished through intercompany loans. TDCC's Board reviews and determines a dividend distribution to Dow Inc. to settle the intercompany loans. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, TDCC declared and paid a dividend to Dow Inc. of $1,301 million ($3,755 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022). At September 30, 2022, TDCC's intercompany loan balance with Dow Inc. was insignificant. See Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Share Repurchase Program
On April 1, 2019, the Dow Inc. Board ratified the share repurchase program originally approved on March 15, 2019, authorizing up to $3 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company completed the April 1, 2019 share repurchase program in the second quarter of 2022. On April 13, 2022, the Dow Inc. Board approved a new share repurchase program authorizing up to $3 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company repurchased $800 million of its common stock in the third quarter of 2022 ($2,200 million in the first nine months of 2022). At September 30, 2022, approximately $2,175 million of the new share repurchase program authorization remained available for repurchases. As previously announced, the Company intends to repurchase shares to cover dilution over the cycle. With the announcement of the new share repurchase program, the Company may from time to time expand its share repurchases beyond dilution, based on a number of factors including macroeconomic conditions, free cash flow generation, and the Dow share price. Any share repurchases, when coupled with the Company's dividends, are intended to implement the long-term strategy of ensuring shareholder remuneration is approximately 65 percent over the economic cycle.
Pension Plans
The Company has both funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans that cover employees in the United States and a number of other countries. The Company's funding policy is to contribute to funded plans when pension laws and/or economics either require or encourage funding. The Company expects to contribute approximately $250 million to its pension plans in 2022, of which $156 million has been contributed through September 30, 2022. See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K for additional information related to the Company's pension plans.
1.Operating net income is a non-GAAP measure that Dow defines as "Net income available for Dow Inc. common stockholders," excluding the impact of significant items.
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Restructuring
The actions related to the 2020 Restructuring Program are expected to result in additional cash expenditures of $92 million, primarily through 2022 and into 2023, consisting of severance and related benefit costs and costs associated with exit and disposal activities, including contract cancellation penalties and environmental remediation. Restructuring implementation costs, primarily decommissioning and demolition activities related to asset actions, are expected to result in additional cash expenditures of approximately $10 million, primarily through the end of 2022. Restructuring implementation costs totaled $11 million in the third quarter of 2022 ($31 million in the first nine months of 2022).
The Company expects to incur additional costs in the future related to its restructuring activities, which will be recognized as incurred. The Company also expects to incur additional employee-related costs, including involuntary termination benefits related to its other optimization activities. These costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's restructuring activities.
Digital Acceleration
In 2021, Dow announced plans to further advance and expand its digitalization efforts to deliver long-term value creation by accelerating investment in three key areas: expanding digital tools to accelerate materials science innovation; further enhancing the e-commerce buying and fulfillment experience for Dow's customers; and adopting real-time digital manufacturing insights, operational data intelligence and demand sensing to enhance the productivity and reliability of Dow’s operations. The Company expects more than $300 million in incremental annual run rate Operating EBITDA generation by the end of 2025 related to digital acceleration, with an additional one-time $100 million in structural working capital efficiency gains, driven in part by enhanced planning from digital tools. The activities related to digital acceleration are expected to result in additional cash expenditures of approximately $80 million, primarily through the end of 2022. Digital acceleration expenses totaled $62 million in the third quarter of 2022 ($154 million in the first nine months of 2022).
Contractual Obligations
Information related to the Company’s contractual obligations, commercial commitments and expected cash requirements for interest can be found in Notes 15, 16, 17 and 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K. With the exception of the items noted below, there have been no material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations since December 31, 2021.

Contractual Obligations at Sep 30, 2022 | Payments Due In |
In millions | 2022 | 2023-2024 | 2025-2026 | 2027 and beyond | Total
Dow Inc. |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt obligations 1 | $ | 34 |  | $ | 474 |  | $ | 465 |  | $ | 12,579 |  | $ | 13,552 |
Expected cash requirements for interest 2 | $ | 151 |  | $ | 1,151 |  | $ | 1,104 |  | $ | 7,385 |  | $ | 9,791 |

1.Excludes unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $267 million. Includes finance lease obligations of $804 million.
2.Cash requirements for interest on long-term debt was calculated using current interest rates at September 30, 2022, and includes $11 million of various floating rate notes.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Off-balance sheet arrangements are obligations the Company has with nonconsolidated entities related to transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements. The Company holds variable interests in joint ventures accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these joint ventures and therefore is not required to consolidate these entities (see Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Guarantees arise during the ordinary course of business from relationships with customers, committed accounts receivable facilities and nonconsolidated affiliates when the Company undertakes an obligation to guarantee the performance of others if specific triggering events occur. Additional information related to guarantees can be found in the "Guarantees" section of Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Fair Value Measurements
See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning fair value measurements.
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OTHER MATTERS
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s critical accounting policies that are impacted by judgments, assumptions and estimates are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2021 10-K. Since December 31, 2021, there have been no material changes in the Company’s accounting policies that are impacted by judgments, assumptions and estimates.
Asbestos-Related Matters of Union Carbide Corporation
Union Carbide is and has been involved in a large number of asbestos-related suits filed primarily in state courts during the past four decades. These suits principally allege personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos‑containing products and frequently seek both actual and punitive damages. The alleged claims primarily relate to products that Union Carbide sold in the past, alleged exposure to asbestos-containing products located on Union Carbide’s premises, and Union Carbide’s responsibility for asbestos suits filed against a former Union Carbide subsidiary, Amchem Products, Inc. (“Amchem”). In many cases, plaintiffs are unable to demonstrate that they have suffered any compensable loss as a result of such exposure, or that injuries incurred in fact resulted from exposure to Union Carbide’s products.
The table below provides information regarding asbestos-related claims pending against Union Carbide and Amchem based on criteria developed by Union Carbide and its external consultants:

Asbestos-Related Claim Activity | 2022 | 2021
Claims unresolved at Jan 1 | 8,747 |  | 9,126 |
Claims filed | 3,662 |  | 3,177 |
Claims settled, dismissed or otherwise resolved | (5,823) |  | (3,340) |
Claims unresolved at Sep 30 | 6,586 |  | 8,963 |
Claimants with claims against both Union Carbide and Amchem | (1,502) |  | (2,312) |
Individual claimants at Sep 30 | 5,084 |  | 6,651 |

Plaintiffs’ lawyers often sue numerous defendants in individual lawsuits or on behalf of numerous claimants. As a result, the damages alleged are not expressly identified as to Union Carbide, Amchem or any other particular defendant, even when specific damages are alleged with respect to a specific disease or injury. In fact, there are no personal injury cases in which only Union Carbide and/or Amchem are the sole named defendants. For these reasons and based upon Union Carbide’s litigation and settlement experience, Union Carbide does not consider the damages alleged against Union Carbide and Amchem to be a meaningful factor in its determination of any potential asbestos-related liability.
For additional information, see Asbestos-Related Matters of Union Carbide Corporation in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements; Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings; and Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2021 10-K.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in the combined Dow Inc. and TDCC Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, for information on the Company's utilization of financial instruments and an analysis of the sensitivity of these instruments.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Dow Inc. and The Dow Chemical Company (the "Companies") carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Companies' Disclosure Committee and the Companies' management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Companies' disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Companies' disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Companies' internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 that was conducted during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Companies' internal control over financial reporting.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Asbestos-Related Matters of Union Carbide Corporation
No material developments regarding this matter occurred in the first nine months of 2022. For a current status of this matter, see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Environmental Proceedings
On May 17, 2021, the Company received a civil complaint from the State of Texas ("State") on behalf of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The complaint, filed in the 250th District Court of Travis County, Texas, alleges environmental violations at the Company's Freeport, Texas, site involving 12 discrete air emissions events. The State is seeking monetary relief of no more than $1 million and injunctive relief to prevent recurrence. On August 31, 2021, the State informed the Company that it would be including additional air emissions events in the complaint, which may impact the monetary relief sought by the State. Discussions between the Company and the Texas Office of the Attorney General are ongoing.
On February 3, 2022, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) proposed a draft administrative order to resolve alleged violations at the Rohm and Haas Chemicals facility in Kankakee, Illinois, relating to a storage tank at the site that does not have certain control equipment specified by EPA Clean Air Act regulations. This issue was self-disclosed by the facility to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency in 2015. Negotiations with the agencies are ongoing.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Since December 31, 2021, there have been no material changes to the Company's Risk Factors, except as noted below, which was updated in the first and second quarters of 2022:
Global Economic Considerations: The Company operates in a global, competitive environment which gives rise to operating and market risk exposure.
The Company sells its broad range of products and services in a competitive, global environment, and competes worldwide for sales on the basis of product quality, price, technology and customer service. Increased levels of competition could result in lower prices or lower sales volume, which could have a negative impact on the Company’s results of operations. Sales of the Company's products are also subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations; trade agreements; import and export controls; taxes; and duties and tariffs. The imposition of additional regulations, controls, taxes and duties and tariffs or changes to bilateral and regional trade agreements could result in lower sales volume, which could negatively impact the Company’s results of operations.
Economic conditions around the world, and in certain industries in which the Company does business, also impact sales price and volume. As a result, market uncertainty or an economic downturn driven by inflationary pressures; political tensions; war, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions and export restrictions; terrorism; epidemics; pandemics; or political instability in the geographic regions or industries in which the Company sells its products could reduce demand for these products and result in decreased sales volume, which could have a negative impact on the Company’s results of operations.
In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine resulting in the United States, Canada, the European Union and other countries imposing economic sanctions on Russia. Dow suspended all purchases of feedstocks and energy from Russia and has significantly reduced its operations and product offerings in the country. Dow has also stopped all investments in Russia and is only supplying limited essential goods to Russia. These actions have not had and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations. However, the fluidity and continuation of the conflict may result in additional economic sanctions and other impacts which could have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. These include decreased sales; supply chain and logistics disruptions; volatility in foreign exchange rates and interest rates; inflationary pressures on raw materials and energy; and heightened cybersecurity threats.
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In addition, volatility and disruption of financial markets could limit customers’ ability to obtain adequate financing to maintain operations, which could result in a decrease in sales volume and have a negative impact on the Company’s results of operations. The Company’s global business operations also give rise to market risk exposure related to changes in inflation, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices and other market factors such as equity prices. To manage such risks, the Company enters into hedging transactions, where deemed appropriate, pursuant to established guidelines and policies. If the Company fails to effectively manage such risks, it could have a negative impact on its results of operations.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information regarding purchases of Dow Inc. common stock by the Company during the three months ended September 30, 2022:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | Total number of shares purchased as part of the Company's publicly announced share repurchase program | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the Company's publicly announced share repurchase program 1 (In millions)
Period | Total number of shares purchased | Average price paid per share
July 2022 | 1,850,168 |  | $ | 51.52 |  | 1,850,168 |  | $ | 2,880 |
August 2022 | 12,110,900 |  | $ | 53.77 |  | 12,110,900 |  | $ | 2,228 |
September 2022 | 1,043,146 |  | $ | 51.55 |  | 1,043,146 |  | $ | 2,175 |
Third quarter 2022 | 15,004,214 |  | $ | 53.34 |  | 15,004,214 |  | $ | 2,175 |

1.On April 1, 2019, the Dow Inc. Board ratified the share repurchase program originally approved on March 15, 2019, authorizing up to $3.0 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date. The Company completed the April 1, 2019 share repurchase program in the second quarter of 2022. On April 13, 2022, the Dow Inc. Board approved a new share repurchase program authorizing up to $3.0 billion for the repurchase of the Company's common stock, with no expiration date.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

| EXHIBIT NO. |  | DESCRIPTION
| 4.3 |  | Dow Inc. agrees to provide the SEC, on request, copies of all other such indentures and instruments that define the rights of holders of long-term debt of Dow Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including The Dow Chemical Company, pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K.
| 23 * |  | Ankura Consulting Group, LLC's Consent.
| 31.1 * |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 31.2 * |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.1 * |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 32.2 * |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
| 101.INS |  | The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
| 101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
| 101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
| 101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
| 101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
| 101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
| 104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File. The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* Filed herewith
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Dow Inc. The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries Trademark Listing

The following registered trademark of InspereX Holdings LLC appears in this report: InterNotes®
® ™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow, except as otherwise specified.
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Dow Inc. and Subsidiaries The Dow Chemical Company and Subsidiaries Signature

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrants have duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
DOW INC.
THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Date: October 21, 2022

/s/ RONALD C. EDMONDS
Ronald C. Edmonds Controller and Vice President of Controllers and Tax (Authorized Signatory and Principal Accounting Officer)

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