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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________________
FORM 10-K
_____________________________________________

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-37806
_____________________________________________
TWILIO INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_____________________________________________

Delaware |  | 26-2574840
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

101 Spear Street, Fifth Floor
San Francisco, California 94105
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(415) 390-2337
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
____________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | TWLO | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
____________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act: Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2024 (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter) was $9.1 billion based upon $56.81 per share, the closing price of the registrant’s Class A common stock on that date on the New York Stock Exchange. Determination of stock ownership by non-affiliates was made solely for the purpose of responding to this requirement and the registrant is not bound by this determination for any other purpose.
As of February 14, 2025, 152,633,605 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

1

TWILIO INC.
Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 5
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 44
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 44
Item 2. | Properties | 46
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 46
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 47
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 47
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 48
Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 49
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 66
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 67
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 109
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 109
Item 9B. | Other Information | 110
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 110
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 110
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 110
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 110
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 110
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 110
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules | 111
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 113

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Table of Contents
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “can,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:
•our future financial performance, including expectations regarding our revenue, revenue growth, cost of revenue, gross profit, gross margin and operating expenses, our ability to generate positive cash flow and ability to achieve and sustain profitability on GAAP and non-GAAP bases, the factors affecting our results of operations, the timing of future expenses, the end dates for certain types of expenses, and the assumptions underlying such expectations;
•the realignment of our business unit structure, including its expected costs and benefits and the related accounting determinations;
•our ability to execute on our vision for our platform, including delivering new product releases and enhancements, reducing friction across our platform and streamlining cross-channel orchestration;
•our ability to successfully deliver an interoperable platform that allows businesses to harness the power of customer data and consumer insights to improve customer engagement;
•our ability to leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning, including to develop products and features for our customers and internal applications for our own operational efficiency;
•our ability to drive revenue growth, improve profitability and increase our market share, including by forming and expanding partnerships with independent software vendors and other partners, improving our self-service capabilities, cross-selling our products and expanding internationally;
•our ability to simplify and modernize our business processes and improve our overall operating efficiency;
•our ability to compete effectively in an intensely competitive market, including our ability to set optimal prices for our products and adapt and respond effectively to rising costs, competing offerings, rapidly changing technology and technology trends, and evolving customer needs and preferences;
•our anticipated investments in sales and marketing, research and development and additional systems and processes to support our growth;
•our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our customers;
•our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property;
•our ability to comply with modified or new industry standards, laws and regulations applying to our business;
•our ability to manage changes in network service provider fees that we pay in connection with the delivery of communications on our platform;
•investments and costs required to prevent, detect and remediate potential cybersecurity threats, incidents and breaches of ours or our customers’ systems or information;
•our ability to optimize our network service provider coverage and connectivity;
•our ability to work closely with email inbox service providers to maintain deliverability rates;
•the impact and expected results from changes in our relationships with our larger customers;
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•the impact of global economic and political conditions and uncertainties on our business, customers and partners;
•the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents to meet our liquidity needs;
•our expectations regarding share repurchases;
•our ability to successfully defend litigation brought against us;
•the anticipated results of our foreign currency hedging activities;
•our ability to service the interest on our 3.625% senior notes due 2029 (“2029 Notes”) and on our 3.875% notes due 2031 (“2031 Notes,” and together with the 2029 Notes, the “Notes”), and repay such Notes;
•our customers’ and other platform users’ violation of our policies or other misuse of our platform; and
•our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses and realize the benefits of our past or future strategic acquisitions, divestitures or investments.
We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described below in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview
We envision a world in which every digital interaction between businesses and their customers is amazing. By combining our leading communications capabilities, plus rich contextual data, plus generative and predictive artificial intelligence (“AI”), we enable businesses of all sizes to revolutionize how they engage with their customers by delivering seamless, trusted, and personalized customer experiences at scale. We offer communications application programming interfaces (“APIs”) that enable developers to embed numerous forms of messaging, voice, email, and video interactions into their customer-facing applications, as well as software products that target specific engagement needs, including our customer data platform, digital engagement centers, marketing campaigns, and user authentication and identity solutions. This combination of flexible APIs and software solutions helps businesses of all sizes and across numerous industries to benefit from smarter and more streamlined engagement at every step of the customer journey, including reduced customer acquisition costs, lasting loyalty, and increased customer value. Our platform, which combines our highly customizable communications APIs with customer data management capabilities and AI-powered predictions and recommendations, allows businesses to break down data silos and build a comprehensive single source for their customer data that is organized into unique profiles that are easily accessible by all their business teams. Empowered with this information and the insights it enables, businesses using our platform can provide robust, personalized, and effective communications to their customers at every stage of their customer relationships at scale. The value proposition of our offerings has become stronger and our products have become more strategic to our customers as businesses are increasingly prioritizing building more personalized and differentiated customer engagement experiences through digital channels.
On January 1, 2025, we realigned our business unit structure into a functional support model under one organization. We believe that operating as one organization best positions us as we seek to deliver one trusted, smart and integrated platform that enables more personalized communications and engagements for customers. Despite realigning our organizational structure, we continue to have two reportable segments. Our Communications reportable segment consists of a variety of APIs and software solutions to optimize communications between our customers and their end users. Our key offerings in our Communications reportable segment include Messaging, Voice, Email (which includes Marketing Campaigns), Flex, and User Authentication and Identity. Our Segment reportable segment consists of software products that enable businesses to leverage their contextual data to create unique customer profiles and achieve more effective customer engagement. Our key offering in our Segment reportable segment is our Segment product.
We have experienced substantial growth in our business since inception, and as of December 31, 2024, we had over 325,000 Active Customer Accounts representing organizations from small and medium-sized businesses to large enterprises across a broad range of industries. Our growth has predominantly been organic as a result of new customer acquisition, as well as customers increasing their usage of our products, extending their usage of our products to new applications, or adopting new products that we offer. We have also fueled our growth through strategic acquisitions and integrations of businesses that complemented our pre-existing products and allowed us to expand our platform and to add new customer accounts.
Our Platform
We aim to deliver the leading customer engagement platform that intelligently orchestrates customer engagement across the entire customer life cycle by combining our communications capabilities with rich contextual data and AI. Our trusted, simple, and smart platform provides developers with tools to build, scale, and deploy real-time communications within software applications, while simultaneously offering technology that allows businesses to harness the power of contextual data to develop more informed insights about their customers. The data that our platform securely collects, supported by our AI-powered predictions and recommendations, can inform interactions across the customer journey to achieve more personalized, timely, and impactful customer engagement. This in turn empowers businesses to build more productive and personalized one-to-one relationships, at scale, through both easy-to-use APIs and extensible software products. Trust in our platform is a top priority as we continue to innovate, and we prioritize trust through investments in system availability and security.
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We offer highly customizable APIs and products to build rich contextual communications within applications, allowing developers to build orchestrated engagements with customers worldwide. We also offer solutions for user authentication and identity, and advanced compliance and regulatory management software to support success within a changing ecosystem of regulations. Additionally, our customer data platform enables businesses to collect, contextualize, and leverage first-party and real-time customer data to create highly personalized experiences and campaigns across multiple channels. It also allows businesses to break down data silos across their organizations and to leverage a single unified source of customer data for their various business teams. Our products can be used individually or in combination to enable more personalized, timely, and impactful communications and engagements across the customer journey.
Our platform is connected to our Super Network (“Super Network”), a software layer that enables our customers’ applications to communicate with devices globally. The Super Network interconnects communications networks and inbox services providers around the world and continually analyzes billions of data points to optimize the quality and cost of communications that flow through our platform. The Super Network also contains a set of APIs that gives our customers access to additional foundational components offered through our platform, such as phone numbers and session initiation protocol trunking.
Our key products include:
•Messaging. Twilio Programmable Messaging and Conversations (“Messaging”) are APIs to send and receive SMS, MMS, RCS, and over-the-top (e.g., WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger) messages globally over a variety of sender types. Messaging uses intelligent sending features to ensure messages reliably reach end users wherever they are. Our customers use these APIs to address numerous use cases, including account notifications, marketing, mass alerts, and order confirmations, as well as multi-party and conversational use cases, such as conversational marketing, sales support, and customer care.
•Voice. Twilio Programmable Voice (“Voice”) is an API that allows developers to build solutions to make, manage, and receive phone calls globally through a browser, application, phone, or other methods. Our voice software, which works over both the traditional public switched telephone network and over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”), allows developers to incorporate advanced voice functionality such as integrations with AI-based virtual agents, text-to-speech, global conferencing, emergency calling, call recording, and media streams, as well as address use cases such as contact centers, interactive voice response systems, call tracking, analytics solutions and anonymized communications.
•Email. Twilio SendGrid Email (“Email”) is an API and no-code user interface that solves email delivery challenges at scale. Built on our proprietary mail transfer agent, Email enables customers to build customized solutions and optimize for inbox placement. Our Email API allows businesses to integrate with multiple leading development frameworks and client libraries in multiple languages as well as customize content. It also provides sender authentication, security, mailbox compliance, and delivery dashboards. Our Marketing Campaigns product, which features a no-code user interface and is built on top of our Email infrastructure, enables email campaign sending at scale. Marketing Campaigns includes email design and templates, list management, dynamic content and email testing. Businesses use our Email products for both marketing messages and transactional emails, including promotional offers, newsletters, shipping notifications, password resets, and sign-up confirmations.
•Flex. Twilio Flex (“Flex”) is a digital engagement center for the entire customer journey—a sales tool for pre-purchase conversations, a cloud-based contact center, and an in-app digital concierge. Flex is built for the new world of tailored customer experiences and omnichannel communications, allowing businesses to deploy a broad array of personalized, data-driven customer engagement channels while providing the tools to easily create, change or extend any part of their custom solutions. With Flex, businesses can rapidly deploy a tailored cloud-based engagement center that addresses their specific needs.
•User Authentication and Identity. Our User Authentication and Identity solutions enable registering, onboarding, and recognizing customers. Twilio Verify (“Verify”) is a managed solution for multi-channel user verification, which effectively adds security at the point of new user activation and onwards, providing a low-friction and secure login experience. Using Verify for two-factor authentication, businesses can add an extra layer of security to their applications with passwords sent to users via SMS, voice, email, or push notifications, as well as passkeys. Verify includes Fraud Guard, which is aimed at automatically blocking fraudulent messages resulting from artificially inflated traffic or SMS pumping. Additionally, Twilio Lookup API provides real-time mobile-based identity intelligence that can reduce fraud risks and improve message delivery.
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•Segment. Twilio Segment is a leading customer data platform that provides businesses with the tools to harness the power of contextual data by unifying real-time information collected throughout each customer’s journey into a unique profile. Segment helps businesses create precise audiences, continuous experiences, and contextual personalization with a unified view of the customer, seamless journey orchestration, and easy-to-use AI based on data that can be trusted to save time and achieve results. The components of our customer data platform include:
•Connections for integrating web and mobile app data with a single API, easily transforming and loading customer data into cloud data warehouses, activating data from the warehouse with Reverse ETL (Extract, Transform, Load), and customizing data pipelines. Segment Connections supports over 700 data sources and destinations out of the box.
•Protocols to protect the integrity of data and user privacy and help businesses comply with various privacy laws, including the General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
•Unify for combining customer data from across every channel into trusted customer profiles, and syncing those profiles to the cloud data warehouse for enrichment and machine learning (“ML”) modeling.
•Engage to deepen customer relationships by personalizing customer interactions on every channel, build dynamic audiences from complete, real-time, profiles and orchestrate cross-channel customer journeys.
•AI capabilities to provide 1:1 interactions at scale, including the utilization of generative AI to create targeted audiences and launch personalized customer journeys using simple text prompts, and predictive AI to predict customer behavior, build targeted audiences and deliver more personalized campaigns.
We generate revenue from our platform through a combination of usage-based and subscription-based fees. Revenue generated from Messaging, Voice, and User Authentication and Identity is primarily recognized on a usage basis. Revenue generated from Email (which includes Marketing Campaigns), Flex, and Segment is primarily recognized on a subscription basis. We experience seasonal trends due to increased consumer activity in the fourth quarter.
Our Strategy
Our strategy is rooted in simplifying our offerings to deliver a trusted, intuitive customer and end-consumer experience. By enhancing the capabilities we already have and building new ones, we plan to offer our customers a more powerful, cohesive platform that continues to set us apart in the market. Our goal is to offer one trusted, simple, and smart platform that enables more personalized, timely, and impactful communications and engagements across the customer journey. We are combining our leading communications capabilities, plus rich contextual data, plus the power of AI. This powerful combination positions us to unlock smarter and more personalized interactions for businesses. We are concentrating on the highest-impact product areas for our future, and we intend to pursue the following strategies:
•One Trusted, Simple, and Smart Platform. We are harnessing Twilio’s foundational strengths in communication channel offerings, global scale, developer loyalty, and contextual data assets to deliver a more holistic, trusted, simple, and smart platform. Our investments in innovation now include vertical products along with the components and characteristics of a horizontal platform, including cross-channel orchestration capabilities. Our aim for our platform innovation is to help customers reduce friction and streamline how customers add communication channels, enabling more personalized interactions and deeper engagement with their end customers.
•Winning in Customer Data. We are focused on Segment’s interoperability across the data ecosystem to support growth in our Segment business. We also continue to innovate with predictive and generative AI to help customers increase the value and impact of Segment in customer engagement. We believe we can improve engagement using insights from communications data and consumer insights to offer more proactive and personalized experiences, resulting in more effective marketing, sales, and customer support.
•Leveraging AI. We believe AI and ML have the potential to increase the value and reach of our platform capabilities, and make every customer interaction more personalized and intelligent. We are continuing to invest in AI-enabled products and features for our customers, as well as internal applications to automate processes and help our business run more efficiently.
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•Efficient Go-to-Market Execution. We are focused on improving profitability and growing our market share. To achieve this, we are focused on bolstering our independent software vendor (“ISV”) and other partner relationships, improving our self-service capabilities, cross-selling our products, and expanding internationally.
•Driving Operating Leverage Across our Business. We are implementing several organizational initiatives targeted at simplifying, modernizing and improving the efficiency of our business processes, introducing automation and AI into our internal operations, enhancing our fiscal discipline on all levels, and enacting workforce planning initiatives.
Competition
The markets for our products are rapidly evolving and are increasingly competitive. Our competitors are primarily (i) communications platform-as-a-service (“CPaaS”) companies that offer communications products and applications, (ii) other software companies that compete with portions of our communications product line, (iii) regional network service providers that offer limited developer functionality on top of their own physical infrastructure, (iv) customer relationship management and customer experience vendors and (v) standalone customer data platform vendors.
The principal competitive factors in these markets include completeness of offering, credibility with customers, ability to differentiate our products against competing offerings, global reach, ease of integration and programmability, product features, platform scalability, reliability, deliverability, security and performance, brand awareness and reputation, the strength of sales and marketing efforts, customer support, and the cost of deploying and using products.
We believe that we compete favorably on the basis of the factors listed above and that none of our competitors currently compete directly with us across all of our product offerings. With the introduction of new products and services and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future.
Research and Development
Our research and development efforts are focused on building one holistic trusted, simple, and smart customer engagement platform while enhancing our existing products and developing new products and features.
Our research and development organization is predominantly built around small development teams. Our small development teams foster greater agility, which enables us to develop new, innovative products and make rapid changes to our infrastructure that increase resiliency and operational efficiency. Our development teams designed and built much of our customer engagement platform and our core platforms stack. These teams continue to focus on the highest impact product areas for our future, which includes focusing on continued innovation in the face of rapid technological change and changing industry practices. We are continuing to invest in AI-powered capabilities, which we believe have the potential to enhance our offerings’ value to customers, as well as to automate processes and help our business run more efficiently.
As of December 31, 2024, we had 2,581 employees in our research and development organization.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing teams work closely together to drive awareness and adoption of our platform. We leverage our brand, marketing programs, developer network, and conferences, such as SIGNAL, to expand our go-to-market motions. Our go-to-market model has three motions: self-service, sales-led, and partner-led.
Developers, marketers, and other technical users are able to access our easy-to-configure APIs and tools along with our extensive self-service documentation and customer support team, to embed our products into their applications. These self-service customers can then provide their billing information to either make an upfront prepayment that is drawn down as they use our products, or subscribe to a plan, depending on the product they deploy.
Our enterprise and commercial customers have access to our sales and solutions team to support their businesses across their customer journey. This is a direct sales motion and is supported by sales development, field marketing, and solution engineers. This model emphasizes value-based discovery, technical proof of concept, and building strong customer relationships. Our sales organization targets technical, marketing, and business leaders who are seeking to leverage software to drive superior customer engagement and competitive differentiation. Our sales and solutions teams also support our ISV partners, who leverage our APIs to build software and services that they can resell to their customers across a varying number of use cases and verticals.
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When potential customers do not have the available developer resources or expertise to build our products into their own applications, we refer them to one of our partners to help deliver their solution. Depending on their use case and available resources, we may refer them to an ISV partner who offers the solution, a consulting partner or a systems integrator who provides consulting and development services to build their solution, or our professional services team who can provide expert guidance on achieving their solution.
As of December 31, 2024, we had 2,294 employees in our sales and marketing organization.
Customer Support and Services
To make learning how to use our products straightforward, we provide all users with comprehensive documentation, how-to guides, and tutorials. These resources are further enriched by contributions from our active customer community. Additionally, we offer support options tailored to meet individual customer needs including both free and paid personalized plans.
All customers receive free support through our chatbots, Help Center Assistant, and access to technical documentation. We also maintain a status page on our website that provides real-time updates on any known incidents, outages or degradation on our API platform and external carrier connections. Customers can also sign up to receive automatic updates and notifications without needing to contact customer support. Furthermore, customers can engage with the wider Twilio community for guidance and assistance in resolving API-related issues.
For our Communications products, we generally offer three paid tiers of support with increasing levels of availability and guaranteed response times. Our highest tier plan, intended for our largest customers, includes a technical account manager, duty manager coverage, and quarterly status reviews. Similarly, our subscription products generally feature a base level of customer support plus premium, paid support options. Our support model is global, with coverage available 24x7. We currently derive an insignificant amount of revenue from fees for customer support.
We also offer professional services which provide in-depth, hands-on, fee-based packages of advisory, software architecture, integration and coding services to existing and prospective customers and partners to optimize their use of the Twilio platform. For Flex and Segment, offerings include services for implementing digital engagement center solutions and customer data platform design. For our other Communications products, offerings include email implementation and deliverability, and configuration and integration of our communications channels.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements, other contractual protections, and internal processes, procedures, and controls, to protect, establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights technology. We also rely on a number of registered trademarks, applications for trademarks and common law protections afforded to certain unregistered trademarks to protect our brand.
As of December 31, 2024, in the United States, we have been issued 320 patents, which expire between 2029 and 2043. As of such date, we also had 40 issued patents in foreign jurisdictions, all of which are related to our U.S. patents and patent applications. We have also filed various applications for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and internationally. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, we had 54 registered trademarks in the United States and 569 registered trademarks in foreign jurisdictions.
We currently, and will continue to, seek to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights by, among other things, implementing, maintaining, and enforcing a policy that requires our employees, independent contractors and certain suppliers involved in developing intellectual property for us or on our behalf to enter into agreements acknowledging that all work product or other forms of intellectual property generated, created, reduced to practice, conceived, or otherwise developed by them on our behalf are owned by us such that we can use the intellectual property they develop for our business purposes.
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Regulatory
We are subject to a number of U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign laws and regulations that involve matters central to our business. These laws and regulations may involve privacy, data protection, data security, intellectual property, competition, telecommunications, broadband, VoIP, consumer protection, export controls, economic sanctions, anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, taxation, or other subjects. Many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject are still evolving and we expect to become subject to additional laws and regulations in the future. The application and interpretation of these laws and regulations often are uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate.
Compliance with current and future laws and regulations, and changes in their enforcement and interpretation, may significantly increase our compliance costs and otherwise adversely affect our business and results of operations. For additional information about laws and regulations applicable to our business, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Intellectual Property” and “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Twilio Magic
We believe there is a unique spirit to Twilio, manifested in who we are and how we work together. We value and invest in a positive culture of optimism, innovation, and accountability. Our values, which we call the Twilio Magic, remind us every day who we are at our core and guide how we act and how we make decisions.
We are Builders. We are Owners. We are Curious. We are Positrons.
Twilio.org
Communications play a critical role in solving some of the world’s toughest social challenges—it is the foundation for engaging individuals or communities and guiding them toward the resources they need. From empowering people affected by violence with critical resources, to streamlining staff and volunteer coordination, nonprofits leverage communication technology to help individuals build long term well-being and to help communities recover from humanitarian crises. Through Twilio.org, which is a part of our company and not a separate legal entity, we donate and sell our products at a reduced rate to nonprofits and offer grant funding to help scale these organizations’ missions. In 2015, we reserved 1% of Twilio's common stock to fund Twilio.org. As of December 31, 2024, 353,633 shares of Twilio Class A common stock were set aside for Twilio.org charitable activities. In 2024, over 25,000 social impact customers used Twilio products and funding to reach more than 716 million people worldwide.
Our Employees and Human Capital Resources
We believe that our employees are critical to our success, and in the importance of making sure they are equipped, enabled and empowered to have an impact. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of 5,535 employees, including 2,470 employees located outside of the United States.
We are committed to delivering a comprehensive compensation and benefits program that provides support for all of our employees’ well-being. We provide competitive compensation to attract and retain talented employees, including market-competitive pay, incentive compensation in the form of bonuses or sales commissions, and equity compensation for certain employees. In addition, we offer competitive benefits packages to our full-time employees, subject to the satisfaction of certain eligibility requirements, that are aligned with industry standards and local market practices in each of the countries in which we operate. We ensure that our compensation is fair for all employees, regardless of background. We routinely run a rigorous statistical analysis to ensure compensation is fair, taking into account factors that should impact pay, like role, level, location, and performance. Twilio is an equal opportunity employer, and we are committed to ensuring that Twilio is an inclusive workplace where everyone, regardless of background, is treated fairly and has access to the opportunities, systems, and resources to do their best work.
Although we have works council, statutory and/or collective bargaining employee representation obligations in certain countries outside of the United States, none of our U.S. employees are represented by a labor union with respect to their employment. Employees in certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries have the benefits of collective bargaining arrangements at the national level. We consider our relations with our employees to be good and have not experienced interruptions of operations or work stoppages due to labor disagreements.
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Corporate Information
Twilio Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in March 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 101 Spear Street, Fifth Floor, San Francisco, California 94105, and our telephone number is (415) 390-2337. Our website address is www.twilio.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Twilio, the Twilio logo and other trademarks or service marks of Twilio appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the intellectual property of Twilio. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the intellectual property of their respective holders.
Information about Geographic Revenue
Information about geographic revenue is set forth in Note 16 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Available Information
Our filings are available to be viewed and downloaded free of charge through our investor relations website after we file them with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our filings include our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Proxy Statement for our annual meeting of stockholders, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other filings with the SEC. Our investor relations website is located at http://investors.twilio.com. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains periodic and current reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.
We webcast our earnings calls and certain events we participate in or host with members of the investment community on our investor relations website. Additionally, we provide notifications of news or announcements regarding our financial performance, including SEC filings, investor events, press and earnings releases, and blogs as part of our investor relations website. Further corporate governance information, including our corporate governance guidelines and code of business conduct and ethics, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading “Governance.” The contents of our websites are not intended to be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites herein are provided for convenience only and intended to be inactive textual references only.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our Class A common stock (“common stock”) involves a high degree of risk. A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below may not be the only ones we face. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risk Factor Summary
Our business operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those outside of our control, that could cause our business, results of operations, and financial condition to be harmed, including risks regarding the following:
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
•our ability to increase our customers’ usage of our platform;
•our ability to attract new customers effectively and in a cost-efficient manner;
•our ability to increase adoption of our products by new customers, including enterprises;
•our ability to develop new products and enhancements that achieve market acceptance and adapt to changing technology, regulations, and industry standards;
•our ability to integrate our products with third-party products and ensure they operate effectively;
•the impact of global economic and political conditions, including macroeconomic and political uncertainties;
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•fluctuations in our quarterly results and our ability to meet securities analysts’ and investors’ expectations;
•our ability to effectively manage our growth and strategic changes to our business;
•our ability to compete effectively in intensely competitive markets;
•the evolution of the markets for our products;
•our history of losses and uncertainty about our future profitability;
•our ability to hire, integrate and retain highly skilled personnel;
•our ability to maintain and enhance our brand and increase market awareness of our company and products;
•disruptions or deterioration in quality of service and connectivity by third-party service providers;
•failure to set optimal prices for our products;
•our international operations;
•our ability to integrate and achieve the expected benefits of acquisitions, partnerships and investments;
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Intellectual Property
•any breaches of or incidents impacting our networks or systems, or those of our third-party service providers;
•our actual or perceived failure to comply with increasingly stringent laws, regulations and obligations relating to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property rights;
•our use of open source software;
•our reliance on third-party technology and intellectual property;
•our use of AI technologies in our platform and business;
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters
•our ability to comply with telecommunications-related regulations, and the impact of future legislative or regulatory actions;
•our ability to obtain or retain geographical, mobile, regional, local or toll-free numbers and to effectively process requests to port such numbers in a timely manner due to industry regulations;
•federal and state legislation and international laws imposing obligations on the senders of commercial emails;
•unwanted, fraudulent or illegal usage of or activity relating to our products;
•changes in laws and regulations related to the internet or its infrastructure;
•compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including export controls, economic sanctions, customs and anti-corruption regulations;
•standards imposed by private entities and inbox service providers that interfere with the effectiveness of our platform;
•any legal proceedings or claims against us;
Risks Related to Financial and Accounting Matters
•exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•our substantial indebtedness that may decrease our business flexibility;
•our ability to obtain additional capital to support our business and its availability on acceptable terms;
•the accuracy of our metrics, and assumptions and estimates used to calculate them;
•the accuracy of our estimates and judgments related to our critical accounting policies;
•changes in accounting standards that may cause adverse financial reporting fluctuations;
•the possibility that our goodwill or intangible assets could become impaired;
•our failure to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting;
Risks Related to Tax Matters
•our ability to use our net operating losses and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income and taxes;
•additional tax liabilities or potentially adverse tax consequences of our global operations and structure;
•changes in tax rules and regulations;
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
•volatility of the trading price of our common stock;
•potential decline in the market price of our common stock due to substantial future sales of shares;
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•the possibility that we may not realize the anticipated long-term stockholder value of our share repurchase programs;
•securities or industry analysts changing their recommendations regarding our common stock;
•anti-takeover provisions contained in our governing documents and the exclusive forum provision in our bylaws;
General Risks
•the occurrence of natural catastrophic events and other events beyond our control; and
•environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
If our customers terminate or reduce their usage of our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.
Our revenue grows as customers increase their usage of a product, extend their usage of a product to new applications or adopt a new product that we offer. The majority of our revenue is usage-based, and if our customers do not increase their use of our products or maintain their usage of our products at existing levels, then our revenue may decline or grow at rates lower than expected. Most of our usage-based customers do not have long-term contractual financial commitments to us and, therefore, may reduce or cease their use of our products at any time without penalty or termination charges. Our subscription-based customers generally base their contract value on anticipated usage, and if their anticipated levels of usage are not met, they may reduce their contract value or choose not to renew their contract upon its expiration.
Customers may terminate or reduce their use of our products, or we may fail to attract new customers, for any number of reasons, including dissatisfaction with our products or with the value proposition of our products, our inability to meet their needs and expectations, our failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, integrity or availability of our products and infrastructure to the satisfaction of our customers, or customers’ use of competitors’ products. For example, prior instances of disruptions in our cloud communications platform have impacted our customers’ ability to use products on our platform for up to several hours at a time. Issues with our products have had, and in the future may have, an adverse impact on customer satisfaction and our ability to retain or attract customers and have caused, and may in the future cause, us to incur certain costs associated with offering credits to our affected customers.
Additionally, we believe our ability to provide customers with high-quality, effective customer support services is a crucial component of maintaining customer satisfaction, generating increased customer usage of our products and ultimately retaining customers. If we are unable to effectively assist our customers, it could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and could disincentivize prospective customers from adopting our products. The resources we dedicate to customer service at a particular time may prove insufficient, such as in the event we are unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for customer support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our customer support in order to compete with changes in the support services provided by our competitors. Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our customers. If we are unable to provide high-quality customer support, or if there is a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, it could erode the trust of current and potential customers and adversely affect our reputation. Moreover, even if we succeed in providing and maintaining high-quality customer support, there is no guarantee that it will generate increased customer usage of our products or lead to long-term or meaningful customer retention.
Customer usage of our products depends on factors generally outside of our control, so it is difficult to accurately predict customers’ usage levels. Our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate may decline for a number of reasons, including if customers are not satisfied with our products and related customer service experience, the value proposition of our products or our ability to meet their needs and expectations, due to reductions in customers’ budgets or as a result of adverse macroeconomic conditions. If we lose customers, or if our customers reduce their usage levels of our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
If our sales and marketing efforts do not attract new customers or we are unable to sell additional products to our existing customers effectively and in a cost-efficient manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.
To grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers, increase usage of our existing products and new product adoption by existing customers, and successfully market new products, including products with higher gross margins, in a cost-effective manner. Our sales and marketing teams work closely together to drive awareness and adoption of our platform. We leverage our brand, marketing programs, developer network and conferences, such as SIGNAL, to expand our go-
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to-market motions. Our go-to-market model has three motions: our self-service platform, primarily aimed at developers, marketers, and other technical users; our direct sales motion, primarily aimed at enterprise and commercial customers; and our partner-led motion, including resellers, distributors, and strategic partners, such as independent software vendors, technology partners and systems integrators, which is primarily aimed at customers who do not have the available developer resources to build their own applications. If the costs of the marketing channels we use increase, then we may choose to use alternative or less expensive channels, which may not be as effective as the channels we currently use. We have made in the past, and may make in the future, significant expenditures and investments of time and resources in new marketing campaigns and sales motions, and changes to the organization of our sales force, and we cannot guarantee that any such investments or changes will lead to wider adoption of our products or to the cost-effective acquisition of additional customers or increased revenue from existing customers as quickly or to the extent that we expect, or at all. In addition, new products that we develop or markets that we pursue may require increasingly sophisticated and more costly sales efforts and result in a longer sales cycle. If we are unable to maintain effective sales and marketing programs, our ability to efficiently attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers could be adversely affected.
In addition, in recent years, we have reduced the size of our sales force to drive further efficiencies in our sales operations. With a more streamlined workforce, we are continuing to improve and rely more heavily on our use of self-service capabilities to drive sales of our products to customers that do not require direct account coverage. Additionally, we are introducing AI and automation in our self-service platform aimed at improving sales and customer support. Our self-service capabilities may not be as effective as we anticipate in driving adoption or increased usage of our products, or may take longer than we expect to drive growth.
If our efforts to increase the adoption and usage of our products or sell additional products to existing customers are more expensive or time-consuming than we expect or otherwise ineffective, then our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.
If we are unable to increase adoption of our products by new customers, including enterprises, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
Historically, a majority of our Active Customer Accounts have been acquired through the adoption of our Communications API products by software developers using our self-service model.
As our platform and market evolves and we seek to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products, we must effectively adapt our sales motions and navigate challenges presented by these customers and markets. In addition to continuing to improve our self-service platform aimed at developers, marketers, and other technical users, we are also focusing increasingly on sales to enterprises, such as through our Segment product, which is primarily aimed at complex customer data platform implementations at larger companies, and additional product innovations combining our communications products with contextual data and AI. As we seek to increase the adoption of our products by enterprises, we expect to encounter higher costs and more complex sales efforts for these customers.
Our ability to expand our customer base, including among enterprises, and to succeed in evolving markets will also depend, in part, on our ability to effectively attract and retain sales employees with relevant experience and organize, focus and train our sales, marketing and other employees. We have made, and may in the future make, changes to the organization of our sales force and sales motions in response to changes in company strategy, new market opportunities, new products or features, sales performance or effectiveness, changes in sales headcount, changes to the compensation structure of our sales organization, or other factors. Such changes have resulted, and may in the future result, in a reduction of productivity, which could negatively impact our growth rate and results of operations.
For enterprises, the decision to adopt our products may require the approval of multiple technical and business decision makers, including legal, security, compliance, procurement, operations and information technology (“IT”). In addition, while enterprise customers may quickly deploy our products on a limited basis, before they will commit to deploying our products at scale, they often require extensive education about our products and significant customer support time and also engage in protracted pricing and contract negotiations, which may result in higher costs and longer sales cycles. In addition, some enterprise customers may not use our products enough for us to generate revenue that justifies our cost to obtain such customers. These complex and resource-intensive sales efforts could place additional strain on our product and engineering resources. Further, enterprises, including some of our existing customers or partners, may choose to develop their own solutions that do not include our products. They may also demand reductions in pricing as their usage of our products increases, notwithstanding increased costs incurred by us to provide such products, which could have an adverse impact on our gross margin. If we are unable to successfully navigate the challenges posed by enterprise customers, our ability to acquire or benefit from enterprise customer relationships may be undermined and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
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Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to develop new products and product enhancements that achieve market acceptance, as well as adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, regulations, and industry standards.
Our ability to attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing products and to introduce compelling new products and enhancements that reflect the changing nature of our markets, technology, industry standards, and customer needs and preferences. For example, we are focused on continued product innovations to combine our communications products with contextual data and AI in order to address evolving customer needs and expectations. The success of any enhancements or new products we introduce depends on several factors, including timely completion, adequate quality testing, actual performance quality, market-accepted pricing levels, the ability to provide rapid time-to-value for our customers, and overall market acceptance. Enhancements and new products that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, may require reworking features and capabilities, may have interoperability difficulties with our platform or other products or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue or increase our gross profits. Furthermore, our ability to increase the usage of our products depends, in part, on the development of new use cases for our products, which is at times driven by our developer community and may be outside of our control.
The current and prospective markets for our products are subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, and changing regulations, as well as changing customer needs, requirements and preferences. These are all uncertain and we cannot predict the consequences, effects, or introduction of new, disruptive, emerging technologies or the manner and pace at which our markets develop over time, and our ability to compete in these markets depends on predicting and adapting to these changing circumstances to meet current and prospective customer needs. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond effectively to these changes on a timely basis, and anticipating these factors requires that we allocate significant resources without any guarantee that any such investments and efforts will result in increased adoption of our products in the marketplace. For example, with the development of next-generation solutions that utilize new and advanced features, including AI and ML, we have committed, and expect to continue to commit, significant resources to developing new products and enhancements and there is no guarantee that our investments and efforts will result in wider adoption of our products in the marketplace. If new technologies emerge that are able to deliver competitive products and services at lower prices, or more efficiently, quickly, conveniently or securely, or if new products are introduced into the market that could render our existing products obsolete, such technologies and products could adversely impact our ability to compete effectively and may lead to customers reducing or terminating their usage of our products. For example, if user authentication practices evolve to reduce or eliminate the use of one-time passwords, our revenue could be adversely affected.
If we are unable to successfully and cost-effectively increase adoption and usage of our existing products, develop and drive adoption of new products, anticipate and keep pace with changes in technology, customers’ needs and expectations, and industry standards, or provide rapid time-to-value to our current and prospective customers, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.
The success of our products depends, in part, on our ability to integrate them with third-party products used by us or our customers and to ensure that they operate effectively with evolving platforms and technologies.
The providers of third-party products with which our products are integrated may modify the features, functionality, pricing, and other terms and conditions with respect to such products in a manner adverse to us and to our customers. If we are unable to maintain the integrations between our products and such third-party products, our ability to meet the needs and expectations of our customers could be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our business. Our platform must integrate with and leverage a variety of infrastructure, network, hardware, mobile and software platforms and technologies, and we need to continuously modify and enhance our products and platform to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. For example, last year we launched a new channel using Rich Communication Services (“RCS”) and we are working on a channel for Apple Messages for Business. We are also focused on Segment’s interoperability across the data ecosystem. Third-party platforms may also implement changes to their policies or practices regarding privacy or other matters that may adversely impact us or our customers. In addition, our network service providers, mobile device operating system providers or inbox service providers may adopt new filtering technologies in an effort to combat spam or robocalling. For example, Apple, Google, Yahoo and other mobile device operating system providers or inbox service providers have developed, and may in the future develop, new applications or functions intended to filter spam and unwanted phone calls, messages or emails. Such technologies may inadvertently filter desired messages or calls to or from our customers. If mobile device operating system providers, inbox service providers or network service providers, our customers or their end users adopt new software platforms or infrastructure, we may be required to develop new versions of our products to work with those new platforms or infrastructure. This development effort may require significant resources, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any failure of our products and platform to operate effectively with
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evolving or new platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for our products. If we are unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our products may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Global economic and political conditions, including macroeconomic and political uncertainties, have had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Global economic and business activities continue to face widespread macroeconomic uncertainties, including changes in the labor market and supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary supply shifts, volatility in the banking and financial services sectors, and recession risks, which may continue for an extended period. Additionally, the instability in the geopolitical environment in many parts of the world, changes in public policy, international trade relations, actual or potential tariffs, and other disruptions to global and regional economies and markets may continue to cause or exacerbate uncertain economic conditions. Given that a majority of our revenue is usage-based and impacted by general consumer sentiment and activity, our business may be more immediately and severely impacted by adverse macroeconomic conditions than those that rely primarily on subscription revenue.
Adverse macroeconomic conditions have resulted in, and may continue to result in, decreased or delayed business spending by our current and prospective customers and business partners, reduced demand for or usage of our products, lower renewal rates by our customers, longer or delayed sales cycles, including current and prospective customers delaying contract signing or contract renewals, reduced budgets or minimum commitments related to the products that we offer, or delays in customer payments or our ability to collect accounts receivable, all of which could negatively affect revenue and revenue growth. Additionally, changes in the U.S. political environment could lead to changes in macroeconomic conditions and to the legal and regulatory environment in the United States and globally, including changes to international trade relations, economic and monetary policies or other legislation, regulations, executive orders, directives or enforcement priorities, any of which could have an adverse impact on the global economy and/or our business.
If customers fail to pay us or reduce their spending with us as a result of adverse macroeconomic or geopolitical conditions or otherwise, we may be required to take steps to enforce the terms of our contracts and collect amounts due, including through litigation, which could increase our operating expenses. For example, in February 2023, one of our customers, Oi SA, a Brazilian telecom company, initiated reorganization proceedings in a Brazilian bankruptcy court as well as a secondary proceeding under Chapter 15 in the United States and exposed us to risks on collections of pre-petition receivables and ongoing revenue, as detailed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations.” If macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions and uncertainties adversely affect our business and the businesses of our current and prospective customers, our results of operations and financial condition may continue to be harmed, and many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section will be exacerbated.
Our quarterly and annual results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet securities analysts’ and investors’ expectations, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.
Our quarterly and annual results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. These fluctuations and the related impacts to any earnings guidance we may issue from time to time could cause the price of our common stock to change significantly or experience declines. In addition to the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, some of the factors that may result in fluctuations to our results of operations include:
•fluctuations in demand for, pricing of, or usage of, our products;
•our ability to introduce new products, features and enhancements;
•our ability to attract and retain new customers, obtain renewals from existing customers and cross-sell or otherwise increase revenue from existing customers;
•our ability to improve, automate, and leverage more of our self-service capabilities for customers;
•our ability to maintain and expand relationships with resellers, distributors, and strategic partners, including independent software vendors, technology partners, and systems integrators;
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•our ability to expand our customer base and the markets that our products address;
•our ability to combine our communications products with contextual data and AI and introduce compelling new products and enhancements that address the changing nature of our markets and customer needs and preferences;
•competition and the actions of our competitors, including pricing changes and the introduction of new technologies, products, services and geographies;
•significant security breaches or incidents impacting our platform, or interruptions to the delivery and use of our products;
•changes in cloud infrastructure, network services and other third-party technology, including the fees charged by their providers;
•the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and the productivity of our sales force;
•the length and complexity of the sales cycle for certain of our products or customers;
•changes in the mix of products that our customers use during a particular period;
•seasonal trends in consumer activity;
•changes in the mix or amount of products sold in the United States versus internationally;
•the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;
•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses;
•the timing of customer payments and our ability to collect accounts receivable from customers;
•the amount and timing of costs associated with recruiting, training and integrating new employees, and retaining existing employees;
•expenses in connection with mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, or other strategic transactions;
•changes in foreign currency exchange rates and our ability to effectively hedge our foreign currency exposure;
•extraordinary expenses such as litigation or other dispute-related settlement payments;
•changes in laws, industry standards and regulations that affect our business;
•sales tax and other tax determinations by authorities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business;
•the impact of new accounting pronouncements;
•fluctuations in stock-based compensation expenses; and
•general economic conditions, including heightened inflation or interest rates, and geopolitical uncertainty or instability.
The occurrence of one or more of the foregoing and other factors may cause our results of operations to vary significantly. As such, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. In addition, a significant percentage of our operating expenses is fixed in nature and is based on forecasted revenue trends. Accordingly, in the event of a revenue shortfall, we may not be able to mitigate the negative impact on our net income (loss) and margins in the short term. If we fail to meet or exceed the expectations of investors or securities analysts, then the trading price of our common stock could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits, which, in turn, could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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If we fail to effectively manage our growth and strategic changes to our business, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
We have experienced substantial growth in our business and operations, which has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management, operational and financial resources and systems, especially as we continue to focus on improving our operating efficiency. Although we have conducted workforce reductions in the past, we may experience employee growth in the future. We have also experienced significant growth in the number of customers, usage and amount of data that our platform and associated infrastructure support. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures, which has required, and will continue to require, us to commit substantial financial, operational, and technical resources.
As part of our growth strategy, we have in the past reorganized, and may in the future reorganize, our business or change our reporting structure, which requires significant expenditures, allocation of valuable management resources and significant demands on our operational and financial infrastructure. Any anticipated benefits from any restructuring initiatives we may take may be realized later than expected or not at all, and the ongoing costs of implementing these measures may be greater than anticipated. Additionally, if we are unable to maintain reliable service levels for our customers or if the level of efficiency in our organization suffers as we grow and transform our business and operating model, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could also be adversely affected.
We continue to scale the capacity of, and enhance the capability and reliability of, our technical infrastructure to support increased activity on our platform. Any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, integrity and availability of our products and infrastructure to the satisfaction of our customers may harm our reputation and our ability to retain existing customers or attract new customers. If we fail to efficiently scale and manage our infrastructure, or if our customers experience service disruptions or outages, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely impacted.
The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.
The current and prospective markets for our products are rapidly evolving, significantly fragmented and highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry in some segments. The principal competitive factors these markets include completeness of offering, credibility with customers, ability to differentiate our products against competing offerings, global reach, ease of integration and programmability, product features, platform scalability, reliability, deliverability, security and performance, brand awareness and reputation, the strength of sales and marketing efforts, customer support, and the cost of deploying and using products. Our competitors are primarily (i) CPaaS companies that offer communications products and applications, (ii) other software companies that compete with portions of our communications product line, (iii) regional network service providers that offer limited developer functionality on top of their own physical infrastructure, (iv) customer relationship management and customer experience vendors and (v) standalone customer data platform vendors.
Some of our competitors and potential competitors are larger and have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more established customer relationships, larger budgets, lower operating costs, and significantly greater resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, customer requirements or changing economic conditions. Our competitors may also offer products or services that address one or a limited number of functions at lower prices, with greater depth than our products or in different geographies. Our current and potential competitors have in the past and may in the future develop and market products and services with comparable functionality to our products, and this could lead us to decrease prices in order to remain competitive.
With the introduction of new products and services and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. As we expand the scope of our products, we may face additional competition and, in some cases, may find our products in competition with those of our customers, which could cause them to replace our products with competitive offerings. If one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors or our suppliers, the change in the competitive landscape could also adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. For example, certain of our competitors have engaged in acquisition activity and we expect that our competitors will continue to evaluate the acquisition of companies and technologies that could increase competition with our products in the future. In addition, some of our competitors have lower list prices than us, which may be attractive to certain customers even if those products have different or lesser functionality. Pricing pressures and increased competition generally could result in reduced revenue, reduced margins, increased losses or the failure of our products to achieve or maintain widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Our business, results of operations and financial condition also depends, in part, on our ability to establish, maintain and expand relationships through resellers, distributors, and strategic partners, including independent software vendors, technology partners and systems integrators. A portion of our revenue is derived from sales made by these partners and any one of them may later decide to sell their own products or those of third parties that may be competitive with our products. A loss or reduction in sales of our products through these third parties could adversely affect our revenue and other results of operations.
The markets for our products continue to evolve and may decline or experience limited growth.
The markets for our products continue to evolve, which makes our business and future prospects difficult to evaluate. If current and prospective customers do not recognize the need for and benefits of our products and platform, they may decide to adopt alternative products and services to satisfy some portion of their business needs. In order to grow our business and extend our market position, we intend to focus on educating customers about the benefits of our products and platform, expanding and improving the functionality of our products and bringing new technologies to market to increase market acceptance and use of our platform. Our growth will depend, in part, on our ability to expand the markets that our products address and to enter into new markets. Our ability to do so depends upon a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our products and platform. The markets for our products and platform could fail to grow significantly, or at all, or there could be a reduction in demand for our products as a result of any number of factors, including a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, competing products and services, decreases in spending by current and prospective customers, weakening macroeconomic conditions, and other causes. If these markets do not grow or demand for our products decreases, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
We have a history of losses and may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $109.4 million, $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $7.5 billion as of December 31, 2024. In addition, while we have experienced revenue growth in prior periods, it is not indicative of future revenue growth, and our revenue and revenue growth for any quarterly or annual period should not be relied upon as an indication of our future revenue or revenue growth for any future period. If we are unable to generate and sustain increased revenue levels and manage our operating expenses, we may not become profitable and achieve our stated profitability goals and, even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase our level of profitability. As we implement additional initiatives to increase revenue, our operating expenses may continue to rise over the long term, potentially including, among other things: investments in our engineering team; improvements in security and data protection; the development of new products, features and functionality and enhancements to our platform; sales and marketing; expansion of our operations and infrastructure, both domestically and internationally; and general administration, including legal, accounting and other expenses related to being a public company. Our efforts to grow our business may be more costly than we expect, and if our revenue growth does not meet estimates, we may not be able to offset our associated operating expenses, which could prevent us from achieving and sustaining profitability, or maintaining or increasing cash flow. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described herein, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. If we are unable to achieve and sustain profitability, or if we incur significant losses, the value of our business and common stock may significantly decrease.
We depend largely on the continued services of highly skilled personnel, including our senior management and other key employees, and the inability to attract, integrate or retain such employees could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of highly skilled personnel, including our senior management and other key employees, to execute on our business plan, to develop our products and platform, to deliver our products to customers, to attract and retain customers and to identify and pursue opportunities to expand our business. We believe that there is, and will continue to be, intense competition for highly skilled management, technical, sales and other employees with experience in our industry. In addition, we have experienced and may in the future experience employee attrition, which could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives, and any resulting influx of new employees may require us to expend time, attention and resources to recruit and retain employees, restructure parts of our organization and train and integrate new personnel. If we fail to effectively manage attrition, and to hire, integrate and adequately incentivize our personnel, our efficiency and ability to meet our financial and operational targets, as well as our corporate culture, employee morale, productivity and retention, could suffer, and our business and operating results would be adversely impacted.
Any of our executive officers may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, high attrition among our senior management team and key employees. The
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replacement of any of our senior management or other key employees will involve significant time and costs, and any loss of services of any such key employee for any reason could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and our financial and operational targets, and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, we have implemented several reductions in workforce and efforts to restructure our business in the past and may in the future implement other reductions in force. Our reductions in force may result in unintended consequences, including employee attrition beyond the intended reduction in force, damage to our corporate culture and decreased employee morale among remaining employees, diversion of management attention, damage to our reputation as an employer, which could make it more difficult for us to hire new employees in the future, delays in meeting our financial and operational targets, and the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise of departing employees.
The labor market for our business is subject to external factors that are beyond our control, including our industry’s highly competitive market for skilled workers and leaders. We must provide competitive compensation packages and a high-quality work environment to hire, retain and motivate employees. Volatility in, or the actual or perceived lack of performance of, our stock price may affect our ability to attract, motivate and retain key employees. If we are unable to retain and motivate our existing employees and attract qualified employees to fill key positions, we may be unable to manage our business effectively, including the development, marketing and sale of our products, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand and increase market awareness of our company and products, then our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity and increasing market awareness of our company and products, particularly among developers and enterprises, is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our platform, to strengthening our relationships with our existing customers and to our ability to attract new customers. The successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on our continued marketing efforts, our ability to continue to offer high-quality products, and our ability to successfully differentiate our products and platform from competing products and services. Our brand promotion and thought leadership activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our products and competing products and services, which may significantly influence the perception of our products in the marketplace. If these reviews are negative or not as strong as reviews of our competitors’ products and services, then our brand may be harmed.
The promotion of our brand also requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that these expenditures will increase as our markets become more competitive and as we expand into new markets. To the extent that these activities increase revenue, this revenue still may not be enough to offset the increased expenses we incur.
To deliver our products, we rely on network service providers and internet service providers for our network service and connectivity, and disruption or deterioration in the quality of these services or changes in provider fees that we pay in connection with the delivery of communications on our platform could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We currently interconnect with fixed and mobile network service providers around the world to enable our customers to use our products over their networks. Although we are in the process of acquiring authorization in many countries for direct access to phone numbers and for the provision of voice and messaging services on the networks of fixed and mobile network service providers, we expect that we will continue to rely on network service providers for these services. Where we do not have direct access to phone numbers, our reliance on network service providers has reduced our operating flexibility, ability to make timely service changes and control quality of service. In addition, the fees that we are charged by network service providers may change daily or weekly and we can be subject to the imposition of additional fees, penalties, or other administrative or technical requirements, and even service interruption, due to regulatory, competitive, or other industry related changes over which we have little to no control.
For example, in recent years, multiple major U.S. mobile carriers have introduced A2P SMS service offerings that added a new fee for A2P SMS messages delivered to their respective subscribers, and, from time to time, other U.S. mobile carriers have added similar fees. While we have historically responded to these types of fee increases through a combination of further negotiating efforts with our network service providers, absorbing the increased costs or passing the fees through to customers, there is no guarantee that we will continue to be able to respond in these ways in the future without a material negative impact to our business. We typically do not change our customers’ pricing as rapidly and, as a result, such fee increases could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, passing these fees through to our customers typically has the
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effect of increasing our revenue and cost of revenue, but typically does not impact the gross profit dollars received for sending these messages and, as a result, has a negative impact on our gross margins. Additionally, our ability to respond to any new fees may be constrained if all network service providers in a particular market impose equivalent fee structures, if the magnitude of the fees is disproportionately large when compared to the underlying prices paid by our customers, or if the market conditions limit our ability to increase the prices we charge our customers.
Furthermore, many of these network service providers do not have long-term committed contracts with us and may interrupt services or terminate their agreements with us without notice. If a significant portion of our network service providers stop providing us with access to their infrastructure, fail to provide these services to us on a cost-effective basis, cease operations, or otherwise terminate these services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to other network service providers could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, if problems occur with our network service providers, such problems have in the past caused, and may in the future cause, errors, service outages, security incidents, or poor-quality communications on our products, and we could encounter difficulty identifying the source of the problem. The occurrence of errors, service outages, security incidents, or poor-quality communications on our products, whether caused by our platform or a network service provider, may result in the loss of our existing customers or the delay of adoption of our products by potential customers and may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Further, we sometimes access network services through intermediaries who have direct access to network service providers. Although we are in the process of securing direct connections with network service providers in many countries, we expect that we will continue to rely on intermediaries for these services for some period of time. These intermediaries sometimes have offerings that directly compete with our products and may stop providing services to us on a cost-effective basis. If a significant portion of these intermediaries stop providing services or stop providing services on a cost-effective basis, our business could be adversely affected.
We also interconnect with internet service providers around the world to enable the use of our email products by our customers, and we expect to continue to rely on internet service providers for network connectivity going forward. Our reliance on internet service providers reduces our control over quality of service and exposes us to potential service outages and rate fluctuations. The occurrence of poor-quality of service or service outages on our products may result in the loss of our existing customers or the delay of adoption of our products by potential customers and may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Similarly, if a significant portion of our internet service providers stop providing us with access to their network infrastructure, fail to provide access on a cost-effective basis, cease operations, or otherwise terminate access, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to other internet service providers could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Failure to set optimal prices for our products could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
For certain of our products, we primarily charge our customers based on their usage of such products. One of the challenges of this usage-based pricing model is the variability of the fees that we pay to network service providers over whose networks we transmit communications. Such network fees can vary daily or weekly, differ across countries, and are affected by volume and other factors that may be outside of our control and which are difficult to predict. This can result in us incurring increased costs that we may be unable or unwilling to pass through to our customers, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we elect to pass through increased fees to our customers, it could adversely affect our relationship with our customers and our customers may look for lower cost alternatives.
We adjust the pricing models for our products from time to time and expect that we will continue to do so. Many of our usage-based customers enter into contracts with negotiated pricing, and our subscription customers are also subject to negotiated pricing. As competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours or reduce their prices, we may be unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers based on our historical pricing. If we are required or choose to reduce our prices, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our international operations expose us to risks inherent in global operations.
In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we derived 35%, 34% and 34% of our revenue from customer accounts located outside the United States, respectively. The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to strategically maintain and expand our customer base worldwide. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and subjects us to regulatory, economic and political risks in addition to those we face in the United States.
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In addition, we face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business, including:
•the difficulty of managing and staffing international operations and the increased operations, travel and infrastructure and other costs associated with servicing international customers and operating numerous international locations, including collecting accounts receivable and having longer payment cycles, higher or more variable network service provider fees and other costs associated with the need to adapt and localize our products and support for foreign countries;
•new and different sources of global competition affecting our ability to effectively price our products in competitive international markets;
•implementing and reconciling technical controls to address different technical standards, data privacy, data protection and telecommunications regulations, and registration and certification requirements outside the United States, which could prevent customers from deploying our products or limit their usage;
•our ability to comply with laws, regulations, customs and industry standards in countries and other regions in which we operate or do business, and the associated costs and management attention required to support such compliance, including with respect to data privacy, data protection, data localization, cybersecurity, intellectual property rights, environmental and sustainability matters, as well as export controls, sanctions, anti-bribery and anti-corruption matters;
•international tax and trade policies, tariffs, and other non-tariff barriers;
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could increase the price of our products outside of the United States, increase the expenses of our international operations and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk;
•currency control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. dollars;
•restrictions on the transfer of funds; and
•political or social unrest, economic instability, conflict or war in a specific country or region in which we, our customers, partners or service providers operate, which could have an adverse impact on our operations in the region or otherwise have a material impact on regional or global economies, any or all of which could adversely affect our business.
Also, due to costs from our international operations and network service provider fees outside of the United States, which generally are higher than domestic rates, our gross margin for messages terminating internationally is typically lower than our gross margin for messages terminating domestically. As a result, our gross margin has been, and may continue to be, adversely impacted by our international operations. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations, and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may not realize potential benefits from our acquisitions, partnerships and investments because of difficulties related to integration, the achievement of synergies, and other challenges.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our products and grow our business to meet the needs of current and prospective customers. In some circumstances, we may determine to do so through acquisitions, partnerships or investments in businesses and technologies that are complementary to our business. There can be no assurances that such acquisitions will result in the anticipated benefits and it is possible that there could be a loss of our key employees and customers, disruption of ongoing businesses or unexpected issues, higher than expected costs, the diversion of management attention and resources from day-to-day business operations and an overall post-completion process that takes longer than originally anticipated. In addition, the following issues, among others, may need to be addressed in order to realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisitions, partnerships or investments:
•combining the acquired businesses’ corporate functions with our corporate functions;
•combining acquired businesses with our existing business in a manner that permits us to achieve the synergies anticipated to result from such acquisitions, the failure of which would result in the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions not being realized in the time frame currently anticipated or at all;
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•maintaining existing agreements with customers, distributors, providers, talent and vendors and avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers, distributors, providers, talent and vendors;
•determining whether and how to address possible differences in corporate cultures and management philosophies;
•integrating the companies’ product, compliance, administrative and IT infrastructure;
•developing products and technology that allow value to be unlocked in the future;
•incurring significant, nonrecurring costs to integrate our operations with those of acquired businesses, including the costs to maintain employee morale and retain key employees;
•evaluating and forecasting the financial impact of such acquisitions, partnerships and investments, including accounting charges; and
•effecting potential actions that may be required in connection with obtaining regulatory approvals.
From time to time, we may also divest or stop investing in certain businesses or products. For example, in 2023 we divested our Internet of Things and ValueFirst businesses, and in 2024 we wound down the software component of our Zipwhip business. The sale of a business or product has in the past and may in the future require us to restructure operations and/or terminate employees, and could expose us to unanticipated ongoing obligations and liabilities, including as a result of our indemnification obligations. During the pendency of a divestiture, we may be subject to risks related to a decline in the business, loss of employees, customers, or suppliers, and that the transaction may not close, which could have an adverse effect on the business to be divested and on us. Divestitures or winding down businesses or products can also disrupt our customer, supplier and/or employee relationships and divert the time and attention of our management and employees. Additionally, we may experience harm to our financial results, including loss of revenue, and we may not realize the expected benefits and cost savings of these actions and our operating results may be adversely impacted.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Intellectual Property
Breaches of or incidents impacting our networks or systems, or those of our third-party service providers, could degrade our ability to conduct our business, compromise the integrity of our products, platform and data, result in significant loss or unavailability of data and the theft of our intellectual property, damage our reputation, expose us to liability to third parties and require us to incur significant additional costs to maintain the security of our networks and data.
We depend upon our IT systems to conduct virtually all of our business operations, ranging from our internal operations and research and development activities to our marketing and sales efforts and communications with our customers and business partners. We have in the past and will in the future be subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), personnel or service provider misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss or unavailability of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods, natural disasters, and other similar threats.
Individuals or entities have in the past attempted and will in the future attempt to penetrate the security of our platform, or of our network or systems, and to cause harm to our business operations, including by misappropriating our proprietary information or that of our customers, employees and business partners or to cause interruptions of our products and platform. In particular, cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase in frequency and in magnitude generally, and cloud-based companies have been targeted in the past. In addition to threats from traditional computer hackers, malicious code, software vulnerabilities, supply chain attacks and vulnerabilities through our third-party partners, employee theft or misuse, password spraying, phishing, smishing, vishing, credential stuffing and denial-of-service attacks, we also face threats from sophisticated organized crime, nation-state, and nation-state supported actors who engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) that add to the risk to our systems (including those hosted on cloud services), internal networks, our customers’ systems, our service providers’ networks, and the information that they store and process. Ransomware and cyber extortion attacks, including those perpetrated by organized criminal threat actors, nation-states, and nation-state-supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate or reduce the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments. Geopolitical tensions and events may further heighten risks we and
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our service providers face from these and other types of attacks. Because the techniques used to access, disrupt or sabotage devices, systems and networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we expect to be required to make further investments over time to protect data and infrastructure as cybersecurity threats develop, evolve and grow more complex over time. We may also be unable to anticipate these techniques, and we may not become aware in a timely manner of any security breach or incident, which could exacerbate any damage we experience.
We depend upon our employees and contractors to appropriately handle confidential and sensitive data, including customer data, and to deploy our IT resources in a safe and secure manner that does not expose our network systems to security breaches or incidents or the loss, alteration, unavailability, or other unauthorized processing of data. We have been and expect to be subject to cybersecurity threats and incidents, including denial-of-service attacks, employee errors or individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to information systems. We also continue to incorporate AI solutions and features into our platform, which may result in security incidents or otherwise increase cybersecurity risks. Further, AI technologies may be used in connection with certain cybersecurity attacks, resulting in heightened risks of security breaches and incidents. Any security incidents, including internal malfeasance or inadvertent disclosures by our employees or a third-party’s fraudulent inducement of our employees to disclose information, unauthorized access or usage, the introduction of viruses or other malicious code or any other breach or incident or disruption of our platform, systems, or networks or those of our service providers, could result in loss, corruption, unavailability, or other unauthorized processing of confidential information, and any such event, or the perception that it has occurred, may result in damage to our reputation, erosion of customer trust, loss of customers, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and other liabilities. For example, in June and August 2022, we became aware that threat actors had conducted sophisticated social engineering campaigns against some of our employees after having obtained employee names and mobile phone numbers from unknown sources. The attack identified in August 2022, which involved smishing text messages that purported to be from our IT department, resulted in the threat actor obtaining some of our employees’ credentials and access to certain data of approximately 209 customers out of our total customer base of approximately 270,000 at that time. We notified and worked with our affected customers. We also notified appropriate regulators and addressed their questions about the incident. We also took steps to remediate the incident, including enhancing our security training, improving our two factor authentication requirements, implementing additional layers of control within our VPN, reducing access to certain internal applications and tools, running simulated phishing attempts to increase employee security awareness, and increasing the refresh frequency for access to certain internal applications. Industry reports indicate that the threat actors also attacked other technology, telecommunication and cryptocurrency companies.
We also rely on various third-party service providers to operate our platform and deliver our products, including network service providers, internet service providers, telecommunications carriers, providers of cloud infrastructure and cloud communications, and third-party technology and intellectual property. Our service providers (or their sub-service providers) have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, security breaches and incidents, including unauthorized access or inadvertent disclosures, that have exposed and may expose or make available to threat actors our data or that of our customers. Even when our systems are not compromised, if our service providers experience breaches or incidents that impact our data or our customers’ data, then our reputation, customer trust, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Furthermore, we are required to comply with laws and regulations that require us to maintain security measures designed to protect personal information and we may have contractual and other legal obligations to notify customers, regulators, government agencies, impacted individuals or other relevant stakeholders of security breaches. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. If we (or a third party upon whom we rely) experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we may experience adverse consequences. Consequences associated with such security incidents may include: government enforcement actions and other actions or proceedings (for example, investigations, audits, and inspections), and related fines, penalties, required remedial actions, or other obligations and liabilities; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing or transferring data (including personal data); claims, demands, and litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; monetary fund diversions; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss and other similar harms. Actual and perceived security incidents and attendant consequences could also lead to negative publicity and reputational harm, may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or mitigate the security incident. Accordingly, if our cybersecurity measures or those of our third-party service providers fail to protect against unauthorized access, attacks (which may include sophisticated cyberattacks), or if our employees or contractors compromise or mishandle data, then our reputation, customer trust, business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
While we maintain errors, omissions and cyber liability insurance policies covering certain security and privacy damages, we cannot be certain that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be
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available, and in sufficient amounts, to cover the potentially significant losses that may result from a security incident or breach or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.
Our actual or perceived failure to comply with increasingly stringent laws, regulations and contractual obligations relating to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity could harm our reputation and subject us to significant fines and liability or loss of business.
We and our customers are subject to numerous domestic (for example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”)) and foreign (for example, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in the European Union (“EU”)) privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations that restrict the collection, use, disclosure and processing of personal information, including financial and health data. These laws and regulations are expanding globally, evolving, and being tested in courts, may result in increasing regulatory and public scrutiny of our practices relating to personal information and may increase our exposure to regulatory enforcement action, sanctions and litigation. The breadth and depth of changes in data protection obligations has required significant time and resources, including a review of our technology and systems against the requirements of the GDPR.
The CCPA (as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020) imposes obligations on businesses to which it applies. These obligations include, but are not limited to, providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording California residents (both consumers and employees) certain rights related to their personal information. The CCPA allows for statutory fines for noncompliance. Similar laws have been enacted in 18 other states with 13 laws currently in effect and the remainder becoming effective later in 2025 and 2026. Numerous other states, and the U.S. federal government, also have proposed general privacy legislation recently. Additionally, other states have proposed, and in certain cases enacted, other laws and regulations addressing privacy and cybersecurity, such as Washington’s My Health, My Data Act, which includes a private right of action. If we become subject to new privacy, data protection or cybersecurity laws, the risk of enforcement action against us could increase because we may become subject to additional obligations, and the number of individuals or entities that can initiate actions against us may increase, including individuals, via a private right of action, and state actors.
Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards apply to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity. For example, the GDPR, the United Kingdom’s General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018 (“UK GDPR”) and the Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection, impose strict requirements for processing the personal information of individuals protected by the legislation, whether their data is processed within or outside the European Economic Area (“EEA”), the United Kingdom (“UK”) and Switzerland, respectively (such jurisdictions, collectively, “Europe”). For example, the GDPR imposes significant requirements regarding the processing of individuals’ personal information, including in relation to transparency, lawfulness of processing, individuals’ privacy rights, compliant contracting, data minimization, data breach notification, data re-usage, data retention, security of processing and international data transfers. Under the GDPR and UK GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing or data transfers, require a company to delete data, as well as impose significant fines, potentially ranging up to 20 million Euros under the GDPR, 17.5 million GBP under the UK GDPR, or 4% of a company’s worldwide revenue, whichever is higher. Further, individuals may initiate compensation claims or litigation related to our processing of their personal information. Other privacy and data protection laws in Europe impose strict requirements around marketing communications and the deployment of cookies on users’ devices. As another example, Brazil’s General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or “LGPD”) (Law No. 13,709/2018) may apply to our operations. The LGPD broadly regulates processing of personal information of individuals in Brazil and imposes compliance obligations and penalties comparable to those of the GDPR. Additionally, we expect an increase in the regulation of the use of AI and ML in products and services. For example, in Europe, the Artificial Intelligence Act (“AI Act”), once effective, will impose onerous obligations related to the development, placing on the market and use of AI-related systems. In the United States, numerous states have established study commissions that could lead to regulation of AI, and certain states have enacted legislation regulating aspects of AI. Other countries also are contemplating laws regulating AI and ML. We may have to change our business practices to comply with obligations under these or other new and evolving regimes.
Further, the interpretation and application of new domestic and foreign laws and regulations in many cases is uncertain, and our legal and regulatory obligations in such jurisdictions are subject to frequent and unexpected changes, including the potential for various regulatory or other governmental bodies to enact new or additional laws or regulations, to issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations, or to increase penalties significantly. For example, the EU’s Digital Services Act, Digital Markets Act and Data Act entered into force in 2024, and the EU’s Network and Information Security Directive II, adopted in 2023, provides for EU member states to have issued implementing legislation by October 2024. Additionally, the EU’s Digital Operational Resiliency Act entered into force on January 17, 2025.
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Similarly, with our registration as an interconnected VoIP provider for certain products with the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), we also must comply with privacy laws associated with customer proprietary network information rules in the United States. In addition, states such as California have increasingly adopted or proposed, or may propose, regulations that may classify our services in such a manner as to subject us to additional privacy-related compliance obligations under state law. If we fail or are perceived to have failed to maintain compliance with these requirements, we could be subject to regulatory audits or inquiries, civil and criminal penalties, fines and breach of contract claims, as well as reputational damage, which could impact the willingness of customers to do business with us.
In addition to our legal obligations, our contractual obligations relating to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity have become increasingly stringent due to changes in laws and regulations and the expansion of our offerings. Certain privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws, such as the GDPR and the CCPA, require our customers to impose specific contractual restrictions on their service providers. In addition, we support customer workloads that involve the processing of protected health information and are required to sign business associate agreements with customers that subject us to requirements under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, as well as state laws that govern health information.
Our actual or perceived failure to comply with laws, regulations, contractual commitments, or other actual or asserted obligations, including certain industry standards, regarding privacy, data protection and cybersecurity could lead to costly legal action, adverse publicity, significant liability, inability to process data, and decreased demand for our services, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As a cumulative example of these risks, because our primary data processing facilities are in the United States, we have experienced hesitancy, reluctance, or refusal by European or multinational customers to continue to use our services due to potential risks arising from the Court of Justice’s July 2020 ruling in the “Schrems II” case, as well as related guidance from regulators and enforcement action against Meta by the Irish Data Protection Commission. For example, absent appropriate safeguards or other circumstances, the GDPR and laws in Switzerland and the UK generally restrict the transfer of personal information to many countries outside of such jurisdictions, such as the United States. On July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. Based on this decision, personal information can flow from the EU to U.S. companies participating in the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework without having to put in place additional data protection safeguards. We are certified under the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, and the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework. If we cannot maintain a valid mechanism for cross-border data transfers, we and our customers may face increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines, and injunctions against processing or transferring personal information from Europe or elsewhere. The inability to transfer personal information to the United States could significantly and negatively impact our business operations; limit our ability to collaborate with parties that are subject to data privacy and security laws; or require us to increase our personal information processing capabilities in Europe and/or elsewhere at significant expense. In addition, outside of Europe, other jurisdictions have proposed and enacted laws relating to cross-border data transfer or requiring personal information, or certain subcategories of personal information, to be stored in the jurisdiction of origin. If we are unable to increase our data processing capabilities and storage in Europe and other countries to limit or eliminate the need for data transfers out of Europe and other applicable countries quickly enough, and valid solutions for personal information transfers to the United States or other countries are not available or are difficult to implement in the interim, we will likely face continuing reluctance from European and multinational customers to use our services and increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and injunctions against processing or transferring personal information across borders.
Evolving laws, regulations, and other actual and asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity, as well as any new or evolving obligations relating to the use of AI and ML technologies, could reduce demand for our platform, increase our costs, impair our ability to grow our business, or restrict our ability to store and process data or, in some cases, impact our ability to offer our service in some locations and may subject us to liability. Further, in view of new or modified federal, state or foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other actual and asserted obligations, or any changes in their interpretation, we may find it necessary or desirable to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or to expend significant resources to modify our practices and platform and otherwise adapt to these changes. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner or at all, and our ability to develop new products and features could be limited.
We could incur substantial costs in protecting or defending our intellectual property rights, and any failure to protect our intellectual property could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our brand and the proprietary methods and technologies that we develop under patent and other intellectual property laws. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service
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marks, trade secret laws and other intellectual property laws, contractual provisions, and internal processes, procedures, and controls in an effort to establish, maintain, enforce, and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate. While we have been issued patents in the United States and other countries and have additional patent applications pending, we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the technology covered in our patent applications. In addition, any patents issued to us in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Further, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property or proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of such rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our products and proprietary information may increase. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our technology and intellectual property.
We also rely, in part, on contractual confidentiality obligations we impose on our business partners, employees, consultants, advisors, customers and others in our efforts to protect our proprietary technology, processes and methods. These obligations may not effectively prevent unauthorized disclosure or use of our confidential information, and it may be possible for unauthorized parties to copy or access our software or other proprietary technology or information, or to develop similar products independently without us having an adequate remedy for unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information, and in these cases, we may not be able to assert any trade secret rights against those parties.
We may be required to spend significant resources to monitor, enforce, maintain, and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property or proprietary rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management, result in a diversion of significant resources, or the narrowing or invalidation of portions of our intellectual property. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property or proprietary rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of such rights. Our failure to meaningfully protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have been sued and may, in the future, be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their intellectual or other proprietary rights, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. We may also introduce or acquire new products or technologies, including in areas where we historically have not participated, which could increase our exposure to intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties. Our future success depends, in part, on not infringing the intellectual property or proprietary rights of others and we may be unaware of such rights that may cover some or all of our technology or intellectual property. We have from time to time been subject to claims that our products or platform and underlying technology are infringing upon third-party intellectual property or proprietary rights. We may be subject to such claims in the future and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses (including settlement payments and costs associated with litigation) and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our products, or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms.
Additionally, our agreements with customers and other third parties typically include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or are otherwise liable to them for losses suffered or incurred by them as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement. Although we typically limit our liability with respect to such obligations through such agreements, we may still incur substantial liability related to our indemnification obligations.
Regardless of the merits or ultimate outcome of any claims of infringement, misappropriation, or violation of intellectual or other proprietary rights that have been or may be brought against us or that we may bring against others, these types of claims, disputes, and lawsuits are time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert management’s time and attention, and could harm our reputation. Litigation is inherently unpredictable and we cannot predict the timing, nature, controversy or outcome of disputes brought against us or assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Our use of open source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.
Our products and platform incorporate open source software, and we expect to continue to incorporate open source software in our products and platform in the future. Few of the licenses applicable to open source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated
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conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products and platform. Although we have implemented policies to regulate the use and incorporation of open source software into our products and platform, we cannot be certain that we have not incorporated open source software in our products or platform in a manner that is inconsistent with such policies. If we fail to comply with open source licenses, we may be subject to certain requirements, including requirements that we offer our products that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that we make available the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open source licenses. If an author or other third-party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not, or have not, complied with the terms and conditions of the license for such open source software, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from generating revenue from customers using products that contained the open source software and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products. In any of these events, we and our customers could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products and platform and to re-engineer our products or platform or discontinue offering our products to customers in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could require us to devote additional research and development resources to re-engineer our products or platform, damage our reputation, give rise to increased scrutiny regarding our use of open source software, result in customer dissatisfaction and may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on technology and intellectual property of third parties, the loss of which could limit the functionality of our products and disrupt our business.
We use technology and intellectual property licensed from third parties in certain of our products and our platform, and we expect to license additional third-party technology and intellectual property in the future. Licensed technology and intellectual property may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of the right to license and distribute third-party technology could limit the functionality of our products or platform and could require us to redesign our products or platform. In addition, if the third-party technology and intellectual property we use has errors, service outages, security vulnerabilities, or otherwise malfunctions, the functionality of our products and platform may be negatively impacted, our customers may experience outages or reduced service levels, and our business may be adversely affected.
For example, we outsource a substantial majority of our cloud infrastructure to Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), which hosts our products and platform. Our customers need to be able to reliably access our platform, without material interruption or degradation of performance. AWS runs its own platform that we access, and we are, therefore, vulnerable to service interruptions at AWS. We have experienced, and expect that we may experience interruptions, delays and outages in service and availability in the future due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website hosting disruptions and capacity constraints. Capacity constraints could be caused by a number of potential causes, including technical failures, natural disasters, public health epidemics or pandemics, fraud or security attacks. In addition, if our security, or that of AWS, is compromised, if our products, platform or customer data become unavailable, or if our users are unable to use our products within a reasonable amount of time or at all, any one of which may be due to circumstances beyond our control, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In some instances, we may encounter difficulties or otherwise not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within a period of time acceptable to our customers. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our platform performance and to troubleshoot performance issues, especially during peak usage times, as our products become more complex and the usage of our products increases. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, either through AWS or alternative providers of cloud infrastructure, or through other factors that may result in interruptions, delays and outages in service and availability of our products and/or services, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. In addition, if Amazon.com, Inc. (“Amazon”) requires that we comply with unfavorable terms in order to continue our use of AWS or if Amazon implements any changes in its service levels for AWS, the changes may adversely affect our ability to meet our customers’ requirements, result in negative publicity which could harm our reputation and brand and may adversely affect the usage of our platform.
The substantial majority of the services we use from AWS are for cloud-based reserve service capacity and, to a lesser extent, storage and other optimization offerings. AWS enables us to order and reserve service capacity in varying amounts and sizes distributed across multiple regions. We access AWS infrastructure through standard IP connectivity protocols. AWS provides us with computing and storage capacity pursuant to an agreement that continues until terminated by either party. AWS may terminate the agreement if we fail to cure a breach of the agreement within 30 days of our being notified of the breach and, in some cases, AWS may suspend the agreement immediately for cause upon notice. Although we expect that we could procure similar services from other third parties, if any of our arrangements with AWS are terminated, we could experience interruptions to our platform and encounter difficulties in our ability to make our products reliably accessible by customers, as well as delays and additional expenses in procuring, implementing, and transitioning to alternative cloud infrastructure services. Any of the above circumstances or events may harm our reputation, erode customer trust, cause customers to stop using or
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reduce their usage of our products, discourage customers from renewing their contracts, impair our ability to increase revenue from existing customers, impair our ability to grow our customer base, subject us to financial penalties and liabilities under our service level agreements and otherwise harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The use of AI technologies in our platform and our business may not produce the desired benefits, and may result in increased liability, reputational harm, or other adverse consequences.
We have deployed, and continue to develop and incorporate, AI solutions and features into our platform and our business, and these solutions and features may become more important to our operations or to our future growth over time. We expect to rely on AI solutions and features to help drive future growth in our business, but there can be no assurance that we will realize the desired or anticipated benefits from AI. For example, we are focused on continued product innovations to combine our communications products with contextual data and AI to address evolving customer needs and expectations. We are also building out new AI capabilities internally, including AI automation and agents in our self-service platform and in our internal operations. Our investments in AI solutions and features have and may continue to negatively impact our cost of revenue and gross margins until we are able to increase revenue enough to offset these investments. We may also fail to properly implement or market our AI solutions and features. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their products, offerings, and solutions more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations. Our ability to effectively implement and market our AI solutions and features will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain employees with AI expertise, and we expect significant competition for professionals with the skills and technical knowledge that we will require. Additionally, our offerings based on AI may expose us to additional claims, demands and proceedings by private parties and regulatory authorities and subject us to legal liability as well as brand and reputational harm. For example, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if content or recommendations that AI solutions or features assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate, or biased, or if such content, recommendations, solutions, or features or their development or deployment (including the collection, use, or other processing of data used to train or create such AI solutions or features) are found to have or alleged to have infringed upon or misappropriated third-party intellectual property rights or violated applicable laws, regulations, or other actual or asserted legal or contractual obligations to which we are or may become subject. The legal, regulatory, and policy environments around AI are evolving rapidly, and we may become subject to new and evolving legal and other obligations. More recently, the FCC applied restrictions in the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”) on AI-generated voices. These and other developments may require us to make significant changes to our use of AI, including by limiting or restricting our use of AI, and which may require us to make significant changes to our policies and practices, which may necessitate expenditure of significant time, expense, and other resources. AI also presents emerging ethical issues, and if our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm.
Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters
Certain of our products are subject to telecommunications-related regulations, and future legislative or regulatory actions could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As a provider of communications products, we are subject to existing or potential FCC and state regulations relating to privacy, telecommunications, consumer protection and other requirements. In addition, the extension of telecommunications regulations to our non-interconnected VoIP services could result in additional federal and state regulatory obligations and taxes. We are also in discussions with certain jurisdictions regarding potential sales and other taxes for prior periods that we may owe. In the event any of these jurisdictions disagree with management’s assumptions and analysis, the assessment of our tax exposure could differ materially from management's current estimates, which may increase our costs of doing business and negatively affect the prices our customers pay for our services. If we do not comply with FCC rules and regulations, we could be subject to FCC enforcement actions, fines, loss of licenses and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our products. For example, in 2023, we received a “cease-and-desist” letter from the FCC related to reported fraudulent traffic on our messaging platform. We subsequently removed the identified traffic and sent a follow-up letter to the agency detailing our fraud mitigation practices and various planned improvements to reduce future risks. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may be a public process, would hurt our reputation in the industry, could erode customer trust, possibly impair our ability to sell our VoIP, other telecommunications products and/or other services to customers and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, states such as California have increasingly adopted or proposed, or may propose, regulations that may subject us to additional registration, reporting, resiliency and/or compliance obligations. If we become subject to several new and/or different interconnected and/or non-interconnected VoIP regulations at the state level, it may increase our compliance costs and the risk of enforcement action against us, which in turn could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Certain of our products are subject to a number of FCC regulations and laws that are administered by the FCC. Among others, we must comply (in whole or in part) with:
•the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, which regulates communications services and the provision of such services;
•the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, which limits the use of automatic dialing systems for calls and texts, artificial or prerecorded voice messages and fax machines;
•the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, which requires covered entities to assist law enforcement in undertaking electronic surveillance;
•the Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act (“TRACED”);
•requirements to safeguard the privacy of certain customer information;
•payment of annual FCC regulatory fees and contributions to FCC-administered funds based on our interstate and international revenues; and
•rules pertaining to access to our services by people with disabilities and contributions to the Telecommunications Relay Services fund.
In addition, Congress and the FCC are attempting to mitigate the prevalence of robocalls by requiring participation in a technical standard called Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information Using toKENs (“SHAKEN”) and Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (“STIR”) (together, “SHAKEN/STIR”), which allows voice carriers to authenticate caller ID, prohibiting malicious spoofing. The FCC continues to increase its focus on robocall mitigation, including by implementing orders and holding open proceedings related to robocalls and robotexts. We cannot predict whether the FCC will require more than the robocall and robotexting measures that we have started to implement. If the FCC were to implement new regulations or requirements that limited the types of customers allowed to use our platform or overly burdensome requirements for our customers, those actions could limit the customers that we are able to serve.
Similarly, in May 2021, the Biden administration issued an Executive Order requiring federal agencies to implement additional information technology security measures, including, among other things, requiring agencies to adopt multifactor authentication and encryption for data at rest and in transit to the maximum extent consistent with federal records laws and other applicable laws. Due to this Executive Order, federal agencies may require us to modify our cybersecurity practices and policies, thereby increasing our compliance costs. If we are unable to meet the requirements of the Executive Order, our ability to work with the U.S. government, whether directly or indirectly, may be impaired and may result in a loss of revenue.
If we do not comply with any current or future rules or regulations that apply to our business, we could be subject to substantial fines and penalties, and we may have to restructure our offerings, exit certain markets or raise the price of our products. In addition, any uncertainty regarding whether particular regulations apply to our business, and how they apply, could increase our costs or limit our ability to grow.
As we continue to expand internationally, we have become subject to telecommunications laws and regulations in the foreign countries where we offer our products. Internationally, we currently offer our products in more than 180 countries and territories. Our international regulatory and business obligations, and the related challenges and resources involved, increase when we enter new countries and as our presence and market share in such countries grow.
Our international operations are subject to country-specific governmental regulation and related actions that have increased and will continue to increase our compliance costs or impact our products and platform or prevent us from offering or providing our products in certain countries. Moreover, the regulation of CPaaS companies like us is continuing to evolve internationally and many existing regulations may not fully contemplate the CPaaS business model or how they fit into the communications regulatory framework. As a result, interpretation and enforcement of regulations often involve significant uncertainties. In many countries, including those in the European Union, a number of our products or services are subject to licensing and communications regulatory requirements which increases the level of scrutiny and enforcement by regulators. Future legislative, regulatory or judicial actions impacting CPaaS services could also increase the cost and complexity of compliance and expose us to liability. For example, in some countries, some or all of the services we offer are not considered regulated telecommunications services, while in other countries they are subject to telecommunications regulations, including but not limited to payment into universal service funds, licensing fees, provision of emergency services, provision of
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information to support emergency services and number portability as well as requirements to combat scams and fraud. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in our Company being issued remedial directions to undertake independent audits and implement effective systems, processes and practices to ensure compliance, significant fines or being prohibited from providing telecommunications services in a jurisdiction.
In addition, from time to time we implement Know-Your-Customer and/or Know-Your-Traffic related processes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, which may create friction for our customers, require management attention, and increase our compliance costs.
Moreover, certain of our products may be used by customers located in countries where voice and other forms of Internet Protocol (“IP”) communications may be illegal or require special licensing or in countries on a U.S. embargo list. Even where our products are reportedly illegal or become illegal or where users are located in an embargoed country, users in those countries may be able to continue to use our products in those countries notwithstanding the illegality or embargo. We may be subject to penalties or governmental action if consumers continue to use our products in countries where it is illegal to do so or if we use a local partner to provide services in a country and the local partner does not comply with applicable governmental regulations. Any such penalties or governmental action may be costly and may harm our business and damage our brand and reputation. We may be required to incur additional expenses to meet applicable international regulatory requirements or be required to raise the prices of services, or restructure or discontinue those services if required by law or if we cannot or will not meet those requirements. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we are unable to obtain or retain geographical, mobile, regional, local or toll-free numbers, or to effectively process requests to port such numbers in a timely manner due to industry regulations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Our future success depends in part on our ability to obtain allocations of geographical, mobile, regional, local and toll-free direct inward dialing numbers or phone numbers as well as short codes and alphanumeric sender IDs (collectively, “Numbering Resources”) in the United States and foreign countries at a reasonable cost and without overly burdensome restrictions. Our ability to obtain allocations of, assign and retain Numbering Resources depends on factors outside of our control, such as applicable regulations, the practices of authorities that administer national numbering plans or of network service providers from whom we can provision Numbering Resources, such as offering these Numbering Resources with conditional minimum volume call level requirements, the cost of these Numbering Resources and the level of overall competitive demand for new Numbering Resources.
In addition, in order to obtain allocations of, assign and retain Numbering Resources in the EU or certain other regions, we are often required to be licensed by local telecommunications regulatory authorities, some of which have been increasingly monitoring and regulating the categories of Numbering Resources that are eligible for provisioning to us or our customers, including restricting the use of types of numbers for particular use cases. For example, France has prohibited the use of mobile numbers for certain use cases, and Spain is considering similar rules. We have obtained licenses and are in the process of obtaining licenses in various countries in which we do business, but in some countries, the regulatory regime around provisioning of Numbering Resources is unclear, subject to change over time, and sometimes may conflict from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Furthermore, these regulations and governments’ approach to their enforcement, as well as our products and services, are still evolving and we may be unable to maintain compliance with applicable regulations, or enforce compliance by our customers, on a timely basis or without significant cost. Also, compliance with these types of regulation may require changes in products or business practices that result in reduced revenue. Due to our or our customers’ assignment and/or use of Numbering Resources in certain countries in a manner that may violate applicable rules and regulations, we have been subjected to government inquiries and audits, and may in the future be subject to significant penalties or further governmental action, and in extreme cases, may be precluded from doing business in that particular country. We have also been forced to reclaim Numbering Resources from our customers as a result of certain events of non-compliance. These reclamations result in loss of customers, loss of revenue, reputational harm, erosion of customer trust, and may also result in breach of contract claims, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Due to their limited availability, there are certain popular area code prefixes that we generally cannot obtain. Our inability to acquire or retain Numbering Resources for our operations may make our voice and messaging products less attractive to potential customers in the affected local geographic areas. In addition, future growth in our customer base, together with growth in the customer bases of other providers of cloud communications, has increased, which increases our dependence on needing sufficiently large quantities of Numbering Resources. It may become increasingly difficult to source larger quantities of Numbering Resources as we scale and we may need to pay higher costs for Numbering Resources, and Numbering Resources may become subject to more stringent regulation or conditions of usage such as the registration and ongoing compliance requirements discussed above.
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Additionally, in some geographies, we support number portability, which allows our customers to transfer their existing phone numbers to us and thereby retain their existing phone numbers when subscribing to our voice and messaging products. Transferring existing numbers is a manual process that can take up to 15 business days or longer to complete. Any delay that we experience in transferring these numbers typically results from the fact that we depend on network service providers to transfer these numbers, a process that we do not control, and these network service providers may refuse or substantially delay the transfer of these numbers to us. Number portability is considered an important feature by many potential customers, and if we fail to reduce any related delays, then we may experience increased difficulty in acquiring new customers. We may also be required to compensate customers for certain failures in the porting process.
United States federal and state legislation and international laws impose certain obligations on the senders of commercial emails, which could minimize the effectiveness of our platform, and establish financial penalties for non-compliance, which could increase the costs of our business.
The Federal Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (the “CAN-SPAM Act”) establishes certain requirements for commercial email messages and transactional email messages and specifies penalties for the transmission of email messages that are intended to deceive the recipient as to source or content. Among other things, the CAN-SPAM Act, obligates the sender of commercial emails to provide recipients with the ability to “opt-out” of receiving future commercial emails from the sender. In addition, some states have passed laws regulating commercial email practices that are significantly more restrictive and difficult to comply with than the CAN-SPAM Act. For example, certain states prohibit the sending of email messages that advertise products or services that minors are prohibited by law from purchasing or that contain content harmful to minors to email addresses listed on specified child protection registries. Some portions of these state laws may not be preempted by the CAN-SPAM Act. In addition, certain non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we operate have enacted laws regulating the sending of email that are more restrictive than U.S. laws. For example, some foreign laws prohibit sending broad categories of email unless the recipient has provided the sender advance consent (or “opted-in”) to receipt of such email. If we were found to be in violation of the CAN-SPAM Act, applicable state laws governing email not preempted by the CAN-SPAM Act or foreign laws regulating the distribution of email, whether as a result of violations by our customers or our own acts or omissions, we could be required to pay large penalties, which would adversely affect our financial condition, significantly harm our business, injure our reputation and erode customer trust. The terms of any injunctions, judgments, consent decrees or settlement agreements entered into in connection with enforcement actions or investigations against our company in connection with any of the foregoing laws may also require us to change one or more aspects of the way we operate our business, which could impair our ability to attract and retain customers or could increase our operating costs.
Our customers’ and other users’ violation of our policies or other misuse of our platform to transmit unwanted, offensive or illegal messages, spam, phishing scams, links to harmful applications or for other fraudulent or illegal activity could damage our reputation, and we may face a risk of regulatory penalties, litigation and liability for illegal activities on our platform and unauthorized, inaccurate, or fraudulent information distributed via our platform.
The actual or perceived improper sending of text messages or voice calls may subject us to potential risks, including liabilities or claims relating to consumer protection laws and regulatory enforcement, including fines. For example, the TCPA restricts telemarketing and the use of automatic SMS text messages without prior express consent. TCPA violations can result in significant financial penalties, as businesses can incur penalties or criminal fines imposed by the FCC or be fined up to $1,500 per violation through private litigation or state attorneys general or other state actor enforcement. Class action suits are the most common method for private enforcement. This has resulted in civil claims against our company and requests for information through third-party subpoenas. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to the delivery of text messages or voice calls are continuously evolving and developing. If we do not comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations due to the failure of our customers to comply with these laws, we could face direct liability.
Moreover, certain customers may use our platform to transmit unwanted, offensive or illegal messages, calls, spam, phishing scams, and website links to harmful applications, reproduce and distribute copyrighted material or the trademarks of others without permission, and report inaccurate or fraudulent data or information. These issues also arise with respect to a portion of those users who use our platform on a free trial basis or upon initial use. These actions are in violation of our policies and in particular, our Acceptable Use Policy. For example, in 2023, we received a cease-and-desist letter from the FCC alleging that we were transmitting illegal robocall traffic that originated from an independent software vendor customer and their end user customer. In response, we suspended the customers’ accounts and sent the FCC a follow-up letter detailing our fraud mitigation practices and various planned improvements to reduce future risks. However, our efforts to defeat spamming attacks, illegal robocalls and other fraudulent activity will not prevent all such attacks and activity. Such use of our platform could damage our reputation and we could face claims for damages, regulatory enforcement, copyright or trademark infringement, defamation, negligence, or fraud. Furthermore, enacting more stringent controls on our customers’ use of our platform to
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combat such violations of our Acceptable Use Policy could increase friction for our legitimate customers and decrease their use of our platform.
Our customers’ and other users’ promotion of their products and services through our platform might not comply with federal, state, and foreign laws or of contractual requirements imposed by carriers, such as the CTIA Shortcode Agreement, The Campaign Registry, and similar policies. We rely on contractual representations made to us by our customers that their use of our platform will comply with our policies and applicable law, including, without limitation, our email and messaging policies. Although we retain the right to verify that customers and other users are abiding by certain contractual terms, our Acceptable Use Policy and our email and messaging policies and, in certain circumstances, to review their email, messages and distribution lists, our customers and other users are ultimately responsible for compliance with our policies, and we do not systematically audit our customers or other users to confirm compliance with our policies. We cannot predict whether our role in facilitating our customers’ or other users’ activities will result in violations of carrier policies which could result in fines, administrative delays, or service interruptions. We also cannot predict whether our role in facilitating our customers’ or other users’ activities would expose us to liability under applicable state or federal law, or whether that possibility could become more likely if changes to current laws regulating content moderation, such as Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, are enacted. If we are found liable for our customers’ or other users’ activities, we could be required to pay fines or penalties, redesign business methods or otherwise expend resources to remedy any damages caused by such actions and to avoid future liability.
Additionally, our products may be subject to fraudulent usage, including but not limited to revenue share fraud, domestic traffic pumping, subscription fraud, premium text message scams and other fraudulent schemes, such as phishing. Although our customers are required to set passwords or personal identification numbers to protect their accounts, third parties have in the past been, and may in the future be, able to access and use their accounts through fraudulent means. Furthermore, spammers attempt to use our products to send targeted and untargeted spam messages. We cannot be certain that our efforts to defeat spamming attacks will be successful in eliminating all spam messages from being sent using our platform. In addition, a security breach of, or security incident impacting, our customers’ systems could result in exposure of their authentication credentials, unauthorized access to their accounts or fraudulent calls on their accounts, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in laws and regulations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our products, and could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the internet as a primary medium for commerce, communications and business applications. Federal, state or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our products and platform in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the internet or commerce conducted via the internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally or result in reductions in the demand for internet-based products and services such as our products and platform.
The current legislative and regulatory landscape regarding the regulation of the internet is subject to uncertainty. For example, in January 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit struck down the FCC’s net neutrality rules, and it is unlikely that similar federal rules will be adopted beyond those intended to preempt state regulation. Without federal net neutrality rules, we cannot predict whether internet access service providers may be able to limit our users’ ability to access our platform or make our platform a less attractive alternative to our competitors’ applications. Moreover, several states such as California have enacted or are considering state-level legislation or executive action that would implement certain net neutrality protections. State broadband regulations have been upheld by courts in certain jurisdictions, creating the potential for a patchwork of disparate regulatory regimes.
In a related regulatory context, while the EU requires equal access to internet content, under its Digital Single Market initiative the EU may impose additional requirements that could increase our costs. If new FCC, EU, or other rules directly or inadvertently impose costs on online providers like our business, our expenses may rise. Were any of these outcomes to occur, our ability to retain existing users or attract new users may be impaired, our costs may increase, and our business may be significantly harmed.
In addition, the use of the internet as a business tool could be adversely affected due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility and quality of service. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as a business tool has been adversely affected by “viruses,” “worms,” and similar malicious programs. If the use of the internet is reduced as a result of these or other
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issues, then demand for our products could decline, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our global operations subject us to potential liability under export controls, economic sanctions, customs, anti-corruption, and other laws and regulations, and violating these laws could subject us to liability and impair our ability to compete in international markets.
Certain of our products and services may be subject to international trade laws, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. customs laws, and U.S. economic and trade sanctions as well as similar laws and regulations in other countries in which we do business. Exports and imports of our products and the provision of our services must be made in compliance with these laws. We take precautions to prevent our products from being imported or exported and our services from being provided in violation of these laws; however, we are aware of certain of our products and services being provided to a small number of individuals and entities that are the subject of, or are located in countries or regions subject to, sanctions regulations administered by U.S. and foreign governmental authorities. If we fail to comply with these laws, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including: the possible loss of export privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; criminal liability, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.
Any change in these laws or other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investments, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and services, or in our decreased ability to export our products or provide our services to existing or prospective customers outside of the United States. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitations on our ability to export our products and provide our services could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Further, we incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. Various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our customers’ ability to import our products into those countries. Encryption products and the underlying technology may also be subject to export control restrictions. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required approval for our products, when applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenue. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products and provision of our services, including with respect to new releases of our products and services, may create delays in the introduction of our products and services in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products and using our services throughout their globally-distributed systems or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products or provision of our services to some countries altogether.
We are also subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as amended (“FCPA”), the UK Bribery Act 2010, and other anti-corruption laws and regulations in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners, and third-party intermediaries from directly or indirectly authorizing, offering, or providing, improper payments or things of value to recipients in the public or private sector, and also require that we maintain accurate books and records and adequate internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent violations. We sometimes leverage third parties to sell our products and conduct our business abroad. We, our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and we may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. It is possible that our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries could fail to comply with our policies and applicable laws and regulations, for which we may ultimately be held responsible. Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, significant fines and penalties, damages, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from government contracts, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and prospects. Responding to any investigation or action would likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees.
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The standards imposed by private entities and inbox service providers to regulate the use and delivery of email have in the past interfered with, and may continue to interfere with, the effectiveness of our platform and our ability to conduct business.
From time to time, private entities and inbox service providers impose requirements that impact our and our customers’ ability to use and deliver email. For example, some of our IP addresses have become, and we expect will continue to be, listed with one or more denylisting entities due to the messaging practices of our customers and other users. We may be at an increased risk of having our IP addresses denylisted due to our scale and volume of email processed, compared to our smaller competitors. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to successfully remove ourselves from those lists. Because we fulfill email delivery on behalf of our customers, denylisting of this type could undermine the effectiveness of our customers’ transactional email, email marketing programs and other email communications, all of which could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the first quarter of 2024, Google and Yahoo began enforcing new email sender requirements aimed at sender authentication, including Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (“DMARC”) record requirements. These requirements have required us to devote time and resources toward compliance efforts, and these or similar authentication requirements imposed in the future could result in reduced volumes for our email products and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, inbox service providers can block emails from reaching their users or categorize certain emails as “promotional” emails and, as a result, direct them to an alternate or “tabbed” section of the recipient’s inbox. The implementation of new or more restrictive policies by inbox service providers may make it more difficult to deliver our customers’ emails, particularly if we are not given adequate notice of a change in policy or struggle to update our platform or services to comply with the changed policy in a reasonable amount of time. If the open rates of our customers’ emails are negatively impacted by the actions of inbox service providers to block or categorize emails then customers may question the effectiveness of our platform and cancel their accounts. This, in turn, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any legal proceedings or claims against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our reputation regardless of the outcome.
We are and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as disputes or employment claims made by our current or former employees. Any litigation, whether meritorious or not, could harm our reputation, will increase our costs and may divert management’s attention, time and resources, which may in turn seriously harm our business. Insurance might not cover such claims or the costs to defend such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs and could seriously harm our business. If we are required to make substantial payments or implement significant changes to our operations as a result of legal proceedings or claims, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Financial and Accounting Matters
We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, and such fluctuations could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As our international operations expand, our exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates grows. For example, global geopolitical events, economic events, public health epidemics and pandemics, actual or potential tariffs and other events have caused global economic uncertainty and variability in foreign currency exchange rates. While we have primarily transacted with customers and business partners in U.S. dollars, we have also conducted business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We expect to expand the number of transactions with customers that are denominated in foreign currencies in the future as we continue to expand our business internationally. We also incur expenses for some of our network service provider costs outside of the United States in local currencies and for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the respective local currency. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in an increase to the U.S. dollar equivalent of such expenses.
In addition, our international subsidiaries maintain net assets that are denominated in currencies other than the functional operating currencies of these entities. As we continue to expand our international operations, we become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Accordingly, changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar can affect our results of operations due to transactional and translational remeasurements. As a result of such foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of
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operations. In addition, to the extent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors and securities analysts who follow our stock, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected.
We have implemented a program to hedge transactional exposure against the Euro, and may do so in the future with respect to other foreign currencies. We also use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.
We have incurred substantial indebtedness that may decrease our business flexibility, access to capital, and/or increase our borrowing costs, and we may still incur substantially more debt, which may adversely affect our operations and financial results.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $1.0 billion of indebtedness outstanding (excluding intercompany indebtedness). Our indebtedness may:
•limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, business opportunities, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;
•require a portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, business opportunities, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;
•expose us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under a future revolving credit facility, may be at variable rates of interest; and
•increase our cost of borrowing.
In addition, the indenture which governs our 3.625% notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and our 3.875% notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes,” and together with the 2029 Notes, the “Notes”) contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could permit the trustee, or permit the holders of the Notes to cause the trustee, to declare all or part of the Notes to be immediately due and payable or to exercise any remedies provided to the trustee and/or result in the acceleration of substantially all of our indebtedness. Any such event would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures. We may be forced to sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on, among other things, the condition of capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments and the indenture that governs the Notes may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness and our financial condition. In the absence of such cash flows and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations.
We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business and may require additional funds. In particular, we may seek additional funds to develop new products and enhance our platform and existing products, expand our operations, including our sales and marketing organizations and our presence outside of the United States, improve our infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets. In addition, we may use a portion of our cash to satisfy tax withholding and remittance obligations related to outstanding restricted stock units. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of
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equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities, our ability to repurchase stock, and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, particularly during times of market volatility and general economic instability. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth, scale our infrastructure, develop product enhancements and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
We rely on assumptions and estimates to calculate certain of our business metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics could adversely affect our reputation and our business.
We rely on assumptions and estimates to calculate certain of our business metrics that we disclose in SEC filings, press releases and other materials, including Active Customer Accounts and Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate. Our metrics are not based on any standardized industry methodology and are not necessarily calculated in the same manner or comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Similarly, our metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology. The numbers that we use to calculate our metrics are based on internal data and may be compiled from multiple systems, including systems that are organically developed or acquired through business combinations. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable judgments and estimates for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring our business or components of our business. We regularly review our processes for calculating these metrics, and from time to time we may make adjustments to improve their accuracy or relevance. Further, as our business develops, we may revise or cease reporting metrics if we determine that such metrics are no longer appropriate measures of our performance. If investors or analysts do not perceive our metrics to be accurate representations of our business, or if they disagree with our methodologies, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our metrics, our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition would be harmed.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition and business combinations. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.
Changes in accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our results of operations.
A change in accounting standards or practices may have a significant effect on our results of operations and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business. For example, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, “Leases” that became effective January 1, 2019, had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as described in detail in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Adoption of these types of accounting standards and any difficulties in implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting systems, could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which result in regulatory discipline and harm investors' confidence in us.
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If our goodwill or intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
We review our intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. As of December 31, 2024, we carried a net $5.5 billion of goodwill and intangible assets. An adverse change in market conditions or significant changes in accounting conclusions, particularly if such changes have the effect of changing one of our critical assumptions or estimates, could result in a change to the estimation of fair value that could result in an impairment charge to our goodwill or intangible assets. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an impairment of intangible assets related to Segment totaling approximately $285.7 million, as described in additional detail in Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024. Any such charges may adversely affect our results of operations.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. In addition, if we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired operations and technologies and maintain internal control over financial reporting, if applicable, in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and could cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Risks Related to Tax Matters
Our ability to use our net operating losses and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income and taxes may be subject to certain limitations.
As of December 31, 2024, we had U.S. federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), of $2.8 billion, $2.4 billion and $0.8 billion, respectively. Utilization of these NOL carryforwards depends on our future taxable income, and there is risk that a portion of our existing NOLs could expire unused, and that even if we achieve profitability, the use of our unexpired NOLs would be subject to limitations, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results. U.S. federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, may be carried forward only 20 years to offset future taxable income, if any. Under current law, U.S. federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such U.S. federal NOLs is generally limited to 80% of taxable income. Our state NOLs may also be subject to limitations, including periods during which the use of state NOL carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. For example, California recently enacted legislation that limits the use of state NOLs for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2024 and before January 1, 2027.
Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of state law, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50-percentage-point cumulative change (by value) in the equity ownership of certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes to offset post-change taxable income and taxes. Our existing NOLs and other tax attributes may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes,
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and if we undergo an ownership change in the future, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code.
We may have additional tax liabilities, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. Our tax expense may be impacted, for example, if tax laws change or are clarified to our detriment or if tax authorities successfully challenge the tax positions that we take, such as, for example, positions relating to the arm’s-length pricing standards for our intercompany transactions and our indirect tax positions. In determining the adequacy of our provision for income taxes, we assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes that could result if our tax positions were challenged by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), and other tax authorities. Should the IRS or other tax authorities assess additional taxes as a result of examinations, we may be required to record charges to operations that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We conduct operations in many tax jurisdictions throughout the United States and internationally. In many of these jurisdictions, non-income-based taxes, such as sales, value-added tax, goods and services tax, and telecommunications taxes, are assessed on our operations or our sales to customers. We are subject to indirect taxes, and may be subject to certain other taxes, in some of these jurisdictions. We collect certain telecommunications-based taxes from our customers in certain jurisdictions, and we expect to continue expanding the number of jurisdictions in which we will collect these taxes in the future.
Many states are also pursuing legislative expansion of the scope of goods and services that are subject to sales and similar taxes as well as the circumstances in which a vendor of goods and services must collect such taxes. Following the United States Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., states are now free to levy taxes on sales of goods and services based on an “economic nexus,” regardless of whether the seller has a physical presence in the state. Any additional fees and taxes levied on our services by any state may adversely impact our results of operations.
Historically, we have not billed or collected taxes in certain jurisdictions and, in accordance with GAAP, we have recorded a provision for our tax exposure in these jurisdictions when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the exposure can be reasonably estimated. We reserved $41.4 million on our December 31, 2024 balance sheet for these tax payments. These estimates include several key assumptions, including, but not limited to, the taxability of our products, the jurisdictions in which we believe we have nexus or a permanent establishment, and the sourcing of revenues to those jurisdictions. In the event these jurisdictions challenge our assumptions and analysis, our actual exposure could differ materially from our current estimates and reserves. If the actual payments we make to any jurisdiction exceed the accrual in our balance sheet, our results of operations would be harmed. In addition, some customers may question the incremental tax charges and seek to negotiate lower pricing from us, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are in discussions with certain jurisdictions regarding potential sales and other indirect taxes for prior periods that we may owe. If any of these jurisdictions disagree with management’s assumptions and analysis, the assessment of our tax exposure could differ materially from management’s current estimates. For example, in 2020, San Francisco City and County assessed us for $38.8 million in taxes, including interest and penalties, which exceeded the $11.5 million we had accrued for that assessment. We paid the full amount under protest and filed a lawsuit on May 27, 2021 contesting the assessment. We entered into a settlement agreement in November 2023 pursuant to which San Francisco paid us $18.0 million in settlement of our claims.
Our global operations and structure subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences.
We generally conduct our global operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. In particular, our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. Also, our tax expense could be affected depending on the applicability of withholding and other taxes (including withholding and indirect taxes on software licenses and related intercompany transactions) under the tax laws of certain jurisdictions in which we have business operations. The relevant revenue and taxing authorities may disagree with positions we have taken generally, or our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations.
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Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations or our tax positions may materially and adversely affect our income taxes.
We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and numerous international jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis because of a variety of factors, including changes in the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in our business or structure, changes in tax laws that could adversely impact our income or non-income taxes or the expiration of or disputes about certain tax agreements in a particular country. We are subject to audit by various tax authorities. In accordance with GAAP, we recognize income tax benefits, net of required valuation allowances and accrual for uncertain tax positions. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different than that which is reflected in historical income tax provisions and accruals. Should additional taxes be assessed as a result of an audit or litigation, an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made could result.
Changes in tax laws or tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could cause us to be subject to additional income-based taxes and non-income taxes (such as payroll, sales, use, value-added, digital tax, net worth, property, and goods and services taxes), which in turn could materially affect our financial position and results of operations. Additionally, new, changed, modified, or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers’ and our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our products. For example, on August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law, with tax provisions primarily focused on implementing a 15% minimum tax on global adjusted financial statement income of corporations with adjusted financial statement income exceeding $1.0 billion, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, and a 1% excise tax on share repurchases occurring after December 31, 2022, which resulted in an excise tax payable calculated on our 2023 and 2024 share repurchases.
As another example, beginning in 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) eliminates the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years pursuant to Section 174 of the Code, which impacts our effective tax rate and our cash tax liability in 2024. If the requirement to capitalize Section 174 expenditures is not modified by legislation, it will continue to impact our effective tax rate and our cash tax liability.
On October 8, 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the “OECD”) announced the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the “Framework”) which agreed to a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges arising from digitalization of the economy. On December 20, 2021, the OECD released Pillar Two Model Rules defining the global minimum tax rules, which contemplate a minimum tax rate of 15% for large multinational companies. On December 15, 2022, the European Union (EU) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive and various countries have enacted or are in the process of enacting legislation on these rules. These changes, when enacted by various countries in which we do business, may increase our taxes in these countries.
Changes to these and other areas in relation to international tax reform, including future actions taken by foreign governments in response to the Tax Act, could increase uncertainty and may adversely affect our tax rate and cash flow in future years.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The trading price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The trading price of our common stock has, and may continue to, fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance, including:
•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
•volatility in the trading prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;
•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;
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•sales of shares of our common stock by our stockholders;
•our issuance or repurchase of shares of our common stock;
•short selling of our common stock or related derivatives;
•changes in financial estimates or the publication of reports or statements by securities analysts or investors who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•the financial projections or targets we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or targets, or our failure to meet those projections or targets;
•announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services or related to acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies;
•the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
•changes in laws, industry standards, regulations or regulatory enforcement in the United States or internationally;
•actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our results of operations or actual or anticipated changes in our strategy or the organization of our business;
•actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
•litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;
•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;
•any significant change in our management, including changes in the pace of hiring; and
•general political, social, economic and market conditions, in both domestic and foreign markets, and slow or negative growth of our markets.
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares. Additionally, the shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and restricted stock unit awards under our equity incentive plans and the shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market upon issuance, subject to applicable insider trading policies.
We may not realize the anticipated long-term stockholder value of our share repurchase programs, and any failure to repurchase our common stock after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact our stock price.
In January 2025, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 billion of our common stock from time to time through a share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, we had repurchased $3.0 billion of outstanding shares of our common stock under prior authorizations that expired on December 31, 2024. Under our share repurchase program, we may make repurchases of stock through a variety of methods, including open share market purchases, privately negotiated purchases, entering into one or more confirmations or other contractual arrangements with a financial institution counterparty to
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effectuate one or more accelerated stock repurchase contracts, forward purchase contracts or similar derivative instruments, Dutch auction tender offers, or through a combination of any of the foregoing, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. Our share repurchase program terminates at 11:59 pm Pacific Time on December 31, 2027, does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares, and may be suspended at any time at our discretion and without prior notice. The timing and amount of any repurchases, if any, will be subject to liquidity, stock price, market and economic conditions, compliance with applicable legal requirements such as Delaware surplus and solvency tests and other relevant factors. Any failure to repurchase stock after we have announced our intention to do so may negatively impact our reputation and investor confidence in us and may negatively impact our stock price.
The existence of our share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it otherwise would be and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchase shares, and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the effectiveness of the program.
Repurchasing our common stock reduces the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes, and we may fail to realize the anticipated long-term stockholder value of any share repurchase program.
If securities or industry analysts change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the trading price of our common stock and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline. If any analyst who covers us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price of our common stock or trading volume to decline.
Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.
Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions which could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions:
•authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;
•limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;
•limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings;
•providing that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms;
•prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, instead requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors;
•controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; and
•providing for advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.
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These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.
As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not held by such 15% or greater stockholder.
Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law:
•any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;
•any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by our directors, officers, employees or our stockholders;
•any action asserting a claim against us arising under the Delaware General Corporation Law; and
•any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine (the “Delaware Forum Provision”).
The Delaware Forum Provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim under the Securities Act, for which the United States District Court for the Northern District of California has sole and exclusive jurisdiction (the “Federal Forum Provision”), as we are based in the State of California. In addition, our bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
The Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. If a court were to find the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.
General Risks
Our business is subject to the risks of pandemics, earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions, computer viruses, security breaches and incidents, terrorism or war.
Our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, flooding, fire, power shortages, public health epidemics or pandemics, terrorism, political unrest, cyber-attacks, geopolitical instability, war, the effects of climate change and other events beyond our control. For example, our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, occurring at our headquarters, at one of our other facilities or where a business partner is located could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, if a natural disaster or man-made problem were to affect our service providers, this could adversely affect the ability of our customers to use our products and platform. Natural disasters, public health epidemics or pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical events could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ businesses, national economies or the world economy as a whole.
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We also rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and enterprise applications and internal technology systems for our engineering, sales and marketing, and operations activities. Although we maintain incident management and disaster response plans, in the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or man-made problem, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions and outages, reputational harm, delays in our development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, security breaches and incidents and loss or unavailability of critical data, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, computer malware, viruses and computer hacking, fraudulent use attempts and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry, have occurred on our platform in the past and may occur on our platform in the future. Though it is difficult to determine what, if any, harm may directly result from any specific interruption or attack, any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, integrity and availability of our products and technical infrastructure to the satisfaction of our customers may harm our reputation and our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers. In addition, global climate change could result in certain types of natural disasters occurring more frequently or with more intense effects. Any such events may result in users being subject to service disruptions or outages, and we may not be able to recover our technical infrastructure in a timely manner to maintain or resume operations, which may adversely affect our financial results.
Our reputation and/or business could be negatively impacted by ESG matters and/or our reporting of such matters.
There is an increasing focus on ESG matters from governmental authorities, investors, customers and other stakeholders, whose expectations are evolving and may be contradictory. Our decisions regarding ESG-related initiatives, goals, or commitments, including whether to pursue them, and/or the extent to which we achieve them, may be scrutinized and could negatively impact our reputation, result in reduced customer demand or certain investors not purchasing or holding our stock, harm our ability to attract and retain qualified employees, or otherwise materially harm our business. Additionally, compliance with current or future legal requirements or stakeholder expectations regarding ESG matters, including disclosure and reporting obligations, may result in increased costs, and legal and operational risks.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Our board of directors recognizes the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our customers, clients, business partners and employees. Our board of directors is actively involved in oversight of our risk management program, and cybersecurity represents an important component of our overall approach to enterprise risk management (“ERM”).
Risk Management and Strategy
We have policies, standards, processes and practices for assessing, identifying, and managing material risk from cybersecurity threats that are integrated into our ERM systems and processes. Our cross-functional approach to cybersecurity risk management is focused on preserving the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems by identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur. As part of this approach, we have implemented controls and procedures that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents to enable timely decisions by management regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents.
Our cybersecurity program is focused on the following key areas:
•Governance. As discussed in more detail under the heading “Governance” below, our board of directors’ oversight of cybersecurity risk is supported by our audit committee, which regularly interacts with our ERM function, our Chief Digital Officer (“CDO”), our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), other members of management, and relevant committees and working groups, including management’s Enterprise Risk Committee (“ERC”), Cyber Incident Task Force (“CITF”), and Security Incident Response Team (“SIRT”), in its oversight of cybersecurity-related risk.
•Risk Assessment. We devote significant resources and designate high-level personnel, including our ERC, which includes our CDO, our CISO, our Chief Legal Officer (“CLO”), our Vice President of Internal Audit, and our Vice President of Ethics, Compliance and Risk Management, to manage the cybersecurity risk assessment and mitigation process. We conduct security assessments both internally and with the assistance of third parties to identify cybersecurity threats periodically and to
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identify any potentially material changes in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. These security assessments include identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential impact of such risks, and the sufficiency and effectiveness of existing policies, procedures, systems, and controls to manage such risks. Risk themes identified during our risk assessments guide annual cybersecurity planning activities and investments to improve security coverage, technology capabilities and processes.
•Technical Safeguards. We deploy, maintain, and regularly monitor the effectiveness of technical safeguards that are designed to protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats. We align our security program to recognized frameworks and industry standards. We make investments in core security capabilities, including awareness and training, identity and access, incident response, product security, cloud security, enterprise security, risk management, and supply chain risk, in order to enable us to better identify, protect, detect, respond to, and recover from evolving security threats. Our technical safeguards include firewalls, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware functionality and access controls, which are evaluated and improved through internal and external security assessments and cybersecurity threat intelligence. We regularly assess our safeguards through internal testing by our assurance teams. We also leverage external third-party testing (e.g., penetration testing, attack surface mapping, and security maturity assessments) and seek third-party certifications (e.g., SOC2, ISO, and PCI DSS). Following our risk assessments, we evaluate whether and/or how to re-design and/or enhance our safeguards to reasonably address any identified risks or gaps.
•Incident Response and Recovery Planning. We have established comprehensive incident response and recovery plans that address the full lifecycle of our response to a cybersecurity incident. These plans are periodically tested and evaluated.
•Third-Party Risk Management. We maintain a comprehensive, risk-based approach to identifying and overseeing cybersecurity risks presented by third parties, including vendors, service providers and other external users of our systems, as well as the systems of third parties that could adversely impact our business in the event of a cybersecurity incident affecting those third-party systems. We perform due diligence on vendors, service providers and other third-party users of our systems at initial onboarding and periodically thereafter. We require that third-party service providers have the ability to implement and maintain reasonable and appropriate security measures, consistent with applicable laws, in connection with their work with us, and to promptly report any actual or suspected breach of their security measures that may affect our company.
•Security Awareness and Training. Our security awareness program requires that employees and certain contractors complete comprehensive security training upon joining the company and annually thereafter. The training covers critical security topics to ensure our workforce stays informed about top-of-mind security areas, such as phishing. The training helps ensure that our personnel have the knowledge and skills required to protect our digital assets and critical data. In addition, we conduct awareness campaigns on cybersecurity threats as a means to equip our personnel with effective tools to address such threats and to communicate our evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices.
We engage in the periodic assessment and testing of our cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices, including through audits, assessments, tabletop exercises, threat modeling, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures and planning. To assist with such assessment and testing, we engage assessors, consultants, auditors, and other third parties to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including for third-party testing and certifications (as described above under “Technical Safeguards”), information security maturity assessments, customer audits, and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The material results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to our audit committee, and we adjust our cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided.
To date, cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected our company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For additional information regarding whether any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, are reasonably likely to materially affect our company in the future, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Governance
Our board of directors, in coordination with our audit committee, oversees our ERM process, including the management of cybersecurity risks, and is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure. Our management team and its committees, including our ERC, our CITF, our SIRT, and our core information security operational teams, in partnership with our engineering teams, are responsible for the day-to-day management and mitigation of the material cybersecurity risks we face.
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Our board of directors administers its cybersecurity risk oversight function as a whole, as well as through our audit committee. Our audit committee receives regular presentations and reports on cybersecurity risks, which address a wide range of topics including recent developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, the threat environment, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to our peers and third parties, and risks relating to cybersecurity incidents. Our board of directors has previously received quarterly updates from our audit committee on ERM and cybersecurity risks after the audit committee is updated by management but, as a reflection of the importance we place on managing and overseeing cybersecurity risk, management expects to provide quarterly updates directly to the board of directors beginning in 2025.
Our ERC, comprised of our CLO, our CDO, our CISO, our Vice President of Internal Audit, and our Vice President of Ethics, Compliance and Risk Management, among others, oversees our ERM activities, including cybersecurity-related risks. Our CDO and our CISO (who reports to our CDO) are primarily responsible for the assessment and management of our material risks from cybersecurity threats, working collaboratively and cross-functionally to design and implement our cybersecurity policies and processes, including those described in “Risk Management and Strategy” above, and for responding to any cybersecurity incidents. In addition, our CITF (which includes our CDO, our CISO, our CLO, and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”)) is primarily responsible for evaluating cybersecurity incidents, gathering and assessing facts relevant to applicable regulatory reporting and disclosure obligations, making recommendations to our Chief Executive Officer and CFO regarding such disclosure, and advising our board of directors and audit committee on the effectiveness of policies and procedures related to the disclosure of cybersecurity incidents.
To facilitate our cybersecurity risk management program, multidisciplinary teams throughout our company are deployed to address cybersecurity threats and to respond to cybersecurity incidents. Through ongoing communications with these teams, our CDO, our CISO, and the SIRT monitor the detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time, and report such threats and incidents to the CITF when appropriate.
Our CDO has over 25 years of experience at technology companies and has been in the security space for over 18 years, including serving as c hief security officer at a public company and leading security engineering at another public company. Our CDO also serves on the board of directors of a publicly traded cybersecurity company. Our CDO holds an undergraduate degree in electronics engineering and a graduate degree in business administration and management. Our CISO has over 18 years of experience managing cybersecurity risks in the technology industry, including serving as the acting chief security officer at a public company and holding other senior cybersecurity leadership and operational roles at other companies. Our CISO holds an undergraduate degree in computer engineering and graduate degrees in electrical engineering and business administration. Our CFO, VP of Internal Audit, and VP of Ethics, Compliance and Risk Management each hold undergraduate and/or graduate degrees in their respective fields, and have over 10 years of experience managing risks at the Company and at similar companies, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats.
If one of the roles described in this Item 1C is vacant, another senior member of the applicable functional team is selected to serve on our ERC, CITF, or any other applicable committees or task forces on an interim basis, as needed.
Item 2. Properties
We lease all of our facilities and do not own any real property. Our headquarters, which serves as our principal offices for our business segments, is located in San Francisco, California, where we actively occupy 83,372 square feet of office space at 101 Spear Street. We lease additional office space in various other locations in South America, Europe and Asia. This includes our international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland, and regional offices used for business operations, sales, support, and product development for our business segments. Additional information regarding our lease commitments is available in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We believe that our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Refer to Note 17(b) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our current material legal proceedings.
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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information for Common Stock
Our Class A common stock (“common stock”) is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “TWLO.” Our Class B common stock is neither listed nor traded, and no Class B common stock is currently issued or outstanding.
Holders of Record
As of January 31, 2025, we had 225 holders of record of our Class A common stock. There are no holders of record of our Class B common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of holders of record and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
Stock Performance Graph
This performance graph shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Twilio Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act.
We have presented below the cumulative five-year total return to our stockholders in comparison to the S&P 500 Index and S&P 500 Information Technology Index. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock and in each respective index at the market closing price on the last trading day for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, and its relative performance is tracked through the last trading day for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The comparisons are based on historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the future performance of our common stock.
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Sales of Unregistered Securities
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we issued 88,408 shares of our unregistered common stock to an independent donor advised fund to further our Twilio.org philanthropic goals. The shares were “restricted securities” for purposes of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, and had an aggregate fair market value on the date of donation of $5.9 million. The foregoing transaction did not involve any underwriters, any underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. We believe the offer, sale and issuance of the above shares were exempt from registration under the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act because the issuance of the shares did not involve a public offering.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes the share repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share(2) |  |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) |  |
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  | (In millions) |  |  |
October 1 - 31, 2024 |  | 2,527 |  |  | $ | 69.85 |  |  |  |  | 2,527 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  |  |
November 1 - 30, 2024 |  | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 96.12 |  |  |  |  | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  |  |
December 1 - 31, 2024 |  | 916 |  |  | $ | 109.77 |  |  |  |  | 916 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |
|  | 4,848 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,848 |  |  |  |  |  |

_____________________________
(1) In February 2023, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock. In March 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $2.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2024, we repurchased $3.0 billion of outstanding shares of our Class A common stock under these prior authorizations, which expired on December 31, 2024. In January 2025, our board of directors authorized a new program to repurchase up to $2.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock, which expires on December 31, 2027. Repurchases under this program can be made through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions and other means in compliance with applicable federal securities laws, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans. We have discretion in determining the conditions under which shares may be repurchased from time to time. Refer to Note 18 — Stockholders' Equity in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to share repurchases.
(2) Average price paid per share includes costs associated with the repurchases.
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
We envision a world in which every digital interaction between businesses and their customers is amazing. By combining our leading communications capabilities, plus rich contextual data, plus generative and predictive AI, we enable businesses of all sizes to revolutionize how they engage with their customers by delivering seamless, trusted and personalized customer experiences at scale. We offer communications APIs that enable developers to embed numerous forms of messaging, voice, email and video interactions into their customer-facing applications, as well as software products that target specific engagement needs, including our customer data platform, digital engagement centers, marketing campaigns, and user authentication and identity solutions. This combination of flexible APIs and software solutions helps businesses of all sizes and across numerous industries to benefit from smarter and more streamlined engagement at every step of the customer journey, including reduced customer acquisition costs, lasting loyalty and increased customer value. Our platform, which combines our highly customizable communications APIs with customer data management capabilities and AI-powered predictions and recommendations, allows businesses to break down data silos and build a comprehensive single source for their customer data that is organized into unique profiles that are easily accessible by all their business teams. Empowered with this information and the insights it enables, businesses using our platform can provide robust, personalized and effective communications to their customers at every stage of their customer relationships at scale. The value proposition of our offerings has become stronger and our products have become more strategic to our customers as businesses are increasingly prioritizing building more personalized and differentiated customer engagement experiences through digital channels.
On January 1, 2025, we realigned our business unit structure into a functional support model under one organization. We believe that operating as one organization best positions us as we seek to deliver one trusted, smart and integrated platform that enables more personalized communications and engagements for customers. Despite realigning our organizational structure, we continue to have two reportable segments. Our Communications reportable segment consists of a variety of APIs and software solutions to optimize communications between our customers and their end users. Our key offerings in our Communications reportable segment include Messaging, Voice, Email (which includes Marketing Campaigns), Flex, and User Authentication and Identity. Our Segment reportable segment consists of software products that enable businesses to leverage their contextual data to create unique customer profiles and achieve more effective customer engagement. Our key offering in our Segment reportable segment is our Segment product.
For a comprehensive overview of our business, our platform and our products refer to Part I, Item 1, “Business,” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our revenue was $4.5 billion, $4.2 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, and our net loss was $109.4 million, $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, our 10 largest Active Customer Accounts generated an aggregate of 10%, 10% and 12% of our total revenue, respectively.
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
We are focused on innovation, profit, and growth. To increase revenue and grow market share, we intend to drive product innovation, leverage predictive and generative AI, further enhance our ISV, reseller and other partner relationships, improve our self-service capabilities, cross-sell our products, expand internationally, enhance Segment data warehouse interoperability, and reduce time to value for Segment. We also intend to optimize our business and take measures to reduce costs, including simplifying and further automating our business processes, modernizing our infrastructure, focusing on self-service, leveraging AI, enacting certain workforce planning initiatives, optimizing utilization of our distributed workforce and implementing other initiatives targeted at improving efficiencies in our business.
Our revenue is primarily derived from usage-based fees, which can lead to variability in our results of operations and at times create differences between our forecasts and actual results. Our usage-based revenue is also more immediately impacted by changes in consumer spending and macroeconomic conditions than our subscription-based revenue. We also experience
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seasonal trends due to increased consumer activity in the fourth quarter, which may result in lower sequential revenue in the first quarter.
Our gross profit and gross margin are impacted by a number of factors, including our product mix; our ability to manage our cloud infrastructure‑related and network service provider fees, including A2P SMS fees; changes in foreign exchange rates; the timing of amortization of capitalized software development costs and acquired intangibles; the extent to which we periodically choose to adjust prices of our products; and the timing and extent of our investments in our operations. Our gross margin is also impacted by the mix of U.S. messaging termination compared to international messaging termination, as international messaging has lower gross margins.
We migrated part of Segment’s architecture to a new infrastructure provider in 2024, which we expect will allow us to recognize greater operational efficiency and scale up new AI-driven products and features. This migration resulted in overlapping expenses with our original and new vendors for much of 2024, which negatively impacted Segment gross margins. The migration was largely completed as of December 31, 2024.
In 2024, we introduced a company-wide annual cash bonus program to reduce our use of equity compensation. The bonus payout amount for each eligible participant is determined based on the Company and the individual full year performance metrics. In the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded $134.1 million of expense related to this program. The program provided for a 25% mid-year bonus cash payment in its initial year only, which resulted in a $24.3 million cash payment in July 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the accrued bonus liability was $109.8 million recorded in the accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The bonus will be paid in March of 2025. The introduction of this bonus program and reduction of our use of equity compensation impacted our expenses commencing in 2024. We expect that the reduction of our use of equity compensation will reduce our operating expenses in future periods.
In February 2023, one of our customers, Oi SA, a Brazilian telecom company, initiated reorganization proceedings in a Brazilian bankruptcy court and exposed us to risks on collections of pre-petition receivables and ongoing revenue. In April 2024, the creditors of Oi SA approved a Judicial Reorganization Plan (the “Oi Reorganization Plan”) that aims to ensure Oi SA’s operational feasibility and continuity of activities and further provides extended and discounted payment terms for pre-petition receivables. The Oi Reorganization Plan was subsequently ratified by the Brazilian bankruptcy court and contains various contingencies. As a result of a reduction in ongoing payment activity from this customer, as of December 31, 2024, we have fully reserved the pre-petition and post-petition accounts receivable due from Oi SA of $15.2 million and $13.5 million, respectively.
Key Business Metrics
We review a number of operational and financial metrics, including Active Customer Accounts and Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions.
The following table summarizes our year-over-year revenue growth and Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and the number of Active Customer Accounts as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

|  | Year Ended |  |
|  | December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Active Customer Accounts |  | 325,000 |  |  | 305,000 |  |  | 290,000 |  |  |
Total Revenue (in thousands) |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |  |  |
Total Revenue Growth Rate |  | 7 | % |  | 9 | % |  | 35 | % |  |
Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate |  | 104 | % |  | 103 | % |  | 121 | % |  |

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Active Customer Accounts
We define an Active Customer Account at the end of any period as an individual account, as identified by a unique account identifier, for which we have recognized at least $5 of revenue in the last month of the period. A single organization may constitute multiple unique Active Customer Accounts if it has multiple account identifiers, each of which is treated as a separate Active Customer Account. Active Customer Accounts excludes customer accounts from Zipwhip, Inc. (“Zipwhip”). Communications Active Customer Accounts and Segment Active Customer Accounts are calculated using the same methodology, but using only revenue recognized from accounts in the respective segment. When presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, (i) the number of Active Customer Accounts is rounded down to the nearest thousand, (ii) the number of Communications Active Customer Accounts is rounded down to the nearest thousand, and (iii) the number of Segment Active Customer Accounts is rounded down to the nearest hundred.
Our business and customer relationships have grown since we began reporting the number of Active Customer Accounts using the above definition, which is anchored to a minimum $5 monthly revenue figure. We have a large number of Active Customer Accounts with relatively low individual spend that in the aggregate do not drive a significant portion of our revenue. Due to this dynamic, we believe that the number of Active Customer Accounts, as currently defined, is less informative now as an indicator of the growth of our business and future revenue trends than it has been in prior periods. In the three years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, revenue from Active Customer Accounts represented over 99% of total revenue in each period.
Dollar‑Based Net Expansion Rate
Our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate compares the total revenue from all Active Customer Accounts and customer accounts from Zipwhip in a quarter to the same quarter in the prior year. To calculate the Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate, we first identify the cohort of Active Customer Accounts and customer accounts from Zipwhip that were Active Customer Accounts or customer accounts from Zipwhip in the same quarter of the prior year. The Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate is the quotient obtained by dividing the revenue generated from that cohort in a quarter, by the revenue generated from that same cohort in the corresponding quarter in the prior year. When we calculate Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate for periods longer than one quarter, we use the average of the applicable quarterly Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rates for each of the quarters in such period. Revenue from acquisitions does not impact the Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate calculation until the quarter following the one-year anniversary of the applicable acquisition, unless the acquisition closing date is the first day of a quarter. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2024, our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate excludes the contributions from acquisitions made after October 1, 2023. Revenue from divestitures does not impact the Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate calculation beginning in the quarter the divestiture closed, unless the divestiture closing date is the last day of a quarter. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2024, our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate excludes the contributions from divestitures made after December 31, 2023. Communications Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate and Segment Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate are calculated using the same methodology, but using only revenue attributable to the respective segment and Active Customer Accounts and customer accounts from Zipwhip for that respective segment.
We believe that measuring Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate, on an aggregate basis and at the segment level, provides an important indication of the performance of our efforts to increase revenue from existing customers. Our ability to drive growth and generate incremental revenue depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and grow our relationships with existing Active Customer Accounts and to increase their use of the platform. An important way in which we have historically tracked performance in this area is by measuring the Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate for Active Customer Accounts. Our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate increases when such Active Customer Accounts increase their usage of a product, extend their usage of a product to new applications or adopt a new product. Our Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate decreases when such Active Customer Accounts cease or reduce their usage of a product or when we lower usage prices on a product. As our customers grow their businesses and extend the use of our platform, they sometimes create multiple customer accounts with us for operational or other reasons. As such, when we identify a significant customer organization (defined as a single customer organization generating more than 1% of revenue in a quarterly reporting period) that has created a new Active Customer Account, this new Active Customer Account is tied to, and revenue from this new Active Customer Account is included with, the original Active Customer Account for the purposes of calculating this metric.
Key Components of Statements of Operations
Revenue
Revenue. We recognize revenue from our products on either a usage basis or a subscription basis, depending on the nature of the product and the type of customer contract.
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The majority of our Communications reportable segment revenue is derived from usage-based fees. The usage-based fees are earned when customers access our cloud-based platform and start using our products. Examples of our primarily usage-based Communications products are Messaging and Voice. For Messaging products, we primarily charge fees related to the number of text messages sent or received. For Voice products, we primarily charge fees for minutes of call duration. Examples of our primarily subscription-based Communications products are Email (which includes Marketing Campaigns) and Flex. For these products, we recognize revenue evenly over the contract term.
Our Segment reportable segment revenue is derived from Segment products that are subscription-based. For these products we recognize revenue evenly over the contract term.
When our usage-based products are embedded into our subscription-based products, we charge for each product separately on a usage or subscription basis, respectively, and record the revenue in the reportable segment in which each product resides.
Most of our usage-based customers gain access to our platform through our self-service sign-up format, which requires an upfront prepayment via credit card that is drawn down as they use our products. Pricing is generally based on a publicly available, self-serve pricing matrix that generally allows customers to receive tiered discounts as their usage of our products increases. Many of our larger usage-based customers enter into contractual arrangements with us for a period of at least 12 months. These contracts may include negotiated terms and typically include minimum revenue commitments of varying durations. Usage-based customers subject to such contracts are typically invoiced monthly in arrears for products used. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we generated 72%, 71% and 73% of our revenue, respectively, from usage-based fees.
Subscription-based fees are earned in accordance with subscription pricing terms. For our subscription-based products, customers generally enter into negotiated contracts, which are typically one to three years in duration. Subscription customers are generally invoiced in advance at the start of the contract term. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we generated 28%, 29% and 27% of our revenue, respectively, from non-usage‑based fees.
Amounts that have been charged via credit card or invoiced are recorded in revenue, deferred revenue or customer deposits, depending on whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met. Our deferred revenue and customer deposits liability balance is not a meaningful indicator of our future revenue at any point in time because the number of contracts with our invoiced customers that contain terms requiring any form of prepayment is not significant.
We define U.S. revenue as revenue from customers with IP addresses or mailing addresses at the time of registration in the United States. We define international revenue as revenue from customers with IP addresses or mailing addresses at the time of registration outside of the United States.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees paid to network service providers. Cost of revenue also includes cloud infrastructure fees, direct costs of personnel, such as salaries and stock‑based compensation for our customer support employees, and other non‑personnel costs, such as depreciation and amortization expense related to data centers and hosting equipment, and amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and acquired intangible assets. Costs of revenue are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain costs of revenue are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumption of these costs.
Our arrangements with network service providers require us to pay fees based on the volume of phone calls initiated or text messages sent, as well as the number of telephone numbers acquired by us to service our customers. Our arrangements with our cloud infrastructure providers require us to pay fees based on our server capacity consumption.
Gross Profit. Gross profit represents revenue less cost of revenue.
Operating Expenses
The most significant components of operating expenses are personnel costs, which consist of salaries, benefits, sales commissions, bonuses and stock‑based compensation. We also incur other non‑personnel costs related to our general overhead expenses.
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Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, outsourced engineering services, cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development of our products, depreciation, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and an allocation of our general overhead expenses. We capitalize the portion of our software development costs that meets the criteria for capitalization. Research and development expenses are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain research and development expenses are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumption of these costs. A small percentage of research and development costs, such as costs related to digital architecture and information security, are not allocated to segments because they support company-wide processes and are managed on a company-wide level.
We are focusing our research and development investment in the highest impact product areas for our future. We are investing strategically in alignment with our focus on building a trusted, leading customer engagement platform.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including commissions and bonuses to our sales employees. Sales and marketing expenses also include expenditures related to advertising, marketing, brand awareness activities, costs related to our SIGNAL customer and developer conferences, credit card processing fees, professional services fees, depreciation, amortization of acquired intangible assets and an allocation of our general overhead expenses. Sales and marketing expenses are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain sales and marketing expenses are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumption of these costs. A small percentage of sales and marketing costs, such as costs related to corporate communications and global brand awareness, are not allocated to segments because they support company-wide processes and are managed on a company-wide level.
We focus our sales and marketing efforts on generating awareness of our company, platform and products, creating sales leads, expanding relationships with existing customers and establishing and promoting our brand, both domestically and internationally.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our accounting, finance, legal, human resources and administrative support personnel. General and administrative expenses also include costs related to business acquisitions and dispositions, legal and other professional services fees, certain taxes, depreciation and amortization, charitable contributions and an allocation of our general overhead expenses. General and administrative expenses are allocated to each segment when they are directly attributable to each segment or are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumption of these costs. A significant portion of general and administrative costs, such as costs related to corporate governance and certain costs related to legal, human resources, finance and accounting functions, are not allocated to segments because they support company-wide processes and are managed on a company-wide level.
Restructuring Costs. Restructuring costs consist primarily of personnel costs, such as employee severance payments, benefits and certain facilitation costs, associated with our workforce reductions. Restructuring costs also include stock-based compensation expense related to vesting of stock-based awards of the impacted employees.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. Impairment of long-lived assets consists of impairment of intangible assets and certain operating right-of-use assets and the associated leasehold improvements and property and equipment when the carrying amounts of these assets exceed their respective fair values.
Other Expenses, Net
Our other expenses, net, consist primarily of our share of losses from our equity method investment, impairment charges and gains and losses related to our strategic investments, realized gains and losses from marketable securities, interest income and expense and debt-related costs.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes consists primarily of federal, state and foreign income taxes and withholding taxes in foreign jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business.
The primary difference between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate relates to the valuation allowance the Company established on the federal, state and certain foreign net operating losses and credits.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use the following non‑GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non‑GAAP financial information may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance, facilitates period‑to‑period comparisons of results of operations and assists in comparisons with other companies, many of which use similar non‑GAAP financial information to supplement their results of operations reported in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We believe free cash flow and free cash flow margin provide useful supplemental information to help investors understand underlying trends in our business and our liquidity.
Non‑GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from similarly‑titled non‑GAAP measures used by other companies. Whenever we use a non‑GAAP financial measure, a reconciliation is provided to the most closely applicable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP. The users of our consolidated financial statements are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non‑GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.
Non‑GAAP Gross Profit and Non‑GAAP Gross Margin
For the periods presented, we define non‑GAAP gross profit and non‑GAAP gross margin as GAAP gross profit and GAAP gross margin, respectively, adjusted to exclude, as applicable, certain expenses as presented in the table below:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation: |  | (In thousands)
GAAP gross profit |  | $ | 2,278,212 |  |  | $ | 2,043,930 |  |  | $ | 1,813,577 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GAAP gross margin |  | 51 | % |  | 49 | % |  | 47 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | 22,001 |  |  | 26,343 |  |  | 21,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  | 62,728 |  |  | 113,266 |  |  | 122,653 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  | 1,133 |  |  | 699 |  |  | 539 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP gross profit |  | $ | 2,364,074 |  |  | $ | 2,184,238 |  |  | $ | 1,957,905 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP gross margin |  | 53 | % |  | 53 | % |  | 51 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

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Non‑GAAP Operating Expenses
For the periods presented, we define non‑GAAP operating expenses (including categories of operating expenses) as GAAP operating expenses (and categories of operating expenses) adjusted to exclude, as applicable, certain expenses as presented in the table below:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation: |  | (In thousands)
GAAP operating expenses |  | $ | 2,331,920 |  |  | $ | 2,920,471 |  |  | $ | 3,018,885 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | (591,428) |  |  | (636,499) |  |  | (763,149) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  | (49,123) |  |  | (79,041) |  |  | (83,528) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition and divestiture related expenses |  | — |  |  | (5,555) |  |  | (2,621) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on net assets divested |  | — |  |  | (32,277) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  | (8,509) |  |  | (12,286) |  |  | (23,293) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charitable contributions |  | (19,907) |  |  | (17,346) |  |  | (9,541) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | (13,273) |  |  | (165,733) |  |  | (76,636) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | (320,504) |  |  | (97,722) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP operating expenses |  | $ | 1,649,680 |  |  | $ | 1,651,230 |  |  | $ | 1,962,395 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Non‑GAAP Income (Loss) from Operations and Non‑GAAP Operating Margin
For the periods presented, we define non‑GAAP income (loss) from operations and non‑GAAP operating margin as GAAP loss from operations and GAAP operating margin, respectively, adjusted to exclude, as applicable, certain expenses as presented in the table below:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation: |  | (In thousands)
GAAP loss from operations |  | $ | (53,708) |  |  | $ | (876,541) |  |  | $ | (1,205,308) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GAAP operating margin |  | (1) | % |  | (21) | % |  | (32) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | 613,429 |  |  | 662,842 |  |  | 784,285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  | 111,851 |  |  | 192,307 |  |  | 206,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition and divestiture related expenses |  | — |  |  | 5,555 |  |  | 2,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on net assets divested |  | — |  |  | 32,277 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  | 9,642 |  |  | 12,985 |  |  | 23,832 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charitable contributions |  | 19,907 |  |  | 17,346 |  |  | 9,541 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | 13,273 |  |  | 165,733 |  |  | 76,636 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 320,504 |  |  | 97,722 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 714,394 |  |  | $ | 533,008 |  |  | $ | (4,490) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP operating margin |  | 16 | % |  | 13 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  |

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Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin
For the periods presented, we define free cash flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less capitalized software development costs and purchases of long-lived and intangible assets, and we define free cash flow margin as free cash flow divided by revenue, as presented in the table below:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reconciliation: |  | (In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 716,241 |  |  | $ | 414,752 |  |  | $ | (254,368) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flow margin |  | 16 | % |  | 10 | % |  | (7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized software development costs |  | (51,808) |  |  | (39,925) |  |  | (45,761) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of long-lived and intangible assets |  | (6,978) |  |  | (11,310) |  |  | (34,421) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free cash flow |  | $ | 657,455 |  |  | $ | 363,517 |  |  | $ | (334,550) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free cash flow margin |  | 15 | % |  | 9 | % |  | (9) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 1,370,837 |  |  | $ | 228,603 |  |  | $ | (616,452) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | $ | (2,311,572) |  |  | $ | (643,610) |  |  | $ | 45,007 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of our historical results are not indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |  | (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Revenue |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |
Cost of revenue (1) (2) |  | 2,179,824 |  |  | 2,110,015 |  |  | 2,012,744 |
Gross profit |  | 2,278,212 |  |  | 2,043,930 |  |  | 1,813,577 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development (1) (2) |  | 1,008,747 |  |  | 942,790 |  |  | 1,079,081 |
Sales and marketing (1) (2) |  | 860,821 |  |  | 1,022,985 |  |  | 1,248,032 |
General and administrative (1) (2) |  | 449,079 |  |  | 468,459 |  |  | 517,414 |
Restructuring costs (1) |  | 13,273 |  |  | 165,733 |  |  | 76,636 |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 320,504 |  |  | 97,722 |
Total operating expenses |  | 2,331,920 |  |  | 2,920,471 |  |  | 3,018,885 |
Loss from operations |  | (53,708) |  |  | (876,541) |  |  | (1,205,308) |
Other expenses, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Share of losses from equity method investment |  | (108,481) |  |  | (121,897) |  |  | (35,315) |
Impairment of strategic investments |  | (8,220) |  |  | (46,154) |  |  | — |
Other income (expenses), net |  | 81,796 |  |  | 47,863 |  |  | (3,009) |
Total other expenses, net |  | (34,905) |  |  | (120,188) |  |  | (38,324) |
Loss before provision for from income taxes |  | (88,613) |  |  | (996,729) |  |  | (1,243,632) |
Provision for income taxes |  | (20,790) |  |  | (18,712) |  |  | (12,513) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (109,403) |  |  | $ | (1,015,441) |  |  | $ | (1,256,145) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.66) |  |  | $ | (5.54) |  |  | $ | (6.86) |
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | 165,925,128 |  |  | 183,327,844 |  |  | 182,994,038 |

__________________________________
(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 22,001 |  |  | $ | 26,343 |  |  | $ | 21,136 |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 330,933 |  |  | 331,526 |  |  | 374,846 |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 135,331 |  |  | 183,389 |  |  | 240,109 |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 125,164 |  |  | 121,584 |  |  | 148,194 |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | 3,178 |  |  | 13,015 |  |  | 14,275 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 616,607 |  |  | $ | 675,857 |  |  | $ | 798,560 |  |  |  |

____________________________________
(2) Includes amortization of acquired intangibles as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 62,728 |  |  | $ | 113,266 |  |  | $ | 122,653 |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 1,867 |  |  | 1,913 |  |  | 1,680 |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 47,248 |  |  | 77,128 |  |  | 81,841 |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 111,851 |  |  | $ | 192,307 |  |  | $ | 206,181 |  |  |  |

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The following table sets forth our results of operations for each of the periods presented as a percentage of our total revenue:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Consolidated Statements of Operations, as a percentage of revenue: ** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 49 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 53 |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 51 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 47 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 28 |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 19 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 33 |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | * |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 52 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 79 |  |  |
Loss from operations |  | (1) |  |  | (21) |  |  | (32) |  |  |
Other expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share of losses from equity method investment |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Impairment of strategic investments |  | * |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  |
Other income (expenses), net |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | * |  |
Total other expenses, net |  | (1) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  | (2) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (33) |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  | * |  | * |  | * |  |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | (2 | %) |  | (24 | %) |  | (33 | %) |  |

____________________________________
* Less than 0.5% of revenue.
** Columns may not add up to 100% due to rounding.
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Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Revenue

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 to 2024 Change |  | 2022 to 2023 Change
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Twilio Communications |  | $ | 4,160,340 |  |  | $ | 3,858,693 |  |  | $ | 3,550,087 |  |  | $ | 301,647 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 308,606 |  |  | 9 | %
Twilio Segment |  | 297,696 |  |  | 295,252 |  |  | 276,234 |  |  | 2,444 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 19,018 |  |  | 7 | %
Consolidated total revenue |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |  |  | $ | 304,091 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 327,624 |  |  | 9 | %

2024 compared to 2023
In 2024, Communications revenue increased by $301.6 million, or 8%, compared to the same period last year. This increase was primarily attributable to the increased usage of our products by our existing customers, as reflected in our Communications Dollar‑Based Net Expansion Rate of 105%, as well as $201.6 million in revenue derived from our new Communications Active Customer Accounts. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $52.8 million related to revenue from our ValueFirst and Internet of Things (“IoT”) businesses, which we divested during 2023.
In 2024, Segment revenue increased by $2.4 million, or 1%, compared to the same period last year. This increase was primarily attributable to $28.9 million in revenue derived from our new Segment Active Customer Accounts, partially offset by the decreased usage of our products due to churn and contraction affecting our existing customers, as reflected in our Segment Dollar-Based Net Expansion Rate of 92%.
2023 compared to 2022
In 2023, Communications revenue increased by $308.6 million, or 9%, compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was primarily attributable to a 5% increase in the number of Communications Active Customer Accounts from over 282,000 as of December 31, 2022, to over 297,000 as of December 31, 2023, as well as the increased usage of our products by our existing customers, as reflected in our Communications Dollar‑Based Net Expansion Rate of 103%. These increases were offset by a decrease of $59.8 million related to revenue from our ValueFirst and IoT businesses, which we divested during 2023.
In 2023, Segment revenue increased by $19.0 million, or 7%, compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was primarily attributable to a 4% increase in the number of Segment Active Customer Accounts from over 7,700 as of December 31, 2022 to over 8,000 as of December 31, 2023. Our Segment Dollar‑Based Net Expansion Rate was 97% for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to higher contraction and customer churn compared to the same period in the prior year.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 to 2024 Change |  | 2022 to 2023 Change
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 2,179,824 |  |  | $ | 2,110,015 |  |  | $ | 2,012,744 |  |  | $ | 69,809 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 97,271 |  |  | 5 | %
Gross profit |  | $ | 2,278,212 |  |  | $ | 2,043,930 |  |  | $ | 1,813,577 |  |  | $ | 234,282 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 230,353 |  |  | 13 | %

2024 compared to 2023
In 2024, cost of revenue increased by $69.8 million, or 3%, compared to the same period last year. This increase was primarily attributable to an $87.8 million increase in network service providers’ costs, net of the impact of the hedging instruments, and a $34.7 million increase in hosting fees, which support the growth in usage of our products by our new and existing customers. The increase was partially offset by a $50.5 million decrease in amortization of intangible assets.
In 2024, gross profit increased by $234.3 million, or 11%, compared to the same period last year. This increase was attributable to the factors impacting our revenue and cost of revenue, as described above.
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2023 compared to 2022
In 2023, cost of revenue increased by $97.3 million, or 5%, compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was primarily attributable to a $51.4 million increase in network service providers’ costs, net of the impact of the hedging instruments, and a $28.7 million increase in hosting fees, which support the growth in usage of our products by our new and existing customers. The increase was also attributable to a $20.3 million increase in amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs due to additional internal-use software projects placed in service in 2023.
In 2023, gross profit increased by $230.4 million, or 13%, compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was attributable to the factors impacting our revenue and cost of revenue, as described above.
Operating Expenses

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 to 2024 Change |  | 2022 to 2023 Change |  |
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Research and development |  | $ | 1,008,747 |  |  | $ | 942,790 |  |  | $ | 1,079,081 |  |  | $ | 65,957 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | (136,291) |  |  | (13) | % |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 860,821 |  |  | 1,022,985 |  |  | 1,248,032 |  |  | (162,164) |  |  | (16) | % |  | (225,047) |  |  | (18) | % |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 449,079 |  |  | 468,459 |  |  | 517,414 |  |  | (19,380) |  |  | (4) | % |  | (48,955) |  |  | (9) | % |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | 13,273 |  |  | 165,733 |  |  | 76,636 |  |  | (152,460) |  |  | (92) | % |  | 89,097 |  |  | 116 | % |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 320,504 |  |  | 97,722 |  |  | (320,504) |  |  | (100) | % |  | 222,782 |  |  | 228 | % |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 2,331,920 |  |  | $ | 2,920,471 |  |  | $ | 3,018,885 |  |  | $ | (588,551) |  |  | (20) | % |  | $ | (98,414) |  |  | (3) | % |  |  |

2024 compared to 2023
In 2024, research and development expenses increased by $66.0 million, or 7%, compared to the same period last year. The increase was primarily attributable to a $53.6 million increase in total personnel costs despite a 16% decrease in average research and development headcount compared to the same period last year. The increase in personnel costs was primarily driven by an $80.1 million increase in bonus expenses as a result of the introduction of our new cash bonus program, partially offset by a $20.0 million decrease in salaries expense. The increase in research and development expenses was also attributable to a $14.9 million increase in hosting fees to support development and staging of our products and a $7.0 million increase in software subscription expenses. These increases were partially offset by an $11.9 million increase in capitalized internal-use software development costs.
In 2024, sales and marketing expenses decreased by $162.2 million, or 16%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease was primarily attributable to an $86.8 million decrease in total personnel costs, which was primarily driven by a 21% decrease in average sales and marketing headcount compared to the same period last year. The decrease in headcount was primarily driven by the restructuring of our workforce in February 2023 and December 2023. Sales and marketing expenses also decreased due to a $29.6 million decrease in amortization of intangible assets, a $22.3 million decrease in advertising expenses and a $9.7 million decrease in expenses related to corporate events.
In 2024, general and administrative expenses decreased by $19.4 million, or 4%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the $32.3 million loss on divested net assets recorded in the 2023 period related to the sale of our ValueFirst and Internet of Things businesses and a $15.8 million decrease in the provision for doubtful accounts. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was partially offset by an $18.3 million increase in professional services fees and an $11.9 million increase in bonus expenses as a result of the introduction of our new cash bonus program.
In 2024, restructuring costs decreased by $152.5 million, or 92%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease was primarily attributable to the significant restructuring costs incurred in the 2023 period related to our February 2023 and December 2023 restructuring activities.
In 2024, impairment of long-lived assets decreased by $320.5 million, or 100%, compared to the same period last year. The prior year charges were related to the impairment of Segment intangible assets and the impairment of certain of our operating leases and other long-lived assets as a result of permanent office closures in 2023. There were no such impairments in the current period.
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2023 compared to 2022
In 2023, research and development expenses decreased by $136.3 million, or 13%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $140.7 million decrease in total personnel costs, which was mostly driven by the restructuring of our workforce in September 2022, February 2023 and December 2023, that contributed to an 8% decrease in average research and development headcount in 2023.
In 2023, sales and marketing expenses decreased by $225.0 million, or 18%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $183.2 million decrease in total personnel costs, which was mostly driven by the restructuring of our workforce in September 2022, February 2023 and December 2023, that contributed to a 14% decrease in average sales and marketing headcount in 2023. Sales and marketing expenses also decreased due to a $21.5 million decrease in advertising expenses.
In 2023, general and administrative expenses decreased by $49.0 million, or 9%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $78.1 million decrease in total personnel costs, which was mostly driven by the restructuring of our workforce in September 2022, February 2023 and December 2023, that contributed to a 21% decrease in average general and administrative headcount in 2023. These decreases were partially offset by a $32.3 million loss on divestiture related to the sale of our ValueFirst business and our IoT asset group. For further detail on the restructuring plans and divestitures, refer to Note 7 and Note 5, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In 2023, restructuring costs increased by $89.1 million, or 116%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to our restructuring activities under the February 2023 Plan and December 2023 Plan, which collectively had a more substantial financial impact than our restructuring activities undertaken in September 2022.
In 2023, impairment of long-lived assets increased by $222.8 million, or 228%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to the impairment of Segment intangible assets of $285.7 million in 2023, as a result of the performance of our Segment reportable segment. This increase was partially offset by a $62.9 million decrease in impairments of operating right-of-use assets and property and equipment due to fewer office closures in 2023 compared to 2022.
Other Expenses, net

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 to 2024 Change |  | 2022 to 2023 Change
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Share of losses from equity method investment |  | $ | 108,481 |  |  | $ | 121,897 |  |  | $ | 35,315 |  |  | $ | (13,416) |  |  | (11) | % |  | $ | 86,582 |  |  | 245 | %
Impairment of strategic investments |  | 8,220 |  |  | 46,154 |  |  | — |  |  | (37,934) |  |  | (82) | % |  | 46,154 |  |  | 100 | %
Other (income) expenses, net |  | (81,796) |  |  | (47,863) |  |  | 3,009 |  |  | (33,933) |  |  | 71 | % |  | (50,872) |  |  | (1691) | %
Total other expenses, net |  | $ | 34,905 |  |  | $ | 120,188 |  |  | $ | 38,324 |  |  | $ | (85,283) |  |  | (71) | % |  | $ | 81,864 |  |  | 214 | %

2024 compared to 2023
In 2024, other expenses, net, decreased by $85.3 million, or 71%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $37.9 million decrease related to impairment of strategic investments due to a $46.2 million impairment of a strategic investment recorded in 2023 and less significant impairments recorded in 2024, an increase of $33.9 million in other (income) expenses, net, primarily related to an increase in income earned on our debt securities and a $13.4 million decrease in our share of losses from our equity method investment.
2023 compared to 2022
In 2023, other expenses, net, increased by $81.9 million, or 214%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to a $86.6 million increase in our share of losses from our equity method investment and a $46.2 million increase related to an impairment of a strategic investment, partially offset by a $53.8 million increase in income related to our investments.
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Segment Results of Operations
The following table presents the results for non-GAAP operating income (loss), as reviewed by our CODM, for each of our Communications and Segment reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 to 2024 Change |  | 2022 to 2023 Change
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Twilio Communications |  | $ | 1,042,049 |  |  | $ | 841,990 |  |  | $ | 318,680 |  |  | $ | 200,059 |  |  | 24 | % |  | $ | 523,310 |  |  | 164 | %
Twilio Segment |  | $ | (62,655) |  |  | $ | (72,430) |  |  | $ | (29,695) |  |  | $ | 9,775 |  |  | (13) | % |  | $ | (42,735) |  |  | 144 | %

2024 compared to 2023
In 2024, Communications non-GAAP income from operations increased by $200.1 million, or 24%, compared to the same period last year. The increase was driven by an increase in Communications revenue of $301.6 million, as described in the Revenue section above, and a $16.8 million decrease in the provision for doubtful accounts. These drivers were partially offset by an $87.8 million increase in network service providers’ costs, net of the impact of hedging instruments, and a $27.3 million increase in hosting fees.
In 2024, Segment non-GAAP loss from operations decreased by $9.8 million, or 13%, compared to the same period last year. The decrease was driven by a decrease in Segment operating expenses of $18.4 million primarily attributable to a decrease in total personnel costs and an increase in Segment revenue of $2.4 million, as described in the Revenue section above, partially offset by a $7.4 million increase in hosting fees and a $5.2 million increase in amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs.
2023 compared to 2022
In 2023, Communications non-GAAP income from operations increased by $523.3 million, or 164%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was driven by an increase in Communications revenue of $308.6 million, as described in the Revenue section above, and a decrease in Communications operating expenses, partially offset by an increase in Communications cost of revenue. The decrease in operating expenses was primarily attributable to a $254.1 million decrease in total Communications personnel costs, which was mainly due to the restructuring of our workforce in September 2022, February 2023 and December 2023, that contributed to a 16% decrease in average Communications headcount in 2023. The increase in Communications cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a $19.5 million increase in hosting fees and a $51.3 million increase in network service providers’ costs, net of the impact of hedging instruments, to support the increase in revenue due to the growth in usage of our products by our new and existing customers.
In 2023, Segment non-GAAP loss from operations increased by $42.7 million, or 144%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase was driven by an increase in Segment operating expenses and cost of revenue, partially offset by an increase in Segment revenue of $19.0 million, as described in the Revenue section above. The increase in operating expenses was primarily attributable to a $25.2 million increase in total Segment personnel costs, which was mainly due to a 12% increase in average Segment headcount in 2023, as we continued to focus on enhancing our Segment product and expanding our sales efforts. The increase in Segment cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a $9.2 million increase in hosting fees and a $4.9 million increase in amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $421.3 million and short-term marketable securities of $2.0 billion. Cash equivalents consist of money market funds, commercial paper and U.S. treasury bills. Short-term marketable securities consist primarily of U.S. treasury securities, non-U.S. government securities, high credit quality corporate debt securities and commercial paper. The cash and cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities are held for working capital purposes.
Our principal sources of liquidity have been (i) the payments received from customers using our products; (ii) public equity offerings, most recently in February 2021; and (iii) debt financings, most recently the issuance of our 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes (each, as defined below) in March 2021.
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Our primary uses of cash include operating costs, such as personnel-related costs, network service provider costs, cloud infrastructure costs, facility-related spending, acquisitions and investments we may make from time to time, and repurchases of common stock under our share repurchase program. Our principal contractual and other commitments consist of obligations under our 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes, our operating leases for office space that we occupy, sublease or hold to sublease, and contractual commitments to our cloud infrastructure and network service providers. Refer to Note 10, Note 14 and Note 17(a) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussions of our obligations and commitments related to leases, debt and other purchase obligations.
We may, from time to time, consider acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary businesses, products, services, capital infrastructure or technologies which might affect our liquidity requirements or cause us to secure additional financing or issue additional equity or debt securities. There can be no assurance that additional credit lines or financing instruments will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances, as well as the cash flows generated by our operations, will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditure needs, including authorized share repurchases, for the next 12 months and beyond. However, our belief may prove to be incorrect, and we could utilize our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing in order to meet our future capital requirements. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. Our future capital requirements, the adequacy of our available funds and our cash from operations depend on many factors and are affected by various risks and uncertainties, including those set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Share Repurchase Programs
In February 2023, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock. In March 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $2.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2024, we had repurchased $3.0 billion in aggregate value of our common stock in the open market under these prior authorizations, which expired on December 31, 2024.
In the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased $2.3 billion in aggregate value, or 36.8 million shares, of our Class A common stock on the open market.
In January 2025, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 billion in aggregate value of our Class A common stock, with such program expiring on December 31, 2027. Repurchases under this program can be made through open market, private transactions or other means, in compliance with applicable federal securities laws, and could include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. We have discretion in determining the conditions under which shares may be repurchased from time to time.
2029 Notes and 2031 Notes
In March 2021, we issued and sold $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes, consisting of $500.0 million principal amount of 3.625% notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and $500.0 million principal amount of 3.875% notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes,” and together with the 2029 Notes, the “Notes”). These Notes are described in detail in Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 716,241 |  |  | $ | 414,752 |  |  | $ | (254,368) |  |  |
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 1,370,837 |  |  | 228,603 |  |  | (616,452) |  |  |
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (2,311,572) |  |  | (643,610) |  |  | 45,007 |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 60 |  |  |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (224,494) |  |  | $ | (147) |  |  | $ | (825,753) |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
In 2024, cash provided by operating activities consisted primarily of our net loss of $109.4 million adjusted for non-cash items, including $616.6 million of stock-based compensation expense, $206.0 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $76.3 million amortization of deferred commissions, $19.1 million of non-cash reduction in our operating right-of-use asset, $108.5 million of share of losses from equity method investments, $35.4 million of provision for doubtful accounts and $234.1 million of cumulative changes in operating assets and liabilities. With respect to changes in operating assets and liabilities, accounts receivable and prepaid expenses increased $214.6 million primarily due to revenue growth, timing of cash receipts and pre-payments of our cloud infrastructure fees and certain operating expenses. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities increased $87.4 million primarily driven by a $109.8 million accrual related to our company-wide bonus program introduced in 2024, offset by a $28.8 million decrease in our restructuring liability. Operating lease liabilities decreased $48.8 million due to payments made against our operating lease obligations.
In 2023, cash provided by operating activities consisted primarily of our net loss of $1.0 billion adjusted for non-cash items, including $675.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, $284.4 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $320.5 million of impairment of intangible assets and other long-lived assets, $72.9 million amortization of deferred commissions, $27.0 million of non-cash reduction in our operating right-of-use asset, $121.9 million of share of losses from equity method investments, $51.9 million of provision for bad debt and $230.6 million of cumulative changes in operating assets and liabilities. With respect to changes in operating assets and liabilities, accounts receivable and prepaid expenses increased $141.4 million primarily due to revenue growth, timing of cash receipts and pre-payments of our cloud infrastructure fees and certain operating expenses. Accounts payable and other current liabilities decreased $39.4 million primarily driven by lower personnel-related accruals due to lower headcount, including a $25.2 million decrease in the sabbatical benefit accrual driven by lower headcount and the sunsetting of the program.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
In 2024, cash provided by investing activities was $1.4 billion primarily consisting of $1.4 billion of maturities and sales of marketable securities and other investments, net of purchases, partially offset by $51.8 million related to capitalized software development costs and $7.0 million related to purchases of long-lived assets.
In 2023, cash provided by investing activities was $228.6 million primarily consisting of $247.4 million of maturities and sales of marketable securities and other investments, net of purchases, and $38.2 million of proceeds from divestitures, net of cash divested, partially offset by $39.9 million related to capitalized software development costs and $11.3 million related to purchases of long-lived assets.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
In 2024, cash used in financing activities was $2.3 billion primarily consisting of $2.3 billion of cash paid to repurchase 36.8 million shares of our common stock in the open market, including related costs, offset by $37.4 million in proceeds from stock options exercised by our employees and shares issued under our employee stock purchase plan.
In 2023, cash used in financing activities was $643.6 million primarily consisting of $668.8 million of cash paid to repurchase 11.3 million shares of our common stock in the open market, including related costs, offset by $43.8 million in proceeds from stock options exercised by our employees and shares issued under our employee stock purchase plan.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.
We believe that the accounting policies, assumptions and estimates associated with revenue recognition have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of our accounting policies.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
Our revenue is derived from usage and non-usage based fees. Our usage-based fees are earned from certain of our Communications products when customers access our platform. Platform usage is considered a monthly series comprising one performance obligation and usage-based fees are recognized as revenue in the period in which the usage occurs.
Our subscription-based fees are derived from our software products, such as Segment, Flex, Email and Marketing Campaigns, and certain other non-usage-based contracts, such as with the sales of short codes and customer support. Non-usage-based contracts revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contractual term which is generally from one to three years.
Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. However, credits may be issued on a case-by-case basis. Credits are accounted for as variable consideration, are estimated based on historical trends and are recorded against revenue. The contracts do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the applications. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in revenue or deferred revenue depending on whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
See Note 2(af) to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to certain market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including sensitivities as follows:
Interest Rate Risk
We had cash and cash equivalents of $421.3 million and marketable securities of $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2024. In any given period, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash may consist of bank deposits, money market funds, reverse repurchase agreements and commercial paper. Marketable securities consist primarily of U.S. treasury securities, non-U.S. government securities, high credit quality corporate debt securities and commercial paper. The cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities are held for working capital purposes. Such interest‑earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. In March 2021, we issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes carrying fixed interest rates of 3.625% and 3.875%, respectively. Due to the short‑term nature of our investments and fixed rate nature of our debt, we have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Currency Exchange Risks
The functional currency of most of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. The local currencies of our foreign subsidiaries are the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real, the British pound, the Canadian dollar, the Colombian peso, the Euro, the Hong Kong dollar, the Indian rupee, the Japanese yen, the Mexican peso, the Polish zloty, the Serbian dinar, the Singapore dollar and the Swedish krona.
The majority of our subsidiaries remeasure monetary assets and liabilities at period-end exchange rates, while non-monetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Revenue and expense accounts are remeasured at the average exchange rate in effect during the month in which a transaction occurs. If there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates, the conversion of our foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements into U.S. dollars would result in a realized gain or loss which is recorded in our consolidated statements of operations included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We enter into foreign currency derivative hedging transactions to mitigate our exposure to market risks that may result from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. For further information, refer to Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
A hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 185) | 68
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 70
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 71
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | 72
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity | 73
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 76
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 77

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Twilio Inc.:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Twilio Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue recognition
As discussed in Note 2(e) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's revenue is derived from usage and non-usage-based fees earned from customers accessing the Company's cloud-based platform. As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $4.5 billion in revenues, a portion of which related to Programmable Messaging and Programmable Voice APIs. The Company’s revenue recognition process is highly automated, and revenue is recorded within the Company’s general ledger through reliance on customized and proprietary information technology (IT) systems.
We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over revenue recognition related to the Company’s Programmable Messaging and Programmable Voice APIs as a critical audit matter. This matter required especially subjective auditor judgment because of the large number of information technology (IT) applications involved in the revenue recognition process. Auditor judgment was required in determining the nature and extent of audit evidence obtained over these information systems that process revenue transactions. Involvement of IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge was required to assist with the performance and evaluation of certain procedures and determination of IT applications subject to testing.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over revenue recognition. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s Programmable Messaging and Programmable Voice revenue recognition process. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in testing controls related to the Company’s general information technology and application controls related to the systems utilized within the Company’s Programmable Messaging and Programmable Voice revenue recognition process. For a sample of customer agreements, we compared the pricing reflected in the Company’s revenue IT system to the contractually agreed upon pricing with the customer. For a sample of revenue transactions, we compared the amounts recognized for consistency with underlying documentation, including contracts with customers. We assessed the recorded revenue by comparing revenue to underlying cash receipts. We evaluated credits issued after year end to assess the revenue recorded within the period. In addition, we evaluated the overall sufficiency of audit evidence obtained by assessing the results of procedures performed, including appropriateness of the nature and extent of such evidence.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.
San Francisco, California
February 26, 2025
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 421,297 |  |  | $ | 655,931 |
Short-term marketable securities |  | 1,963,102 |  |  | 3,356,064 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 588,540 |  |  | 562,773 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 474,360 |  |  | 329,204 |
Total current assets |  | 3,447,299 |  |  | 4,903,972 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 191,042 |  |  | 209,639 |
Operating right-of-use assets |  | 53,405 |  |  | 73,959 |
Equity method investment |  | 485,835 |  |  | 593,582 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 238,503 |  |  | 350,490 |
Goodwill |  | 5,243,266 |  |  | 5,243,266 |
Other long-term assets |  | 206,122 |  |  | 234,799 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,865,472 |  |  | $ | 11,609,707 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 100,169 |  |  | $ | 119,615 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 530,686 |  |  | 424,311 |
Deferred revenue and customer deposits |  | 155,680 |  |  | 144,499 |
Operating lease liability, current |  | 33,685 |  |  | 49,872 |
Total current liabilities |  | 820,220 |  |  | 738,297 |
Operating lease liability, noncurrent |  | 85,875 |  |  | 120,770 |
Long-term debt, net |  | 990,587 |  |  | 988,953 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 15,824 |  |  | 29,135 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,912,506 |  |  | 1,877,155 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued |  | — |  |  | — |
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share |  |  |  |
Authorized shares 1,000,000,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023; Issued and outstanding shares 152,610,697 and 181,945,771 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 |  | 153 |  |  | 182 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 15,476,124 |  |  | 14,797,723 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (1,301) |  |  | 619 |
Accumulated deficit |  | (7,522,010) |  |  | (5,065,972) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 7,952,966 |  |  | 9,732,552 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 9,865,472 |  |  | $ | 11,609,707 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Revenue |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 2,179,824 |  |  | 2,110,015 |  |  | 2,012,744 |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 2,278,212 |  |  | 2,043,930 |  |  | 1,813,577 |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 1,008,747 |  |  | 942,790 |  |  | 1,079,081 |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  | 860,821 |  |  | 1,022,985 |  |  | 1,248,032 |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 449,079 |  |  | 468,459 |  |  | 517,414 |  |  |
Restructuring costs |  | 13,273 |  |  | 165,733 |  |  | 76,636 |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 320,504 |  |  | 97,722 |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 2,331,920 |  |  | 2,920,471 |  |  | 3,018,885 |  |  |
Loss from operations |  | (53,708) |  |  | (876,541) |  |  | (1,205,308) |  |  |
Other expenses, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share of losses from equity method investment |  | (108,481) |  |  | (121,897) |  |  | (35,315) |  |  |
Impairment of strategic investments |  | (8,220) |  |  | (46,154) |  |  | — |  |  |
Other income (expenses), net |  | 81,796 |  |  | 47,863 |  |  | (3,009) |  |  |
Total other expenses, net |  | (34,905) |  |  | (120,188) |  |  | (38,324) |  |  |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  | (88,613) |  |  | (996,729) |  |  | (1,243,632) |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  | (20,790) |  |  | (18,712) |  |  | (12,513) |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (109,403) |  |  | $ | (1,015,441) |  |  | $ | (1,256,145) |  |  |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.66) |  |  | $ | (5.54) |  |  | $ | (6.86) |  |  |
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | 165,925,128 |  |  | 183,327,844 |  |  | 182,994,038 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Net loss |  | $ | (109,403) |  |  | $ | (1,015,441) |  |  | $ | (1,256,145) |  |  |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities |  | 7,332 |  |  | 99,742 |  |  | (83,049) |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | 5,587 |  |  | (5,587) |  |  |
Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts |  | (9,986) |  |  | 898 |  |  | 556 |  |  |
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) from equity method investment |  | 734 |  |  | 15,553 |  |  | (14,940) |  |  |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (1,920) |  |  | 121,780 |  |  | (103,020) |  |  |
Comprehensive loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (111,323) |  |  | $ | (893,661) |  |  | $ | (1,359,165) |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

|  | Common Stock Class A |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In thousands, except share amounts)
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 181,945,771 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,797,723 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | (5,065,972) |  |  | $ | 9,732,552 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (109,403) |  |  | (109,403) |
Exercises of vested stock options |  | 181,818 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,341 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 6,639,672 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Value of equity awards withheld for tax liability |  | (28,006) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,000) |
Shares of Class A common stock issued and donated to charity |  | 88,408 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,907 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,907 |
Unrealized gain on marketable securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 7,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,332 |
Repurchases of shares of Class A common stock including related costs |  | (36,848,645) |  |  | (36) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,346,635) |  |  | (2,346,671) |
Shares returned from escrow |  | (696) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (192) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |
Shares issued under ESPP |  | 632,375 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,045 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,045 |
Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (9,986) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,986) |
Share of other comprehensive income from equity method investment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 634,129 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 634,129 |
Stock-based compensation - restructuring |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,178 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 152,610,697 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,476,124 |  |  | $ | (1,301) |  |  | $ | (7,522,010) |  |  | $ | 7,952,966 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

|  | Common Stock Class A |  | Common Stock Class B |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In thousands, except share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 176,358,104 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | 9,617,605 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14,055,853 |  |  | $ | (121,161) |  |  | $ | (3,375,836) |  |  | $ | 10,559,042 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,015,441) |  |  | (1,015,441) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercises of vested stock options |  | 238,474 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,982 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,344 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,344 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 5,939,641 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Value of equity awards withheld for tax liability |  | (38,655) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,565) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,565) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of shares of Class B common stock into shares of Class A common stock |  | 9,745,587 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (9,745,587) |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares of Class A common stock issued and donated to charity |  | 88,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,346 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on marketable securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99,742 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,742 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchases of shares of Class A common stock including related costs |  | (11,292,516) |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (674,695) |  |  | (674,706) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,587 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,587 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued under ESPP |  | 906,728 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,496 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,496 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 898 |  |  | — |  |  | 898 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share of other comprehensive income from equity method investment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,553 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,553 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 682,241 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 682,241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation - restructuring |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 181,945,771 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,797,723 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | (5,065,972) |  |  | $ | 9,732,552 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

|  | Common Stock Class A |  | Common Stock Class B |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
|  | (In thousands, except share amounts)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | 170,625,994 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | 9,842,105 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 13,169,118 |  |  | $ | (18,141) |  |  | $ | (2,119,691) |  |  | $ | 11,031,466 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,256,145) |  |  | (1,256,145) |
Exercises of vested stock options |  | 373,793 |  |  | — |  |  | 392,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,500 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | 4,277,266 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Value of equity awards withheld for tax liability |  | (6,250) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,098) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,098) |
Conversion of shares of Class B common stock into shares of Class A common stock |  | 616,731 |  |  | — |  |  | (616,731) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares of Class A common stock issued and donated to charity |  | 88,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,541 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,541 |
Unrealized loss on marketable securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (83,049) |  |  | — |  |  | (83,049) |
Foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,587) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,587) |
Shares returned from escrow |  | (152,239) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (387) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (387) |
Shares issued under ESPP |  | 534,401 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,063 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,065 |
Net change in market value of effective foreign currency forward exchange contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 556 |  |  | — |  |  | 556 |
Share of other comprehensive loss from equity method investment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,940) |  |  | — |  |  | (14,940) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 804,845 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 804,845 |
Stock-based compensation - restructuring |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,275 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,275 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 176,358,104 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | 9,617,605 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14,055,853 |  |  | $ | (121,161) |  |  | $ | (3,375,836) |  |  | $ | 10,559,042 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  | (In thousands)
Net loss |  | $ | (109,403) |  |  | $ | (1,015,441) |  |  | $ | (1,256,145) |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 205,984 |  |  | 284,413 |  |  | 279,127 |  |  |
Non-cash reduction to the right-of-use asset |  | 19,095 |  |  | 26,971 |  |  | 47,160 |  |  |
Net amortization of investment premium and discount |  | (22,940) |  |  | (44) |  |  | 33,165 |  |  |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  | — |  |  | 320,504 |  |  | 97,722 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation including restructuring |  | 616,607 |  |  | 675,857 |  |  | 798,560 |  |  |
Amortization of deferred commissions |  | 76,348 |  |  | 72,892 |  |  | 57,913 |  |  |
Realized and unrealized losses on equity securities |  | 1,681 |  |  | 8,043 |  |  | — |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  | 35,393 |  |  | 51,859 |  |  | 35,012 |  |  |
Value of shares of Class A common stock issued and donated to charity |  | 5,907 |  |  | 5,346 |  |  | 9,541 |  |  |
Share of losses from equity method investment |  | 108,481 |  |  | 121,897 |  |  | 35,315 |  |  |
Impairment of strategic investments |  | 8,220 |  |  | 46,154 |  |  | — |  |  |
Loss on net assets divested |  | — |  |  | 32,277 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other adjustments |  | 5,009 |  |  | 14,669 |  |  | 4,905 |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (61,160) |  |  | (85,093) |  |  | (194,655) |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | (153,470) |  |  | (56,283) |  |  | (94,326) |  |  |
Other long-term assets |  | (47,077) |  |  | (2,328) |  |  | (146,458) |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | (20,256) |  |  | 12,370 |  |  | 30,336 |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 87,434 |  |  | (51,816) |  |  | 75,430 |  |  |
Deferred revenue and customer deposits |  | 11,181 |  |  | 5,371 |  |  | (2,688) |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  | (48,759) |  |  | (56,340) |  |  | (54,450) |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities |  | (2,034) |  |  | 3,474 |  |  | (9,832) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | 716,241 |  |  | 414,752 |  |  | (254,368) |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired and payments related to prior period acquisitions |  | — |  |  | (5,770) |  |  | (37,410) |  |  |
Divestitures, net of cash divested |  | — |  |  | 38,194 |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases of marketable securities and other investments |  | (923,863) |  |  | (1,953,003) |  |  | (1,938,337) |  |  |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities |  | 2,353,486 |  |  | 2,200,417 |  |  | 1,439,477 |  |  |
Capitalized software development costs |  | (51,808) |  |  | (39,925) |  |  | (45,761) |  |  |
Purchases of long-lived and intangible assets |  | (6,978) |  |  | (11,310) |  |  | (34,421) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 1,370,837 |  |  | 228,603 |  |  | (616,452) |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments of costs related to public offerings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  |
Principal payments on finance leases |  | (12,558) |  |  | (16,134) |  |  | (13,423) |  |  |
Value of equity awards withheld for tax liabilities |  | (2,000) |  |  | (2,565) |  |  | (1,098) |  |  |
Repurchases of shares of Class A common stock and related costs |  | (2,334,400) |  |  | (668,751) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options and shares of Class A common stock issued under ESPP |  | 37,386 |  |  | 43,840 |  |  | 59,563 |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (2,311,572) |  |  | (643,610) |  |  | 45,007 |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 60 |  |  |
NET DECREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH |  | (224,494) |  |  | (147) |  |  | (825,753) |  |  |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH—Beginning of period |  | 655,931 |  |  | 656,078 |  |  | 1,481,831 |  |  |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH —End of period |  | $ | 431,437 |  |  | $ | 655,931 |  |  | $ | 656,078 |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net |  | $ | 36,547 |  |  | $ | 37,818 |  |  | $ | 7,413 |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 37,904 |  |  | $ | 38,389 |  |  | $ | 37,500 |  |  |
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH TO THE CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 421,297 |  |  | $ | 655,931 |  |  | $ | 651,752 |  |  |
Restricted cash in other current assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,314 |  |  |
Restricted cash in other long-term assets |  | 10,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 431,437 |  |  | $ | 655,931 |  |  | $ | 656,078 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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TWILIO INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Organization and Description of Business
Twilio Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on March 13, 2008. Today's leading companies trust Twilio's Customer Engagement Platform to build direct, personalized relationships with their customers everywhere in the world. Twilio enables companies to use communications and data to add intelligence and security to every step of their customers’ journey, from sales to marketing to growth, customer service and many more engagement use cases in a flexible, programmatic way.
The Company’s headquarters are located in San Francisco, California, and the Company has subsidiaries across North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a)Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
(b)Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
(c)Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are used for, but not limited to, revenue allowances and sales credit reserves; recoverability of long-lived and intangible assets; capitalization and useful life of the Company’s capitalized internal-use software development costs; fair values of acquired intangible assets and goodwill; accruals and contingencies. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under current circumstances. However, future events are subject to change and best estimates and judgments may require further adjustments, therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Management periodically evaluates such estimates and they are adjusted prospectively based upon such periodic evaluation.
(d)Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash, restricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities with financial institutions. Certain balances held by such financial institutions exceed insured limits.
The Company sells its services to a wide variety of customers. If the financial condition or results of operations of any significant customer deteriorate substantially, operating results could be adversely affected. To reduce credit risk, management performs credit evaluations of the financial condition of significant customers and periodic re-evaluations, as needed, of existing customers. The Company does not require collateral from its credit customers and maintains reserves for estimated credit losses on customer accounts when considered necessary. Actual credit losses may differ from the Company’s estimates.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no customer organization accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no customer organization represented more than 10% of the Company’s gross accounts receivable.
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(e)Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:
•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;
•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;
•Determination of the transaction price;
•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and,
•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Nature of Products and Services
The Company recognizes revenue from its products on either a usage basis or a subscription basis, depending on the nature of the product and the type of customer contract. The Company’s reportable segments may contain products that follow either revenue recognition model.
The majority of the revenue in the Communications segment is derived from usage‑based fees. These fees are earned when customers access the Company’s cloud-based platform and start using the Company’s products. Platform access is considered a monthly series comprised of one performance obligation and usage-based fees are recognized as revenue in the period in which the usage occurs. Some examples of the usage-based products are Messaging and Voice. For the Messaging products, the fees relate to the number of text messages sent or received. For the Voice products, the fees primarily relate to minutes of call duration. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the revenue from usage-based fees represented 72%, 71%, and 73% of total revenue, respectively.
Subscription-based fees are derived from various products in both the Communications and Segment segments. Subscription-based products include products such as Segment, Flex, Email and others. Subscription-based contracts revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contractual term which is generally between one to three years. In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the revenue from non-usage-based fees represented 28%, 29%, and 27% of total revenue, respectively.
When usage-based products are embedded into subscription-based products, the Company charges for each product separately and records the respective revenue into the reportable segment in which each product resides.
No significant judgments are required in determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations and should be accounted for separately versus together, or to determine the stand-alone selling price.
The Company's arrangements do not contain general rights of return. However, credits may be issued on a case-by-case basis. The contracts do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the applications. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in revenue or deferred revenue depending on whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met.
The Company defines U.S. revenue as revenue from customers with IP addresses or mailing addresses at the time of registration in the United States. The Company defines international revenue as revenue from customers with IP addresses or mailing addresses at the time of registration outside of the United States.
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Remaining Performance Obligations
Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents deferred revenue and amounts that were and will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods for non-cancelable subscription arrangements with terms greater than one year. The Company applies the optional exemption of not disclosing the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations for its usage-based contracts and contracts with original duration of less than one year. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracts with durations of greater than one year was $182.3 million as of December 31, 2024, of which 59% is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months and 91% is expected to be recognized over the next 24 months.
(f)Deferred Revenue and Customer Deposits
Deferred revenue is recorded when a non-cancellable contractual right to bill exists or when cash payments are received in advance of future usage on non-cancelable contracts. Customer refundable prepayments are recorded as customer deposits. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $155.7 million and $144.5 million as its deferred revenue and customer deposits, respectively, that are included in deferred revenue and customer deposits in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $120.7 million, $120.5 million, and $124.9 million of revenue, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue and customer deposits balance as of the end of the previous year.
(g)Deferred Sales Commissions
The Company records an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, for example, sales commissions that are earned upon execution of contracts. The Company uses the portfolio of data method to determine the estimated period of benefit of capitalized commissions which is generally determined to be up to five years. Amortization expense related to these capitalized costs are recognized on a straight line basis over the estimated period of benefit. The Company applies the optional exemption of expensing these costs as incurred with amortization periods of one year or less.
Total net capitalized commission costs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were $166.0 million and $200.1 million, respectively, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other long‑term assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of these assets was $76.3 million, $72.9 million and $57.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(h)Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of fees paid to network service providers. Cost of revenue also includes cloud infrastructure fees, direct costs of personnel, such as salaries and stock‑based compensation for customer support employees, and other non‑personnel costs, such as depreciation and amortization expense related to data centers and hosting equipment, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and acquired intangible assets. Costs of revenue are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain costs of revenue are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumptions of these costs.
(i)Research and Development Expense
Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, outsourced engineering services, cloud infrastructure fees for staging and development of the Company’s products, depreciation, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs and an allocation of general overhead expenses. The Company capitalizes the portion of its software development costs that meets the criteria for capitalization. Research and development expenses are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain research and development expenses are allocated to segments based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumptions of these costs. Certain research and development costs are not allocated to segments because they support company-wide processes and are managed on a company-wide level.
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(j)Internal-Use Software Development Costs
Certain costs of platform and other software applications developed for internal use are capitalized. The Company capitalizes qualifying internal-use software development costs that are incurred during the application development stage. Capitalization of costs begins when two criteria are met: (i) the preliminary project stage is completed and (ii) it is probable that the software will be completed and used for its intended function. Capitalization ceases when the software is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, including the completion of all significant testing. The Company also capitalizes costs related to specific upgrades and enhancements when it is probable the expenditures will result in additional functionality. Costs incurred for maintenance, minor upgrades and enhancements are expensed. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation operating activities are also expensed as incurred.
Capitalized costs of platform and other software applications are included in property and equipment. These costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software on a straight-line basis over three years. Management evaluates the useful life of these assets on an annual basis and tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets. The amortization of costs related to the platform applications is included in cost of revenue, while the amortization of costs related to software applications developed for internal use is included in operating expenses.
(k)Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and were $48.7 million, $71.1 million and $92.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(l)Restructuring Costs
The Company records restructuring expenses when management commits to a restructuring plan, the restructuring plan identifies all significant actions, the period of time to complete the restructuring plan indicates that significant changes to the plan are not likely and employees who are impacted have been notified of the pending involuntary termination.
(m)Stock-Based Compensation
All stock-based compensation to employees is measured on the grant date based on the fair value of the awards on the date of grant. These costs are recognized as an expense following straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period. For performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) with operational performance targets, the grant date fair value is the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the date of grant. The expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period only if it is probable that the performance target will be achieved. The probability of achievement is assessed each reporting period and adjustments are recorded accordingly. For PSUs with market conditions, the grant date fair value is determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation model and the expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to measure the fair value of its stock options and the purchase rights issued under the Company's 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”). The grant date fair value of the restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is the closing price of the Company's Class A common stock on the date of grant. The expense for options, purchase rights issued under the ESPP and RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are recorded in the period in which they occur.
The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of complex assumptions, which determine the fair value of stock options and the purchase rights issued under the ESPP. If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model change, stock-based compensation for future options may differ materially compared to that associated with previous grants. These assumptions include:
•Fair value of the common stock. The Company uses the market closing price of its Class A common stock, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, for the fair value.
•Expected term. The expected term represents the period that the stock option or the purchase right is expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified calculation of expected term, which reflects the weighted-average time-to-vest and the contractual life of the stock option or the purchase right;
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•Expected volatility. The expected volatility is derived from the average of the historical volatilities of the Class A common stock of the Company.
•Risk -free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the stock-based awards; and
•Expected dividend. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to pay any dividends on its common stock.
(n)Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax amounts are determined by using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance reduces the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company recognizes the effect of uncertain income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.
The Company records interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, these amounts were not significant.
(o)Foreign Currency
The functional currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is primarily the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, the subsidiaries remeasure monetary assets and liabilities at period-end exchange rates, while non-monetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Revenue and expense accounts are remeasured at the average exchange rate in effect during the month in which the transactions occur. Remeasurement adjustments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as other income (expense), net, in the year of occurrence. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expenses), net, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
For those entities where the functional currency is a foreign currency, adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements into U.S. dollars are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income as part of the total stockholders' equity. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at the weighted average exchange rates in effect during the month in which the transactions occur. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates.
(p)Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss refers to net loss and other revenue, expenses, gains and losses that, under U.S. GAAP, are recorded as an element of stockholders' equity but are excluded from the calculation of net loss.
(q)Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
The Company calculates its basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. The Company has 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock that are authorized but none are issued or outstanding.
Class A common stock was the only outstanding class of equity securities of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share.
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Prior to June 28, 2023, the Company had outstanding equity securities of Class B common stock. On June 28, 2023, each outstanding share of the Company’s Class B common stock automatically converted (the “Conversion”) into one share of the Company’s Class A common stock pursuant to the terms of the Company’s certificate of incorporation. In addition, upon the Conversion, all outstanding stock options that were exercisable for shares of Class B common stock prior to the Conversion became exercisable for shares of Class A common stock. The Company retired all of the shares of its Class B common stock that were issued but not outstanding following the Conversion.
The Company also has dilutive securities, such as potential or restricted common shares or common stock equivalents, that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect was antidilutive in all periods presented. These securities are presented in Note 20 to these consolidated financial statements.
(r)Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents may consist of cash deposited into money market funds, U.S. treasury bills and commercial paper. All credit and debit card transactions that process as of the last day of each month and settle within the first few days of the subsequent month are also classified as cash and cash equivalents as of the end of the month in which they were processed.
(s)Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are recorded net of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on the Company's assessment of its ability to collect on customer accounts receivable. The Company regularly reviews the allowance by considering certain factors such as historical experience, credit quality, age of accounts receivable balances and other known conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay. In cases where the Company is aware of circumstances that may impair a specific customer's ability to meet their financial obligations, a specific allowance is recorded against amounts due from the customer which reduces the net recognized receivable to the amount the Company reasonably believes will be collected. The Company writes-off accounts receivable against the allowance when a determination is made that the balance is uncollectible and collection of the receivable is no longer being actively pursued. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $27.5 million and $42.0 million, respectively, and is recorded in accounts receivable, net, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(t)Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, both owned and under finance leases, is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
The useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:

Capitalized internal-use software development costs |  | 3 years
Data center equipment |  | 2 - 4 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of 5 years or the remaining lease term
Office equipment |  | 3 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 5 years
Software |  | 3 years
Assets under financing lease |  | Shorter of 5 years or the remaining lease term

(u)Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. The Company presents the operating leases in long-term assets and current and long-term liabilities. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment, net, and finance lease liabilities are presented in current and long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and
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lease liabilities are measured and recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the remaining lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not generally provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available on the commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements may have lease and non-lease components, which the Company accounts for as a single lease component. When estimating the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain such options will be exercised. Operating lease costs are recognized in operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable payments are recognized in the period they are incurred. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.
Within the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company presents the lease payments made on the operating leases as cash flows from operations and principal payments made on the finance leases as part of financing activities.
(v)Equity Method Investments
Equity investment holdings in which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest but can exercise significant influence over the investee are accounted for under the equity method. Equity method investments are originally recorded at cost and are increased or reduced in subsequent periods to reflect the Company’s proportionate share of the investee’s net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or losses, as those occur. The Company records the investee losses on a three-month lag and up to the carrying amount of the investment. Investments are also increased or decreased by contributions made to and distributions received from the investee, basis difference amortization and other-than-temporary impairments, if any. All costs directly associated with the acquisition of the investment are included in the carrying amount of the investment. Profits or losses related to intra-entity sales are eliminated until realized by the Company or the investee.
The Company determines the difference between its purchase price and its proportionate share of the net assets of the investee, which results in an excess basis in the investment. This excess basis is allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the investee utilizing purchase accounting principles and is used to calculate the amortization of basis differences every reporting period. Basis differences related to intangible assets with determinable economic lives and liabilities are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the associated assets and the expected term for the liabilities. Basis differences related to intangible assets without determinable economic lives are not amortized.
Equity method goodwill is not amortized or tested for impairment. Instead, the Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be in excess of their fair value. When such indicators exist, the other-than-temporary impairment model is utilized, which considers the severity and duration of a decline in fair value below book value and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in the period of such determination.
(w)Segment Information
The Company determines its operating and reportable segments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 280 Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), which requires financial information to be reported based on how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is the Company's Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), reviews and manages the business, and establishes criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments. The Company operates in and reports its results in two reportable segments.
(x)Business Combinations
The Company records identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired on the acquisition date. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed, these estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. The authoritative guidance allows a measurement period of up to one year from the date of acquisition to make adjustments to the preliminary allocation of the purchase price. As a result, during the measurement period the Company may record adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that it identifies adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.
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(y)Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
Goodwill is allocated within the operating segments of the Company to the reporting units. Prior to 2023, the Company had one reporting unit. During 2023, as a result of restructuring activities, the Company shifted to a multiple reporting unit structure. The Company reassigned its assets and liabilities to the reporting units based on which reporting units’ operations the assets and liabilities were employed in or were related to. Goodwill was reassigned using a relative fair value allocation approach.
The Company historically evaluated goodwill for impairment annually as of November 30 or when an indicator of impairment existed. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company voluntarily changed the date of the annual goodwill impairment assessment for all of its reporting units from November 30 to October 1 and, therefore, evaluated goodwill for impairment on October 1, 2024. This voluntary change in the annual goodwill assessment date is a change in accounting principle, which the Company believes is preferable as it provides the Company additional time to complete the annual assessment in advance of its year-end reporting, especially in periods when complex fair value measurement is required. This change in the annual assessment date does not delay, accelerate or avoid an impairment charge. This change was not applied retrospectively as it was impracticable to do so because retrospective application would require application of significant estimates and assumptions with the use of hindsight. Accordingly, the change has been applied prospectively. This change in the assessment date is not a material change to the Company’s financial statements. The Company has internal controls in place to identify any triggering events subsequent to this assessment date.
(z)Intangible Assets
Intangible assets recorded by the Company include the fair values of identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations and costs directly associated with securing legal registration of patents and trademarks and acquiring domain names.
Intangible assets with determinable economic lives are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed over the estimated useful life of each asset on a straight-line basis. The Company determines the useful lives of identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors the Company considers when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any agreement related to the asset, the historical performance of the asset, the Company's long-term strategy for using the asset, any laws or other local regulations which could impact the useful life of the asset and other economic factors, including competition and specific market conditions. Intangible assets without determinable economic lives are carried at cost, not amortized and reviewed for impairment at least annually.
The useful lives of the intangible assets are as follows:

Developed technology |  | 4 - 7 years
Customer relationships |  | 6 - 10 years
Supplier relationships |  | 5 years
Trade names |  | 5 years
Patents |  | 20 years
Telecommunication licenses |  | Indefinite
Trademarks |  | Indefinite
Domain names |  | Indefinite

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(aa)Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates its long-lived assets, including property, equipment and intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If such evaluation indicates that the carrying amount of the asset or the asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss would be equal to the amount the carrying value exceeds the fair value. The impairment is allocated to the long-lived assets within the asset group on a pro-rata basis using the relative carrying amounts of the assets. Carrying amounts of individual long-lived assets are not reduced below their respective fair values.
In the valuation of an asset or an asset group, management must make assumptions regarding estimated future revenue and cash flows to be derived from the respective asset or asset group, discount rates used and other assumptions. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to record impairment of these assets.
(ab)Derivatives and Hedging
The Company is exposed to a wide variety of risks arising from its business operations and overall economic conditions. These risks include exposure to fluctuations in various foreign currencies against its functional currency and can impact the value of cash receipts and payments. The Company minimizes its exposure to these risks through management of its core business activities, specifically, the amounts, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities, and the use of derivative financial instruments. The Company uses foreign currency derivative forward contracts, and in the future may also use foreign currency option contacts.
Foreign currency derivative forward contracts involve fixing the exchange rate for delivery of a specified amount of foreign currency on a specified date. These agreements are typically cash settled in U.S. dollars for their fair value at or close to their settlement date. Foreign currency option contracts will require the Company to pay a premium for the right to sell a specified amount of foreign currency prior to the maturity date of the option. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments trading for speculative purposes.
Derivative instruments are carried at fair value and recorded as either an asset or a liability until they mature. Gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value of these instruments are accounted for depending on the use of the derivative and whether it is designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. For derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, gains or losses are initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the balance sheet, then reclassified into the statement of operations in the period in which the derivative instruments mature. These realized gains and losses are recorded within the same financial statement line item as the hedged transaction.
The Company’s foreign currency derivative contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments in active markets, such as currency spot and forward rates.
(ac)Share Repurchases
The Company elected to record the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of the repurchased shares of its Class A common stock in accumulated deficit, along with the associated transaction costs and excise taxes. Immediately upon repurchase, the shares are retired and returned to the status of unauthorized and unissued.
(ad)Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value, clarifies the definition of fair value, and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows:
•Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.
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•Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.
A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company's financial instruments, which include cash, restricted cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are recorded at their carrying amounts, which approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. Marketable securities consist of U.S. treasury securities, non-U.S. government securities, high credit quality corporate debt securities and commercial paper. All marketable securities are considered to be available-for-sale and recorded at their estimated fair values. Unrealized gains and losses for available-for-sale securities are recorded in other comprehensive loss. In valuing these items, the Company uses inputs and assumptions that market participants would use to determine their fair value, utilizing valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.
The fair values of the senior notes due 2029 and 2031 (“2029 Notes” and “2031 Notes,” respectively) are determined based on their respective closing prices on the last trading day of the reporting period. These financial liabilities are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
The carrying value of the strategic investments, which consist of restricted equity securities of a publicly held company and equity securities of privately held companies, is determined under the measurement alternative on a non-recurring basis adjusting for observable changes in fair value or impairment. The Company does not have a controlling interest nor can it exercise significant influence over any of these entities.
The Company regularly reviews changes to the rating of its debt securities by rating agencies and monitors the surrounding economic conditions to assess the risk of expected credit losses. As of December 31, 2024, the risk of expected credit losses was not significant.
Impairments are considered to be other than temporary if they are related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely that the security will be sold before the recovery of its cost basis. Realized gains and losses and declines in value deemed to be other than temporary are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in other (income) expenses, net.
(ae)Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosures. The ASU expands segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. It also requires disclosure of the amount and description of the composition of other segment items and interim disclosures of a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with retrospective application required. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 in the fourth quarter of 2024. The adoption required certain additional disclosure that the Company made in Note 8 to these consolidated financial statements.
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(af)Recently Issued Accounting Guidance, Not yet Adopted
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and may be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2023-09 upon its effective date. The adoption will require certain additional disclosure in the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires the disaggregation of certain expenses in the notes of the financial statements to provide enhanced transparency into the expense captions presented on the face of the statements of operations. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The adoption will require certain additional disclosure in the notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
3. Fair Value Measurements
Financial Assets
The following tables provide the financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  | Amortized Cost or Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses Less Than 12 Months |  | Gross Unrealized Losses More Than 12 Months |  | Fair Value Hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 |  | Aggregate Fair Value
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets: |  | (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 207,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207,323 |
Commercial paper |  | 15,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,059 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,059 |
U.S. Treasury bills |  | 2,748 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,748 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,748 |
Total included in cash and cash equivalents |  | 225,130 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 210,071 |  |  | 15,059 |  |  | — |  |  | 225,130 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | 379,846 |  |  | 1,243 |  |  | (296) |  |  | (55) |  |  | 380,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 380,738 |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 2,909 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,936 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,936 |
Corporate debt securities and commercial paper |  | 1,571,944 |  |  | 6,415 |  |  | (1,594) |  |  | (557) |  |  | 16,890 |  |  | 1,559,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,576,208 |
Total debt securities |  | 1,954,699 |  |  | 7,685 |  |  | (1,890) |  |  | (612) |  |  | 400,564 |  |  | 1,559,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,959,882 |
Equity securities |  | 3,220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,220 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,220 |
Total marketable securities |  | 1,957,919 |  |  | 7,685 |  |  | (1,890) |  |  | (612) |  |  | 403,784 |  |  | 1,559,318 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,963,102 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 2,183,049 |  |  | $ | 7,685 |  |  | $ | (1,890) |  |  | $ | (612) |  |  | $ | 613,855 |  |  | $ | 1,574,377 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,188,232 |

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|  | Amortized Cost or Carrying Value |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses Less Than 12 Months |  | Gross Unrealized Losses More Than 12 Months |  | Fair Value Hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 |  | Aggregate Fair Value
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets: |  | (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 408,696 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408,696 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408,696 |
Total included in cash and cash equivalents |  | 408,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 408,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 408,696 |
Marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | 410,665 |  |  | 2,162 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (1,665) |  |  | 411,155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 411,155 |
Non-U.S. government securities |  | 83,576 |  |  | 55 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (1,209) |  |  | 82,311 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 82,311 |
Corporate debt securities and commercial paper |  | 2,859,071 |  |  | 15,366 |  |  | (10,818) |  |  | (5,922) |  |  | 16,690 |  |  | 2,841,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,857,697 |
Total debt securities |  | 3,353,312 |  |  | 17,583 |  |  | (10,936) |  |  | (8,796) |  |  | 510,156 |  |  | 2,841,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,351,163 |
Equity securities |  | 4,901 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,901 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,901 |
Total marketable securities |  | 3,358,213 |  |  | 17,583 |  |  | (10,936) |  |  | (8,796) |  |  | 515,057 |  |  | 2,841,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,356,064 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 3,766,909 |  |  | $ | 17,583 |  |  | $ | (10,936) |  |  | $ | (8,796) |  |  | $ | 923,753 |  |  | $ | 2,841,007 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,764,760 |

Debt Securities
The Company’s primary objective when investing excess cash is preservation of capital, hence the Company’s debt securities primarily consist of U.S. Treasury Securities, non-U.S. government securities, high credit quality corporate debt securities and commercial paper. Because the Company views its debt securities as available to support current operations, it has classified all available for sale securities as short-term.
Interest earned on marketable securities was $90.2 million, $77.7 million and $64.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The interest is recorded as other income (expenses), net, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of marketable securities:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Aggregate Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Aggregate Fair Value
Financial Assets: |  | (In thousands)
Less than one year |  | $ | 684,294 |  |  | $ | 685,091 |  |  | $ | 1,448,256 |  |  | $ | 1,434,149 |
One to three years |  | 1,270,405 |  |  | 1,274,791 |  |  | 1,905,056 |  |  | 1,917,014 |
Total |  | $ | 1,954,699 |  |  | $ | 1,959,882 |  |  | $ | 3,353,312 |  |  | $ | 3,351,163 |

Equity Securities
The equity securities consist of shares of a publicly traded company that were received as consideration in a divestiture transaction described in Note 5 to these consolidated financial statements.
Strategic Investments
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held strategic investments with an aggregate carrying value of $23.5 million and $30.7 million, respectively, recorded as other long-term assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. There were no significant impairments or adjustments recorded in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022, related to these securities. In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company remeasured to fair value one of its strategic investments acquired in 2021 due to an assessed impairment. The fair value measurement of the strategic investment is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and the primary input used in the fair value measurement was the publicly available stock price of the issuer’s unrestricted security of the same class. The impairment loss of $46.2 million is recorded in other expenses, net, in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Financial Liabilities
The Company’s financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of foreign currency derivative liabilities and are classified as Level 2 financial instruments in the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate fair value of these liabilities and the associated unrealized losses were not significant.
The Company’s financial liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis are its 2029 Notes and its 2031 Notes. As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes were $464.9 million and $453.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes were $462.4 million and $452.3 million, respectively. These fair values are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
4. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consist of the following:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands)
Capitalized internal-use software developments costs |  | $ | 357,334 |  |  | $ | 297,655 |
Data center equipment (1) |  | 63,672 |  |  | 104,543 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 78,104 |  |  | 92,315 |
Office equipment |  | 50,659 |  |  | 60,905 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 12,618 |  |  | 14,558 |
Software |  | 14,143 |  |  | 14,639 |
Total property and equipment |  | 576,530 |  |  | 584,615 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (1) |  | (385,488) |  |  | (374,976) |
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 191,042 |  |  | $ | 209,639 |

____________________________________
(1) Data center equipment includes $33.5 million and $72.4 million in assets held under finance leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accumulated depreciation and amortization includes $28.6 million and $55.9 million of accumulated depreciation for assets held under finance leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $91.9 million, $89.9 million and $71.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company capitalized $72.5 million, $57.2 million and $65.4 million in internal‑use software development costs in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
5. Divestitures
There were no divestitures in the year ended December 31, 2024.
In 2023, the Company sold its ValueFirst business, which operated an enterprise communications platform in India, for a total cash sales price of $45.5 million, or $38.2 million in proceeds, net of cash divested. As part of the transaction, the Company divested $17.4 million of tangible net assets, $17.3 million of intangible assets and $34.6 million of goodwill. The sale resulted in a loss of $28.8 million, which is recorded within general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company also recorded an additional $3.3 million of divestiture-related expenses in the same period.
Separately, in 2023, the Company sold its Internet of Things (“IoT”) asset group for stock consideration of $15.8 million. The loss on divestiture and related expenses were not significant.
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6. Impairment
Operating right-of-use assets
In 2022, the Company adopted a remote-first operating strategy whereby employees work remotely on a permanent basis. As a result, the Company permanently closed several of its offices in 2023 and 2022, which required reassessment of the operating right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and the associated leasehold improvements and property and equipment for impairment. The Company determined that the carrying amounts of these assets exceeded their respective fair values. The Company engaged a third‑party expert to assist with the valuation analysis. The Company regularly assesses recoverability of its ROU assets and the related long-lived asset categories for indicators of impairment. In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $34.8 million and $97.7 million of impairment, respectively, related to its permanently closed offices. The impairment is recorded in the impairment of long-lived assets line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Intangible assets
In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company identified a change in its Segment reportable segment’s performance which it deemed to be an indicator that the carrying amounts of certain long-lived assets within the segment may not be recoverable. The Company performed a recoverability assessment and a fair value measurement of the impacted asset group and concluded that the asset group was impaired. The Company engaged a third-party expert to assist with the valuation analysis. The impairment was allocated to the assets within the impacted asset group reducing the respective carrying amounts of the assets as of the December 1, 2023, measurement date, as follows:

|  | Total Impairment Allocation
|  | (In thousands)
Developed technology |  | $ | 209,350 |
Customer relationships |  | 76,361 |
Total impairment |  | $ | 285,711 |

The impairment is recorded within the impairment of long-lived assets line item in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company used a relief-from-royalty method to estimate the fair values of the developed technology and the trade name and a distributor method to estimate the fair value of customer relationships. The trade name intangible asset was not impaired.
No other significant impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.
7. Restructuring Activities
No significant restructuring activities occurred in the year ended December 31, 2024.
In February 2023, the Company announced a workforce reduction plan (the “February 2023 Plan”) that was designed to reduce operating costs, improve operating margins and accelerate profitability. The February 2023 Plan eliminated approximately 17% of the Company’s workforce. The execution of the February 2023 Plan was substantially completed in the first quarter of 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, restructuring charges related to the February 2023 Plan were $141.1 million, which consisted of $130.0 million related to employee severance, benefits and facilitation costs, and $11.1 million related to vesting of employee stock based compensation awards. $108.9 million of the restructuring charges related to the Communications reportable segment, $9.4 million related to the Segment reportable segment and $22.8 million was included in corporate costs.
The following table summarizes the Company’s restructuring liability related to the February 2023 Plan that is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023:
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|  | Workforce Reduction Costs |  | Facilitation Costs |  | Total |  |
|  | (In thousands) |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Restructuring charges |  | 120,711 |  |  | 9,289 |  |  | 130,000 |  |  |
Cash payments |  | (111,852) |  |  | (8,895) |  |  | (120,747) |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 8,859 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 9,253 |  |  |

February 2023 Plan restructuring charges incurred in 2024 were not significant. No amounts were outstanding as of December 31, 2024 related to this plan.
In December 2023, the Company announced a workforce restructuring plan that was designed to streamline operations and accelerate the Company’s path to profitable growth (the “December 2023 Plan”). The December 2023 Plan eliminated approximately 5% of the Company’s workforce. Restructuring charges related to the December 2023 Plan were not significant.
In September 2022, the Company announced a workforce restructuring plan that was designed to reduce operating costs and improve operating margins (the “September 2022 Plan”). The September 2022 Plan eliminated approximately 11% of the Company’s workforce. In the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $76.6 million of restructuring charges, including a $14.3 million expense related to vesting of the employee stock-based compensation awards, in its accompanying consolidated statement of operations. $67.4 million of the restructuring charges related to the Communications reportable segment, $1.6 million related to the Segment reportable segment and $7.6 million was included in corporate costs.
8. Segment Reporting
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had two operating and reportable segments: Twilio Communications (“Communications”) and Twilio Segment (“Segment”).
Twilio Communications: The Communications segment consists of a variety of application programming interfaces (“APIs”) and software solutions to optimize communications between Twilio customers and their end users. The key products from which the segment derives its revenue are Messaging, Voice and Email.
Twilio Segment: The Segment segment consists of software products that enable businesses to achieve more effective customer engagement by providing the tools necessary for customers to build direct, personalized relationships with their end users. The key product from which the segment derives its revenue is Segment.
The Company’s CEO, who is also the CODM, reviews the operating results by segment using non-GAAP income (loss) from operations as the measure of segment profitability. The CODM uses this measure of segment profitability to allocate resources and assess performance of each segment by comparing the segment actual results to the comparable results in prior periods and to any internally or externally set expectations. Presented below is the discrete financial information by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, that reflects management’s current view of the business and that is regularly provided to the CODM. Prior period amounts were reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. Asset information is not reviewed by the CODM on a segment basis. Revenue, costs of revenue and operating expenses are generally directly attributable to each segment. Certain costs of revenue and operating expenses are allocated based on methodologies that best reflect the patterns of consumption of these costs. Corporate costs are not allocated to operating segments. Corporate costs consist of costs that support company-wide processes, are managed on the company-wide level, and include costs related to corporate governance and communication, global brand awareness, information security, and certain legal, human resources, finance and accounting expenses. In addition to corporate costs, cost of revenue and operating expenses not allocated to operating segments include stock-based compensation, amortization of acquired intangibles, payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation, charitable contributions and restructuring costs.
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|  | Year Ended December 31, 2024
|  | Communications |  | Segment |  |  |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue |  | $ | 4,160,340 |  |  | $ | 297,696 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,458,036 |
Cost of revenue attributable to segments |  | 2,014,491 |  |  | 79,469 |  |  |  |  | 2,093,960 |
Operating expenses attributable to segments |  | 1,103,800 |  |  | 280,882 |  |  |  |  | 1,384,682 |
Segment non-GAAP income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 1,042,049 |  |  | $ | (62,655) |  |  |  |  | $ | 979,394 |
Reconciliation of total segment non-GAAP income from operations to loss from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment non-GAAP income from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 979,394 |
Corporate costs not allocated to segments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (265,000) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (613,429) |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (111,851) |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,642) |
Charitable contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,907) |
Restructuring costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13,273) |
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (53,708) |
Other expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34,905) |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (88,613) |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2023
|  | Communications |  | Segment |  |  |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue |  | $ | 3,858,693 |  |  | $ | 295,252 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |
Cost of revenue attributable to segments |  | 1,901,275 |  |  | 68,433 |  |  |  |  | 1,969,708 |
Operating expenses attributable to segments |  | 1,115,428 |  |  | 299,249 |  |  |  |  | 1,414,677 |
Segment non-GAAP income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 841,990 |  |  | $ | (72,430) |  |  |  |  | $ | 769,560 |
Reconciliation of total segment non-GAAP income from operations to loss from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment non-GAAP income from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 769,560 |
Corporate costs not allocated to segments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (236,552) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (662,842) |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (192,307) |
Acquisition and divestiture related expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,555) |
Loss on net assets divested |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (32,277) |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12,985) |
Charitable contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (17,346) |
Restructuring costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (165,733) |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (320,504) |
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (876,541) |
Other expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (120,188) |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (996,729) |

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|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Communications |  | Segment |  |  |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue |  | $ | 3,550,087 |  |  | $ | 276,234 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |
Cost of revenue attributable to segments |  | 1,817,019 |  |  | 51,396 |  |  |  |  | 1,868,415 |
Operating expenses attributable to segments |  | 1,414,388 |  |  | 254,533 |  |  |  |  | 1,668,921 |
Segment non-GAAP income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 318,680 |  |  | $ | (29,695) |  |  |  |  | $ | 288,985 |
Reconciliation of total segment non-GAAP loss from operations to loss from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment non-GAAP loss from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 288,985 |
Corporate costs not allocated to segments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (293,475) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (784,285) |
Amortization of acquired intangibles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (206,181) |
Acquisition and divestiture related expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,621) |
Payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,832) |
Charitable contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,541) |
Restructuring costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (76,636) |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (97,722) |
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,205,308) |
Other expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38,324) |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,243,632) |

Depreciation and amortization expenses, except for amortization of acquired intangibles, that are included in non-GAAP income from operations for the Communications reportable segment was $71.9 million, $74.1 million and $61.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization of deferred commissions included in non-GAAP income from operations for the Communications reportable segment was $60.7 million, $60.0 million and $47.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization expenses, except for amortization of acquired intangibles, that are included in non-GAAP loss from operations for the Segment reportable segment was $18.1 million, $13.7 million and $6.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization of deferred commissions included in non-GAAP loss from operations for the Segment reportable segment was $15.7 million, $12.9 million and $10.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
9. Derivatives and Hedging
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges with a total sell notional value of $216.4 million. The notional value represents the amount that will be sold upon maturity of the forward contract. As of December 31, 2024, these contracts had maturities of up to 1.4 years. Gains and losses associated with these foreign currency forward contracts were not significant.
The Company is subject to master netting agreements with certain counterparties of the foreign exchange contracts, under which it is permitted to net settle transactions of the same currency with a single net amount payable by one party to the other. It is the Company’s policy to present the derivatives at gross in its consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s foreign currency forward contracts are not subject to any credit contingent features or collateral requirements. The Company manages its exposure to counterparty risk by entering into contracts with a diversified group of major financial institutions and by actively monitoring its outstanding positions. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any offsetting arrangements.
10. Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities
The Company has entered into various operating lease agreements for office space and finance lease agreements for data centers, office equipment and furniture.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had various leased properties with remaining lease terms from 0.1 years to 4.8 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5.0 years.
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During 2023 and 2022, as a result of the office closures described in Note 6, the Company impaired several of its ROU assets related to office leases that would no longer be used to support its ongoing operations. In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $34.8 million and $97.7 million impairment expense, respectively, related to these office closures, of which $24.8 million and $72.8 million, respectively, related to the ROU assets. The remaining impairment expense related to the associated assets in the property, plant and equipment categories. In the year ended December 31, 2024, there was no impairment expense related to office closures. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have significant sublease income related to any of its subleased offices.
Operating lease costs recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations were $25.4 million, $35.7 million and $57.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Lease costs associated with short-term leases, variable leases and finance leases were not significant.
Supplemental cash flow and other information related to operating leases are as follows:

|  | Year Ended
|  | December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating cash flows paid for amounts included in operating lease liabilities (in thousands) |  | $ | 54,376 |  | $ | 65,494
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) |  | 3.6 |  | 4.1
Weighted average discount rate |  | 4.6 | % |  | 4.5 | %

Maturities of operating lease liabilities are as follows:

|  | As of December 31, 2024
Year Ended December 31, |  | (In thousands)
2025 |  | $ | 38,474 |
2026 |  | 35,035 |
2027 |  | 27,565 |
2028 |  | 22,588 |
2029 |  | 5,897 |
Total lease payments |  | 129,559 |
Less: imputed interest |  | (9,999) |
Total operating lease obligations |  | 119,560 |
Less: current obligations |  | (33,685) |
Long-term operating lease obligations |  | $ | 85,875 |

11. Equity Method Investment
In May 2022, the Company acquired 44.6% of the equity interests in Syniverse Corporation (“Syniverse”) for $750.0 million in cash. The Company determined that it does not have a controlling financial interest in Syniverse but does exercise significant influence and, therefore, the investment was accounted for under the equity method. The Company estimated that on the investment closing date there was an excess investment basis of $530.7 million related to its proportionate share of the identifiable intangible assets and $41.3 million related to the associated deferred tax liability. The equity method goodwill was estimated at $623.8 million.
The Company engaged a third‑party expert to assist with the valuation analysis. The following table presents the estimated basis differences attributable to the identifiable intangible assets as of the date of investment and their respective useful lives:

|  | Total |  | Estimated life
|  | (In thousands) |  | (In years)
Developed technology |  | $ | 62,767 |  |  | 6
Customer relationships |  | 439,152 |  |  | 9
Trademarks |  | 28,822 |  |  | Indefinite
Total basis difference attributable to the identifiable intangible assets |  | $ | 530,741 |  |  |

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In the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded $108.5 million, $121.9 million and $35.3 million, respectively, of its proportionate share of the investee's net operating results, the amortization of the basis difference and dilution loss as part of other expenses, net, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company also recorded $0.7 million and $15.6 million of its proportionate share of the investee’s other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $14.9 million of its proportionate share of the investee’s other comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, in the accompanying consolidated statements of other comprehensive loss. Results of operations and other comprehensive loss were recorded on a 90-day lag.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held 43.8% and 44.0%, respectively, of the equity interests in Syniverse. The unamortized net excess investment basis was $353.3 million and $410.4 million, respectively. The carrying amount of the investment in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets was $485.8 million and $593.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
In conjunction with this investment, the Company and Syniverse entered into a wholesale agreement, pursuant to which Syniverse would process, route and deliver application-to-person messages originating and/or terminating between the Company’s customers and mobile network operators. The values of the transactions that occurred between the Company and Syniverse were $145.0 million and $143.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $89.6 million for the period from the investment closing date on May 13, 2022, through December 31, 2022. These transactions were recorded as cost of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Summarized financial information of Syniverse is presented below on a one-month lag. The investee’s fiscal year end is November 30.

|  | As of November 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands)
Current assets |  | $ | 225,975 |  |  | $ | 195,426 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | 2,344,658 |  |  | $ | 2,368,645 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 232,522 |  |  | $ | 200,541 |
Noncurrent liabilities |  | $ | 1,176,332 |  |  | $ | 1,153,801 |
Non controlling interest |  | $ | 6,027 |  |  | $ | 6,380 |

|  | Year Ended November 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022(1)
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue |  | $ | 819,164 |  |  | $ | 739,317 |  |  | $ | 753,913 |
Cost of operations (excluding depreciation and amortization) |  | $ | 474,081 |  |  | $ | 430,140 |  |  | $ | 466,340 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 113,950 |  |  | $ | 67,870 |  |  | $ | (147,166) |
Net loss |  | $ | (38,849) |  |  | $ | (89,096) |  |  | $ | (312,773) |
Net loss attributable to Syniverse Corporation |  | $ | (40,917) |  |  | $ | (90,770) |  |  | $ | (314,379) |

____________________________________
(1) The Company invested in the investee in May 2022. It is impracticable to provide audited financial information for a partial fiscal year due to its unavailability.
12. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
During 2023, as a result of business reorganization events, the Company shifted from a single reporting unit structure to a multiple reporting unit structure. The Company reallocated goodwill to its newly formed reporting units and tested goodwill for impairment on the reporting unit level immediately before and immediately after each reorganization. The Company engaged a third-party expert to assist in the valuation analysis. The Company concluded that its goodwill was not impaired immediately before and immediately after each reorganization.
To allocate goodwill to the newly formed reporting units in 2023, the Company estimated the fair value of its reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from an income and a market approach. Estimating the fair value by these methods involves the use of various assumptions that the Company believes were reasonable under then current circumstances. Under the income approach, the Company determined the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated
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future cash flows using the cash flow projections prepared by management. The market approach estimates the fair value based on market multiples of revenue or adjusted EBITDA, as applicable, derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit. While these assumptions reflect management’s best estimates of future performance at that time, the estimates are inherently complex and uncertain and the Company’s actual results could differ materially from the estimates.
The following table presents the goodwill allocated to the Company’s reportable segments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the changes during the period:

|  | Twilio Communications |  | Twilio Segment |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,284,153 |
Foreign currency adjustments |  |  |  |  |  | 26 |
Reallocation to segments in 2023(1) |  | $ | 4,978,094 |  |  | $ | 306,085 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency adjustments |  | 251 |  | — |  |  | 251 |
Goodwill divested(2) |  | (41,164) |  | — |  |  | (41,164)
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 4,937,181 |  |  | $ | 306,085 |  |  | $ | 5,243,266 |
____________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) Represents reallocation of goodwill as a result of the change in reporting unit structure in 2023.
(2) Represents goodwill related to the divestitures of the ValueFirst business and IoT asset group in 2023, as described in Note 5.

There was no goodwill activity during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the Company’s goodwill was $5.2 billion, of which $4.9 billion relates to the Communications reportable segment and $306.1 million relates to the Segment reportable segment.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets consist of the following:

|  | As of December 31, 2024
|  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Amortizable intangible assets: |  | (In thousands)
Developed technology |  | $ | 388,341 |  |  | $ | (306,063) |  |  | $ | 82,278 |
Customer relationships |  | 348,314 |  |  | (215,523) |  |  | 132,791 |
Supplier relationships |  | 49,756 |  |  | (35,363) |  |  | 14,393 |
Trade names |  | 25,968 |  |  | (25,014) |  |  | 954 |
Patent |  | 3,968 |  |  | (1,096) |  |  | 2,872 |
Total amortizable intangible assets |  | 816,347 |  |  | (583,059) |  |  | 233,288 |
Non-amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication licenses |  | 4,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,920 |
Trademarks and other |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |
Total |  | $ | 821,562 |  |  | $ | (583,059) |  |  | $ | 238,503 |

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|  | As of December 31, 2023 |  |
|  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  |
Amortizable intangible assets: |  | (In thousands) |  |
Developed technology |  | $ | 397,473 |  |  | $ | (259,635) |  |  | $ | 137,838 |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | 349,074 |  |  | (170,511) |  |  | 178,563 |  |  |
Supplier relationships |  | 49,756 |  |  | (26,316) |  |  | 23,440 |  |  |
Trade names |  | 25,968 |  |  | (23,600) |  |  | 2,368 |  |  |
Order backlog |  | 10,000 |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | — |  |  |
Patent |  | 3,968 |  |  | (902) |  |  | 3,066 |  |  |
Total amortizable intangible assets |  | 836,239 |  |  | (490,964) |  |  | 345,275 |  |  |
Non-amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Telecommunication licenses |  | 4,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,920 |  |  |
Trademarks and other |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | 295 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 841,454 |  |  | $ | (490,964) |  |  | $ | 350,490 |  |  |

Amortization expense was $112.0 million, $192.5 million and $206.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
There was no impairment related to intangible assets in the year ended December 31, 2024. In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge related to certain of its intangible assets, as described in Note 6.
Total estimated future amortization expense is as follows:

|  | As of December 31, 2024
Year Ended December 31, |  | (In thousands)
2025 |  | $ | 107,862 |
2026 |  | 42,149 |
2027 |  | 25,330 |
2028 |  | 19,055 |
2029 |  | 14,970 |
Thereafter |  | 23,922 |
Total |  | $ | 233,288 |

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13. Balance Sheet Components
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands)
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 333,911 |  |  | $ | 196,850 |
Other current assets |  | 140,449 |  |  | 132,354 |
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 474,360 |  |  | $ | 329,204 |

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands)
Accrued payroll and related |  | $ | 76,708 |  |  | $ | 77,593 |
Company-wide bonus program liability |  | 109,776 |  |  | — |
Accrued bonus and commission |  | 21,585 |  |  | 17,345 |
Accrued cost of revenue |  | 173,739 |  |  | 155,721 |
Sales and other taxes payable |  | 79,731 |  |  | 70,913 |
Restructuring liability |  | 318 |  |  | 29,086 |
Accrued other expense |  | 68,829 |  |  | 73,653 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 530,686 |  |  | $ | 424,311 |

14. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt, net, consists of the following:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (In thousands)
2029 Senior Notes |  |  |  |
Principal |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |
Unamortized discount |  | (3,518) |  |  | (4,274) |
Unamortized issuance costs |  | (792) |  |  | (962) |
Net carrying amount |  | 495,690 |  |  | 494,764 |
2031 Senior Notes |  |  |  |
Principal |  | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
Unamortized discount |  | (4,166) |  |  | (4,744) |
Unamortized issuance costs |  | (937) |  |  | (1,067) |
Net carrying amount |  | 494,897 |  |  | 494,189 |
Total long-term debt, net |  | $ | 990,587 |  |  | $ | 988,953 |

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2029 and 2031 Senior Notes
In March 2021, the Company issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes, consisting of $500.0 million principal amount of 3.625% notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”) and $500.0 million principal amount of 3.875% notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes” and together with the 2029 Notes, the “Notes”). Initially, none of the Company’s subsidiaries guaranteed the Notes. However, under certain circumstances in the future the Notes can be guaranteed by each of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries. The 2029 Notes and 2031 Notes will mature on March 15, 2029 and March 15, 2031, respectively. Interest payments are payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year.
The aggregate net proceeds from offering of the Notes were approximately $984.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and issuance costs paid by the Company.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company may voluntarily redeem the 2029 Notes, in whole or in part, under the following circumstances:
(1)at any time on or after March 15, 2024 at a prepayment price equal to 101.813% of the principal amount;
(2)at any time on or after March 15, 2025 at a prepayment price equal to 100.906% of the principal amount; and
(3)at any time on or after March 15, 2026 at a prepayment price equal to 100.000% of the principal amount;
in each case, the redemption will include the accrued and unpaid interest, as applicable.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company may voluntarily redeem the 2031 Notes, in whole or in part, under the following circumstances:
(1)at any time prior to March 15, 2026 at 100% of the principal amount, plus a “make-whole” premium;
(2)at any time on or after March 15, 2026 at a prepayment price equal to 101.938% of the principal amount;
(3)at any time on or after March 15, 2027 at a prepayment price equal to 101.292% of the principal amount;
(4)at any time on or after March 15, 2028 at a prepayment price equal to 100.646% of the principal amount; and
(5)at any time on or after March 15, 2029 at a prepayment price equal to 100.000% of the principal amount;
in each case, the redemption will include accrued and unpaid interest, as applicable.
The Notes are general unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Notes that the Company may incur in the future and equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated liabilities.
In certain circumstances involving a change of control event, the Company will be required to make an offer to repurchase the Notes of the applicable series at a repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount of the Notes of such series to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the applicable repurchase date.
The indenture governing the Notes (the “Indenture”) contains restrictive covenants limiting the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) create liens on certain assets to secure debt; (ii) grant a subsidiary guarantee of certain debt without also providing a guarantee of the Notes; and (iii) consolidate or merge with or into, or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets to another person. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions. Certain of these covenants will not apply during any period in which the Notes are rated investment grade by either Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all of its covenants under the Indenture.
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15. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information
A roll‑forward of the Company’s customer credit reserve is as follows:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 33,594 |  |  | $ | 33,124 |  |  | $ | 18,577 |  |  |
Additions |  | 81,695 |  |  | 167,044 |  |  | 86,303 |  |  |
Deductions against reserve |  | (95,948) |  |  | (166,574) |  |  | (71,756) |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 19,341 |  |  | $ | 33,594 |  |  | $ | 33,124 |  |  |

16. Revenue by Geographic Area and Groups of Similar Products
Revenue by geographic area is based on the IP address or the mailing address of the customer at the time of registration. The following table sets forth revenue by geographic area:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Revenue by geographic area: | (In thousands)
United States |  | $ | 2,898,056 |  |  | $ | 2,757,470 |  |  | $ | 2,510,525 |  |  |
International |  | 1,559,980 |  |  | 1,396,475 |  |  | 1,315,796 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |  |  |

Percentage of revenue by geographic area: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | 65 | % |  | 66 | % |  | 66 | % |  |
International |  | 35 | % |  | 34 | % |  | 34 | % |  |

The following table sets forth long-lived assets by geographic area:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Long-lived assets by geographic area: |  | (In thousands)
United States |  | $ | 65,782 |  |  | $ | 99,368 |
International |  | 25,676 |  |  | 39,644 |
Total |  | $ | 91,458 |  |  | $ | 139,012 |
Percentage of long-lived assets by geographic area: |  |  |  |
United States |  | 72 | % |  | 71 | %
International |  | 28 | % |  | 29 | %

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The following table sets forth revenue by groups of similar products:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Revenue by groups of similar products: | (In thousands)
Twilio Communications: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Messaging |  | $ | 2,358,767 |  |  | $ | 2,184,752 |  |  | $ | 2,066,300 |  |  |
Voice |  | 543,117 |  |  | 511,728 |  |  | 474,790 |  |  |
Email |  | 488,271 |  |  | 440,185 |  |  | 399,314 |  |  |
Other |  | 770,185 |  |  | 722,028 |  |  | 609,683 |  |  |
Total Twilio Communications |  | 4,160,340 |  |  | 3,858,693 |  |  | 3,550,087 |  |  |
Twilio Segment |  | 297,696 |  |  | 295,252 |  |  | 276,234 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 4,458,036 |  |  | $ | 4,153,945 |  |  | $ | 3,826,321 |  |  |

17. Commitments and Contingencies
(a)Lease and Other Commitments
The Company entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for its facilities. Refer to Note 10 for additional detail on the Company's operating lease commitments.
Additionally, the Company has contractual commitments with its cloud infrastructure providers, network service providers and other vendors that are noncancellable and expire within one to four years. In the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into several such agreements with terms of up to four years for a total purchase commitment of $182.5 million. Future minimum payments under these noncancellable purchase commitments are summarized in the table below. Unrecognized tax benefits are not included in these amounts because any amounts expected to be settled in cash are not significant:

|  | As of December 31, 2024
Year Ending December 31, |  | (In thousands)
2025 |  | $ | 405,331 |
2026 |  | 245,946 |
2027 |  | 3,831 |
2028 |  | 220 |
Total payments |  | $ | 655,328 |

(b)Legal Matters
From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal actions, claims, and government investigations or inquiries arising in the ordinary course of business. These matters may include, but are not limited to, matters involving privacy, data protection, data security, intellectual property, competition, telecommunications, consumer protection, taxation, securities, employment and contractual rights. While the Company currently believes that the final outcomes of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its business, the results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
The Company accrues for contingencies when it believes that a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred that is in excess of the amounts already recognized and such additional loss amount may be material, the Company either discloses the estimated additional loss amount or states that such an estimate cannot be made. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability of a loss and to estimate the amount of any probable loss.
Legal fees and other costs related to litigation and other legal proceedings are expensed as incurred and are included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
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(c)Indemnification Agreements
In the ordinary course of business and in connection with its financing and business combination transactions, the Company enters into contractual arrangements under which it agrees to provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to business partners, customers and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements, intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties and other liabilities relating to or arising from the Company’s products or its acts or omissions.
The Company has also signed indemnification agreements with all of its board members and executive officers and certain employees that may require the Company to indemnify them for certain events in connection with their services to the Company or its direct or indirect subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no amounts were accrued related to any outstanding indemnification agreements.
(d)Other Taxes
The Company conducts operations in many tax jurisdictions within and outside the United States. In many of these jurisdictions, non-income-based taxes, such as sales, use, telecommunications and other local taxes are assessed on the Company’s operations. The Company carries reserves for certain of its non-income-based tax exposures in certain jurisdictions when it is both probable that a liability was incurred and the amount of the exposure can be reasonably estimated. These reserves are based on estimates which include several key assumptions including, but not limited to, the taxability of the Company’s services, the jurisdictions in which management believes it had nexus and the sourcing of revenues to those jurisdictions.
The Company continues to remain in discussions with certain jurisdictions regarding its prior sales and other taxes that it may owe. In the event any of these jurisdictions disagree with management’s assumptions and analysis, the assessment of the Company’s tax exposure could differ materially from management’s current estimates.
As of December 31, 2024, the liabilities recorded for non-income-based taxes were $19.3 million for domestic jurisdictions and $22.0 million for jurisdictions outside of the United States. As of December 31, 2023, these liabilities were $18.0 million and $22.2 million, respectively.
18. Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had authorized 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001, of which no shares were issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had authorized 1,000,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 3,170,181 shares of Class B common stock, each par value of $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, 152,610,697 and 181,945,771 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, and no shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding.
The Company had reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Stock options issued and outstanding |  | 1,322,176 |  |  | 1,722,861 |
Unvested restricted stock units issued and outstanding |  | 18,386,271 |  |  | 18,755,538 |
Shares of Class A common stock reserved for Twilio.org |  | 353,633 |  |  | 442,041 |
Stock-based awards available for grant under 2016 Plan |  | 23,292,678 |  |  | 19,869,260 |
Shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to ESPP |  | 9,709,326 |  |  | 8,541,701 |
Total |  | 53,064,084 |  |  | 49,331,401 |

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Share Repurchase Programs
In February 2023, the board of directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion in aggregate value of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock, and in March 2024, the board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $2.0 billion in aggregate value of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock. Repurchases under this program could be made through open market, private transactions or other means, in compliance with applicable federal securities laws, and could include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The Company had discretion in determining the conditions under which shares may be repurchased from time to time. This repurchase program expired on December 31, 2024.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 36.8 million shares and 11.3 million shares of its Class A common stock, respectively, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.3 billion and $672.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company completed repurchases of $3.0 billion in aggregate value of its Class A common stock, as originally authorized.
In January 2025, the board of directors of the Company authorized a new share repurchase program to repurchase up to $2.0 billion in aggregate value of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock with the repurchase terms similar to the previous program. The new program expires on December 31, 2027.
19. Stock-Based Compensation
The following are descriptions for stock plans that govern a significant amount of outstanding equity awards as of December 31, 2024:
2008 Stock Option Plan
In connection with the Company’s initial public offering on June 22, 2016, the 2008 Stock Option Plan, as amended and restated (the “2008 Plan”), was terminated and, accordingly, no shares were available for issuance after the termination. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all remaining outstanding stock options granted under the 2008 Plan were vested and exercisable and continue to be governed by the provisions of this plan.
2016 Stock Option Plan
The Company’s 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) became effective on June 21, 2016. The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of ISOs, NSOs, restricted stock awards, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, unrestricted stock awards, performance share awards, dividend equivalent rights and cash-based awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. A total of 11,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan. These available shares automatically increase each January 1, beginning on January 1, 2017, by 5% of the number of shares of the Company’s Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s compensation committee. On January 1, 2024 and 2023, the shares available for grant under the 2016 Plan were automatically increased by 9,097,289 shares and 9,298,785 shares, respectively.
Under the 2016 Plan, the stock options are granted at a price per share not less than 100% of the fair market value per share of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.
2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company’s 2016 ESPP was effective on June 21, 2016. A total of 2,400,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP. These available shares automatically increase each January 1, beginning on January 1, 2017, by the lesser of 1,800,000 shares of the Company's Class A common stock, 1% of the number of shares of the Company’s Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s compensation committee. On January 1, 2024 and 2023, the shares available for grant under the 2016 ESPP were automatically increased by 1,800,000 shares.
The 2016 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a discount of 15% through payroll deductions of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. The 2016 ESPP provides for separate six-month offering periods beginning in May and November of each year.
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On each purchase date, eligible employees purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the offering date or (ii) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the purchase date.
As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the 2016 ESPP was not significant.
Stock-options and restricted stock units and awards activity under the Company’s equity incentive plans is as follows:
Stock Options

|  | Number of options outstanding |  | Weighted- average exercise price (Per share) |  | Weighted- average remaining contractual term (In years) |  | Aggregate intrinsic value (In thousands)
Outstanding options as of December 31, 2023 |  | 1,722,861 |  |  | $ | 71.13 |  |  | 4.45 |  | $ | 56,007 |
Exercised |  | (181,818) |  |  | $ | 23.88 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited and canceled |  | (218,867) |  |  | $ | 92.18 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding options as of December 31, 2024 |  | 1,322,176 |  |  | $ | 74.15 |  |  | 3.05 |  | $ | 74,838 |
Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |  | 1,317,265 |  |  | $ | 73.30 |  |  | 3.03 |  | $ | 74,838 |

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised (1) |  | $ | 8,649 |  |  | $ | 15,242 |  |  | $ | 80,839 |  |  |
Total estimated grant date fair value of options vested |  | $ | 9,351 |  |  | $ | 28,619 |  |  | $ | 77,403 |  |  |
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share of options granted |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.66 |  |  |

____________________________________
(1) Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange and the exercise price of outstanding “in-the-money” options.
As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to all unvested stock options was not significant.
Restricted Stock Units

|  | Number of awards outstanding |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value (Per share) |  | Aggregate intrinsic value (In thousands)
Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2023 |  | 18,755,538 |  |  | $ | 87.56 |  |  | $ | 1,422,983 |
Granted |  | 10,584,021 |  |  | $ | 61.86 |  |  |
Vested |  | (6,639,672) |  |  | $ | 92.70 |  |  |
Forfeited and canceled |  | (4,313,616) |  |  | $ | 83.09 |  |  |
Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2024 |  | 18,386,271 |  |  | $ | 71.96 |  |  | $ | 1,394,966 |

In 2024, the Company granted 516,626 shares of PSUs to certain of its executive employees. These awards are included in the table above. The awards had an aggregate grant date fair value of $34.5 million. The PSUs will vest if certain operational performance or market conditions, as defined in the grant agreements, are met during the performance period, which expires on December 31, 2026. The final vesting determination will be made by the Company’s Compensation Committee subsequent to the completion of the performance period. At the end of the vesting period the number of shares actually issued may range from 0% to 200% of the target based on levels of performance.
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In March 2022, the Company granted 919,289 shares of PSUs to certain of its executive employees. These awards are included in the table above. The PSUs were granted with a grant date fair value per share of $157.44 and an aggregate grant date fair value of $144.7 million. Each PSU award consisted of three tranches that would vest separately over distinct service periods if the respective performance conditions, as defined in the grant agreements, were met. The final vesting determination is made by the Company’s Compensation Committee subsequent to the completion of the performance period. The vesting of the first tranche was based on achievement of revenue growth targets with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022. The vesting of the second and third tranches was based on both (a) revenue growth targets and (b) profitability targets achievement with respect to each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. If performance targets are not achieved, the related tranches are forfeited. Vesting of these PSUs can range up to 100% above the target based on levels of performance and is recorded in stock-based compensation expense in the year during which each tranche vests.
As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs was $1.2 billion, which will be amortized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.
Valuation Assumptions
The Company used the following assumptions in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of the purchase rights issued under the 2016 ESPP:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
Employee Stock Purchase Plan: |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Fair value of common stock |  | $61.54 - $96.41 |  | $47.36 - $61.55 |  | $50.81 - $99.68 |  |
Expected term (in years) |  | 0.50 |  | 0.50 |  | 0.50 |  |
Expected volatility |  | 38.6% - 41.8% |  | 45.8% - 57.1% |  | 73.2% - 97.3% |  |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.4% - 5.4% |  | 5.3% - 5.4% |  | 1.5% - 4.5% |  |
Dividend rate |  | —% |  | —% |  | —% |  |

Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands)
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 22,001 |  |  | $ | 26,343 |  |  | $ | 21,136 |
Research and development |  | 330,933 |  |  | 331,526 |  |  | 374,846 |
Sales and marketing |  | 135,331 |  |  | 183,389 |  |  | 240,109 |
General and administrative |  | 125,164 |  |  | 121,584 |  |  | 148,194 |
Restructuring costs |  | 3,178 |  |  | 13,015 |  |  | 14,275 |
Total |  | $ | 616,607 |  |  | $ | 675,857 |  |  | $ | 798,560 |

20. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders during the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders (in thousands) |  | $ | (109,403) |  |  | $ | (1,015,441) |  |  | $ | (1,256,145) |  |  |
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | 165,925,128 |  |  | 183,327,844 |  |  | 182,994,038 |  |  |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.66) |  |  | $ | (5.54) |  |  | $ | (6.86) |  |  |

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The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Stock options issued and outstanding |  | 1,322,176 |  |  | 1,722,861 |  |  | 2,277,379 |  |  |
Unvested restricted stock units issued and outstanding(1) |  | 18,386,271 |  |  | 18,755,538 |  |  | 15,414,997 |  |  |
Shares of Class A common stock reserved for Twilio.org |  | 353,633 |  |  | 442,041 |  |  | 530,449 |  |  |
Shares of Class A common stock committed under ESPP |  | 265,698 |  |  | 426,199 |  |  | 766,334 |  |  |
Shares of Class A common stock in escrow |  | — |  |  | 31,503 |  |  | 31,503 |  |  |
Shares of Class A common stock in escrow and restricted stock awards subject to future vesting |  | — |  |  | 3,771 |  |  | 56,237 |  |  |
Total |  | 20,327,778 |  |  | 21,381,913 |  |  | 19,076,899 |  |  |

____________________________________
(1) The number of PSUs that will ultimately vest may increase or decrease the number of shares that will be issued at the end of the performance period.
21. Income Taxes
The following table presents domestic and foreign components of loss before provision for income taxes for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands)
United States |  | $ | 40,982 |  |  | $ | (816,089) |  |  | $ | (1,021,208) |
International |  | (129,595) |  |  | (180,640) |  |  | (222,424) |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  | $ | (88,613) |  |  | $ | (996,729) |  |  | $ | (1,243,632) |

Provision for income taxes consists of the following:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: |  | (In thousands)
Federal |  | $ | 5,617 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 3,928 |
State |  | 2,305 |  |  | 1,533 |  |  | 4,100 |
Foreign |  | 14,850 |  |  | 31,354 |  |  | 17,450 |
Total |  | 22,772 |  |  | 35,454 |  |  | 25,478 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 196 |  |  | (1,337) |  |  | (5,155) |
State |  | 149 |  |  | (208) |  |  | (818) |
Foreign |  | (2,327) |  |  | (15,197) |  |  | (6,992) |
Total |  | (1,982) |  |  | (16,742) |  |  | (12,965) |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 20,790 |  |  | $ | 18,712 |  |  | $ | 12,513 |

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The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate and the Company's effective tax rate:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax at federal statutory rate |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 21 | %
State tax, net of federal benefit |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Stock-based compensation |  | (40) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (7) |
Credits |  | 20 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Foreign rate differential |  | (67) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |
Permanent book vs. tax differences |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance |  | 32 |  |  | (23) |  |  | (17) |
Other |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Effective tax rate |  | (23) | % |  | (2) | % |  | (2) | %

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table presents the significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities:

|  | As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Deferred tax assets: |  | (In thousands)
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 810,278 |  |  | $ | 983,652 |  |  |
Accruals and reserves |  | 73,535 |  |  | 52,750 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | 28,238 |  |  | 29,572 |  |  |
Research and development credits |  | 175,746 |  |  | 177,109 |  |  |
Intangibles |  | 135,500 |  |  | 135,564 |  |  |
Capitalized research and development expenses |  | 299,061 |  |  | 231,819 |  |  |
Lease liability |  | 30,697 |  |  | 44,682 |  |  |
Investments and other basis differences |  | 81,248 |  |  | 51,368 |  |  |
Other |  | 18,139 |  |  | 31,852 |  |  |
Gross deferred tax assets |  | 1,652,442 |  |  | 1,738,368 |  |  |
Valuation allowance |  | (1,488,328) |  |  | (1,533,933) |  |  |
Net deferred tax assets |  | 164,114 |  |  | 204,435 |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized software |  | (38,394) |  |  | (36,109) |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | (900) |  |  | (1,073) |  |  |
Acquired intangibles |  | (55,283) |  |  | (81,415) |  |  |
Right-of-use asset |  | (13,112) |  |  | (19,964) |  |  |
Deferred commissions |  | (42,313) |  |  | (50,703) |  |  |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 14,112 |  |  | $ | 15,171 |  |  |

The following table summarizes the Company’s tax carryforwards, carryovers and credits:

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |  | Expiration Date (If not utilized)
|  | (In thousands) |  |
Federal tax credits |  | $ | 151,594 |  |  | Various dates beginning in 2038
Federal net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 2,826,042 |  |  | Indefinite
State net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 2,390,636 |  |  | Various dates beginning in 2026
State tax credits |  | $ | 125,282 |  |  | Various dates beginning in 2029
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 846,118 |  |  | Indefinite

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A limitation may apply to the use of the federal and state net operating loss and credit carryforwards, under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state tax provisions that are applicable if the Company experiences an “ownership change.” An ownership change may occur, for example, as a result of issuance of new equity. Should these limitations apply, the carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation, resulting in a potential reduction in the gross deferred tax assets before considering the valuation allowance.
The Company's accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors related to the realizability of its net deferred tax assets. The Company primarily considered such factors as its history of operating losses, the nature of the Company's deferred tax assets, and the timing, likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences and carryforwards become deductible.
At present, the Company does not believe that it is more likely than not that the federal, state and certain foreign net deferred tax assets will be realized, and accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established. The valuation allowance decreased by approximately $45.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, and increased by approximately $176.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands)
Unrecognized tax benefit, beginning of year |  | $ | 233,778 |  |  | $ | 228,966 |  |  | $ | 223,380 |
Gross increases for tax positions of prior years |  | 7,476 |  |  | 3,427 |  |  | 3,250 |
Gross decreases for tax positions of prior years |  | (198) |  |  | (5,130) |  |  | (705) |
Gross increases for tax positions of current year |  | 13,253 |  |  | 7,754 |  |  | 4,081 |
Lapse of statute of limitations |  | (2,101) |  |  | (1,239) |  |  | (1,040) |
Unrecognized tax benefit, end of year |  | $ | 252,208 |  |  | $ | 233,778 |  |  | $ | 228,966 |

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $252.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits. If the $252.2 million is recognized, $3.1 million would affect the effective tax rate. The remaining amount would be offset by the reversal of related deferred tax assets which are subject to a full valuation allowance.
The Company does not anticipate any significant changes within 12 months of December 31, 2024, in its uncertain tax positions that would be material to its consolidated financial statements taken as a whole because nearly all of the unrecognized tax benefit has been offset by a deferred tax asset, which has been reduced by a valuation allowance.
The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns as well as income tax returns in many U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, the tax years 2008 through the current period remain open to examination by the major jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to tax. Fiscal years outside the normal statute of limitation remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those early years, which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized. The Company is fully reserved for all open U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by any tax authorities.
On June 7, 2019, a three-judge panel from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the U.S. Tax Court's decision in Altera Corp. v. Commissioner and upheld the portion of the Treasury regulations under Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code that requires related parties in a cost-sharing arrangement to share expenses related to share-based compensation. As a result of this decision, the Company's gross unrecognized tax benefits increased to reflect the impact of including share-based compensation in cost-sharing arrangements. The Company will continue to monitor future developments related to this matter and their potential effects on its consolidated financial statements. There is no impact on the Company’s effective tax rate for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.
The provision for income taxes recorded in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consists primarily of income taxes and withholding taxes in jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business. Due to a history of losses in the U.S., the Company maintains a full valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and oversight of the board of directors, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2024, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the organization have been detected. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost‑effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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Item 9B. Other Information
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
Disclosure Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act
Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act requires an issuer to disclose certain information in its periodic reports if it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings with individuals or entities subject to specific U.S. economic sanctions during the reporting period, even when the activities, transactions or dealings are conducted in compliance with applicable law.
The Company, through one of its non-U.S. subsidiaries, is party to service agreements with a non-affiliated Swiss entity, pursuant to which the non-affiliated Swiss entity delivers SMS messages terminating in Iran through Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran, Rightel Telecommunications Services Co. and MTN Irancell (collectively, the “Iranian Entities”). The Iranian Entities may be considered “Government of Iran” entities (as defined by Section 560.304 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations). For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries made payments to the non-affiliated Swiss entity to deliver SMS messages terminating in Iran but did not receive any gross revenue or net profits from the Iranian Entities associated with these services. These services are in the process of being terminated.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”). The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2024.
Our board of directors has adopted a code of conduct that applies to all officers, directors and employees, which is available on our website at http://investors.twilio.com under “Governance.” We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to, or waiver from, a provision of our code of conduct by posting such information on the website address and location specified above.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the year ended December 31, 2024.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements
See Index to Financial Statements at Item 8 herein.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.
3. Exhibits
The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, in each case as indicated below.
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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Twilio Inc. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 3.1 |  | August 1, 2024
3.2 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Twilio Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 3.1 |  | January 23, 2025
3.3 |  | Certificate of Retirement of Class B Common Stock of Twilio Inc, dated as of June 28, 2023 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 3.1 |  | June 29, 2023
4.1 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 9, 2021 by and between Twilio Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 4.1 |  | March 9, 2021
4.2 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 9, 2021, between Twilio Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 4.2 |  | March 9, 2021
4.3 |  | Form of 3.625% Senior Notes due 2029 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 4.3 |  | March 9, 2021
4.4 |  | Form of 3.875% Senior Notes due 2031 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 4.4 |  | March 9, 2021
4.5 |  | Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
10.1* |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | February 26, 2021
10.2* |  | Twilio Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Option Plan and forms of Stock Option Agreement and form of Stock Option Grant Notice |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.2 |  | February 26, 2021
10.3* |  | Twilio Inc. Amended and Restated 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, and forms of agreements thereunder |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.3 |  | February 26, 2021
10.4* |  | Twilio Inc. 2019 France Sub-Plan to the 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.2 |  | October 31, 2019
10.5* |  | Cash-Based Award Agreement for Company Employees under the Twilio Inc. 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | February 22, 2023
10.6* |  | Twilio Inc. Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.4 |  | May 8, 2024
10.7* |  | Twilio Inc. Amended and Restated 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | October 31, 2019
10.8* |  | Twilio Inc. Amended Chief Executive Officer Severance Plan |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | October 4, 2024
10.9* |  | Twilio Inc. Senior Executive Severance Plan |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.2 |  | October 4, 2024
10.10* |  | Twilio Inc. Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Program and forms thereunder |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.6 |  | May 10, 2023
10.11* |  | Twilio Inc. Executive Incentive Compensation Plan |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | December 1, 2023
10.12* |  | Offer Letter with Dana Wagner, dated as of October 7, 2021 |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.17 |  | February 22, 2022
10.13* |  | Offer Letter with Aidan Viggiano, dated February 10, 2023 |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.14 |  | February 27, 2023
10.14* |  | Separation Agreement and Release with Jeff Lawson, dated as of January 7, 2024 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.2 |  | January 8, 2024
10.15* |  | Offer Letter with Khozema Shipchandler, dated as of January 7, 2024 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | January 8, 2024
10.16 |  | C ooperation Agreement, dated March 30, 2024 |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | April 1, 2024
10.17 |  | Sublease, dated as of August 30, 2018, by and between Salesforce.com, Inc. and Twilio Inc. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | November 8, 2018
10.18 |  | Consent to Sublease Agreement, dated as of September 25, 2018, by and among Hudson Rincon Center, LLC, Salesforce.com Inc. and Twilio Inc. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.2 |  | November 8, 2018
10.19† |  | Framework Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2021, by and among Twilio Inc., Carlyle Partners V Holdings, L.P. and Syniverse Corporation |  | 10-Q |  | 001-37806 |  | 10.1 |  | May 6, 2021
10.20 |  | Framework Agreement Letter Agreement, dated as of August 16, 2021, by and among Twilio Inc., Carlyle Partners V Holdings, L.P. and Syniverse Corporation |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 2.1 |  | August 17, 2021
10.21 |  | Second Framework Agreement Letter Agreement, dated as of May 13, 2022, by and among Twilio Inc., Carlyle Partners V Holdings, L.P. and Syniverse Corporation |  | 8-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 2.1 |  | May 16, 2022
19.1 |  | Policy on Insider Trading and Disclosure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
19.2 |  | S pecial Trading Procedures for Designated Persons |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
19.3 |  | R equirements for 10b5-1 Trading Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries of Twilio Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
23.1 |  | Consent of KPMG, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
24.1 |  | Power of Attorney (included in signature page hereto) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith

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Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
32.1** |  | Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Furnished herewith
97.1 |  | Twilio Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy |  | 10-K |  | 001-37806 |  | 97.1 |  | February 27, 2024
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Filed herewith
104 |  | Cover Page with Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibits 101). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

__________________________________________
† Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted because they are not material, and they are the type of information that the registrant treats as private or confidential.
* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
** The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | TWILIO INC.
Date: February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ KHOZEMA Z. SHIPCHANDLER
|  | Khozema Z. Shipchandler Chief Executive Officer

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POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Khozema Z. Shipchandler and Aidan Viggiano, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ KHOZEMA Z. SHIPCHANDLER
|  | Khozema Z. Shipchandler Director and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ AIDAN VIGGIANO
|  | Aidan Viggiano Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer)
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ CHARLIE BELL
|  | Charlie Bell Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ DONNA L. DUBINSKY
|  | Donna L. Dubinsky Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ JEFF EPSTEIN
|  | Jeff Epstein Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ JEFFREY R. IMMELT
|  | Jeffrey R. Immelt Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ DEVAL L. PATRICK
|  | Deval L. Patrick Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ ERIKA ROTTENBERG
|  | Erika Rottenberg Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ ANDY STAFMAN
|  | Andy Stafman Director
February 26, 2025 |  | /s/ MIYUKI SUZUKI
|  | Miyuki Suzuki Director

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