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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________
FORM 10-Q
___________________________________

(Mark One) |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024
OR
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-39548
___________________________________
BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
___________________________________

Delaware |  | 95-3936623
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
685 Stockton Drive |  |
Exton, Pennsylvania |  | 19341
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (610) 458-5000
___________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class B Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value |  | BSY |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐
| Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 30, 2024, the registrant had 11,537,627 shares of Class A and 288,462,583 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements |  |
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 4
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 6
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity |  | 7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 29
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 41
Item 4. Controls and Procedures |  | 42
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings |  | 43
Item 1A. Risk Factors |  | 43
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 43
Item 5. Other Information |  | 44
Item 6. Exhibits |  | 44
SIGNATURE |  | 45

2

EXPLANATORY NOTE
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q is for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q modifies and supersedes documents filed before it. The United States (“U.S.”) Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) allows us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you directly to those documents. Information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. In addition, information that we file with the SEC in the future will automatically update and supersede information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q.
Unless indicated otherwise, throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, we refer to Bentley Systems, Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries, as “Bentley Systems,” “Bentley,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our.”
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q contains trademarks, service marks, brands, or product names owned by us, as well as those owned by others.
Numerical information in this report is presented on a rounded basis using actual amounts. Minor differences in totals and percentage calculations may exist due to rounding.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q includes forward‑looking statements. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q other than statements of historical facts, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy, and plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward‑looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “seeks,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” and similar expressions, as well as statements regarding our focus for the future, are intended to identify forward‑looking statements. We have based these forward‑looking statements largely on our current expectations, projections, and assumptions about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short‑term and long‑term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward‑looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward‑looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward‑looking statements. The forward‑looking statements, as well as our Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q as a whole, are subject to risks and uncertainties.
These statements are only current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward‑looking statements. We discuss many of these risks in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q in greater detail in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q. You should not rely upon forward‑looking statements as predictions of future events.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward‑looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, achievements, events, or circumstances reflected in the forward‑looking statements will occur. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any of these forward‑looking statements after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.
3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)

|  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 141,601 |  |  | $ | 68,412 |
Accounts receivable |  | 284,200 |  |  | 302,501 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | (9,723) |  |  | (8,965) |
Prepaid income taxes |  | 10,891 |  |  | 12,812 |
Prepaid and other current assets |  | 46,716 |  |  | 44,797 |
Total current assets |  | 473,685 |  |  | 419,557 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 38,563 |  |  | 40,100 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 36,454 |  |  | 38,476 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 236,402 |  |  | 248,787 |
Goodwill |  | 2,261,190 |  |  | 2,269,336 |
Investments |  | 23,641 |  |  | 23,480 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 208,152 |  |  | 212,831 |
Other assets |  | 75,681 |  |  | 67,283 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,353,768 |  |  | $ | 3,319,850 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 23,568 |  |  | $ | 18,094 |
Accruals and other current liabilities |  | 539,775 |  |  | 457,348 |
Deferred revenues |  | 242,037 |  |  | 253,785 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 11,178 |  |  | 11,645 |
Income taxes payable |  | 11,275 |  |  | 9,491 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Total current liabilities |  | 837,833 |  |  | 760,363 |
Long-term debt |  | 1,425,445 |  |  | 1,518,403 |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities |  | 93,402 |  |  | 88,181 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities |  | 28,812 |  |  | 30,626 |
Deferred revenues |  | 15,206 |  |  | 15,862 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 10,391 |  |  | 9,718 |
Income taxes payable |  | 7,337 |  |  | 7,337 |
Other liabilities |  | 2,735 |  |  | 5,378 |
Total liabilities |  | 2,421,161 |  |  | 2,435,868 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 100,000,000 shares; none issued or outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | — |
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 11,537,627 and 11,537,627 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively |  | 115 |  |  | 115 |
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 1,800,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 286,477,055 and 284,728,210 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively |  | 2,865 |  |  | 2,848 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,154,137 |  |  | 1,127,234 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (92,619) |  |  | (84,987) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (132,595) |  |  | (161,932) |
Non-controlling interest |  | 704 |  |  | 704 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 932,607 |  |  | 883,982 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 3,353,768 |  |  | $ | 3,319,850 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscriptions |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 307,089 |  |  | $ | 277,845 |
Perpetual licenses |  |  |  |  |  | 9,512 |  |  | 9,547 |
Subscriptions and licenses |  |  |  |  |  | 316,601 |  |  | 287,392 |
Services |  |  |  |  |  | 21,162 |  |  | 27,019 |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 337,763 |  |  | 314,411 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of subscriptions and licenses |  |  |  |  |  | 40,218 |  |  | 40,931 |
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  | 21,612 |  |  | 26,253 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 61,830 |  |  | 67,184 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  | 275,933 |  |  | 247,227 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  |  | 68,371 |  |  | 67,800 |
Selling and marketing |  |  |  |  |  | 54,386 |  |  | 52,141 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  |  | 46,482 |  |  | 46,807 |
Deferred compensation plan |  |  |  |  |  | 5,799 |  |  | 4,146 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles |  |  |  |  |  | 8,964 |  |  | 10,548 |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 184,002 |  |  | 181,442 |
Income from operations |  |  |  |  |  | 91,931 |  |  | 65,785 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (6,520) |  |  | (11,092) |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  | 7,137 |  |  | 289 |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 92,548 |  |  | 54,982 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | (22,247) |  |  | (9,492) |
Equity in net income of investees, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 70,310 |  |  | $ | 45,490 |
Per share information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per share, basic |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |
Net income per share, diluted |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |
Weighted average shares, basic |  |  |  |  |  | 314,295,102 |  |  | 310,758,802 |
Weighted average shares, diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 333,623,518 |  |  | 331,251,884 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income |  | $ | 70,310 |  |  | $ | 45,490 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes: |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (7,733) |  |  | 340 |
Actuarial gain on retirement plan, net of tax effect of $(28) and $(6), respectively |  | 101 |  |  | 26 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes |  | (7,632) |  |  | 366 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 62,678 |  |  | $ | 45,856 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |
| Class A and Class B |  | Additional |  | Other |  |  |  | Non- |  | Total
| Common Stock |  | Paid-In |  | Comprehensive |  | Accumulated |  | Controlling |  | Stockholders’
| Shares |  | Par Value |  | Capital |  | Loss |  | Deficit |  | Interest |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2023 | 296,265,837 |  |  | $ | 2,963 |  |  | $ | 1,127,234 |  |  | $ | (84,987) |  |  | $ | (161,932) |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 883,982 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,310 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,310 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,632) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,632) |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,871) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,871) |
Shares issued in connection with deferred compensation plan | 537,745 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan elective participant deferrals | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |
Shares issued in connection with executive bonus plan | 65,939 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,351 |
Shares issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan, net | 122,020 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,559 |  |  | — |  |  | (175) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,385 |
Stock option exercises, net | 844,283 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3,999 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,195) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,812 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,947 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,947 |
Shares related to restricted stock, net | 481,456 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,729) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,729) |
Repurchases of Class B common stock under approved program | (302,598) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,003) |  |  | — |  |  | (15,006) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | 298,014,682 |  |  | $ | 2,980 |  |  | $ | 1,154,137 |  |  | $ | (92,619) |  |  | $ | (132,595) |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 932,607 |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |
| Class A and Class B |  | Additional |  | Other |  |  |  | Non- |  | Total
| Common Stock |  | Paid-In |  | Comprehensive |  | Accumulated |  | Controlling |  | Stockholders’
| Shares |  | Par Value |  | Capital |  | Loss |  | Deficit |  | Interest |  | Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 289,014,487 |  |  | $ | 2,890 |  |  | $ | 1,030,466 |  |  | $ | (89,740) |  |  | $ | (370,866) |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 573,454 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,490 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 366 |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,522) |  |  | — |  |  | (14,522) |
Shares issued in connection with deferred compensation plan, net | 1,052,738 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (13,626) |  |  | — |  |  | (13,626) |
Deferred compensation plan elective participant deferrals | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,533 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,533 |
Shares issued in connection with executive bonus plan, net | 79,804 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,483 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,425) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,059 |
Shares issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan, net | 153,381 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,556 |  |  | — |  |  | (222) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,335 |
Stock option exercises, net | 928,300 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4,193 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,701) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,501 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,625 |
Shares related to restricted stock, net | 272,561 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,025) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,025) |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | 291,501,271 |  |  | $ | 2,915 |  |  | $ | 1,060,842 |  |  | $ | (89,374) |  |  | $ | (360,897) |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 614,190 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 70,310 |  |  | $ | 45,490 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,385 |  |  | 18,057 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 5,302 |  |  | (4,178) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 19,658 |  |  | 19,484 |
Deferred compensation plan |  | 5,799 |  |  | 4,146 |
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs |  | 1,823 |  |  | 1,823 |
Change in fair value of derivative |  | (2,790) |  |  | 4,489 |
Foreign currency remeasurement (gain) loss |  | (1,744) |  |  | 1,018 |
Other |  | 1,099 |  |  | (4,411) |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effect from acquisitions: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | 14,508 |  |  | 15,420 |
Prepaid and other assets |  | (5,321) |  |  | 12,137 |
Accounts payable, accruals, and other liabilities |  | 85,071 |  |  | 53,127 |
Deferred revenues |  | (9,257) |  |  | 1,942 |
Income taxes payable, net of prepaid income taxes |  | 4,126 |  |  | 7,679 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 204,969 |  |  | 176,223 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment and investment in capitalized software |  | (3,599) |  |  | (4,284) |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | — |  |  | (10,299) |
Purchases of investments |  | (250) |  |  | (6,178) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (3,849) |  |  | (20,761) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from credit facilities |  | 39,838 |  |  | 117,139 |
Payments of credit facilities |  | (131,866) |  |  | (223,124) |
Repayments of term loan |  | (2,500) |  |  | (1,250) |
Payments of contingent and non-contingent consideration |  | (451) |  |  | (249) |
Payments of dividends |  | (17,871) |  |  | (14,522) |
Proceeds from stock purchases under employee stock purchase plan |  | 5,560 |  |  | 4,557 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 4,007 |  |  | 4,202 |
Payments for shares acquired including shares withheld for taxes |  | (8,099) |  |  | (20,948) |
Repurchases of Class B common stock under approved program |  | (15,006) |  |  | — |
Other |  | (47) |  |  | (46) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (126,435) |  |  | (134,241) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (1,496) |  |  | 662 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 73,189 |  |  | 21,883 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year |  | 68,412 |  |  | 71,684 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 141,601 |  |  | $ | 93,567 |

8

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Supplemental information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 11,722 |  |  | $ | 6,104 |
Income tax refunds |  | 179 |  |  | 71 |
Interest paid |  | 5,257 |  |  | 10,473 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Cost method investment |  | — |  |  | 3,500 |
Deferred, non-contingent consideration, net |  | — |  |  | 525 |
Share-settled executive bonus plan awards |  | 3,351 |  |  | 5,484 |
Deferred compensation plan elective participant deferrals |  | 58 |  |  | 1,533 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
9

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)
Note 1: Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in U.S. dollars, and in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the SEC regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10‑K. In management’s opinion, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring and non-recurring adjustments) that were considered necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods indicated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The December 31, 2023 consolidated balance sheet included herein is derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements.
Note 2: Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2024, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33‑11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate‑Related Disclosures for Investors. The final rule requires registrants to disclose certain climate‑related information in registration statements and annual reports. The final rule disclosure requirements will begin phasing in prospectively for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. Subsequent to issuance, the final rule became the subject of litigation and the SEC issued a stay to allow the legal process to proceed. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the final rule on its disclosures.
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023‑09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023‑09”), which expands disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. ASU 2023‑09 is effective for the Company for the annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023‑09 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023‑07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023‑07”), which expands disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and requires more enhanced information about a reportable segment’s expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. ASU 2023‑07 is effective for the Company for the annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023‑07 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
10

Note 3: Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenues
The Company’s revenues consist of the following:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Subscriptions: |  |  |
Enterprise subscriptions (1) | $ | 127,527 |  |  | $ | 103,904 |
SELECT subscriptions | 63,541 |  |  | 63,343 |
Term license subscriptions | 116,021 |  |  | 110,598 |
Subscriptions | 307,089 |  |  | 277,845 |
Perpetual licenses | 9,512 |  |  | 9,547 |
Subscriptions and licenses | 316,601 |  |  | 287,392 |
Services: |  |  |
Recurring | 3,814 |  |  | 4,178 |
Other | 17,348 |  |  | 22,841 |
Services | 21,162 |  |  | 27,019 |
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |

(1)Enterprise subscriptions includes revenue attributable to Enterprise 365 (“E365”) subscriptions of $123,036 and $94,331 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company recognizes perpetual licenses and the term license component of subscriptions as revenue when either the licenses are delivered or at the start of the subscription term. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $176,309 and $158,024 of license related revenues, respectively, of which $166,797 and $148,477, respectively, were attributable to the term license component of the Company’s subscription based commercial offerings recorded in Subscriptions in the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company derived 7% of its total revenues through channel partners for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Revenue from external customers is attributed to individual countries based upon the location of the customer. Revenues by geographic region are as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Americas (1) | $ | 184,193 |  |  | $ | 168,345 |
Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”) | 94,714 |  |  | 92,832 |
Asia-Pacific (“APAC”) | 58,856 |  |  | 53,234 |
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |

(1)Americas includes the U.S., Canada, and Latin America (including the Caribbean). Revenue attributable to the U.S. totaled $138,252 and $127,450 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
11

Unbilled Revenues
Unbilled revenues represent revenues that have not yet been billed to customers due to timing differences in usage and billing cycles, and are included in Accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, unbilled revenues were $142,361 and $129,494, respectively.
Contract Balances
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s contract assets relate to performance obligations completed in advance of the right to invoice and are included in Prepaid and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets were not material as of March 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.
Deferred revenues consist of billings made or payments received in advance of revenue recognition from subscriptions and services. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of billings to users. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total deferred revenues on the consolidated balance sheets were $257,243 and $269,647, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, $105,678 of revenues that were included in the December 31, 2023 deferred revenues balance were recognized. There were additional deferrals of $96,617 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which were primarily related to new billings. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, $95,979 of revenues that were included in the December 31, 2022 deferred revenues balance were recognized. There were additional deferrals of $101,577 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, which were primarily related to new billings and acquisitions.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has deferred $18,323 and $18,269, respectively, related to portfolio balancing exchange rights which is included in Deferred revenues in the consolidated balance sheets.
Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company’s contracts with customers include amounts allocated to performance obligations that will be satisfied at a later date. As of March 31, 2024, amounts allocated to these remaining performance obligations are $257,243, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately 94% over the next 12 months with the remaining amount thereafter.
Note 4: Acquisitions
The aggregate details of the Company’s acquisition activity are as follows:

| Acquisitions Completed During
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Number of acquisitions | — |  |  | 1 |
Cash paid at closing | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,299 |
Net cash paid | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,299 |

The operating results of the acquired businesses were not material, individually or in the aggregate, to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
12

The fair value of non-contingent consideration from acquisitions is included in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Accruals and other current liabilities | $ | 2,906 |  |  | $ | 3,576 |
Non-contingent consideration from acquisitions | $ | 2,906 |  |  | $ | 3,576 |

The operating results of the acquired businesses are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the closing date of each respective acquisition. The purchase price for each acquisition has been allocated to the net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values at the respective acquisition date.
The Company is in the process of finalizing the purchase accounting for two acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2023. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed were provisionally recorded at their estimated fair values on the respective acquisition date. The initial accounting for these business combinations is not complete because the evaluation necessary to assess the fair values of certain net assets acquired is still in process. The provisional amounts are subject to revision until the evaluations are completed to the extent that additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. The allocation of the purchase price may be modified from the date of the acquisition as more information is obtained about the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, however, such measurement period cannot exceed one year.
Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred and are recorded in General and administrative in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s acquisition costs were $198 and $5,185, respectively, which include costs related to legal, accounting, valuation, insurance, and other consulting and transaction fees.
13

The following summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as the weighted average useful lives assigned to acquired intangible assets at the respective date of each acquisition (including contingent consideration):

|  |  | Acquisitions Completed During
|  |  | Year Ended
|  |  | December 31, 2023
Consideration: |  |  |
Cash paid at closing |  |  | $ | 26,287 |
Deferred, non-contingent consideration, net |  |  | 525 |
Other |  |  | 15 |
Total consideration |  |  | $ | 26,827 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Cash |  |  | $ | 264 |
Accounts receivable and other current assets |  |  | 1,742 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 397 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 2,151 |
Other assets |  |  | 6 |
Software and technology (weighted average useful life of 3 years) |  |  | 3,077 |
Customer relationships (weighted average useful life of 6 years) |  |  | 3,900 |
Trademarks (weighted average useful life of 5 years) |  |  | 1,000 |
Total identifiable assets acquired excluding goodwill |  |  | 12,537 |
Accruals and other current liabilities |  |  | (624) |
Deferred revenues |  |  | (4,623) |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (397) |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | (5,644) |
Net identifiable assets acquired excluding goodwill |  |  | 6,893 |
Goodwill |  |  | 19,934 |
Net assets acquired |  |  | $ | 26,827 |

Note 5: Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Land | $ | 2,811 |  |  | $ | 2,811 |
Building and improvements | 30,948 |  |  | 31,025 |
Computer equipment and software | 47,736 |  |  | 46,202 |
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 9,627 |  |  | 9,799 |
Aircraft | 2,038 |  |  | 2,038 |
Other | 85 |  |  | 89 |
Property and equipment, at cost | 93,245 |  |  | 91,964 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (54,682) |  |  | (51,864) |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 38,563 |  |  | $ | 40,100 |

Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3,367 and $2,724, respectively.
14

Note 6: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:

Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | 2,269,336 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (7,585) |
Other adjustments | (561) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | 2,261,190 |

Details of intangible assets other than goodwill are as follows:

|  |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Estimated Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Intangible assets subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software and technology | 3-5 years |  | $ | 89,294 |  |  | $ | (61,887) |  |  | $ | 27,407 |  |  | $ | 89,693 |  |  | $ | (59,045) |  |  | $ | 30,648 |
Customer relationships | 3-10 years |  | 322,194 |  |  | (148,581) |  |  | 173,613 |  |  | 323,442 |  |  | (142,378) |  |  | 181,064 |
Trademarks | 3-10 years |  | 70,573 |  |  | (35,249) |  |  | 35,324 |  |  | 70,710 |  |  | (33,709) |  |  | 37,001 |
Non-compete agreements | 5 years |  | 350 |  |  | (292) |  |  | 58 |  |  | 350 |  |  | (276) |  |  | 74 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 482,411 |  |  | $ | (246,009) |  |  | $ | 236,402 |  |  | $ | 484,195 |  |  | $ | (235,408) |  |  | $ | 248,787 |

The aggregate amortization expense for purchased intangible assets with finite lives was reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cost of subscriptions and licenses |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,226 |  |  | $ | 3,187 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles |  |  |  |  | 8,964 |  |  | 10,548 |
Total amortization expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,190 |  |  | $ | 13,735 |

Note 7: Investments
Investments consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cost method investments | $ | 21,236 |  |  | $ | 21,044 |
Equity method investments | 2,405 |  |  | 2,436 |
Total investments | $ | 23,641 |  |  | $ | 23,480 |

Cost Method Investments
The Company invests in technology development companies, generally in the form of equity interests or convertible notes. In March 2023, the Company acquired an equity interest in Worldsensing, a leading global connectivity hardware platform company for infrastructure monitoring, via contribution of its sensemetrics’ Thread connectivity device business (the “Thread business”) and cash. The non‑cash contribution of the Thread business resulted in an insignificant gain, which was recorded in Other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
15

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company invested a total of $250. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company invested a total of $9,678, including $8,928 of cash and non-cash for its investment in Worldsensing. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investment balance in Worldsensing was $8,928.
Note 8: Leases
The Company’s operating leases consist of office facilities, office equipment, and automobiles. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than one year to ten years, some of which include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms from one year to five years and some of which include options to terminate the leases from less than one year to five years.
The components of operating lease cost reflected in the consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Operating lease cost (1) | $ | 3,695 |  |  | $ | 4,628 |
Variable lease cost | 1,173 |  |  | 1,202 |
Total operating lease cost | $ | 4,868 |  |  | $ | 5,830 |

(1)Operating lease cost includes rent cost related to operating leases for office facilities of $3,471 and $4,417 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Supplemental operating cash flows and other information related to leases was as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash paid for operating leases included in operating cash flows | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 4,710 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities (1) | $ | 1,838 |  |  | $ | 2,797 |

(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2023, right‑of‑use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities does not include the impact from an acquisition of $345.
The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 4.5 years and 4.6 years as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The weighted average discount rate was 4.8% as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
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Note 9: Accruals and Other Current Liabilities
Accruals and other current liabilities consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cloud Services Subscription (“CSS”) deposits | $ | 370,221 |  |  | $ | 284,276 |
Accrued benefits | 50,851 |  |  | 39,983 |
Accrued compensation | 42,189 |  |  | 43,316 |
Due to customers | 16,392 |  |  | 16,924 |
Accrued indirect taxes | 10,561 |  |  | 10,722 |
Accrued acquisition stay bonus | 6,594 |  |  | 4,336 |
Accrued professional fees | 5,286 |  |  | 5,970 |
Accrued realignment costs | 4,694 |  |  | 12,459 |
Accrued cloud provisioning costs | 3,630 |  |  | 3,572 |
Employee stock purchase plan contributions | 2,959 |  |  | 5,790 |
Non-contingent consideration from acquisitions | 2,906 |  |  | 3,576 |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 2,460 |  |  | 2,355 |
Other accrued and current liabilities | 21,032 |  |  | 24,069 |
Total accruals and other current liabilities | $ | 539,775 |  |  | $ | 457,348 |

Note 10: Long-Term Debt
Long‑term debt consists of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Credit facility: |  |  |
Revolving loan facility due November 2025 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92,028 |
Term loan due November 2025 | 187,500 |  |  | 190,000 |
Convertible senior notes due January 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) | 687,830 |  |  | 687,830 |
Convertible senior notes due July 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) | 575,000 |  |  | 575,000 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs | (14,885) |  |  | (16,455) |
Total debt | 1,435,445 |  |  | 1,528,403 |
Less: Current portion of long-term debt | (10,000) |  |  | (10,000) |
Long-term debt | $ | 1,425,445 |  |  | $ | 1,518,403 |

The Company had $150 of letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 under its amended and restated credit agreement, entered into on December 19, 2017 (the “Credit Facility”). As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $849,850 and $757,822, respectively, available under the Credit Facility.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants and none of the conditions of the 2026 Notes or 2027 Notes to early convert had been met.
17

Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net consists of the following:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Contractual interest expense |  |  |  |  | $ | (5,414) |  |  | $ | (9,310) |
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  | (1,823) |  |  | (1,823) |
Other interest expense |  |  |  |  | (66) |  |  | (188) |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 783 |  |  | 229 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,520) |  |  | $ | (11,092) |

The weighted average interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Facility were 7.46% and 6.67% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Note 11: Executive Bonus Plan
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the incentive compensation, including cash payments, election to receive shares of fully vested Class B common stock, and deferred compensation to plan participants, recognized under the amended and restated Bentley Systems, Incorporated Bonus Pool Plan (the “Bonus Plan”) (net of all applicable holdbacks) was $7,031 and $7,948, respectively.
Note 12: Retirement Plans
Deferred Compensation Plan
Deferred compensation plan expense was $5,799 and $4,146 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, elective participant deferrals into the Company’s unfunded amended and restated Bentley Systems, Incorporated Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “DCP”) were $58 and $1,533, respectively. No discretionary contributions were made to the DCP during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 16,847,673 and 17,364,980 phantom shares of the Company’s Class B common stock were distributable under the DCP, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, shares of Class B common stock available for future issuance under the DCP were 4,401,185.
The total liabilities related to the DCP is included in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Accruals and other current liabilities | $ | 2,460 |  |  | $ | 2,355 |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities | 93,402 |  |  | 88,181 |
Total DCP liabilities | $ | 95,862 |  |  | $ | 90,536 |

18

Note 13: Common Stock
BSY Stock Repurchase Program
In May 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved the BSY Stock Repurchase Program (the “Repurchase Program”) authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $200,000 of the Company’s Class B common stock through June 30, 2024. In December 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors amended the Repurchase Program to allow the Company also to repurchase its outstanding convertible senior notes. This additional authorization did not increase the overall dollar limit of the Repurchase Program. Effective July 1, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors extended the Repurchase Program, authorizing the Company to repurchase from such date up to $200,000 of the Company’s Class B common stock and/or convertible senior notes through June 30, 2026. The Company’s current authorization under the Repurchase Program expires on June 30, 2024.
The shares and convertible senior notes proposed to be acquired in the Repurchase Program may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. The Company intends to fund repurchases from available working capital and cash provided by operating activities. The timing, as well as the number and value of shares and/or convertible senior notes repurchased under the Repurchase Program, will be determined by the Company at its discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including management’s assessment of the intrinsic value of the Company’s shares, the market price of the Company’s Class B common stock and outstanding convertible senior notes, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with the Company’s debt and other agreements, and applicable legal requirements. The exact number of shares and/or convertible senior notes to be repurchased by the Company is not guaranteed, and the Repurchase Program may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time without prior notice.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 302,598 shares for $15,006 under the Repurchase Program. The Company did not repurchase shares under the Repurchase Program for the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, $154,752 was available under the Company’s Board of Directors authorization for future repurchases of Class B common stock and/or outstanding convertible senior notes under the Repurchase Program.
Common Stock Issuances, Sales, and Repurchases
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 537,745 shares of Class B common stock to DCP participants in connection with distributions from the plan. There were no shares sold back to the Company as they were issued on a gross basis during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 1,052,738 shares of Class B common stock to DCP participants in connection with distributions from the plan, net of 368,733 shares which were sold back to the Company in the same period to pay for applicable income tax withholdings of $13,626.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 65,939 shares of Class B common stock in connection with Bonus Plan incentive compensation. There were no shares sold back to the Company as they were issued on a gross basis during the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 79,804 shares of Class B common stock in connection with Bonus Plan incentive compensation, net of 63,310 shares were sold back to the Company in the same period to pay for applicable income tax withholdings of $2,425.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 844,283 shares of Class B common stock to colleagues who exercised their stock options, net of 67,146 shares withheld at exercise to pay for the cost of the stock options, as well as for $2,195 of applicable income tax withholdings. The Company received $4,007 in cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 928,300 shares of Class B common stock to colleagues who exercised their stock options, net of 73,822 shares withheld at exercise to pay for the cost of the stock options, as well as for $1,701 of applicable income tax withholdings. The Company received $4,202 in cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
19

Dividends
The Company declared cash dividends during the periods presented as follows:

| Dividend |  |
| Per Share |  | Amount
2024: |  |  |
First quarter | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 17,871 |
2023: |  |  |
First quarter | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 14,522 |

Global Employee Stock Purchase Plan
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, colleagues who elected to participate in the Bentley Systems, Incorporated Global Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) purchased a total of 122,020 shares of Class B common stock, net of shares withheld, resulting in cash proceeds to the Company of $5,560. Of the total 125,374 shares purchased, 3,354 shares were sold back to the Company to pay for applicable income tax withholdings of $175. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, colleagues who elected to participate in the ESPP purchased a total of 153,381 shares of Class B common stock, net of shares withheld, resulting in cash proceeds to the Company of $4,557. Of the total 159,377 shares purchased, 5,996 shares were sold back to the Company to pay for applicable income tax withholdings of $222. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $2,959 and $5,790 of ESPP withholdings via colleague payroll deduction were recorded in Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, shares of Class B common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP were 24,150,018.
Note 14: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of the following during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Foreign |  | Actuarial (Loss) |  |
| Currency |  | Gain on |  |
| Translation |  | Retirement Plan |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | (84,634) |  |  | $ | (353) |  |  | $ | (84,987) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before taxes | (7,733) |  |  | 129 |  |  | (7,604) |
Tax expense | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | (28) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes | (7,733) |  |  | 101 |  |  | (7,632) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | (92,367) |  |  | $ | (252) |  |  | $ | (92,619) |

| Foreign |  | Actuarial (Loss) |  |
| Currency |  | Gain on |  |
| Translation |  | Retirement Plan |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (89,408) |  |  | $ | (332) |  |  | $ | (89,740) |
Other comprehensive income, before taxes | 340 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 372 |
Tax expense | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | (6) |
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes | 340 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 366 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (89,068) |  |  | $ | (306) |  |  | $ | (89,374) |

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Note 15: Stock-Based Compensation
Total stock‑based compensation expense consists of the following:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Restricted stock and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,690 |  |  | $ | 13,923 |
Bonus Plan expense (see Note 11) |  |  |  |  | 5,301 |  |  | 4,546 |
ESPP expense (see Note 13) |  |  |  |  | 624 |  |  | 575 |
Stock option expense |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 343 |
DCP elective participant deferrals expense (1) (see Note 12) |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | 97 |
Total stock-based compensation expense (2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,658 |  |  | $ | 19,484 |

(1)DCP elective participant deferrals expense excludes deferred incentive bonus payable pursuant to the Bonus Plan.
(2)As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $6,300 and $4,043 remained in Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.
Total stock‑based compensation expense is included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cost of subscriptions and licenses |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,094 |  |  | $ | 1,034 |
Cost of services |  |  |  |  | 882 |  |  | 1,007 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 4,881 |  |  | 5,286 |
Selling and marketing |  |  |  |  | 2,778 |  |  | 2,870 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  | 10,023 |  |  | 9,287 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,658 |  |  | $ | 19,484 |

Stock‑based compensation expense is measured at the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Specifically for performance‑based RSUs, stock‑based compensation expense is measured at the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the number of awards expected to vest at each reporting date. The Company accounts for forfeitures of equity awards as those forfeitures occur.
Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan
The Bentley Systems, Incorporated 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) provides for the granting of stock, stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, and other stock‑based or performance‑based awards to certain directors, officers, colleagues, consultants, and advisors of the Company, and terminates in September 2030. The 2020 Plan provides that 25,000,000 shares of Class B common stock may be issued for equity awards. Equity awards that are expired, canceled, forfeited, or terminated for any reason will be available for future grant under the 2020 Plan. As of March 31, 2024, equity awards available for future grants under the 2020 Plan were 20,273,484.
21

Restricted Stock and RSUs
Under the equity incentive plans, the Company may grant both time‑based and performance‑based shares of restricted Class B common stock and RSUs to eligible colleagues. Time‑based awards generally vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date. Performance‑based awards vesting is determined by the achievement of certain business growth targets, which include growth in annualized recurring revenues (“ARR”), as well as actual bookings for perpetual licenses and non‑recurring services. Performance targets are generally set for performance periods of one year to three years.
The following is a summary of unvested restricted stock and RSU activity and related information under the Company’s applicable equity incentive plans:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Time- |  | Performance-
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Based |  | Based
|  |  | Time- |  |  |  | Weighted |  | Weighted
| Total |  | Based |  |  |  | Average |  | Average
| Restricted |  | Restricted |  | Performance- |  | Grant Date |  | Grant Date
| Stock |  | Stock |  | Based |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value
| and RSUs |  | and RSUs |  | RSUs |  | Per Share |  | Per Share
Unvested, December 31, 2023 | 3,303,849 |  |  | 2,938,208 |  | (3) | 365,641 |  | (4) | $ | 39.87 |  |  | $ | 39.21 |
Granted | 830,534 |  | (1) | 670,560 |  |  | 159,974 |  | (5) | 51.36 |  | 48.60
Vested | (606,781) |  |  | (424,991) |  |  | (181,790) |  |  | 40.30 |  |  | 39.15 |
Forfeited and canceled | (55,497) |  |  | (55,497) |  |  | — |  |  | 36.01 |  |  | 0.00 |
Unvested, March 31, 2024 | 3,472,105 |  | (2) | 3,128,280 |  | (3) | 343,825 |  |  | $ | 42.34 |  |  | $ | 43.61 |

(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company only granted RSUs.
(2)Includes 51,638 RSUs which are expected to be settled in cash.
(3)Includes 199,076 time‑based RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2022 to certain officers and key employees, which cliff vest on January 31, 2025.
(4)Primarily relates to the 2023 annual performance period, except for 185,186 performance‑based RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 with extraordinary terms, which are described below.
(5)Primarily relates to the 2024 annual performance period, except for 1,335 additional shares earned based on the achievement of 2023 performance goals for performance-based RSUs granted during the year ended December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 185,186 performance‑based RSUs to certain officers and key employees, which vest subject to the achievement of certain performance goals over a three‑year performance period (the “Performance Period”). For each year of the Performance Period, one‑third of the performance‑based RSUs will be subject to a cliff, whereby no vesting of that portion will occur unless the Company’s applicable margin metrics (which, for 2022 was Adjusted EBITDA margin, and for 2023 was and 2024 will be Adjusted operating income inclusive of stock-based compensation expense (“Adjusted OI w/SBC”) margin, excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange fluctuations) also equals or exceeds the relevant target level for such year. Provided that the applicable margin targets are met, the total number of performance‑based RSUs that will vest is determined by the achievement of growth targets, which include growth in ARR, as well as actual bookings for perpetual licenses and non‑recurring services. Final actual vesting will be determined on January 31, 2025. The 2023 Adjusted OI w/SBC margin target, excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange fluctuations, and the 2022 Adjusted EBITDA margin target for the performance‑based RSUs were met.
The weighted average grant date fair values of RSUs granted were $50.83 and $40.73, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, restricted stock and RSUs were issued net of 113,790 and 78,993 shares, respectively, which were sold back to the Company to settle applicable income tax withholdings of $5,729 and $3,025, respectively.
22

As of March 31, 2024, there was $102,848 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested time‑based restricted stock and RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.0 years. As of March 31, 2024, there was $9,208 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance‑based RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.8 years.
Stock Options
The following is a summary of stock option activity and related information under the Company’s applicable equity incentive plans:

|  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |
|  |  | Average |  |  |  |
| Stock |  | Exercise Price |  |  |  |
| Options |  | Per Share |  |  |  |
Outstanding, December 31, 2023 | 916,429 |  |  | $ | 5.74 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (911,429) |  |  | 5.74 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited and expired | (5,000) |  |  | 5.74 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2024 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company received cash proceeds of $4,007 and $4,202, respectively, related to the exercise of stock options. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $40,775 and $35,076, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024, there was no remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options.
Note 16: Income Taxes
The following is a summary of Income before income taxes, Provision for income taxes, and effective tax rate for the periods presented:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 92,548 |  |  | $ | 54,982 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,247 |  |  | $ | 9,492 |
Effective tax rate |  |  |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | 17.3 | %

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the effective tax rate was higher compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to the decrease in discrete tax benefits recognized in the current year period. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded discrete tax benefits of $2,138 and $7,073, respectively, primarily associated with windfall tax benefits from stock‑based compensation, net of the impact from officer compensation limitation provisions.
23

Note 17: Fair Value of Financial Instruments
A financial asset or liability classification is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on management’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.
The Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, account receivables, certain other assets, accounts payable, accruals, certain other current and long‑term liabilities, and long‑term debt.
Current Assets and Current Liabilities — In general, the carrying amounts reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short‑term nature of those instruments.
The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating its fair value measurements for Level 2 and Level 3 financial instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Interest Rate Swap — The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap asset or liability is determined using an income approach and is measured based on the implied forward rates for the remaining term of the interest rate swap. The Company considers these valuation inputs to be Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.
Long-Term Debt — The fair value of the Company’s borrowings under its Credit Facility approximated its carrying value based upon discounted cash flows at current market rates for instruments with similar remaining terms. The Company considers these valuation inputs to be Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2024, the estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes was $692,789 and $516,419, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes was $684,205 and $516,051, respectively. The estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes is based on quoted market prices of the Company’s instrument in markets that are not active and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret the market data and develop estimates of fair values. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts at which these instruments could be purchased, sold, or settled.
Deferred Compensation Plan Liabilities — The fair value of deferred compensation plan liabilities, including the liability classified phantom investments in the DCP, are marked to market at the end of each reporting period.
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Financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis consist of the following:

March 31, 2024 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds (1) | $ | 36,299 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,299 |
Interest rate swap (2) | — |  |  | 34,952 |  |  |  |  | 34,952 |
Total assets | $ | 36,299 |  |  | $ | 34,952 |  |  |  |  | $ | 71,251 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (3) | $ | 95,862 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,862 |
Cash-settled equity awards (4) | 1,102 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,102 |
Total liabilities | $ | 96,964 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 96,964 |

December 31, 2023 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds (1) | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |
Interest rate swap (2) | — |  |  | 32,162 |  |  |  |  | 32,162 |
Total assets | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 32,162 |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,163 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities (3) | $ | 90,536 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 90,536 |
Cash-settled equity awards (4) | 781 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 781 |
Total liabilities | $ | 91,317 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,317 |

(1)Included in Cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Included in Other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Included in Deferred compensation plan liabilities, except for current liabilities of $2,460 and $2,355 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which are included in Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
(4)Included in Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company did not have any transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy.
Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various purchase commitments for goods and services. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into approximately $158,000 of non‑cancelable future cash purchase commitments for services related to cloud provisioning of the Company’s software solutions and for other software costs. As of March 31, 2024, total non‑cancelable future cash purchase commitments were approximately $116,500 to be paid through September 2028. The Company expects to fully consume its contractual commitments in the ordinary course of operations.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is involved in certain legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In management’s opinion, based upon the advice of counsel, the outcome of such actions is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
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Note 19: Geographic Data
Revenues by geographic region are presented in Note 3. Long‑lived assets (other than goodwill), net of depreciation and amortization by geographic region (see Notes 5, 6, and 8) are as follows:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Americas (1) | $ | 259,741 |  |  | $ | 272,492 |
EMEA | 38,353 |  |  | 40,411 |
APAC | 13,325 |  |  | 14,460 |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 311,419 |  |  | $ | 327,363 |

(1)Americas includes the U.S., Canada, and Latin America (including the Caribbean).
Note 20: Other Income, Net
Other income, net consists of the following:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Gain (loss) from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap (see Note 17) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,790 |  |  | $ | (4,489) |
Foreign exchange (1) |  |  |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | 1,454 |
Receipts related to interest rate swap |  |  |  |  | 2,357 |  |  | 1,920 |
Other (expense) income, net |  |  |  |  | (352) |  |  | 1,404 |
Total other income, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,137 |  |  | $ | 289 |

(1)Foreign exchange gain is primarily attributable to foreign currency translation derived mainly from U.S. dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, account receivables, customer deposits, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries. Intercompany finance transactions primarily denominated in U.S. dollars resulted in unrealized foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(394) and $861 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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Note 21: Realignment Costs
During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company approved a strategic realignment program to better serve the Company’s accounts and to better align resources with the strategy of the business, including reinvestment in go-to-market functions, as well as in artificial intelligence product development (the “2023 Program”). The Company incurred realignment costs of $12,579 for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the aforementioned program, which represents termination benefits for colleagues whose roles were impacted. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company incurred realignment costs of $24 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to the aforementioned program. The 2023 Program activities have been broadly implemented across the Company’s various businesses with the intention that all actions, including payment of the termination benefits, will be substantially complete by the end of the second quarter of 2024.
Realignment costs by expense classification were as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2024
Cost of revenues: |
Cost of subscriptions and licenses | $ | (80) |
Cost of services | 31 |
Total cost of revenues | (49) |
Operating expenses: |
Research and development | (71) |
Selling and marketing | 678 |
General and administrative | (534) |
Total operating expenses | 73 |
Total realignment costs | $ | 24 |

Accruals and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets included amounts related to the realignment activities as follows:

Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | 12,459 |
Realignment costs | 24 |
Payments | (7,517) |
Adjustments (1) | (272) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | 4,694 |

(1)Adjustments include foreign currency translation.
Note 22: Net Income Per Share
The Company issues certain performance-based RSUs determined to be participating securities because holders of such shares have non-forfeitable dividend rights in the event of the Company’s declaration of a dividend for common shares. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 343,825 and 387,237 participating securities outstanding, respectively.
Undistributed net income allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income in determining basic net income attributable to common stockholders. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing basic net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares, inclusive of undistributed shares held in the DCP as phantom shares of the Company’s Class B common stock.
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For the Company’s diluted net income per share numerator, interest expense, net of tax, attributable to the assumed conversion of the convertible senior notes is added back to basic net income attributable to common stockholders. For the Company’s diluted net income per share denominator, the basic weighted average number of shares is adjusted for the effect of dilutive securities, including awards under the Company’s equity compensation plans and ESPP, and for the dilutive effect of the assumed conversion of the convertible senior notes. Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing diluted net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of fully diluted common shares.
Except with respect to voting and conversion, the rights of the holders of the Company’s Class A common stock and the Company’s Class B common stock are identical. Each class of shares has the same rights to dividends and allocation of income (loss) and, therefore, net income per share would not differ under the two‑class method.
The details of basic and diluted net income per share are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Numerator: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 70,310 |  |  | $ | 45,490 |
Less: Net income attributable to participating securities |  | (21) |  |  | (19) |
Net income attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, basic |  | 70,289 |  |  | 45,471 |
Add: Interest expense, net of tax, attributable to assumed conversion of convertible senior notes |  | 1,723 |  |  | 1,717 |
Net income attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders, diluted |  | $ | 72,012 |  |  | $ | 47,188 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares, basic |  | 314,295,102 |  |  | 310,758,802 |
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, and RSUs |  | 1,686,026 |  |  | 2,844,855 |
Dilutive effect of ESPP |  | 8,604 |  |  | 14,441 |
Dilutive effect of assumed conversion of convertible senior notes |  | 17,633,786 |  |  | 17,633,786 |
Weighted average shares, diluted |  | 333,623,518 |  |  | 331,251,884 |
Net income per share, basic |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |
Net income per share, diluted |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |

The following potential common shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would have been anti‑dilutive for the periods presented:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
RSUs | — |  |  | 87,388 |
Total anti-dilutive securities | — |  |  | 87,388 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10‑K.
All amounts presented in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, except share and per share amounts, are presented in thousands. Additionally, many of the amounts and percentages have been rounded for convenience of presentation. Minor differences in totals and percentage calculations may exist due to rounding.
Overview:
Bentley Systems is the infrastructure engineering software company. Our purpose is to advance the world’s infrastructure for better quality of life. We empower people to design, build, and operate better and more resilient infrastructure through the adoption of our intelligent digital twin solutions. We manage our business globally within one reportable segment, the development and marketing of computer software and related services, which is consistent with how our CODM reviews and manages our business.
Executive Summary:
•Total revenues were $337,763 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, up 7.4% or 7.2% on a constant currency basis(1) compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023;
•Subscriptions revenues were $307,089 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, up 10.5% or 10.3% on a constant currency basis(1) compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023;
•ARR(2) was $1,186,456 as of March 31, 2024, compared to $1,070,955 as of March 31, 2023, representing a constant currency(1) ARR growth rate(2) of 11.0%;
•Last twelve-month recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate(2) was 108% as of March 31, 2024, compared to 110% as of March 31, 2023;
•Operating income was $91,931 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $65,785 for the three months ended March 31, 2023;
•Adjusted OI w/SBC(1) was $112,345 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $90,464 for the three months ended March 31, 2023; and
•Cash flows from operations were $204,969 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $176,223 for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(1)Constant currency and Adjusted OI w/SBC are non‑GAAP financial measures. Refer to the “Non‑GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definitions and our uses of constant currency and Adjusted OI w/SBC.
(2)Refer to the “Key Business Metrics” section for additional information, including our definitions and our uses of ARR, ARR growth rate, and recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate.
29

Results of Operations:
Impact of Foreign Currency
Our results of operations have been, and in the future will be, affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Other than the natural hedge attributable to matching revenues and expenses in the same currencies, we do not currently hedge foreign currency exposure.
We identify the effects of foreign currency on our operations and present constant currency growth rates and fluctuations because we believe exchange rates are an important factor in understanding period‑over‑period comparisons and enhance the understanding of our results and evaluation of our performance. Refer to the “Non‑GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency.
Revenues
Consolidated Revenues

|  |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | 2023 to 2024
| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Constant
| March 31, |  |  |  | Currency
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % |  | %(1)
Subscriptions | $ | 307,089 |  |  | $ | 277,845 |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | 10.3 | %
Perpetual licenses | 9,512 |  |  | 9,547 |  |  | (0.4 | %) |  | 0.8 | %
Subscriptions and licenses | 316,601 |  |  | 287,392 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 10.0 | %
Services | 21,162 |  |  | 27,019 |  |  | (21.7 | %) |  | (22.4 | %)
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.2 | %

(1)Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency growth rates.
The increase in total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by an increase in subscriptions revenues, partially offset by a decrease in services revenues.
Subscriptions. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the increase in subscriptions revenues was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $29,244 ($28,625 on a constant currency basis). Our business performance excludes the impact of our platform acquisitions and includes the impact from programmatic acquisitions, which generally are immaterial, individually and in the aggregate.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the improvements in business performance were primarily driven by expansion from accounts with revenues in the same period in the prior year (“existing accounts”), and growth of 4% attributable to new accounts, most notably small- and medium-sized accounts. Improvements in business performance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were led by our engineering applications, geoprofessional applications, and our Bentley Infrastructure Cloud for project delivery.
Perpetual licenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, perpetual licenses revenues were flat compared to the same period in the prior year.
Services. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the decrease in services revenues was driven by decline in our business performance of approximately $5,857 ($6,064 on a constant currency basis), driven primarily from weakness in Maximo-related work within our digital integrator, Cohesive.
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Revenues by Geographic Region
Revenue from external customers is attributed to individual countries based upon the location of the customer.

|  |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | 2023 to 2024
| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Constant
| March 31, |  |  |  | Currency
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % |  | %(1)
Americas | $ | 184,193 |  |  | $ | 168,345 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | 9.2 | %
EMEA | 94,714 |  |  | 92,832 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 0.5 | %
APAC | 58,856 |  |  | 53,234 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | 12.7 | %
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.2 | %

(1)Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency growth rates.
Americas. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the increase in revenues from the Americas was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $15,848 ($15,477 on a constant currency basis).
The improvements in business performance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were primarily due to expansion of our subscriptions revenues from existing accounts in the U.S.
EMEA. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the increase in revenues from EMEA was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $1,882 ($427 on a constant currency basis).
The improvements in business performance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were primarily due to expansion of our subscriptions revenues from existing accounts in the Middle East and Africa, and Central Europe, partially offset by a decline in services revenues in EMEA.
APAC. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the increase in revenues from APAC was primarily driven by improvements in our business performance of approximately $5,622 ($6,730 on a constant currency basis).
The improvements in business performance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 were primarily due to expansion of our subscriptions revenues from existing accounts in Australia and India, partially offset by declines in China.
Total revenues in China for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a decline in subscriptions revenues from existing accounts, partially offset by the expansion of our perpetual licenses revenues. The future results in China remain uncertain as a result of continued geopolitical challenges, the obstacles there to cloud‑deployed software, and the financial timing impact of the preference there for license sales, rather than subscriptions.
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Cost of Revenues and Operating Expenses
Cost of Revenues

|  |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | 2023 to 2024
| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Constant
| March 31, |  |  |  | Currency
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % |  | %(1)
Cost of subscriptions and licenses | $ | 40,218 |  |  | $ | 40,931 |  |  | (1.7 | %) |  | (2.0 | %)
Cost of services | 21,612 |  |  | 26,253 |  |  | (17.7 | %) |  | (18.7 | %)
Total cost of revenues | $ | 61,830 |  |  | $ | 67,184 |  |  | (8.0 | %) |  | (8.5 | %)

(1)Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency growth rates.
Cost of subscriptions and licenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, cost of subscriptions and licenses decreased primarily due to a decrease in channel partner compensation of approximately $840 and a decrease in amortization of capitalized costs under our Accelerated Commercial Development Program of approximately $780, partially offset by increases in cloud-related costs of approximately $1,077.
Cost of services. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, cost of services decreased primarily due to a decrease in headcount‑related costs of approximately $4,995, mainly due to a reduction in third‑party personnel costs, and to a lesser extent, lower acquisition-related retention incentives.
Operating Expenses

|  |  |  |  | % Change
|  |  |  |  | 2023 to 2024
| Three Months Ended |  |  |  | Constant
| March 31, |  |  |  | Currency
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % |  | %(1)
Research and development | $ | 68,371 |  |  | $ | 67,800 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.7 | %
Selling and marketing | 54,386 |  |  | 52,141 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.1 | %
General and administrative | 46,482 |  |  | 46,807 |  |  | (0.7 | %) |  | (1.0 | %)
Deferred compensation plan | 5,799 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 39.9 | % |  | 39.9 | %
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 8,964 |  |  | 10,548 |  |  | (15.0 | %) |  | (15.2 | %)
Total operating expenses | $ | 184,002 |  |  | $ | 181,442 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.2 | %

(1)Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency, and for a reconciliation of constant currency growth rates.
Research and development. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, research and development expenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount‑related costs of approximately $250, mainly due to an increase in annual and other compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in stock‑based compensation expense, lower acquisition-related retention incentives, and lower travel-related costs.
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Selling and marketing. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, selling and marketing expenses increased primarily due to an increase in headcount‑related costs of approximately $3,394, mainly due to an increase in annual and other compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in promotional costs of $1,344.
General and administrative. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, general and administrative expenses decreased primarily due to lower acquisition costs of approximately $4,986. Partially offsetting this decrease was an increase in headcount‑related costs of approximately $962, mainly due to an increase in stock‑based compensation expense, and to a lesser extent, third‑party personnel costs. The three months ended March 31, 2023 included approximately $1,799 of income recorded due to the continued wind down of our Russian entities since we exited operations beginning in the second quarter of 2022.
Deferred compensation plan. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, deferred compensation plan expense was attributable to the marked to market impact on deferred compensation plan liability balances period over period.
Amortization of purchased intangibles. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, on a constant currency basis, amortization of purchased intangibles decreased primarily due to previously acquired intangible assets that continue to become fully amortized and lower acquisition activity as compared to prior periods.
Interest Expense, Net

| Three Months Ended |  | % Change
| March 31, |  | 2023 to
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Interest expense | $ | (7,303) |  |  | $ | (11,321) |  |  | (35.5 | %)
Interest income | 783 |  |  | 229 |  |  | NM
Interest expense, net | $ | (6,520) |  |  | $ | (11,092) |  |  | (41.2 | %)

Percentage changes that are considered not meaningful are denoted with NM.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, interest expense, net decreased primarily due to lower weighted average debt outstanding, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily related to the pay down of our revolving loan borrowings under the Credit Facility in January 2024.
Other Income, Net

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Gain (loss) from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,790 |  |  | $ | (4,489) |
Foreign exchange (1) |  |  |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | 1,454 |
Receipts related to interest rate swap |  |  |  |  | 2,357 |  |  | 1,920 |
Other (expense) income, net |  |  |  |  | (352) |  |  | 1,404 |
Total other income, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,137 |  |  | $ | 289 |

(1)Foreign exchange gain is primarily attributable to foreign currency translation derived mainly from U.S. dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents, account receivables, customer deposits, and intercompany balances held by foreign subsidiaries. Intercompany finance transactions primarily denominated in U.S. dollars resulted in unrealized foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(394) and $861 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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Provision for Income Taxes

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 92,548 |  |  | $ | 54,982 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,247 |  |  | $ | 9,492 |
Effective tax rate |  |  |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | 17.3 | %

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the effective tax rate was higher compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to the decrease in discrete tax benefits recognized in the current year period. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded discrete tax benefits of $2,138 and $7,073, respectively, primarily associated with windfall tax benefits from stock‑based compensation, net of the impact from officer compensation limitation provisions.
Key Business Metrics:
In addition to our results of operations discussed above, we believe the following presentation of key business metrics provides additional useful information to investors regarding our results of operations. To the extent material, we disclose below the additional purposes, if any, for which our management uses these key business metrics. Our key business metrics may vary significantly from period to period for reasons unrelated to our operating performance and may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
ARR | $ | 1,186,456 |  |  | $ | 1,070,955 |
Last twelve-months recurring revenues | $ | 1,125,557 |  |  | $ | 1,014,113 |
Twelve-months ended constant currency (1): |  |  |
ARR growth rate | 11 | % |  | 13 | %
Account retention rate | 99 | % |  | 98 | %
Recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate | 108 | % |  | 110 | %

(1)Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of constant currency.
Recurring Revenues
Recurring revenues are the basis for our other revenue-related key business metrics. We believe this measure is useful in evaluating our ability to consistently retain and grow our revenues within our existing accounts.
Recurring revenues are subscriptions revenues that recur monthly, quarterly, or annually with specific or automatic renewal clauses and professional services revenues in which the underlying contract is based on a fixed fee and contains automatic annual renewal provisions.
ARR
ARR is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating the scale and growth of our business as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our business. Furthermore, we believe ARR, considered in connection with our last twelve‑month recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate, is a leading indicator of revenue growth.
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ARR is defined as the sum of the annualized value of our portfolio of contracts that produce recurring revenues as of the last day of the reporting period, and the annualized value of the last three months of recognized revenues for our contractually recurring consumption‑based software subscriptions with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, calculated using the spot foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that the last three months of recognized revenues, on an annualized basis, for our recurring software subscriptions with consumption measurement period durations of less than one year is a reasonable estimate of the annual revenues, given our consistently high retention rate and stability of usage under such subscriptions.
ARR resulting from the annualization of recurring contracts with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, as a percentage of total ARR, was 48% and 44% as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with our E365 subscription offering representing 42% and 36% of total ARR as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Constant currency ARR growth rate is the growth rate of ARR measured on a constant currency basis. In reporting period‑over‑period ARR growth rates in constant currency, we calculate constant currency growth rates by translating current and prior period ARR on a transactional basis to our reporting currency using current year budget exchange rates. We believe that ARR growth is an important metric indicating the scale and growth of our business.
Last Twelve‑Months Recurring Revenues
Last twelve‑month recurring revenues is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating our ability to consistently retain and grow our recurring revenues. We believe that we will continue to experience favorable growth in recurring revenues primarily due to our strong account retention and recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rates, as well as the addition of new accounts with recurring revenues.
Last twelve‑months recurring revenues is calculated as recurring revenues recognized over the preceding twelve‑month period.
The last twelve‑months recurring revenues for the periods ended March 31, 2024 compared to the last twelve‑months of the comparative twelve‑month period increased by $111,444. This increase was primarily due to growth in ARR, which is primarily the result of growing our recurring revenues within our existing accounts as expressed in our recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate, as well as additional recurring revenues resulting from new accounts and acquisitions. For the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, 90% and 89%, respectively, of our revenues were recurring revenues.
Account Retention Rate
Account retention rate is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating the long‑term value of our account relationships and our ability to retain our account base. We believe that our consistent and high account retention rates illustrate our ability to retain and cultivate long‑term relationships with our accounts.
Account retention rate for any given twelve-month period is calculated using the average foreign currency exchange rates for the prior period, as follows: the prior period recurring revenues from all accounts with recurring revenues in the current and prior period, divided by total recurring revenues from all accounts during the prior period.
Recurring Revenues Dollar‑Based Net Retention Rate
Recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating our ability to consistently retain and grow our recurring revenues.
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Recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate is calculated, using the average exchange rates for the prior period, as follows: the recurring revenues for the current period, including any growth or reductions from existing accounts, but excluding recurring revenues from any new accounts added during the current period, divided by the total recurring revenues from all accounts during the prior period. A period is defined as any trailing twelve months. Related to our platform acquisitions, recurring revenues into new accounts will be captured as existing accounts starting with the second anniversary of the acquisition when such data conforms to the calculation methodology. This may cause variability in the comparison.
Given that recurring revenues represented 90% and 89% of our total revenues for the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, this metric helps explain our revenue performance as primarily growth from existing accounts.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP discussed above, we believe the following presentation of financial measures not in accordance with GAAP provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations. To the extent material, we disclose below the additional purposes, if any, for which our management uses these non‑GAAP financial measures and provide reconciliations between these non‑GAAP financial measures and their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Non‑GAAP financial information should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or in isolation from, the financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, including operating income, or other measures of performance. Our non‑GAAP financial measures may vary significantly from period to period for reasons unrelated to our operating performance and may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
Adjusted OI w/SBC
Adjusted OI w/SBC is a non-GAAP financial measure and is used to measure the operational strength and performance of our business, as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our business.
Adjusted OI w/SBC is our primary performance measure, which excludes certain expenses and charges, including the non-cash amortization expense resulting from the acquisition of intangible assets, as we believe these may not be indicative of our core business operating results. We intentionally include stock-based compensation expense in this measure as we believe it better captures the economic costs of our business.
Management uses this non-GAAP financial measure to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, to evaluate financial performance, and in our comparison of our financial results to those of other companies. It is also a significant performance measure in certain of our executive incentive compensation programs.
Adjusted OI w/SBC is defined as operating income adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses, and realignment expenses (income), for the respective periods.
Adjusted Operating Income
Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe is useful to investors in making comparisons to other companies, although this measure may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies.
Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses, realignment expenses (income), and stock‑based compensation expense, for the respective periods.
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Reconciliation of operating income to Adjusted OI w/SBC and to Adjusted operating income:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating income |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,931 |  |  | $ | 65,785 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles (1) |  |  |  |  | 12,190 |  |  | 13,735 |
Deferred compensation plan (2) |  |  |  |  | 5,799 |  |  | 4,146 |
Acquisition expenses (3) |  |  |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | 8,777 |
Realignment expenses (income) (4) |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | (1,979) |
Adjusted OI w/SBC |  |  |  |  | 112,345 |  |  | 90,464 |
Stock-based compensation expense (5) |  |  |  |  | 19,337 |  |  | 19,198 |
Adjusted operating income |  |  |  |  | $ | 131,682 |  |  | $ | 109,662 |

Further explanation of certain of our adjustments in arriving at Adjusted OI w/SBC and Adjusted operating income are as follows:
(1)Amortization of purchased intangibles. Amortization of purchased intangibles varies in amount and frequency and is significantly impacted by the timing and size of our acquisitions. Management finds it useful to exclude these non‑cash charges from our operating expenses to assist in budgeting, planning, and forecasting future periods. The use of intangible assets contributed to our revenues earned during the periods presented and will also contribute to our revenues in future periods. Amortization of purchased intangible assets will recur in future periods.
(2)Deferred compensation plan. We exclude Deferred compensation plan expense (income) when we evaluate our continuing operational performance because it is not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operation. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of this item on our total operating expenses. Deferred compensation plan liabilities are marked to market at the end of each reporting period, with changes in the liabilities recorded as an expense (income) to Deferred compensation plan in the consolidated statements of operations.
(3)Acquisition expenses. We incur expenses for professional services rendered in connection with business combinations, which are included in our GAAP presentation of general and administrative expense (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q). Also included in our acquisition expenses are retention incentives paid to executives of the acquired companies. We exclude these acquisition expenses when we evaluate our continuing operational performance as we would not have otherwise incurred these expenses in the periods presented as part of our continuing operations.
(4)Realignment expenses (income). We exclude these charges and subsequent adjustments to our estimates when we evaluate our continuing operational performance because they are not reflective of our ongoing business and results of operations. We believe it is useful for investors to understand the effects of these items on our total operating expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Realignment expenses were primarily associated with the 2023 Program (see Note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q). For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Realignment income was associated with the continued wind down of our Russian entities since we exited operations beginning in the second quarter of 2022.
(5)Stock‑based compensation expense. We exclude non-cash stock‑based compensation expenses from certain of our non‑GAAP measures because we believe this is useful to investors in making comparisons to other companies.
Constant Currency
Constant currency and constant currency growth rates are non-GAAP financial measures that present our results of operations excluding the estimated effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. A significant amount of our operations is conducted in foreign currencies. As a result, the comparability of the financial results reported in U.S. dollars is affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We use constant currency and constant currency growth rates to evaluate the underlying performance of the business, and we believe it is helpful for investors to present operating results on a comparable basis period over period to evaluate its underlying performance.
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In reporting period‑over‑period results, except for ARR as discussed above in “Key Business Metrics” section, we calculate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations and constant currency information by translating current and prior period results on a transactional basis to our reporting currency using prior period average foreign currency exchange rates in which the transactions occurred.
Reconciliation of consolidated revenues to consolidated revenues in constant currency:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency |  | Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency
Subscriptions | $ | 307,089 |  |  | $ | (761) |  |  | $ | 306,328 |  |  | $ | 277,845 |  |  | $ | (142) |  |  | $ | 277,703 |
Perpetual licenses | 9,512 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 9,627 |  |  | 9,547 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9,554 |
Subscriptions and licenses | 316,601 |  |  | (646) |  |  | 315,955 |  |  | 287,392 |  |  | (135) |  |  | 287,257 |
Services | 21,162 |  |  | (197) |  |  | 20,965 |  |  | 27,019 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 27,029 |
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | (843) |  |  | $ | 336,920 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | 314,286 |

Reconciliation of revenues by geographic region to revenues by geographic region in constant currency:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency |  | Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency
Americas | $ | 184,193 |  |  | $ | (453) |  |  | $ | 183,740 |  |  | $ | 168,345 |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | 168,263 |
EMEA | 94,714 |  |  | (1,451) |  |  | 93,263 |  |  | 92,832 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 92,836 |
APAC | 58,856 |  |  | 1,061 |  |  | 59,917 |  |  | 53,234 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 53,187 |
Total revenues | $ | 337,763 |  |  | $ | (843) |  |  | $ | 336,920 |  |  | $ | 314,411 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | 314,286 |

Reconciliation of cost of revenues to cost of revenues in constant currency:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency |  | Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency
Cost of subscriptions and licenses | $ | 40,218 |  |  | $ | (89) |  |  | $ | 40,129 |  |  | $ | 40,931 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 40,953 |
Cost of services | 21,612 |  |  | (249) |  |  | 21,363 |  |  | 26,253 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 26,270 |
Total cost of revenues | $ | 61,830 |  |  | $ | (338) |  |  | $ | 61,492 |  |  | $ | 67,184 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 67,223 |

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Reconciliation of operating expenses to operating expenses in constant currency:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency |  | Actual |  | Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2023 Rates |  | Constant Currency
Research and development | $ | 68,371 |  |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | 68,275 |  |  | $ | 67,800 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 67,819 |
Selling and marketing | 54,386 |  |  | (76) |  |  | 54,310 |  |  | 52,141 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 52,168 |
General and administrative | 46,482 |  |  | (115) |  |  | 46,367 |  |  | 46,807 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 46,820 |
Deferred compensation plan | 5,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,799 |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,146 |
Amortization of purchased intangibles | 8,964 |  |  | (24) |  |  | 8,940 |  |  | 10,548 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 10,547 |
Total operating expenses | $ | 184,002 |  |  | $ | (311) |  |  | $ | 183,691 |  |  | $ | 181,442 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 181,500 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources:
Cash and Cash Equivalents

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents held domestically | $ | 52,286 |  |  | $ | 3,693 |
Cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries | 89,315 |  |  | 64,719 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 141,601 |  |  | $ | 68,412 |

Our primary source of operating cash is from the sale of our subscriptions, perpetual licenses, and services. Our primary use of cash is payment of our operating costs, which consist mainly of headcount‑related costs. In addition to operating expenses, we also use cash to service our debt obligations, to pay quarterly dividends, to repurchase our Class B common stock and convertible debt, and for capital expenditures in support of our operations. We also use cash to fund our acquisitions of software assets and businesses, and other investment activities.
We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing cash and cash equivalent balances, and external borrowings including available liquidity under the Credit Facility, will be sufficient to meet our domestic and international working capital and capital expenditure requirements. We regularly review our capital structure and consider a variety of potential financing alternatives and planning strategies to ensure that we have the proper liquidity available in the locations in which it is needed and to fund our operations and growth investments with cash that has not been permanently reinvested outside the U.S. Our future capital requirements may be materially different than those currently planned in our budgeting and forecasting activities and depend on many factors, including our strategy of regularly acquiring and integrating specialized infrastructure engineering software businesses, our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of spending on research and development, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, competitive factors, our discretionary payments of dividends or repurchases of our Class B common stock and convertible debt, fund of our purchase commitments, currency fluctuations, and overall economic conditions, globally. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders, while the incurrence of additional debt financing, including convertible debt, would result in additional debt service obligations. Such debt instruments also could introduce new or modified covenants that might restrict our operations and/or our ability to pay dividends, consummate acquisitions, or otherwise pursue our business strategies. We cannot provide assurance that we could obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all.
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Cash Flows Activity

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |
Operating activities | $ | 204,969 |  |  | $ | 176,223 |
Investing activities | (3,849) |  |  | (20,761) |
Financing activities | (126,435) |  |  | (134,241) |

Operating Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, net cash provided by operating activities was higher by $28,746 due to an increase in net income of $24,820 and a net increase in non‑cash adjustments of $5,104, partially offset by a decrease in net cash flows from the change in operating assets and liabilities of $1,178. The decrease in cash flows from the change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in deferred revenues, an increase in other current assets, and the overall timing of tax payments period over period. Offsetting theses decreases were higher CSS deposits period over period.
In addition, we expect to substantially pay the remainder of termination benefits to colleagues in connection with our 2023 Program by the end of the second quarter of 2024. See Note 21 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K for additional information related to realignment costs.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was lower by $16,912 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to lower acquisition related payments of $10,299, as no acquisitions were completed in the first quarter of 2024 compared to one acquisition in the first quarter of 2023, and to a lesser extent, lower purchases of investments of $5,928.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was lower by $7,806 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to lower net paydowns of the Credit Facility of $12,707, partially offset by higher dividend payments of $3,349, primarily due to an increase in our quarterly dividend per share to $0.06 from $0.05, and higher payments for shares acquired of $2,157, including shares repurchased under the Repurchase Program. Refer to the section titled “Stock Repurchases” below for further detail.
Long-Term Debt

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |
Long-term debt | 1,425,445 |  |  | 1,518,403 |
Total debt | $ | 1,435,445 |  |  | $ | 1,528,403 |

As of March 31, 2024, we had $849,850 available under the Credit Facility. We were in compliance with all covenants in its Credit Facility, the 2026 Notes, and the 2027 Notes as of March 31, 2024. Any failure to comply with such covenants under the Credit Facility would prevent us from being able to borrow additional funds under the Credit Facility, and, as with any failure to comply with such covenants under the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes, could constitute a default that may cause all amounts outstanding to become due and immediately payable in full.
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Stock Repurchases
BSY Stock Repurchase Program
Our Board of Directors has authorized us to repurchase up to $200,000 of our Class B common stock and/or outstanding convertible senior notes through June 30, 2024 under the Repurchase Program. Effective July 1, 2024, our Board of Directors extended the Repurchase Program, authorizing us to repurchase from such date up to $200,000 of our Class B common stock and/or convertible senior notes through June 30, 2026. Our current authorization under the Repurchase Program expires on June 30, 2024. We may use available working capital and cash provided by operations to make repurchases.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 302,598 shares for $15,006 under the Repurchase Program. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we did not repurchase shares under the Repurchase Program.
The timing, as well as the number and value of shares and/or convertible senior notes repurchased under the Repurchase Program, will be determined at our discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including our assessment of the intrinsic value of our shares, the market price of our Class B common stock and outstanding convertible senior notes, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with our debt and other agreements, and applicable legal requirements.
Withholding Taxes on Certain Equity Awards
We have the right to require that certain equity awardees receive gross or net quantities of shares of our Class B common stock, including distributions from the DCP and share issuances under our Bonus Plan. In the case of a gross issuance or distribution, an awardee is required to reimburse promptly to us the cash required for his or her tax withholding amounts. Conversely, under a net issuance or distribution, shares are withheld in consideration of remitting withholding taxes on behalf of an equity awardee, thereby requiring us to remit cash for the tax withholdings. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we exercised our right to require that impacted equity awardees receive gross quantities of our Class B common stock during the first quarter. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we allowed impacted awardees the option to receive net quantities of shares of our Class B common stock in the first quarter. We will continue to evaluate whether share awards will be required to be received by awardees on a gross basis, or if net settlement may be elected by awardees.
Dividend Payments
The declaration and payment of dividends is within the discretion of our Board of Directors. We paid quarterly dividends of $0.06 per share of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and $0.05 per share of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023. While we intend to continue paying quarterly dividends, any future determination will be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent on a number of factors, including our results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions under Delaware law, and overall financial condition, as well as any other factors our Board of Directors considers relevant. In addition, the terms of the agreement governing the Credit Facility limit the amount of dividends we can pay.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in our market risk exposure as described in Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10‑K.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management maintains disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is processed, recorded, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will necessarily prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Bentley Systems, Incorporated have been detected.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a or 15d of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are subject from time to time to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of our business. Although the outcome of these and other claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of pending matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We currently believe that we do not have any material litigation pending against us.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10‑K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
From January 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024, we issued 537,745 shares of our Class B common stock in connection with distributions from our DCP.
None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. Unless otherwise stated, the sales of the above securities were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about us. The issuance of these securities were made without any general solicitation or advertising.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table reflects our Class B common stock we repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

|  |  |  |  |  | Total Number of |  | Approximate Dollar
|  |  |  |  |  | Shares Purchased as |  | Value of Shares that
|  | Total Number of |  | Average Price |  | Part of Publicly |  | May Yet Be Purchased
Period |  | Shares Purchased |  | Paid per Share |  | Announced Plan (1) |  | Under the Plan (2)
January 1, 2024 to January 31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 169,751,743 |
February 1, 2024 to February 29, 2024 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169,751,743 |
March 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024 |  | 302,598 |  |  | 49.57 |  |  | 302,598 |  |  | 154,751,754 |
|  | 302,598 |  |  | 49.57 |  |  | 302,598 |  |  |

(1)Represents shares purchased in open‑market transactions under the Repurchase Program approved by our Board of Directors.
(2)These amounts correspond to the plan publicly announced and approved by our Board of Directors in May 2022 that authorizes the repurchase up to $200 million of our Class B common stock through June 30, 2024. In December 2022, our Board of Directors amended the plan to allow us also to repurchase our outstanding convertible senior notes. This additional authorization did not increase the overall dollar limit of the plan. Effective July 1, 2024, our Board of Directors extended the plan, authorizing us to repurchase from such date up to $200,000 of our Class B common stock and/or convertible senior notes through June 30, 2026.
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Item 5. Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
On March 1, 2024, Michael M. Campbell, the Company’s Chief Product Officer, adopted a trading plan established pursuant to Rule 10b5‑1 of the Exchange Act, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5‑1(c). The Company estimates that Mr. Campbell could sell up to an aggregate of 17,000 shares of its Class B common stock under the plan, though the final number of shares sold will depend upon a variety of factors, including applicable tax rates. Mr. Campbell’s plan expires on October 15, 2024.
On March 13, 2024, David R. Shaman, the Company’s Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, terminated a trading plan established pursuant to Rule 10b5‑1 of the Exchange Act, which was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5‑1(c) and was adopted effective June 8, 2023 to sell an aggregate of 127,942 shares of our Class B common stock through March 31, 2024. On March 14, 2024, Mr. Shaman adopted a trading plan established pursuant to Rule 10b5‑1 of the Exchange Act, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5‑1(c), to sell an aggregate of 127,942 shares of our Class B common stock. Mr. Shaman’s plan expires on March 7, 2025.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no other Company directors or executive officers who adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5‑1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5‑1 trading arrangement.”
Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit |  |
Number |  | Description
31.1* |  | Certification of CEO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2* |  | Certification of CFO pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32* |  | Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document—the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 |  | Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

* | Filed or furnished herewith. The certification attached as Exhibit 32 that accompanies this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Bentley Systems, Incorporated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Date: May 7, 2024 |  | By: | /s/ W ERNER A NDRE
|  |  | Werner Andre
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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