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FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES | FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES U.S. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value, and identifies three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Level 1 fair values generally are supported by market transactions that occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and inputs to model-derived valuations that are directly observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and often requiring significant management judgment or estimation, such as an entity’s own assumptions about the cash flows or other significant components of value that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company uses unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value for those instruments that are actively traded in financial markets. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured using present value or other valuation techniques. The fair value determinations are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such adjustments do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In many cases, the fair value cannot be substantiated by direct comparison to independent markets, nor can the disclosed value be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. Management is responsible for the determination of the value of investments carried at fair value and the supporting methodologies and assumptions. Under the terms of various service agreements, the Company often utilizes independent valuation service providers to gather, analyze, and interpret market information and derive fair values based upon relevant methodologies and assumptions for individual securities. These independent valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of widely accepted valuation models, provide a single fair value measurement for individual securities for which a fair value has been requested. As further described below with respect to specific asset classes, these inputs include, but are not limited to, market prices for recent trades and transactions in comparable securities, benchmark yields, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, quoted prices for similar securities, and other market-observable information, as applicable. Specific attributes of the security being valued also are considered, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and when applicable, collateral quality and other security- or issuer-specific information. When insufficient market observable information is available upon which to measure fair value, the Company either will request brokers knowledgeable about these securities to provide a non-binding quote or will employ internal valuation models. Fair values received from independent valuation service providers and brokers and those internally modeled or otherwise estimated are assessed for reasonableness. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Fair value measurements are required on a non-recurring basis for certain assets only when an impairment or other events occur. For the periods ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized impairment adjustments and impairment losses, respectively, to adjust the carrying value of held-for-sale asset and liabilities to their fair value less cost to sell. The value is measured on a nonrecurring basis and categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value was determined using a market approach, estimated based on the negotiated value of the asset and liabilities. See Note 23 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details of the Held-for-Sale assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2021, no assets or liabilities were required to be measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below. Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,450 |  |  | $ | 2,121 |  |  | $ | 43,571 |
U.S. Treasury, government and agency | — |  |  | 5,837 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,837 |
States and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 499 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 527 |
Foreign governments | — |  |  | 836 |  |  | — |  |  | 836 |
Residential mortgage-backed (2) | — |  |  | 788 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 822 |
Asset-backed (3) | — |  |  | 8,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,490 |
Commercial mortgage-backed | — |  |  | 3,203 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 3,235 |
Redeemable preferred stock | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Total fixed maturities, AFS | — |  |  | 61,146 |  |  | 2,215 |  |  | 63,361 |
Fixed maturities, at fair value using the fair value option | — |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 1,508 |
Other equity investments (7) | 214 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 723 |
Trading securities | 290 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 677 |
Other invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 943 |  |  | — |  |  | 943 |
Assets of consolidated VIEs/VOEs | 131 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 529 |
Swaps | — |  |  | (425) |  |  | — |  |  | (425) |
Credit default swaps | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Futures | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Options | — |  |  | 4,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,171 |
Total other invested assets | 133 |  |  | 5,091 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5,229 |
Cash equivalents | 2,386 |  |  | 501 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,887 |
Segregated securities | — |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,522 |
Amounts due from reinsurer (6) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,114 |  |  | 4,114 |
GMIB reinsurance contracts asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 1,229 |
Separate Accounts assets (4) | 111,744 |  |  | 2,436 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 114,181 |
Total Assets | $ | 114,767 |  |  | $ | 72,809 |  |  | $ | 7,855 |  |  | $ | 195,431 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option (5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,374 |
GMxB derivative features’ liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 5,764 |
SCS, SIO, MSO and IUL indexed features’ liability | — |  |  | 4,164 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,164 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs and VOEs | 15 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Contingent payment arrangements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 247 |  |  | 247 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 5,545 |  |  | $ | 6,011 |  |  | $ | 11,571 |
______________ (1)Corporate fixed maturities includes both public and private issues. (2)Includes publicly traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized obligations. (3)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, credit risk transfer securities and other asset types. (4)Separate Accounts assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude investments in entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. Such investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy include investments in real estate. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $456 million. (5)Includes CLO short-term debt of $239 million, which is inclusive as fair valued within Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option. Accrued interest payable of $15 million is reported in Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option in the consolidated balance sheets, which is not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. (6)This represents GMIB NLG ceded reserves related to the Venerable Transaction. See Note 1 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements for details of the Venerable Transaction. (7)Includes short position equity securities of $12 million that are reported in other liabilities. Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,007 |  |  | $ | 1,504 |  |  | $ | 52,511 |
U.S. Treasury, government and agency | — |  |  | 15,385 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,385 |
States and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 627 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 662 |
Foreign governments | — |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,152 |
Residential mortgage-backed (2) | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Asset-backed (3) | — |  |  | 5,926 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5,934 |
Commercial mortgage-backed (2) | — |  |  | 2,401 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 2,421 |
Redeemable preferred stock | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |
Total fixed maturities, AFS | — |  |  | 76,649 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 78,216 |
Fixed maturities, at fair value using the fair value option |  |  | 1,440 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 1,641 |
Other equity investments | 322 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 784 |
Trading securities | 340 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 631 |
Other invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Assets of consolidated VIEs/VOEs | 166 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 627 |
Swaps | — |  |  | (473) |  |  | — |  |  | (473) |
Credit default swaps | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Futures | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Options | — |  |  | 6,959 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,959 |
Swaptions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total other invested assets | 165 |  |  | 6,965 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7,141 |
Cash equivalents | 3,275 |  |  | 293 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,568 |
Segregated securities | — |  |  | 1,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,504 |
Amounts due from reinsurer | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,813 |  |  | 5,813 |
GMIB reinsurance contracts asset | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,848 |  |  | 1,848 |
Separate Accounts assets (4) | 144,124 |  |  | 2,572 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 146,697 |
Total Assets | $ | 148,226 |  |  | $ | 90,106 |  |  | $ | 9,511 |  |  | $ | 247,843 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option (5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,277 |
GMxB derivative features’ liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,525 |  |  | 8,525 |
SCS, SIO, MSO and IUL indexed features’ liability | — |  |  | 6,773 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,773 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs and VOEs | 16 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Contingent payment arrangements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 8,052 |  |  | $ | 8,563 |  |  | $ | 16,631 |
______________ (1)Corporate fixed maturities includes both public and private issues. (2)Includes publicly traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized obligations. (3)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages and other asset types and credit tenant loans. (4)Separate Accounts assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude investments in entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. Such investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy include investments in real estate and commercial mortgages. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $404 million. (5)Includes CLO short-term debt of $92 million, which is inclusive as fair valued within Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option Accrued interest payable of $6 million is reported in Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option in the consolidated balance sheets, which is not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Public Fixed Maturities The fair values of the Company’s public fixed maturities, including those accounted for using the fair value option are generally based on prices obtained from independent valuation service providers and for which the Company maintains a vendor hierarchy by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. Although each security generally is priced by multiple independent valuation service providers, the Company ultimately uses the price received from the independent valuation service provider highest in the vendor hierarchy based on the respective asset type, with limited exception. To validate reasonableness, prices also are internally reviewed by those with relevant expertise through comparison with directly observed recent market trades. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy, public fixed maturities validated in this manner generally are reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. Private Fixed Maturities The fair values of the Company’s private fixed maturities, including those accounted for using the fair value option are determined from prices obtained from independent valuation service providers. Prices not obtained from an independent valuation service provider are determined by using a discounted cash flow model or a market comparable company valuation technique. In certain cases, these models use observable inputs with a discount rate based upon the average of spread surveys collected from private market intermediaries who are active in both primary and secondary transactions, taking into account, among other factors, the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer and the reduced liquidity associated with private placements. Generally, these securities have been reflected within Level 2. For certain private fixed maturities, the discounted cash flow model or a market comparable company valuation technique may also incorporate unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset. To the extent management determines that such unobservable inputs are significant to the fair value measurement of a security, a Level 3 classification generally is made. Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option These notes are based on the fair values of corresponding fixed maturity collateral. The CLO liabilities are also reduced by the fair value of the beneficial interests the Company retains in the CLO and the carrying value of any beneficial interests that represent compensation for services. As the notes are valued based on the reference collateral, they are classified as Level 2 or 3. Freestanding Derivative Positions The net fair value of the Company’s freestanding derivative positions as disclosed in Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements are generally based on prices obtained either from independent valuation service providers or derived by applying market inputs from recognized vendors into industry standard pricing models. The majority of these derivative contracts are traded in the OTC derivative market and are classified in Level 2. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities traded in the OTC market are determined using quantitative models that require use of the contractual terms of the derivative instruments and multiple market inputs, including interest rates, prices, and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, including overnight index swap curves, and volatility factors, which then are applied to value the positions. The predominance of market inputs is actively quoted and can be validated through external sources or reliably interpolated if less observable. Level Classifications of the Company’s Financial Instruments Financial Instruments Classified as Level 1 Investments classified as Level 1 primarily include redeemable preferred stock, trading securities, cash equivalents and Separate Accounts assets. Fair value measurements classified as Level 1 include exchange-traded prices of fixed maturities, equity securities and derivative contracts, and net asset values for transacting subscriptions and redemptions of mutual fund shares held by Separate Accounts. Cash equivalents classified as Level 1 include money market accounts, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less and are carried at cost as a proxy for fair value measurement due to their short-term nature. Financial Instruments Classified as Level 2 Investments classified as Level 2 are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and primarily include U.S. government and agency securities, certain corporate debt securities and financial assets and liabilities accounted for using the fair value option, such as public and private fixed maturities. As market quotes generally are not readily available or accessible for these securities, their fair value measures are determined utilizing relevant information generated by market transactions involving comparable securities and often are based on model pricing techniques that effectively discount prospective cash flows to present value using appropriate sector-adjusted credit spreads commensurate with the security’s duration, also taking into consideration issuer-specific credit quality and liquidity. Segregated securities classified as Level 2 are U.S. Treasury bills segregated by AB in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of brokerage customers, as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act and for which fair values are based on quoted yields in secondary markets. Observable inputs generally used to measure the fair value of securities classified as Level 2 include benchmark yields, reported secondary trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities and other reference data. Additional observable inputs are used when available, and as may be appropriate, for certain security types, such as prepayment, default, and collateral information for the purpose of measuring the fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities. The Company’s AAA-rated mortgage- and asset-backed securities are classified as Level 2 for which the observability of market inputs to their pricing models is supported by sufficient, albeit more recently contracted, market activity in these sectors. Certain Company products, such as the SCS, EQUI-VEST variable annuity products, IUL and the MSO fund available in some life contracts, offer investment options which permit the contract owner to participate in the performance of an index, ETF or commodity price. These investment options, which depending on the product and on the index selected, can currently have one, three, five or six year terms, provide for participation in the performance of specified indices, ETF or commodity price movement up to a segment-specific declared maximum rate. Under certain conditions that vary by product, e.g., holding these segments for the full term, these segments also shield policyholders from some or all negative investment performance associated with these indices, ETF or commodity prices. These investment options have defined formulaic liability amounts, and the current values of the option component of these segment reserves are classified as Level 2 embedded derivatives. The fair values of these embedded derivatives are based on data obtained from independent valuation service providers. Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3 The Company’s investments classified as Level 3 primarily include corporate debt securities and financial assets and liabilities accounted for using the fair value option, such as private fixed maturities and asset-backed securities. Determinations to classify fair value measures within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy generally are based upon the significance of the unobservable factors to the overall fair value measurement. Included in the Level 3 classification are fixed maturities with indicative pricing obtained from brokers that otherwise could not be corroborated to market observable data. The Company also issues certain benefits on its variable annuity products that are accounted for as derivatives and are also considered Level 3. The GMIB NLG feature allows the policyholder to receive guaranteed minimum lifetime annuity payments based on predetermined annuity purchase rates applied to the contract’s benefit base if and when the contract account value is depleted and the NLG feature is activated. The GMWB feature allows the policyholder to withdraw at minimum, over the life of the contract, an amount based on the contract’s benefit base. The GWBL feature allows the policyholder to withdraw, each year for the life of the contract, a specified annual percentage of an amount based on the contract’s benefit base. The GMAB feature increases the contract account value at the end of a specified period to a GMAB base. The GIB feature provides a lifetime annuity based on predetermined annuity purchase rates if and when the contract account value is depleted. This lifetime annuity is based on predetermined annuity purchase rates applied to a GIB base. Level 3 also includes the GMIB reinsurance contract assets, which are accounted for as derivative contracts. The GMIB reinsurance contract asset and liabilities’ fair value reflects the present value of reinsurance premiums, net of recoveries, and risk margins over a range of market consistent economic scenarios while GMxB derivative features liability reflects the present value of expected future payments (benefits) less fees, adjusted for risk margins and nonperformance risk, attributable to GMxB derivative features’ liability over a range of market-consistent economic scenarios. Also included are the Amounts due from Reinsurers related to the GMIB NLG product features (GMIB NLG Reinsurance). The fair value reflects the present value of reinsurance premiums, net of recoveries, adjusted for risk margins and nonperformance risk over a range of market consistent economic scenarios. The valuations of the GMIB reinsurance contract asset, GMIB NLG Reinsurance and GMxB derivative features liability incorporate significant non-observable assumptions related to policyholder behavior, risk margins and equity projections of Separate Account funds. The credit risks of the counterparty and of the Company are considered in determining the fair values of its GMIB reinsurance contract asset, GMIB NLG Reinsurance and GMxB derivative features liability positions, respectively, after taking into account the effects of collateral arrangements. Incremental adjustment to the U.S. Treasury curve for non-performance risk is made to the fair values of the GMIB reinsurance contract asset, GMIB NLG Reinsurance and GMIB NLG feature to reflect the claims-paying ratings of counterparties and the Company. Due to the unique, long duration of the GMIB NLG feature and GMIB NLG Reinsurance, risk margins were applied to the non-capital markets inputs to the GMIB NLG valuations. After giving consideration to collateral arrangements, the impact to the fair value of its GMIB reinsurance contract asset was a decrease of $74 million and $107 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to recognize incremental counterparty non-performance risk. After giving consideration to collateral arrangements, the impact to the fair value of its Amounts due from Reinsurers was a decrease of $151 million and $210 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021 to recognize incremental counterparty non-performance risk. Lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarial calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, which include other factors such as considering surrender charges. Generally, lapse rates are assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in-the-money contracts are less likely to lapse. For valuing the embedded derivative, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities include contingent payment arrangements associated with acquisitions in 2016 and 2019 by AB. At each reporting date, AB estimates the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon revenue and discount rate projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company’s consolidated VIEs/VOEs hold investments that are classified as Level 3, primarily corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities. Transfers of Financial Instruments Between Levels 2 and 3 During the year ended December 31, 2022, fixed maturities with fair values of $200 million were transferred out of Level 3 and into Level 2 principally due to the availability of trading activity and/or market observable inputs to measure and validate their fair values. In addition, fixed maturities with fair value of $213 million were transferred from Level 2 into the Level 3 classification. These transfers in the aggregate represent approximately 12.2% of total equity as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, fixed maturities with fair values of $785 million were transferred out of Level 3 and into Level 2 principally due to the availability of trading activity and/or market observable inputs to measure and validate their fair values. In addition, fixed maturities with fair value of $27 million were transferred from Level 2 into the Level 3 classification. These transfers in the aggregate represent approximately 6.2% of total equity as of December 31, 2021. The tables below present reconciliations for all Level 3 assets and liabilities and changes in unrealized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
| Corporate |  | State and Political Subdivisions |  | Asset-backed |  | CMBS |  | RMBS |  | Trading Securities, at Fair Value |  | Fixed maturities, at FVO
| (in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2022 | $ | 1,504 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 201 |
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (loss) | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |
Investment gains (losses), net | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |
Subtotal | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | (11) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (159) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases | 1,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Sales | (378) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (1) | 168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |
Transfers out of Level 3 (1) | (121) |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (73) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,121 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 224 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (2) |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | (156) |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Balance, January 1, 2021 | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 80 |
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (loss) | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Investment gains (losses), net | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |
Subtotal | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 5 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 34 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases | 938 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 211 |
Sales | (473) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (1) | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (1) | (713) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |
Balance, December 31, 2021 | $ | 1,504 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 201 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
| Corporate |  | State and Political Subdivisions |  | Asset-backed |  | CMBS |  | RMBS |  | Trading Securities, at Fair Value |  | Fixed maturities, at FVO
| (in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 1,257 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | — |
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (loss) | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment gains (losses), net | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Subtotal | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (17) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Sales | (226) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (1) | 189 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (1) | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (100) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 80 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2) | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
________ (1)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values. (2)For instruments held as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
| Other Equity Investments (7) |  | GMIB Reinsurance Contract Asset |  | Amounts Due from Reinsurers |  | Separate Accounts Assets |  | GMxB Derivative Features Liability |  | Contingent Payment Arrangement
| (in millions)
Balance, January 1, 2022 | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1,848 |  |  | $ | 5,815 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (8,525) |  |  | $ | (38) |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses), included in Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment gains (losses), reported in net investment income | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net derivative gains (losses) (1) | — |  |  | (581) |  |  | (1,706) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,076 |  |  | — |
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) | (1) |  |  | (581) |  |  | (1,706) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,076 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (2) | 8 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | (462) |  |  | (231) |
Sales (3) | — |  |  | (78) |  |  | (117) |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |
Settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (8) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 4,114 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (5,764) |  |  | $ | (247) |
| Other Equity Investments (7) |  | GMIB Reinsurance Contract Asset |  | Amounts Due from Reinsurers |  | Separate Accounts Assets |  | GMxB Derivative Features Liability |  | Contingent Payment Arrangement
| (in millions)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (581) |  |  | $ | (1,706) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,076 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Balance, January 1, 2021 | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (11,131) |  |  | $ | (28) |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses), included in Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment gains (losses), reported in net investment income | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net derivative gains (losses) (1) (5) | — |  |  | (625) |  |  | 517 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,841 |  |  | — |
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 21 |  |  | (625) |  |  | 517 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,841 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (2) | 8 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (463) |  |  | (7) |
Sales (3) | (92) |  |  | (58) |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 140 |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2021 | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 1,848 |  |  | $ | 5,815 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (8,525) |  |  | $ | (38) |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (625) |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,841 |  |  | $ | — |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,502) |  |  | $ | (23) |
Realized and unrealized gains (losses), included in Net income (loss) as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment gains (losses), reported in net investment income | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net derivative gains (losses) (1) (5) | — |  |  | 417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,253) |  |  | — |
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) | (8) |  |  | 417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,253) |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases (2) | 9 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (451) |  |  | (4) |
Sales (3) | (26) |  |  | (79) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |
Settlements (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Change in estimate | — |  |  | (32) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Transfers into Level 3 (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (4) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, December 31, 2020 | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (11,131) |  |  | $ | (28) |
| Other Equity Investments (7) |  | GMIB Reinsurance Contract Asset |  | Amounts Due from Reinsurers |  | Separate Accounts Assets |  | GMxB Derivative Features Liability |  | Contingent Payment Arrangement
| (in millions)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (2,253) |  |  | $ | (7) |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (6) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s non-performance risk impact of $522 million, $213 million and ($764) million for the GMxB Derivative Features Liability, ($35) million, ($23) million and $7 million for the GMIB Reinsurance Contract Asset, and ($60) million, ($19) million and $0 million for the Amounts Due from Reinsurers, respectively, is recorded through Net derivative gains (losses). (2)For the GMIB reinsurance contract asset, Amounts Due from Reinsurers and GMxB derivative features liability, represents attributed fee. (3)For the GMIB reinsurance contract asset and Amounts Due from Reinsurers, represents recoveries from reinsurers and for GMxB derivative features liability represents benefits paid. (4)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values. (5)For the year ended December 31, 2021, GMxB Derivative Features Liability excludes settlement fees on CS Life reinsurance contract of $45 million. (6)For instruments held as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. (7)Other Equity Investments include other invested assets. (8)Contingent Payment Arrangements Other includes $7 million of accretion and ($29) million of held-for-sale reclassifications. Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements The following tables disclose quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements by category for assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (2)
| (in millions) |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate | $ | 417 |  |  | Matrix pricing model |  | Spread over Benchmark |  | 20 bps - 797 bps |  | 205 bps
| 1,029 |  |  | Market comparable companies |  | EBITDA multiples Discount rate Cash flow multiples Loan to value |  | 5.3x - 35.8x 9.0% - 45.7% 0.0x - 10.3x 0.0% - 40.4% |  | 13.6x 11.9% 6.1x 12.0%
Trading Securities, at Fair Value | 55 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Earnings multiple Discount factor Discount years |  | 8.3x 10.0% 7 |  |
Other equity investments | 4 |  |  | Market comparable companies |  | Revenue multiple |  | 0.5x - 10.8x |  | 2.4x
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (2)
GMIB reinsurance contract asset | 1,229 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lapse rates Withdrawal Rates GMIB Utilization Rates Non-performance risk Volatility rates - Equity Mortality: Ages 0-40 Ages 41-60 Ages 61-115 |  | 0.26%-26.23% 0.06%-10.93% 0.04%-62.30% 69 bps - 133 bps 14%-32% 0.01%-0.17% 0.06%-0.52% 0.32%-40.00% |  | 3.05% 0.99% 5.40% 70 bps 24% 3.09% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
Amount Due from Reinsurers | 4,114 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Lapse rates Withdrawal Rates GMIB Utilization Rates Non-performance risk (bps) Volatility rates - Equity Mortality: Ages 0-40 Ages 41-60 Ages 61-115 |  | 0.26%-26.23% 0.06%-10.93% 0.04%-62.30% 51 bps 14%-32% 0.01%-0.17% 0.06%-0.52% 0.32%-40.00% |  | 2.01% 1.32% 7.95% 51 bps 24% 2.33% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AB Contingent Consideration Payable | $ | 247 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Expected revenue growth rates Discount rate |  | 2.0% - 83.9% 1.9% - 10.4% |  | 11.5% 4.5%
GMIB NLG | 5,761 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Withdrawal rates Annuitization rates Mortality rates (1): Ages 0 - 40 Ages 41-60 Ages 61-115 |  | 147 bps 0.26%-35.42% 0.06%-10.93% 0.04%-100.00% 0.01%-0.18% 0.07%-0.54% 0.42%-41.42% |  | 147 bps 4.26% 1.25% 5.95% 1.73% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
GWBL/GMWB | 70 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lapse rates Withdrawal Rates Utilization Rates Volatility rates - Equity Non-performance risk(bps) |  | 0.35%-26.23% 0.00%-8.00% 100% once starting 14%-32% 147 bps |  | 3.05% 0.99% 24%
GIB | (65) |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lapse rates Withdrawal Rates Utilization Rates Volatility rates - Equity Non-performance risk(bps) |  | 0.35%-26.23% 0.20%-1.24% 0.04%-100.00% 14% - 32% 147 bps |  | 3.05% 0.99% 5.40% 24%
GMAB | (2) |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Lapse rates Volatility rates - Equity Non-performance risk(bps) |  | 0.35%-26.23% 14%-32% 147 bps |  | 3.05% 24%
______________ (1)Mortality rates vary by age and demographic characteristic such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on a combination of company and industry experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuating the embedded derivatives. (2)For lapses, withdrawals, and utilizations the rates were weighted by counts; for mortality weighted average rates are shown for all ages combined; and for withdrawals the weighted averages were based on an estimated split of partial withdrawal and dollar-for-dollar withdrawals. Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (2)
| (in millions) |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, AFS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate | $ | 258 |  |  | Matrix pricing model |  | Spread over benchmark |  | 20 bps - 270 bps |  | 144 bps
| Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Significant Unobservable Input |  | Range |  | Weighted Average (2)
| (in millions) |  |
| 888 |  |  | Market comparable companies |  | EBITDA multiples Discount rate Cash flow multiples Loan to value |  | 4.9x - 62.3x 6.2% - 21.5% 0.5x-10.0x 3.1%-63.4% |  | 13.0x 9.1% 5.5x 30.8%
Trading Securities, at Fair Value | 65 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Earnings multiple Discounts factor Discount years |  | 7.3x 10.00% 11 |  |
Other equity investments | 4 |  |  | Market comparable companies |  | Revenue multiple |  | 7.8x - 10.3x |  | 9.5x
GMIB reinsurance contract asset | 1,848 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Withdrawal rates Utilization rates Volatility rates - Equity Mortality rates (1): Ages 0 - 40 Ages 41 - 60 Ages 60 - 115 |  | 57 bps - 93 bps 0.45% - 20.86% 0.27% - 8.66% 0.04% - 60.44% 11% - 31% 0.01% - 0.17% 0.06% - 0.53% 0.31% - 40.00% |  | 60 bps 2.65% 0.93% 5.27% 24% 2.79% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
Amount Due from Reinsurers | 5,813 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Lapse rates Withdrawal Rates GMIB Utilization Rates Non-performance risk (bps) Volatility rates - Equity Mortality: Ages 0-40 Ages 41-60 Ages 61-115 |  | 0.45%-20.86% 0.27%-8.66% 0.04%-60.44% 37 bps 11%-31% 0.01%-0.17% 0.06%-0.53% 0.31%-40.00% |  | 1.70% 1.18% 7.20% 37 bps 24% 2.17% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AB Contingent Consideration Payable | 38 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Expected revenue growth rates Discount rate |  | 2.0% - 83.9% 1.9% - 10.4% |  | 11.9% 7.0%
GMIB NLG | 8,503 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Withdrawal rates Annuitization rates Mortality rates (1): Ages 0 - 40 Ages 41 - 60 Ages 60 - 115 |  | 111 bps 1.04% - 23.57% 0.27% - 8.66% 0.03% -100.00% 0.01% - 0.19% 0.07% - 0.57% 0.44% - 43.60% |  | 111 bps 3.55% 1.04% 5.24% 1.62% (same for all ages) (same for all ages)
GWBL/GMWB | 99 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Withdrawal rates Utilization rates Volatility rates - Equity |  | 111 bps 0.60%-20.86% 0.00%-8.00% 100% once starting 11%-31% |  | 2.65% 0.93% 24%
GIB | (75) |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Withdrawal rates Utilization rates Volatility rates - Equity |  | 111 bps 0.60%-20.86% 0.13%-8.66% 0.04%-100.00% 11%-31% |  | 2.65% 0.93% 5.27% 24%
GMAB | (3) |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Non-performance risk Lapse rates Volatility rates - Equity |  | 111 bps 0.60%-20.86% 11%-31% |  | 2.65% 24%
______________ (1)Mortality rates vary by age and demographic characteristic such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on a combination of company and industry experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuating the embedded derivatives. (2)For lapses, withdrawals, and utilizations the rates were weighted by counts; for mortality weighted average rates are shown for all ages combined; and for withdrawals the weighted averages were based on an estimated split of partial withdrawal and dollar-for-dollar withdrawals. Level 3 Financial Instruments for which Quantitative Inputs are Not Available Certain Privately Placed Debt Securities with Limited Trading Activity Excluded from the tables above as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are approximately $1.0 billion and $635 million of Level 3 fair value measurements of investments for which the underlying quantitative inputs are not developed by the Company and are not readily available. These investments primarily consist of certain privately placed debt securities with limited trading activity, including residential mortgage- and asset-backed instruments, and their fair values generally reflect unadjusted prices obtained from independent valuation service providers and indicative, non-binding quotes obtained from third-party broker-dealers recognized as market participants. Significant increases or decreases in the fair value amounts received from these pricing sources may result in the Company’s reporting significantly higher or lower fair value measurements for these Level 3 investments. •The fair value of private placement securities is determined by application of a matrix pricing model or a market comparable company value technique. The significant unobservable input to the matrix pricing model valuation technique is the spread over the industry-specific benchmark yield curve. Generally, an increase or decrease in spreads would lead to directionally inverse movement in the fair value measurements of these securities. The significant unobservable input to the market comparable company valuation technique is the discount rate. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the discount rate would result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurements of these securities. •Residential mortgage-backed securities classified as Level 3 primarily consist of non-agency paper with low trading activity. Included in the tables above as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no Level 3 securities that were determined by application of a matrix pricing model and for which the spread over the U.S. Treasury curve is the most significant unobservable input to the pricing result. Generally, a change in spreads would lead to directionally inverse movement in the fair value measurements of these securities. •Asset-backed securities classified as Level 3 primarily consist of non-agency mortgage loan trust certificates, including subprime and Alt-A paper, credit risk transfer securities, and equipment financings. Included in the tables above as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no securities that were determined by the application of matrix-pricing for which the spread over the U.S. Treasury curve is the most significant unobservable input to the pricing result. Significant increases (decreases) in spreads would have resulted in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurements. Other Equity Investments Included in other equity investments classified as Level 3 are venture capital securities in the Technology, Media and Telecommunications industries. The fair value measurements of these securities include significant unobservable inputs including an enterprise value to revenue multiples and a discount rate to account for liquidity and various risk factors. Significant increases (decreases) in the enterprise value to revenue multiple inputs in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. GMIB Reinsurance Contract Asset, Amounts Due from Reinsurers and GMxB Derivative Features Significant unobservable inputs with respect to the fair value measurement of the Level 3 GMIB reinsurance contract asset and the Level 3 liabilities identified in the table above are developed using Company data. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s GMIB reinsurance contract asset are lapse rates, withdrawal rates, non-performance risk and GMIB utilization rates. Significant increases in GMIB utilization rates or decreases in lapse or withdrawal rates in isolation would tend to increase the GMIB reinsurance contract asset. Fair value measurement of the GMIB reinsurance contract asset, GMIB NLG Reinsurance and liabilities includes dynamic lapse and GMIB utilization assumptions whereby projected contractual lapses and GMIB utilization reflect the projected net amount of risks of the contract. As the net amount of risk of a contract increases, the assumed lapse rate decreases and the GMIB utilization increases. Increases in volatility would increase the asset and liabilities. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s GMIB NLG liability and GMIB NLG Reinsurance are lapse rates, withdrawal rates, GMIB utilization rates, adjustment for non-performance risk and NLG forfeiture rates. NLG forfeiture rates are caused by excess withdrawals above the annual GMIB accrual rate that cause the NLG to expire. Significant decreases in lapse rates, NLG forfeiture rates, adjustment for non- performance risk and GMIB utilization rates would tend to increase the GMIB NLG liability and GMIB NLG Reinsurance, while decreases in withdrawal rates and volatility rates would tend to decrease the GMIB NLG liability and GMIB NLG Reinsurance. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s GMWB and GWBL liability are lapse rates and withdrawal rates. Significant increases in withdrawal rates or decreases in lapse rates in isolation would tend to increase these liabilities. Increases in volatility would increase these liabilities. Carrying Value of Financial Instruments Not Otherwise Disclosed in Note 3 and Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements The carrying values and fair values as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for financial instruments not otherwise disclosed in Note 3 and Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in the table below. Carrying Values and Fair Values for Financial Instruments Not Otherwise Disclosed
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in millions)
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans on real estate | $ | 16,481 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,690 |  |  | $ | 14,690 |
Policy loans | $ | 4,033 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,349 |  |  | $ | 4,349 |
Policyholders’ liabilities: Investment contracts | $ | 1,916 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | 1,750 |
FHLB funding agreements | $ | 8,505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,390 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,390 |
FABN funding agreements | $ | 7,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,384 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,384 |
Short-term debt (1) | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518 |
Long-term debt | $ | 3,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,130 |
Separate Accounts liabilities | $ | 10,236 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,236 |  |  | $ | 10,236 |
December 31, 2021 (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans on real estate | $ | 14,033 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,308 |  |  | $ | 14,308 |
Policy loans | $ | 4,024 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,050 |  |  | $ | 5,050 |
Policyholders’ liabilities: Investment contracts | $ | 2,035 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,103 |  |  | $ | 2,103 |
FHLB funding agreements | $ | 6,647 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,679 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,679 |
FABN funding agreements | $ | 6,689 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,626 |
Long-term debt | $ | 3,839 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,544 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,544 |
Separate Accounts liabilities | $ | 11,620 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,620 |  |  | $ | 11,620 |
_____________ (1)As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, excludes CLO short-term debt of $239 million and $92 million, which is inclusive as fair valued within Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option. Mortgage Loans on Real Estate Fair values for commercial and agricultural mortgage loans on real estate are measured by discounting future contractual cash flows to be received on the mortgage loan using interest rates at which loans with similar characteristics and credit quality would be made. The discount rate is derived based on the appropriate U.S. Treasury rate with a like term to the remaining term of the loan to which a spread reflective of the risk premium associated with the specific loan is added. Fair values for mortgage loans anticipated to be foreclosed and problem mortgage loans are limited to the fair value of the underlying collateral, if lower. Policy Loans The fair value of policy loans is calculated by discounting expected cash flows based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve and historical loan repayment patterns. Short-term Debt The Company’s short-term debt primarily includes long-term debt that has been reclassified to short-term due to an upcoming maturity date within one year. The fair values for the Company’s short-term debt are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables. Long-term Debt The fair values for the Company’s long-term debt are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables. FHLB Funding Agreements The fair values of Equitable Financial’s FHLB long term funding agreements’ fair values are determined based on indicative market rates published by FHLB, provided to AB and modeled for each note’s FMV. FHLB Short-term funding agreements’ fair values are reflective of notional/par value plus accrued interest. FABN Funding Agreements The fair values of Equitable Financial’s FABN funding agreements are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables. Policyholder Liabilities - Investment Contracts and Separate Accounts Liabilities The fair values for deferred annuities and certain annuities, which are included in Policyholders’ account balances, and liabilities for investment contracts with fund investments in Separate Accounts, are estimated using projected cash flows discounted at rates reflecting current market rates. Significant unobservable inputs reflected in the cash flows include lapse rates and withdrawal rates. Incremental adjustments may be made to the fair value to reflect non-performance risk. Certain other products such as the Company’s association plans contracts, supplementary contracts not involving life contingencies, Access Accounts and Escrow Shield Plus product reserves are held at book value. Financial Instruments Exempt from Fair Value Disclosure or Otherwise Not Required to be Disclosed Exempt from Fair Value Disclosure Requirements Certain financial instruments are exempt from the requirements for fair value disclosure, such as insurance liabilities other than financial guarantees and investment contracts, limited partnerships accounted for under the equity method and pension and other postretirement obligations. Otherwise Not Required to be Included in the Table Above The Company’s investment in COLI policies are recorded at their cash surrender value and are therefore not required to be included in the table above. See Note 2 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements for further description of the Company’s accounting policy related to its investment in COLI policies.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126976982&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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