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FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
U.S. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value, and identifies three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1    Unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Level 1 fair values generally are supported by market transactions that occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2    Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and inputs to model-derived valuations that are directly observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3    Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and often requiring significant management judgment or estimation, such as an entity’s own assumptions about the cash flows or other significant components of value that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The Company uses unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value for those instruments that are actively traded in financial markets. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured using present value or other valuation techniques. The fair value determinations are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such adjustments do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In many cases, the fair value cannot be substantiated by direct comparison to independent markets, nor can the disclosed value be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument.
Management is responsible for the determination of the value of investments carried at fair value and the supporting methodologies and assumptions. Under the terms of various service agreements, the Company often utilizes independent valuation service providers to gather, analyze, and interpret market information and derive fair values based upon relevant methodologies and assumptions for individual securities. These independent valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of widely accepted valuation models, provide a single fair value measurement for individual securities for which a fair value has been requested. As further described below with respect to specific asset classes, these inputs include, but are not limited to, market prices for recent trades and transactions in comparable securities, benchmark yields, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, quoted prices for similar securities, and other market-observable information, as applicable. Specific attributes of the security being valued are also considered, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and when applicable, collateral quality and other security- or issuer-specific information. When insufficient market observable information is available upon which to measure fair value, the Company either will request brokers knowledgeable about these securities to provide a non-binding quote or will employ internal valuation models. Fair values received from independent valuation service providers and brokers and those internally modeled or otherwise estimated are assessed for reasonableness.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Fair value measurements are required on a non-recurring basis for certain assets only when an impairment or other events occur. For the periods ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company recognized impairment adjustments and impairment losses, respectively, to adjust the carrying value of held-for-sale asset and liabilities to their fair value less cost to sell. The value is measured on a nonrecurring basis and categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value was determined using a market approach, estimated based on the negotiated value of the asset and liabilities. See Note 25 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details of the Held-for-Sale assets and liabilities.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
 
(in millions)
Assets:
Investments
Fixed maturities, AFS:
Corporate (1)
$— $42,584 $2,158 $44,742 
U.S. Treasury, government and agency— 4,631 — 4,631 
States and political subdivisions— 522 27 549 
Foreign governments— 611 — 611 
Residential mortgage-backed (2)
— 2,355 — 2,355 
Asset-backed (3)
— 10,954 47 11,001 
Commercial mortgage-backed— 3,075 7 3,082 
Redeemable preferred stock— 59 — 59 
Total fixed maturities, AFS— 64,791 2,239 67,030 
Fixed maturities, at fair value using the fair value option — 1,473 181 1,654 
Other equity investments (4)217 464 54 735 
Trading securities321 675 61 1,057 
Other invested assets:
Short-term investments— 429 — 429 
Assets of consolidated VIEs/VOEs61 350 3 414 
Swaps— (190)— (190)
Credit default swaps
— 3 — 3 
Futures(4)— — (4)
Options— 10,084 — 10,084 
Total other invested assets57 10,676 3 10,736 
Cash equivalents5,901 694 — 6,595 
Segregated securities— 868 — 868 
Purchased market risk benefits — — 9,427 9,427 
Assets for market risk benefits— — 591 591 
Separate Accounts assets (5)
124,099 2,624 — 126,723 
Total Assets$130,595 $82,265 $12,556 $225,416 
Liabilities:
Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option (6)
$— $1,539 $— $1,539 
SCS, SIO, MSO and IUL indexed features’ liability— 10,745 — 10,745 
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs and VOEs1 2 — 3 
Liabilities for market risk benefits— — 14,612 14,612 
Contingent payment arrangements— — 253 253 
Total Liabilities$1 $12,286 $14,865 $27,152 
______________
(1)Corporate fixed maturities includes both public and private issues.
(2)Includes publicly traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized obligations.
(3)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, credit risk transfer securities and other asset types.
(4)Includes short position equity securities of $4 million that are reported in other liabilities.
(5)Separate Accounts assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude investments in entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. Such investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy include investments in real estate. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of such investments was $371 million.
(6)Accrued interest payable of $20 million is reported in Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option in the consolidated balance sheets, which is not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
 
(in millions)
Assets:
Investments
Fixed maturities, AFS:
Corporate (1)
$— $41,450 $2,121 $43,571 
U.S. Treasury, government and agency— 5,837 — 5,837 
States and political subdivisions— 499 28 527 
Foreign governments— 836 — 836 
Residential mortgage-backed (2)
— 788 34 822 
Asset-backed (3)
— 8,490 — 8,490 
Commercial mortgage-backed (2)
— 3,203 32 3,235 
Redeemable preferred stock— 43 — 43 
Total fixed maturities, AFS— 61,146 2,215 63,361 
Fixed maturities, at fair value using the fair value option— 1,284 224 1,508 
Other equity investments (4)
214 497 12 723 
Trading securities290 332 55 677 
Other invested assets:

Short-term investments— 943 — 943 
Assets of consolidated VIEs/VOEs131 393 5 529 
Swaps— (425)— (425)
Credit default swaps
— 9 — 9 
Futures2 — — 2 
Options— 4,171 — 4,171 
Total other invested assets133 5,091 5 5,229 
Cash equivalents2,386 501 — 2,887 
Segregated securities— 1,522 — 1,522 
Purchased market risk benefits— — 10,423 10,423 
Assets for market risk benefits— — 490 490 
Separate Accounts assets (5)
111,744 2,436 1 114,181 
Total Assets$114,767 $72,809 $13,425 $201,001 
Liabilities:
Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option (6)
$— $1,374 $— $1,374 
SCS, SIO, MSO and IUL indexed features’ liability— 4,164 — 4,164 
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs and VOEs15 7 — 22 
Liabilities for market risk benefits
— — 15,766 15,766 
Contingent payment arrangements— — 247 247 
Total Liabilities$15 $5,545 $16,013 $21,573 
______________
(1)Corporate fixed maturities includes both public and private issues.
(2)Includes publicly traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized obligations.
(3)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, credit risk transfer securities and other asset types.
(4)Separate Accounts assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude investments in entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. Such investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy include investments in real estate. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of such investments was $456 million.
(5)Includes CLO short-term debt of $239 million, which is inclusive as fair valued within Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option. Accrued interest payable of $15 million is reported in Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option in the consolidated balance sheets, which is not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(6)Includes short position equity securities of $12 million that are reported in other liabilities.
Public Fixed Maturities
The fair values of the Company’s public fixed maturities, including those accounted for using the fair value option are generally based on prices obtained from independent valuation service providers and for which the Company maintains a vendor hierarchy by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. Although each security generally is priced by multiple independent valuation service providers, the Company ultimately uses the price received from the independent valuation service provider highest in the vendor hierarchy based on the respective asset type, with limited exception. To validate reasonableness, prices also are internally reviewed by those with relevant expertise through comparison with directly observed recent market trades. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy, public fixed maturities validated in this manner generally are reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs.
Private Fixed Maturities
The fair values of the Company’s private fixed maturities, including those accounted for using the fair value option are determined from prices obtained from independent valuation service providers. Prices not obtained from an independent valuation service provider are determined by using a discounted cash flow model or a market comparable company valuation technique. In certain cases, these models use observable inputs with a discount rate based upon the average of spread surveys collected from private market intermediaries who are active in both primary and secondary transactions, taking into account, among other factors, the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer and the reduced liquidity associated with private placements. Generally, these securities have been reflected within Level 2. For certain private fixed maturities, the discounted cash flow model or a market comparable company valuation technique may also incorporate unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset. To the extent management determines that such unobservable inputs are significant to the fair value measurement of a security, a Level 3 classification generally is made.
Notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option
These notes are based on the fair values of corresponding fixed maturity collateral. The CLO liabilities are also reduced by the fair value of the beneficial interests the Company retains in the CLO and the carrying value of any beneficial interests that represent compensation for services. As the notes are valued based on the reference collateral, they are classified as Level 2 or 3.
Freestanding Derivative Positions
The net fair value of the Company’s freestanding derivative positions as disclosed in Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements are generally based on prices obtained either from independent valuation service providers or derived by applying market inputs from recognized vendors into industry standard pricing models. The majority of these derivative contracts are traded in the OTC derivative market and are classified in Level 2. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities traded in the OTC market are determined using quantitative models that require use of the contractual terms of the derivative instruments and multiple market inputs, including interest rates, prices, and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, including overnight index swap curves, and volatility factors, which then are applied to value the positions. The predominance of market inputs is actively quoted and can be validated through external sources or reliably interpolated if less observable.
Level Classifications of the Company’s Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments Classified as Level 1
Investments classified as Level 1 primarily include redeemable preferred stock, trading securities, cash equivalents and Separate Accounts assets. Fair value measurements classified as Level 1 include exchange-traded prices of fixed maturities, equity securities and derivative contracts, and net asset values for transacting subscriptions and redemptions of mutual fund shares held by Separate Accounts. Cash equivalents classified as Level 1 include money market accounts, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less and are carried at cost as a proxy for fair value measurement due to their short-term nature.
Financial Instruments Classified as Level 2
Investments classified as Level 2 are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and primarily include U.S. government and agency securities, certain corporate debt securities and financial assets and liabilities accounted for
using the fair value option, such as public and private fixed maturities. As market quotes generally are not readily available or accessible for these securities, their fair value measures are determined utilizing relevant information generated by market transactions involving comparable securities and often are based on model pricing techniques that effectively discount prospective cash flows to present value using appropriate sector-adjusted credit spreads commensurate with the security’s duration, also taking into consideration issuer-specific credit quality and liquidity. Segregated securities classified as Level 2 are U.S. Treasury bills segregated by AB in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of brokerage customers, as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act and for which fair values are based on quoted yields in secondary markets.
Observable inputs generally used to measure the fair value of securities classified as Level 2 include benchmark yields, reported secondary trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities and other reference data. Additional observable inputs are used when available, and as may be appropriate, for certain security types, such as pre-payment, default, and collateral information for the purpose of measuring the fair value of mortgage- and asset-backed securities. The Company’s AAA-rated mortgage- and asset-backed securities are classified as Level 2 for which the observability of market inputs to their pricing models is supported by sufficient, albeit more recently contracted, market activity in these sectors.
Certain Company products, such as the SCS, EQUI-VEST variable annuity products, IUL and the MSO fund available in some life contracts, offer investment options which permit the contract owner to participate in the performance of an index, ETF or commodity price. These investment options, which depending on the product and on the index selected, can currently have one, three, five or six year terms, provide for participation in the performance of specified indices, ETF or commodity price movement up to a segment-specific declared maximum rate. Under certain conditions that vary by product, e.g., holding these segments for the full term, these segments also shield policyholders from some or all negative investment performance associated with these indices, ETF or commodity prices. These investment options have defined formulaic liability amounts, and the current values of the option component of these segment reserves are classified as Level 2 embedded derivatives. The fair values of these embedded derivatives are based on data obtained from independent valuation service providers.
Financial Instruments Classified as Level 3
The Company’s investments classified as Level 3 primarily include corporate debt securities and financial assets and liabilities accounted for using the fair value option, such as private fixed maturities and asset-backed securities. Determinations to classify fair value measures within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy generally are based upon the significance of the unobservable factors to the overall fair value measurement. Included in the Level 3 classification are fixed maturities with indicative pricing obtained from brokers that otherwise could not be corroborated to market observable data.
The Company has certain variable annuity contracts with GMDB, GMIB, GIB and GWBL and other features in-force that guarantee one of the following:
•Return of Premium: the benefit is the greater of current account value or premiums paid (adjusted for withdrawals);
•Ratchet: the benefit is the greatest of current account value, premiums paid (adjusted for withdrawals), or the highest account value on any anniversary up to contractually specified ages (adjusted for withdrawals);
•Roll-Up: the benefit is the greater of current account value or premiums paid (adjusted for withdrawals) accumulated at contractually specified interest rates up to specified ages;
•Combo: the benefit is the greater of the ratchet benefit or the roll-up benefit, which may include either a five year or an annual reset; or
•Withdrawal: the withdrawal is guaranteed up to a maximum amount per year for life.
The Company also issues certain benefits on its variable annuity products that are accounted for as Market Risk Benefits carried at fair value and are also considered Level 3 for fair value leveling.
The GMIBNLG feature allows the policyholder to receive guaranteed minimum lifetime annuity payments based on predetermined annuity purchase rates applied to the contract’s benefit base if and when the contract account value is depleted and the NLG feature is activated. The optional GMIB feature allows the policyholder to receive guaranteed minimum lifetime annuity payments based on predetermined annuity purchase rates.
The GMWB feature allows the policyholder to withdraw at a minimum, over the life of the contract, an amount based on the contract’s benefit base. The GWBL feature allows the policyholder to withdraw, each year for the life of the contract, a specified annual percentage of an amount based on the contract’s benefit base. The GMAB feature increases the contract account value at the end of a specified period to a GMAB base. The GIB feature provides a lifetime annuity based on predetermined annuity purchase rates if and when the contract account value is depleted. This lifetime annuity is based on predetermined annuity purchase rates applied to a GIB base. The GMDB feature guarantees that the benefit paid upon death will not be less than a guaranteed benefit base. If the contract’s account value is less than the benefit base at the time a death claim is paid, the amount payable will be equal to the benefit base.
The market risk benefits fair value will be equal to the present value of benefits less the present value of ascribed fees. Considerable judgment is utilized by management in determining the assumptions used in determining present value of benefits and ascribed fees related to lapse rates, withdrawal rates, utilization rates, non-performance risk, volatility rates, annuitization rates and mortality (collectively, the significant MRB assumptions).
Purchased MRB assets, which are accounted for as market risk benefits carried at fair value are also considered Level 3 for fair value leveling. The purchased MRB asset fair value reflects the present value of reinsurance premiums, net of recoveries, adjusted for risk margins and nonperformance risk over a range of market consistent economic scenarios while the MRB asset and liability reflects the present value of expected future payments (benefits) less fees, adjusted for risk margins and nonperformance risk, attributable to the MRB asset and liability over a range of market-consistent economic scenarios.
The valuations of the MRBs and purchased MRB assets incorporate significant non-observable assumptions related to policyholder behavior, risk margins and projections of equity Separate Accounts funds. The credit risks of the counterparty and of the Company are considered in determining the fair values of its MRBs and purchased MRB assets after taking into account the effects of collateral arrangements. Incremental adjustment to the risk-free curve for counterparty non-performance risk is made to the fair values of the purchased MRB assets. Risk margins were applied to the non-capital markets inputs to the MRBs and purchased MRB valuations.
After giving consideration to collateral arrangements, the Company reduced the fair value of its purchased MRB asset by $687 million and $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to recognize incremental counterparty non-performance risk.
The Company’s Level 3 liabilities include contingent payment arrangements associated with acquisitions in 2020 and 2022 by AB. At each reporting date, AB estimates the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon revenue and discount rate projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company’s consolidated VIEs/VOEs hold investments that are classified as Level 3, primarily corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities.
Transfers of Financial Instruments Between Levels 2 and 3
During the year ended December 31, 2023, fixed maturities with fair values of $517 million were transferred out of Level 3 and into Level 2 principally due to the availability of trading activity and/or market observable inputs to measure and validate their fair values. In addition, fixed maturities with fair value of $36 million were transferred from Level 2 into the Level 3 classification. These transfers in the aggregate represent approximately 12.6% of total equity as of December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, fixed maturities with fair values of $200 million were transferred out of Level 3 and into Level 2 principally due to the availability of trading activity and/or market observable inputs to measure and validate their fair values. In addition, fixed maturities with fair value of $213 million were transferred from Level 2 into the Level 3 classification. These transfers in the aggregate represent approximately 13.1% of total equity as of December 31, 2022.
The tables below present reconciliations for all Level 3 assets and liabilities and changes in unrealized gains (losses). Not included below are the changes in balances related to market risk benefits and purchased market risk benefits level 3 assets and liabilities, which are included in Note 10 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
CorporateState and Political SubdivisionsAsset-backedRMBSCMBS
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of year$2,121 $28 $— $34 $32 
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in:
Net income (loss) as:
Net investment income (loss)6 — — — — 
Investment gains (losses), net(17)— — — — 
Subtotal(11)— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)50 — — — (1)
Purchases594 — 55 — 3 
Sales(272)(1)(8)— — 
Settlements— — — — — 
Other— — — — — 
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs— — — — — 
Transfers into Level 3 (1)11 — — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3 (1)(335)— — (34)(27)
Balance, end of year$2,158 $27 $47 $— $7 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$— $— $— $— $— 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$4 $— $— $— $(1)
______________
(1)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values.
(2)For instruments held as of December 31, 2023, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Fixed maturities, at FVO Other Equity Investments (3)Trading Securities, at Fair ValueSeparate Accounts AssetsContingent Payment Arrangement
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of year$224 $17 $55 $1 $(247)
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in:
Net income (loss) as:
Net investment income (loss)6 (2)— — — 
Investment gains (losses), net(1)— 6 — — 
Subtotal5 (2)6 — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — — 
Purchases 95 85 — — — 
Sales (47)(42)— — — 
Settlements — — — — 1 
Other — — — — (7)
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs— (1)— — — 
Transfers into Level 3 (1)25 — — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3 (1)(121)— — (1)— 
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Fixed maturities, at FVO Other Equity Investments (3)Trading Securities, at Fair ValueSeparate Accounts AssetsContingent Payment Arrangement
(in millions)
Balance, end of year$181 $57 $61 $— $(253)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$— $(2)$6 $— $— 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$16 $— $— $— $— 

______________
(1)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values.
(2)For instruments held as of December 31, 2023, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
(3)Other Equity Investments include other invested assets.
Year Ended December 31, 2022
CorporateState and Political SubdivisionsAsset-backedRMBSCMBS
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of year$1,504 $35 $8 $— $20 
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in:
Net income (loss) as:
Net investment income (loss)5 — — — — 
Investment gains (losses), net(5)— — — — 
Subtotal— — — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(159)(5)— — (2)
Purchases1,107 — — 34 14 
Sales(378)(2)(2)— — 
Settlements— — — — — 
Other— — — — — 
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs— — — — — 
Transfers into Level 3 (1)168 — — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3 (1)(121)— (6)— — 
Balance, end of year$2,121 $28 $— $34 $32 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$— $— $— $— $— 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$(156)$(5)$— $— $(2)
______________
(1)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values.
(2)For instruments held as of December 31, 2022, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Fixed maturities, at FVO
Other
Equity Investments (3)
Trading Securities, at Fair ValueSeparate Accounts AssetsContingent Payment Arrangement
(in millions)
Balance, beginning of year$201 $16 $65 $1 $(38)
Total gains and (losses), realized and unrealized, included in:
Net income (loss) as:
Net investment income (loss)(11)(1)— — — 
Investment gains (losses), net— — (10)— — 
Subtotal(11)(1)(10)— — 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — — 
Purchases 98 8 — — (231)
Sales (36)— — — — 
Settlements — — — — — 
Other — — — — 22 
Activity related to consolidated VIEs/VOEs— (3)— — — 
Transfers into Level 3 (1)45 — — — — 
Transfers out of Level 3 (1)(73)(3)— — — 
Balance, end of year$224 $17 $55 $1 $(247)
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$(2)$(1)$(10)$— $— 
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments held at the end of the reporting period (2)$— $— $— $— $— 
(1)Transfers into/out of the Level 3 classification are reflected at beginning-of-period fair values.
(2)For instruments held as of December 31, 2022, amounts are included in net investment income or net derivative gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income (loss) or unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
(3)Other Equity Investments include other invested assets.
Quantitative and Qualitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The following tables disclose quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements by category for assets and liabilities:
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023

Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Input
Range
Weighted Average (2)
 (Dollars in millions)
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturities, AFS:
Corporate$373 Matrix pricing model
Spread over Benchmark
20 bps - 747 bps
181 bps
979 Market comparable 
companies
EBITDA multiples
Discount rate
Cash flow multiples
Loan to value
3.3x - 29.0x
0.0% - 22.8%
0.8x - 10.0x
3.4% - 61.0%
13.6x
3.9%
6.3x
13.8%
Trading securities, at fair value
61 Discounted cash flow
Earnings multiple
Discount factor
Discount years
9.1x
10.0%
7
Other equity investments2 Discounted cash flow
Earnings Multiple
3.9x - 8.4x
6.5x
Purchased MRB asset (1) (2) (4)9,427 Discounted cash flow
Lapse rates
Withdrawal rates
GMIB Utilization rates
Non-performance risk
Volatility rates - Equity
Mortality: Ages 0-40
Ages 41-60
Ages 61-115

0.21%-12.38%
0.07%-14.97%
0.04%-66.21%
35 bps - 97 bps
11%-28%
0.01%-0.18%
0.07%-0.53%
0.33%-42.00%
1.79%
0.46%
7.44%
45 bps
23%
3.07%
(same for all ages)
(same for all ages)
Liabilities:
AB Contingent consideration payable$253 Discounted cash flow
Expected revenue growth rates
Discount rate
2.0% - 83.9%
1.9% - 10.4%
10.3%
4.6%
Direct MRB (1) (2) (3) (4)14,021 Discounted cash flow
Non-performance risk
Lapse rates
Withdrawal rates
Annuitization rates
Mortality: Ages 0-40
Ages 41-60
Ages 61-115
118 bps
0.21%-29.37%
0.00%-14.97%
0.04%-100.00%
0.01%-0.18%
0.07%-0.53%
0.33%-42.00%
118 bps
3.07%
0.64%
5.38%
2.50%
(same for all ages)
(same for all ages)
______________
(1)Mortality rates vary by age and demographic characteristic such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on a combination of company and industry experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuating the embedded derivatives.
(2)Lapses and pro-rata withdrawal rates were developed as a function of the policy account value. Dollar for dollar withdrawal rates were developed as a function of the dollar for dollar threshold, the dollar for dollar limit. Utilization rates were developed as a function of the benefit base.
(3)MRB liabilities are shown net of MRB assets. Net amount is made up of $14.6 billion of MRB liabilities and $591 million of MRB assets.
(4)Includes Legacy and Core products.
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Input
Range
Weighted Average (2)
 (Dollars in millions)
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturities, AFS:
Corporate$417 Matrix pricing model
Spread over benchmark
20 bps - 797 bps
205 bps
1,029 Market comparable companies
EBITDA multiples
 Discount rate
 Cash flow multiples
Loan to value
5.3x - 35.8x
9.0% - 45.7%
0.0x-10.3x
0.0%-40.4%
13.6x
11.9%
6.1x
12.0%
Trading securities, at fair value55 Discounted cash flow
Earnings multiple
Discounts factor
Discount years
8.3x
10.00%
7
Other equity investments4 Market comparable companies
Revenue multiple
0.5x - 10.8x
2.4x
Purchased MRB asset (1) (2) (4)10,423 Discounted cash flow
Lapse rates
Withdrawal rates
GMIB Utilization rates
Non-performance risk
Volatility rates - Equity
Mortality: Ages 0-40
Ages 41-60
Ages 61-115
0.26% - 26.23%
0.06% - 10.93%
0.04% - 66.66%
54 bps - 124 bps
14% - 32%
0.01% - 0.17%
0.06% - 0.52%
0.32% - 40.00%
1.58%
0.69%
7.39%
69 bps
24%
2.87%
(same for all ages)
(same for all ages)
Liabilities:
AB Contingent consideration payable$247 Discounted cash flow
Expected revenue growth rates
Discount rate
2.0% - 83.9%
1.9% - 10.4%
11.5%
4.5%
Direct MRB (1) (2) (3) (4)15,276 Discounted cash flow
Non-performance risk
Lapse rates
Withdrawal rates
Annuitization rates
Mortality: Ages 0-40
Ages 41-60
Ages 61-115
157 bps
0.26% - 35.42%
0.00% - 10.93%
0.04% - 100.00%
0.01% - 0.17%
0.06% - 0.52%
0.32% - 40.00%
157 bps
3.01%
0.68%
5.53%
2.43%
(same for all ages)
(same for all ages)
______________
(1)Mortality rates vary by age and demographic characteristic such as gender and benefits elected with the policy. Mortality rate assumptions are based on a combination of company and industry experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuating the embedded derivatives.
(2)Lapses and pro-rata withdrawal rates were developed as a function of the policy account value. Dollar for dollar withdrawal rates were developed as a function of the dollar for dollar threshold, the dollar for dollar limit. Utilization rates were developed as a function of the benefit base.
(3)MRB liabilities are shown net of MRB assets. Net amount is made up of $15.8 billion of MRB liabilities and $490 million of MRB assets.
(4)Includes Legacy and Core products.
Level 3 Financial Instruments for which Quantitative Inputs are Not Available
Certain Privately Placed Debt Securities with Limited Trading Activity
Excluded from the tables above as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are approximately $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion of Level 3 fair value measurements of investments for which the underlying quantitative inputs are not developed by the Company and are not readily available. These investments primarily consist of certain privately placed debt securities with limited trading activity, including residential mortgage- and asset-backed instruments, and their fair values generally reflect unadjusted prices obtained from independent valuation service providers and indicative, non-binding quotes obtained from third-party broker-dealers recognized as market participants. Significant increases or decreases in the fair value amounts received from these pricing sources may result in the Company reporting significantly higher or lower fair value measurements for these Level 3 investments.
•The fair value of private placement securities is determined by application of a matrix pricing model or a market comparable company value technique. The significant unobservable input to the matrix pricing model valuation technique is the spread over the industry-specific benchmark yield curve. Generally, an increase or decrease in spreads would lead to directionally inverse movement in the fair value measurements of these securities. The significant unobservable input to the market comparable company valuation technique is the discount rate. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the discount rate would result in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurements of these securities.
•Residential mortgage-backed securities classified as Level 3 primarily consist of non-agency paper with low trading activity. Included in the tables above as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no Level 3 securities that were determined by application of a matrix pricing model and for which the spread over the U.S. Treasury curve is the most significant unobservable input to the pricing result. Generally, a change in spreads would lead to directionally inverse movement in the fair value measurements of these securities.
•Asset-backed securities classified as Level 3 primarily consist of non-agency mortgage loan trust certificates, including subprime and Alt-A paper, credit risk transfer securities, and equipment financings. Included in the tables above as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no securities that were determined by the application of matrix-pricing for which the spread over the U.S. Treasury curve is the most significant unobservable input to the pricing result. Significant increases (decreases) in spreads would have resulted in significantly lower (higher) fair value measurements.
Other Equity Investments
Included in other equity investments classified as Level 3 are venture capital securities in the Technology, Media and Telecommunications industries. The fair value measurements of these securities include significant unobservable inputs including an enterprise value to revenue multiples and a discount rate to account for liquidity and various risk factors. Significant increases (decreases) in the enterprise value to revenue multiple inputs in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Market Risk Benefits
Significant unobservable inputs with respect to the fair value measurement of the purchased MRB assets and MRB liabilities identified in the table above are developed using Company data. Future policyholder behavior is an unobservable market assumption and, as such, all aspects of policyholder behavior are derived based on recent historical experience. These policyholder behaviors include lapses, pro-rata withdrawals, dollar for dollar withdrawals, GMIB utilization, deferred mortality and payout phase mortality. Many of these policyholder behaviors have dynamic adjustment factors based on the relative value of the rider as compared to the account value in different economic environments. This applies to all variable annuity related products; products with GMxB riders including but not limited to GMIB, GMDB, and GWL.
Lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the value of the GMxB rider and the current policyholder account value, which include other factors such as considering surrender charges. Generally, lapse rates are assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in-the-money contracts are less likely to lapse. For valuing purchased MRB assets and MRB liabilities, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected.
Carrying Value of Financial Instruments Not Otherwise Disclosed in Note 3 and Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements
The carrying values and fair values for financial instruments not otherwise disclosed in Note 3 and Note 4 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements were as follows:
Carrying Values and Fair Values for Financial Instruments Not Otherwise Disclosed

 
Carrying
Value
Fair Value
 
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
(in millions)
December 31, 2023:
Mortgage loans on real estate $18,171 $— $— $16,471 $16,471 
Policy loans$4,158 $— $— $4,485 $4,485 
Policyholders’ liabilities: Investment contracts$1,663 $— $— $1,634 $1,634 
FHLB funding agreements $7,618 $— $7,567 $— $7,567 
FABN funding agreements$6,267 $— $5,840 $— $5,840 
Funding agreement-backed commercial paper (FABCP)$939 $— $948 $— $948 
Short-term debt (1)$— $— $— $— $— 
Long-term debt$3,820 $— $3,742 $— $3,742 
Separate Accounts liabilities$10,715 $— $— $10,715 $10,715 
December 31, 2022:
Mortgage loans on real estate$16,481 $— $— $14,690 $14,690 
Policy loans$4,033 $— $— $4,349 $4,349 
Policyholders’ liabilities: Investment contracts$1,916 $— $— $1,750 $1,750 
FHLB funding agreements $8,505 $— $8,390 $— $8,390 
FABN funding agreements$7,095 $— $6,384 $— $6,384 
Short-term debt (1)$520 $— $518 $— $518 
Long-term debt $3,322 $— $3,130 $— $3,130 
Separate Accounts liabilities$10,236 $— $— $10,236 $10,236 
_____________
(1)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, excludes CLO short-term debt of $0 million and $239 million, respectively which is inclusive as fair valued within notes issued by consolidated VIE’s, at fair value using the fair value option.
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
Fair values for commercial, agricultural and residential mortgage loans on real estate are measured by discounting future contractual cash flows to be received on the mortgage loan using interest rates at which loans with similar characteristics and credit quality would be made. The discount rate is derived based on the appropriate U.S. Treasury rate with a like term to the remaining term of the loan to which a spread reflective of the risk premium associated with the specific loan is added. Fair values for mortgage loans anticipated to be foreclosed and problem mortgage loans are limited to the fair value of the underlying collateral, if lower.
Policy Loans
The fair value of policy loans is calculated by discounting expected cash flows based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve and historical loan repayment patterns.
Policyholder Liabilities - Investment Contracts and Separate Accounts Liabilities
The fair values for deferred annuities and certain annuities, which are included in policyholders’ account balances, and liabilities for investment contracts with fund investments in Separate Accounts, are estimated using projected cash flows discounted at rates reflecting current market rates. Significant unobservable inputs reflected in the cash flows include lapse rates and withdrawal rates. Incremental adjustments may be made to the fair value to reflect non-
performance risk. Certain other products such as the Company’s association plans contracts, supplementary contracts not involving life contingencies, Access Accounts and Escrow Shield Plus product reserves are held at book value.
FHLB Funding Agreements
The fair values of Equitable Financial’s FHLB long term funding agreements’ fair values are determined based on indicative market rates published by the FHLB, provided to AB and modeled for each note’s FMV. FHLB short-term funding agreements’ fair values are reflective of notional/par value plus accrued interest.
FABN Funding Agreements
The fair values of Equitable Financial’s FABN funding agreements are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables.
FABCP Funding Agreements
The fair value of Equitable Financial’s FABCP funding agreements are reflective of the notional/par value outstanding.
Short-term Debt
The Company’s short-term debt primarily includes long-term debt that has been reclassified to short-term due to an upcoming maturity date within one year. The fair values for the Company’s short-term debt are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables.
Long-term Debt
The fair values for the Company’s long-term debt are determined by Bloomberg’s evaluated pricing service, which uses direct observations or observed comparables.
Financial Instruments Exempt from Fair Value Disclosure or Otherwise Not Required to be Disclosed
Exempt from Fair Value Disclosure Requirements
Certain financial instruments are exempt from the requirements for fair value disclosure, such as insurance liabilities other than financial guarantees and investment contracts, limited partnerships accounted for under the equity method and pension and other postretirement obligations.
Otherwise Not Required to be Included in the Table Above
The Company’s investment in COLI policies are recorded at their cash surrender value and therefore are not required to be included in the table above. See Note 2 of the Notes to these Consolidated Financial Statements for further description of the Company’s accounting policy related to its investment in COLI policies.