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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net (Notes)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
Goodwill
Movements in goodwill attributable to each reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:
(DOLLARS IN MILLIONS)NourishHealth & BiosciencesScentPharma SolutionsTotal
Balance at December 31, 2021$6,555 $6,749 $1,828 $1,282 $16,414 
Acquisitions— 45 — — 45 
Impairment— (2,250)— — (2,250)
Foreign exchange(386)(340)(84)(94)(904)
Balance at September 30, 2022$6,169 $4,204 $1,744 $1,188 $13,305 
Impairment of Goodwill
For the third quarter of 2022, the Company determined that goodwill impairment triggering events occurred for its Nourish, Health & Biosciences and Pharma Solutions reporting units, which required it to complete an interim impairment assessment. The primary indicators that were deemed to be triggering events in the quarter for the reporting units were declines in the Company's projections across various reporting units and ongoing adverse macroeconomic impacts such as inflation, increases in interest rates and unfavorable effects from exchange rates.
As a result of the triggering events, the Company assessed the fair value of the reporting units using an income approach. Under the income approach, the Company determines the fair value by using a discounted cash flow method at a rate of return that reflects the relative risk of the projected future cash flows of each reporting unit, as well as a terminal value. The Company uses the most current actual and forecasted operating data available. Key estimates and assumptions used in these valuations include revenue growth rates, gross margins, EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates and discount rates.
In performing the quantitative impairment test, the Company determined that the fair value of the Nourish and Pharma Solutions reporting units exceeded its carrying value, and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill relating to these reporting units. The Pharma Solutions reporting unit had excess fair value over carrying value of less than 10%. The Company determined that the carrying value of the Health & Biosciences reporting unit exceeded its fair value and recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $2.250 billion in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.
While management believes that the assumptions used in the impairment test were reasonable, changes in key assumptions, including, lower revenue growth, lower gross margin, lower EBITDA margin, lower terminal growth rates or increasing discount rates could result in a future impairment and the Company may be required to write-off the remainder of, or a portion of, the remaining goodwill. Such charge could have a material effect on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Balance Sheets. These estimates and assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets, net consisted of the following amounts:
September 30,December 31,
(DOLLARS IN MILLIONS)20222021
Asset Type
Customer relationships$8,512 $8,935 
Technological know-how2,359 2,494 
Trade names & patents384 411 
Other48 50 
Total carrying value 11,303 11,890 
Accumulated Amortization
Customer relationships(1,227)(887)
Technological know-how(546)(388)
Trade names & patents(94)(68)
Other(50)(41)
Total accumulated amortization(1,917)(1,384)
Other intangible assets, net$9,386 $10,506 

Impairment of Intangible Assets
As discussed in Note 1, an impairment charge of approximately $92 million was recorded in connection with intangible assets, primarily customer relationships and technological know-how, of an asset group that operates primarily in Russia.
Amortization
Amortization expense was $182 million and $195 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $552 million and $547 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Amortization expense for the next five years is expected to be as follows:
(DOLLARS IN MILLIONS)20222023202420252026
Estimated future intangible amortization expense$184 $737 $736 $734 $731