INCOME TAXES

C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. and its 80 percent (or more) owned U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. We file unitary or separate state returns based on state filing requirements. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to audits of U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax returns before 2009.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):



	2015			2014			2013
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of period	$	18,274		$	16,897		$	16,788
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	1,520			2,002			1,572
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—			839			1,105
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(810		)	(183		)	(1,464		)
Lapse in statute of limitations	(5,188		)	(1,281		)	(238		)
Settlements	(525		)	—			(866		)
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of the period	$	13,271		$	18,274		$	16,897

As of December 31, 2015, we had $19.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties, all of which would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. We are not aware of any tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit will significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months.

Income tax expense considers amounts which may be needed to cover exposures for open tax years. We do not expect any material impact related to open tax years; however, actual settlements may differ from amounts accrued.

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision for income taxes. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, we recognized approximately $1.2 million, $1.5 million, and $1.2 million in interest and penalties. We had approximately $6.4 million and $5.7 million for the payment of interest and penalties accrued within noncurrent income taxes payable as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. These amounts are not included in the reconciliation above.

The components of the provision for income taxes consist of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):



	2015			2014			2013
Tax provision:
Federal	$	259,793		$	224,468		$	180,351
State	37,129			32,110			26,351
Foreign	33,255			20,259			25,529
	330,177			276,837			232,231
Deferred provision (benefit):
Federal	(14,559		)	(5,302		)	24,877
State	(2,074		)	(755		)	3,623
Foreign	(462		)	2,940			(3,274		)
	(17,095		)	(3,117		)	25,226
Total provision	$	313,082		$	273,720		$	257,457

A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes using the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows:



	2015		2014		2013
Federal statutory rate	35.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.8		2.8		2.9
Other	0.3		—		0.3
	38.1	%	37.8	%	38.2	%

Deferred tax assets (liabilities) are comprised of the following at December 31 (in thousands):



	2015			2014
Deferred tax assets:
Compensation	$	91,729		$	78,516
Receivables	16,243			13,397
Other	9,242			8,103
Deferred tax liabilities:
Intangible assets	(133,375		)	(115,761		)
Prepaid assets	(13,418		)	(10,808		)
Long-lived assets	(18,666		)	(19,018		)
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries	—			(13,616		)
Other	(427		)	(28		)
Net deferred tax (liabilities) assets	$	(48,672	)	$	(59,215	)

We had foreign net operating loss carryforwards with a tax effect of $8.0 million as of December 31, 2015 and $8.3 million as of December 31, 2014. A full valuation allowance has been established for these net operating loss carryforwards due to the uncertainty of the use of the tax benefit in future periods.