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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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May 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | NOTE A — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES 1) Consolidation, Noncontrolling Interests and Basis of Presentation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and the instructions to Form 10-K. In our opinion, all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring accruals) considered necessary for fair presentation have been included for the periods ended May 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Our financial statements include all of our majority-owned subsidiaries. We account for our investments in less-than-majority-owned joint ventures, for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, under the equity method. Effects of transactions between related companies are eliminated in consolidation. Noncontrolling interests are presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements as if parent company investors (controlling interests) and other minority investors (noncontrolling interests) in partially owned subsidiaries have similar economic interests in a single entity. As a result, investments in noncontrolling interests are reported as equity in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, our Consolidated Financial Statements include 100% of a controlled subsidiary’s earnings, rather than only our share. Transactions between the parent company and noncontrolling interests are reported in equity as transactions between stockholders, provided that these transactions do not create a change in control. Our business is dependent on external weather factors. Historically, we have experienced strong sales and net income in our first, second and fourth fiscal quarters comprising the three-month periods ending August 31, November 30 and May 31, respectively, with weaker performance in our third fiscal quarter (December through February). 2) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 3) Acquisitions/Divestitures We account for business combinations and asset acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entities are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2024, we completed a total of two acquisitions which are included in our CPG reportable segment. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2023, we completed a total of six acquisitions across our four reportable segments. Most notably, within our Consumer reportable segment, we acquired a distributor of branded chalk paints, primarily targeting the upscale décor market in the U.K. and Ireland. In addition, on January 20, 2023, we completed the divestiture of our non-core furniture warranty business, Guardian, for proceeds of approximately $49.2 million, net of cash disposed. In connection with the divestiture, we recognized a gain of $24.7 million during fiscal 2023, which is included in (gain) on sales of assets and business, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Guardian, headquartered in Hickory, North Carolina, was a reporting unit included in our SPG segment and is a seller of furniture protection plans and protection products for fabric, leather, and wood applications. The sale of Guardian did not represent a strategic shift that had a major effect on our operations and therefore was not presented as discontinued operations in our financial results. The purchase price for each acquisition has been allocated to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition. We have finalized the purchase price allocation for our fiscal 2023 acquisitions. For acquisitions completed during fiscal 2024, the valuations of consideration transferred, total assets acquired, and liabilities assumed are substantially complete. The primary areas that remain open relate to working capital adjustments. Acquisitions are aggregated by year of purchase in the following table:
|  | Fiscal 2024 Acquisitions |  |  | Fiscal 2023 Acquisitions |  |
(In thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years) |  | Total |  |  | Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years) |  | Total |  |
Current assets |  |  |  | $ | 6,010 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,508 |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,605 |  |
Goodwill |  | N/A |  |  | 11,993 |  |  | N/A |  |  | 25,407 |  |
Trade names - indefinite lives |  | N/A |  |  | - |  |  | N/A |  |  | 3,168 |  |
Other intangible assets |  | 10 |  |  | 2,562 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 14,965 |  |
Other long-term assets |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,647 |  |
Total Assets Acquired |  |  |  | $ | 21,996 |  |  |  |  | $ | 66,300 |  |
Liabilities assumed |  |  |  |  | (5,712 | ) |  |  |  |  | (12,287 | ) |
Net Assets Acquired |  |  |  | $ | 16,284 |  | (1) |  |  | $ | 54,013 |  | (2)
(1) Figure includes cash acquired of $0.7 million. (2) Figure includes cash acquired of $6.5 million. Our Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the results of operations of acquired businesses as of their respective dates of acquisition. Pro-forma results of operations for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023 were not materially different from reported results and, consequently, are not presented. 4) Foreign Currency The functional currency for each of our foreign subsidiaries is its principal operating currency. Accordingly, for the periods presented, assets and liabilities have been translated using exchange rates at year end, while income and expense for the periods have been translated using a weighted-average exchange rate. The resulting translation adjustments have been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity, and will be included in net earnings only upon the sale or liquidation of the underlying foreign investment, neither of which is contemplated at this time. For the periods ended May 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, transactional losses approximated $6.6 million, $8.9 million and $4.3 million, respectively. 5) Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value. 6) Property, Plant & Equipment
May 31, |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 93,842 |  |  | $ | 92,954 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 674,580 |  |  |  | 552,775 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 1,747,425 |  |  |  | 1,687,187 |
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost |  |  | 2,515,847 |  |  |  | 2,332,916 |
Less: allowance for depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,184,784 |  |  |  | 1,093,440 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 1,331,063 |  |  | $ | 1,239,476 |
We review long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable. For assets that are to be held and used, an impairment charge is recognized when the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with the asset or group of assets are less than their carrying value. If impairment exists, an adjustment is made to write the asset down to its fair value, and a loss is recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, internal appraisals or external appraisals, as applicable. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of their carrying value or estimated net realizable value. Depreciation is computed primarily using the straight-line method over the following ranges of useful lives:
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  | 1 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment |  | 1 to 40 years
Total deprecia tion expense for each fiscal period includes the charges to income that result from the amortization of assets recorded under finance leases. For the periods ended May 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded depreciation expense of $129.8 million, $108.4 million, and $104.3 million, respectively. 7) Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. The majority of our revenue is recognized at a point in time. However, we also record revenues generated under construction contracts, mainly in connection with the installation of specialized roofing and flooring systems and related services. For certain polymer flooring installation projects, we account for our revenue using the output method, as we consider square footage of completed flooring to be the best measure of progress toward the complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. In contrast, for certain of our roofing installation projects, we account for our revenue using the input method, as that method is the best measure of performance as it considers costs incurred in relation to total expected project costs, which essentially represents the transfer of control for roofing systems to the customer. In general, for our construction contracts, we record contract revenues and related costs as our contracts progress on an over-time model. 8) Shipping Costs We identify shipping and handling costs as costs paid to third-party shippers for transporting products to customers, and we include these costs in cost of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income. 9) Allowance for Credit Losses Our primary allowance for credit losses is the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reduces the trade accounts receivable balance to the estimated net realizable value equal to the amount that is expected to be collected. The allowance is established using assessments of current creditworthiness of customers, historical collection experience, the aging of receivables and other currently available evidence. Trade accounts receivable balances are written-off against the allowance if a final determination of uncollectibility is made. All provisions for allowances for doubtful collection of accounts are included in SG&A expenses. Actual collections of trade receivables could differ from our estimates due to changes in future economic or industry conditions or specific customers' financial conditions. For the periods ended May 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, bad debt expense approximated $18.4 million, $13.6 million and $4.3 million, respectively. 10) Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis and net realizable value being determined on the basis of replacement cost. Inventory costs include raw materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. We review the net realizable value of our inventory in detail on an on-going basis, with consideration given to various factors, which include our estimated reserves for excess, obsolete, slow-moving or distressed inventories. If actual market conditions differ from our projections, and our estimates prove to be inaccurate, write-downs of inventory values and adjustments to cost of sales may be required. Historically, our inventory reserves have approximated actual experience. During fiscal 2024, we did no t record any significant inventory charges related to product line rationalization. During fiscal 2023, we recorded $7.6 million of inventory charges within our SPG Segment related to product line and SKU rationalization and related obsolete inventory identification. Inventories were composed of the following major classes:
May 31, |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Raw materials and supplies |  | $ | 354,428 |  |  | $ | 451,504 |
Finished goods |  |  | 602,037 |  |  |  | 683,992 |
Total Inventory |  | $ | 956,465 |  |  | $ | 1,135,496 |
11) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We account for goodwill and other intangible assets in accordance with the provisions of ASC 350 and account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the entities acquired are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. Once goodwill has been allocated to the reporting units, it no longer retains its identification with a particular acquisition and becomes identified with the reporting unit in its entirety. Accordingly, the fair value of the reporting unit as a whole is available to support the recoverability of its goodwill. We evaluate our reporting units when changes in our operating structure occur, and if necessary, reassign goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach. We test our goodwill balances at least annually, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise, at the reporting unit level. Our annual impairment assessment date has been designated as the first day of our fourth fiscal quarter. Our reporting units have been identified at the component level, which is one level below our operating segments. We follow the FASB guidance found in ASC 350 that simplifies how an entity tests goodwill for impairment. It provides an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, and whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. We assess qualitative factors in each of our reporting units that carry goodwill. We assess these qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative process is required only if we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. However, we have an unconditional option to bypass a qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative analysis. We applied the quantitative process during our annual goodwill impairment assessments performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022. In applying the quantitative test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the calculated fair value is less than the current carrying value, then impairment of the reporting unit exists. Calculating the fair value of a reporting unit requires our use of estimates and assumptions. We use significant judgment in determining the most appropriate method to establish the fair value of a reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit by employing various valuation techniques, depending on the availability and reliability of comparable market value indicators, and employ methods and assumptions that include the application of third-party market value indicators and the computation of discounted future cash flows determined from estimated cashflow adjustments to a reporting unit’s annual projected EBITDA, or adjusted EBITDA, which adjusts for one-off items impacting revenues and/or expenses that are not considered by management to be indicative of ongoing operations. Our fair value estimations may include a combination of value indications from both the market and income approaches, as the income approach considers the future cash flows from a reporting unit’s ongoing operations as a going concern, while the market approach considers the current financial environment in establishing fair value. In applying the market approach, we use market multiples derived from a set of similar companies. In applying the income approach, we evaluate discounted future cash flows determined from estimated cashflow adjustments to a reporting unit’s projected EBITDA. Under this approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. In applying the discounted cash flow methodology utilized in the income approach, we rely on a number of factors, including future business plans, actual and forecasted operating results, and market data. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates; revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates; and operating margins used to project future cash flows for a reporting unit. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of goodwill impairment testing for a reporting unit, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected. Conclusion on Annual Goodwill Impairment Tests As a result of the annual impairment assessments performed for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were no goodwill impairments. Our fiscal 2024 annual impairment test for our Color Group reporting unit in our SPG Segment, which has approximately $11.0 million of goodwill, resulted in an excess of fair value over carrying value of approximately 18%. The lower fair value of this reporting unit is related to declining volumes in OEM markets. If planned sales growth initiatives for this business are not achieved, impairment of intangible assets, including goodwill, and other long-lived assets, could result. Changes in the Composition of our Segments and Reporting Units in the First Quarter of Fiscal 2024 Effective June 1, 2023, in connection with our MAP 2025 operating improvement program, we realigned certain businesses and management structures within our CPG, PCG and SPG segments. As outlined in Note R, “Segment Information,” our CPG APAC and CPG India businesses, formerly of our Sealants reporting unit within our CPG segment, were transferred to our Platform component within our PCG segment. As a result of this change, we designated the Platform component as a separate reporting unit within our PCG segment. Within our SPG segment, two new reporting units were formed as our former DayGlo and Kirker reporting units were combined into one reporting unit: The Color Group, and our former Wood Finishes, Kop-Coat Protection Products, TCI and Modern Recreational Technologies reporting units were combined into one reporting unit: The Industrial Coatings Group. Additionally, effective June 1, 2023, certain businesses of our USL reporting unit were transferred to our Fibergrate, Carboline and Stonhard reporting units within our PCG segment. As a result of this change, USL was no longer designated as a separate reporting unit and any remaining goodwill was transferred to the reporting units noted above. During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we performed a goodwill impairment test for the reporting units affected by the USL restructuring and the changes in the composition of our segments and reporting units using either a qualitative or a quantitative assessment. We concluded that the estimated fair values exceeded the carrying values for these reporting units, and accordingly, no indications of impairment were identified as a result of these changes. Given these USL restructuring actions, we performed an interim impairment assessment of a remaining USL indefinite-lived tradename. Calculating the fair value of the tradename required the use of various estimates and assumptions. We estimated the fair value by applying a relief-from-royalty calculation, which included discounted future cash flows related to projected revenues impacted by this decision. In applying this methodology, we relied on a number of factors, including actual and forecasted revenues and market data. As the carrying amount of the tradename exceeded its fair value, an impairment loss of $3.3 million was recorded for the three months ended August 31, 2023. This impairment loss was classified as restructuring expense within our PCG segment. Impairment Charge Recorded in the Third Quarter of Fiscal 2023 Although no impairment charge was recorded during fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to the annual impairment test, we did record a goodwill impairment charge in fiscal 2023. As previously reported, we announced our MAP 2025 operational improvement initiative in August 2022. Due to the challenged macroeconomic environment, we evaluated certain business restructuring actions, specifically our go to market strategy for operating in Europe. During the third quarter ended February 28, 2023, due to declining profitability and regulatory headwinds, management decided to restructure the USL reporting unit within our PCG segment, and explored strategic alternatives for our infrastructure services business within the U.K., which represented approximately 30% of annual revenues of the reporting unit. Due to this decision, we determined that an interim goodwill impairment assessment was required, as well as an impairment assessment for our other long-lived assets. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment loss totaling $36.7 million for the impairment of goodwill in our USL reporting unit during fiscal 2023. Refer to Note C, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details on this goodwill impairment charge. Changes in the Composition of Reporting Units in the Fourth Quarter of Fiscal 2023 Subsequent to our annual impairment assessment, in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023 and in connection with our MAP 2025 initiative, the Viapol business within our CPG segment was realigned from our Sealants reporting unit to our Euclid reporting unit. We performed an interim goodwill impairment assessment for both of the impacted reporting units using a quantitative assessment. Based on this assessment, we concluded that the estimated fair values exceeded the carrying values for these reporting units, and accordingly, no goodwill impairment was identified as a result of this realignment. Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Additionally, we test all indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually during our fiscal fourth quarter. We follow the guidance provided by ASC 350 that simplifies how an entity tests indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. It provides an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount before applying traditional quantitative tests. We applied quantitative processes during our annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessments performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022. The annual impairment assessment involves estimating the fair value of each indefinite-lived asset and comparing it with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the difference. Calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived assets requires our significant use of estimates and assumptions. We estimate the fair values of our intangible assets by applying a relief-from-royalty calculation, which includes discounted future cash flows related to each of our intangible asset’s projected revenues. In applying this methodology, we rely on a number of factors, including actual and forecasted revenues and market data. Our annual impairment test of our indefinite-lived intangible assets performed during fiscal 2024 resulted in a $1.0 million impairment charge for an indefinite-lived tradename in our Consumer segment. This impairment loss was classified as SG&A expenses within our Consumer segment. Our annual impairment test of our indefinite-lived intangible assets performed during fiscal 2023 and 2022 did no t result in an impairment charge. Although no impairment losses were recorded during fiscal 2023 and 2022 related to the annual impairment test, we did record an intangible asset impairment charge in the third quarter of fiscal 2023. In connection with MAP 2025 and related to the goodwill impairment charge noted above, we determined that an interim impairment assessment for our other long-lived assets was required following management's decision to restructure the USL reporting unit within our PCG segment. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment loss totaling $2.5 million for the impairment of an indefinite-lived tradename in our USL reporting unit during fiscal 2023. We did not record any impairments for our definite-lived long-lived assets as a result of this assessment. Refer to Note C, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Definite-Lived Intangible Assets In accordance with the guidance provided by ASC 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment," we assess identifiable, amortizable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in facts and circumstances indicate the possibility that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable over their estimated remaining useful lives. Factors considered important in our assessment, which might trigger an impairment evaluation, include the following: • significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results; • significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets; • significant changes in the strategy for our overall business; and • significant negative industry or economic trends. Measuring a potential impairment of amortizable intangible assets requires the use of various estimates and assumptions, including the determination of which cash flows are directly related to the assets being evaluated, the respective useful lives over which those cash flows will occur and potential residual values, if any. If we determine that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above-described indicators or other factors, any impairment amounts would be measured based on the projected net cash flows expected from these assets, including any net cash flows related to eventual disposition activities. The determination of any impairment losses would be based on the best information available, including internal estimates of discounted cash flows; market participant assumptions; quoted market prices, when available; and independent appraisals, as appropriate, to determine fair values. Cash flow estimates would be based on our historical experience and our internal business plans, with appropriate discount rates applied. We did not record any impairment charges related to our definite-lived intangible assets during fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022. 12) Advertising Costs Advertising costs are charged to operations w hen incurred and are included in SG&A expenses. For the years ended May 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, advertising costs were $64.7 million, $62.0 million and $45.4 million, respectively. 13) Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in SG&A expenses. The amounts charged to expense for the years ended May 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $92.2 million, $86.6 million and $80.5 million, respectively. 14) Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to our associates and directors, which may include restricted stock and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”). We measure stock-based compensation cost at the date of grant, based on the estimated fair value of the award. We recognize the cost as expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the related vesting period. Refer to Note J, “Stock-Based Compensation,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. 15) Investment (Income) Expense, Net Investment (income) expense, net, consists of the following components:
Year Ended May 31, |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest (income) |  | $ | (20,947 | ) |  | $ | (9,250 | ) |  | $ | (4,435 | )
Net (gain) loss on marketable securities |  |  | (19,914 | ) |  |  | 2,086 |  |  |  | 17,706 |
Dividend (income) |  |  | (4,113 | ) |  |  | (2,584 | ) |  |  | (5,676 | )
Investment (income) expense, net |  | $ | (44,974 | ) |  | $ | (9,748 | ) |  | $ | 7,595 |
Net (Gain) Loss on Marketable Securities
Year Ended May 31, |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (gains) losses on marketable equity securities |  | $ | (19,703 | ) |  | $ | 2,667 |  |  | $ | 19,164 |
Realized (gains) on marketable equity securities |  |  | (290 | ) |  |  | (551 | ) |  |  | (1,488 | )
Realized losses (gains) on available-for-sale debt securities |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | 30 |
Net (gain) loss on marketable securities |  | $ | (19,914 | ) |  | $ | 2,086 |  |  | $ | 17,706 |
16) Other Expense (Income), Net Other expense (income), net, consists of the following components:
Year Ended May 31, |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension non-service costs (credits) |  | $ | 11,046 |  |  | $ | 10,381 |  |  | $ | (10,581 | )
Other |  |  | (882 | ) |  |  | (604 | ) |  |  | (1,265 | )
Other expense (income), net |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | 9,777 |  |  | $ | (11,846 | )
17) Income Taxes The provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of assets and liabilities and the amounts used for income tax purposes and for certain changes in valuation allowances. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce certain deferred tax assets when, in our estimation, it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. 18) Earnings Per Share of Common Stock Earnings per share (EPS) is computed using both the treasury stock and two-class method, as our unvested share-based payment awards contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends and, therefore, are considered participating securities. We calculate both Basic and Diluted EPS under each method and compare the results, reporting the method that is most dilutive. Basic EPS of common stock is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS of common stock is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, plus the effect of dilutive potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential shares of common stock include outstanding SARS and restricted stock awards. The treasury stock method also assumes that we use the proceeds from the hypothetical exercise of the stock compensation awards to repurchase common stock at the average market price during the period. The two-class method determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends and dividend equivalents and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings. See Note L, “Earnings Per Share,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. 19) Supply Chain Financing During the fourth quarter of 2024, we began offering a supplier finance program with a financial institution, in which suppliers may elect to receive early payment from the financial institution on invoices issued to RPM. The financial institution enters into separate arrangements with suppliers directly to participate in the program. We do not determine the terms or conditions of such arrangements or participate in the transactions between the suppliers and the financial institution. There are no assets pledged by RPM under the supplier finance program. Our responsibility is limited to making payments to the financial institution based on payment terms originally negotiated with the suppliers, regardless of whether the financial institution pays the supplier in advance of the original due date. The range of payment terms RPM negotiates with suppliers are consistent, regardless of whether a supplier participates in the supply chain finance program. RPM or the financial institution may terminate participation in the program upon at least 30 days’ notice. The total amount due to the financial institution to settle supplier invoices under the supply chain finance program was $32.9 million as of May 31, 2024. We did no t have any amounts due under the program as of May 31, 2023. These amounts are included within accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. 20) Recent Accounting Pronouncements New Pronouncements Adopted In September 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2022-04, "Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50)," which is intended to establish disclosures that enhance the transparency of a supplier finance program used by an entity in connection with the purchase of goods and services. This guidance requires annual and interim disclosure of the key terms of outstanding supplier finance programs, the amount outstanding under such programs including where they are recorded on the balance sheet, and a roll-forward of the related obligations. The new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement, or financial statement presentation of the supplier finance program obligations. These amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, except for the amendment on roll-forward information, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We adopted the new standard on June 1, 2023, on a retrospective basis other than the roll-forward guidance, which we plan to adopt on a prospective basis beginning with our fiscal 2025 annual financial statements. As of adoption on June 1, 2023, we did no t have any material supplier finance program obligations; however, we began suc h an arrangement during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. Refer to Note A(19), “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Supply Chain Financing,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. New Pronouncements Issued In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," which requires a public business entity to disclose specific categories in its annual effective tax rate reconciliation and disaggregated information about significant reconciling items by jurisdiction and by nature. The ASU also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments (net of refunds) to international, federal, and state and local jurisdictions. The guidance makes several other changes to income tax disclosure requirements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires prospective application with the option to apply it retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on our disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which expands disclosures about a public business entity's reportable segments and provides for more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on our disclosures.

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