The Company began efforts to reduce its operating expense growth rate due to economic conditions in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. The Company recorded employee termination expenses, and an impairment charge related to abandoned technology assets during the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company implemented additional measures including consolidating its office space utilization, performing a strategic review of its content portfolio, reducing outside services expenses, and slowing its year-over-year headcount expense growth rate through a workforce reduction and limiting new hires, among other measures. As a result of these measures, the Company recorded restructuring charges associated with employee termination expenses consisting primarily of severance payments, employee benefits contributions, payroll taxes and related costs, impairment charges related to decisions to sub-lease and cease the use of certain office facilities and related property and equipment, and impairment charges related to removing select licensed and produced content from The Roku Channel.


	Year Ended December 31, 2023								Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Employee Terminations		Facilities Exit Costs		Asset Impairment Charges		Total		Employee Terminations		Asset Impairment Charges		Total
Cost of revenue, platform	$	1,164	$	1	$	65,867	$	67,032	$	—	$	—	$	—
Cost of revenue, devices	524		6		2,793		3,323		—		—		—
Research and development	31,160		1,320		78,011		110,491		12,092		7,500		19,592
Sales and marketing	29,786		517		83,411		113,714		10,904		—		10,904
General and administrative	20,531		1,683		39,320		61,534		7,644		—		7,644
Total restructuring charges	$	83,165	$	3,527	$	269,402	$	356,094	$	30,640	$	7,500	$	38,140

The asset impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2023 include $131.6 million of operating lease right-of-use assets impairment, $72.3 million of property and equipment impairment, and $65.5 million of content assets impairment. The asset impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $7.5 million impairment charge related to abandoned technology assets.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of employee termination restructuring charges and facility exit costs, which are included in Accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31, 2023						Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Employee Terminations		Facilities Exit Costs		Total		Employee Terminations		Total
Beginning balance	$	22,093	$	—	$	22,093	$	—	$	—
Add: Restructuring charges incurred	83,165		3,527		86,692		30,640		30,640
Less: Payments made	(92,597)		(2,329)		(94,926)		(8,547)		(8,547)
Ending balance	$	12,661	$	1,198	$	13,859	$	22,093	$	22,093