10-Q 1 ewbc10q09302017.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2017
Commission file number 000-24939
EAST WEST BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | 95-4703316 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
135 North Los Robles Ave., 7th Floor, Pasadena, California 91101 (Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(626) 768-6000
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  | Emerging growth company | ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ¨ No x
Number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock on the latest practicable date: 144,542,911 shares as of October 31, 2017.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 5
| Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets | 5
|  | Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 6
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 7
|  | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 8
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 9
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 11
|  | 1 — Basis of Presentation | 11
|  | 2 — Current Accounting Developments | 11
|  | 3 — Dispositions | 14
|  | 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 15
|  | 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements | 24
|  | 6 — Securities | 27
|  | 7 — Derivatives | 30
|  | 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses | 35
|  | 9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net | 48
|  | 10 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets | 49
|  | 11 — Commitments and Contingencies | 50
|  | 12 — Stock Compensation Plans | 51
|  | 13 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share | 52
|  | 14 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 53
|  | 15 — Business Segments | 54
|  | 16 — Subsequent Events | 56
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 57
|  | Overview | 57
|  | Results of Operations | 59
|  | Balance Sheet Analysis | 72
|  | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 86
|  | Asset Liability and Market Risk Management | 87
|  | Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates | 91
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 92
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 92
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION | 93
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 93
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 93
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 93
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 93
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS | 94
SIGNATURE | 95
EXHIBIT INDEX | 96

2

Forward-Looking Statements
Certain matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) contain or incorporate statements that East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”) believes are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Rule 175 promulgated thereunder, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 3b-6 promulgated thereunder. These statements relate to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. They usually can be identified by the use of forward-looking language, such as “likely result in,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “intends to,” or may include other similar words or phrases, such as “believes,” “plans,” “trend,” “objective,” “continues,” “remains,” or similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “can,” or similar verbs. You should not place undue reliance on these statements, as they are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the documents incorporated by reference. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risks and uncertainties, as well as any cautionary statements the Company may make. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company.
There are a number of important factors that could cause future results to differ materially from historical performance and these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, include, but are not limited to:

• | the Company’s ability to compete effectively against other financial institutions in its banking markets;

• | changes in the commercial and consumer real estate markets;

• | changes in the Company’s costs of operation, compliance and expansion;

• | changes in the United States (“U.S.”) economy, including inflation, employment levels, rate of growth and general business conditions;

• | changes in government interest rate policies;

• | changes in laws or the regulatory environment including regulatory reform initiatives and policies of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the California Department of Business Oversight — Division of Financial Institutions;

• | heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of the Company’s business practices, including dealings with consumers;

• | changes in the economy of and monetary policy in the People’s Republic of China;

• | changes in income tax laws and regulations;

• | changes in accounting standards as may be required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other regulatory agencies and their impact on critical accounting policies and assumptions;

• | changes in the equity and debt securities markets;

• | future credit quality and performance, including the Company’s expectations regarding future credit losses and allowance levels;

• | fluctuations in the Company’s stock price;

• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

• | success and timing of the Company’s business strategies;

• | ability of the Company to adopt and successfully integrate new technologies into its business in a strategic manner;

• | impact of reputational risk from negative publicity, fines and penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations and legal actions;

• | impact of potential federal tax changes and spending cuts;

• | impact of adverse judgments or settlements in litigation;

• | impact of regulatory enforcement actions;

• | changes in the Company’s ability to receive dividends from its subsidiaries;

• | impact of political developments, wars or other hostilities that may disrupt or increase volatility in securities or otherwise affect economic conditions;

• | impact of natural or man-made disasters or calamities or conflicts or other events that may directly or indirectly result in a negative impact on the Company’s financial performance;

• | continuing consolidation in the financial services industry;

• | the Company’s capital requirements and its ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;

• | impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act on the Company’s business, business practices and cost of operations;

• | impact of adverse changes to the Company’s credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies;

3

• | impact of failure in, or breach of, the Company’s operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with whom the Company does business, including as a result of cyber attacks; and other similar matters which could result in, among other things, confidential and/or proprietary information being disclosed or misused;

• | adequacy of the Company’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;

• | the effect of the current low interest rate environment or changes in interest rates on the Company’s net interest income and net interest margin;

• | the effect of changes in the level of checking or savings account deposits on the Company’s funding costs and net interest margin; and

• | a recurrence of significant turbulence or disruption in the capital or financial markets, which could result in, among other things, a reduction in the availability of funding or increased funding costs, reduced investor demand for mortgage loans and declines in asset values and/or recognition of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on securities held in the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio.

For a more detailed discussion of some of the factors that might cause such differences, see the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2017 (the “Company’s 2016 Form 10-K”), under the heading “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS” and the information set forth under “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS” in this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
4

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
($ in thousands, except shares)

|  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
|  | (Unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 364,328 |  |  | $ | 460,559 |
Interest-bearing cash with banks |  | 1,372,421 |  |  | 1,417,944 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,736,749 |  |  | 1,878,503 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | 404,946 |  |  | 323,148 |
Securities purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”) |  | 1,250,000 |  |  | 2,000,000 |
Securities : |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value (includes assets pledged as collateral of $584,907 in 2017 and $767,437 in 2016) |  | 2,956,776 |  |  | 3,335,795 |
Held-to-maturity investment security, at cost (fair value of $144,593 in 2016) |  | — |  |  | 143,971 |
Restricted equity securities, at cost |  | 73,322 |  |  | 72,775 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | 178 |  |  | 23,076 |
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $285,926 in 2017 and $260,520 in 2016; includes assets pledged as collateral of $18,182,265 in 2017 and $16,441,068 in 2016) |  | 28,239,431 |  |  | 25,242,619 |
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net |  | 178,344 |  |  | 183,917 |
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net |  | 203,758 |  |  | 173,280 |
Premises and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $109,296 in 2017 and $114,890 in 2016) |  | 131,311 |  |  | 159,923 |
Goodwill |  | 469,433 |  |  | 469,433 |
Other assets |  | 663,718 |  |  | 782,400 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 36,307,966 |  |  | $ | 34,788,840 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 10,992,674 |  |  | $ | 10,183,946 |
Interest-bearing |  | 20,318,988 |  |  | 19,707,037 |
Total deposits |  | 31,311,662 |  |  | 29,890,983 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 24,813 |  |  | 60,050 |
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances |  | 323,323 |  |  | 321,643 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”) |  | 50,000 |  |  | 350,000 |
Long-term debt |  | 176,513 |  |  | 186,327 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 639,759 |  |  | 552,096 |
Total liabilities |  | 32,526,070 |  |  | 31,361,099 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; 165,178,075 and 164,604,072 shares issued in 2017 and 2016, respectively |  | 165 |  |  | 164 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,745,181 |  |  | 1,727,434 |
Retained earnings |  | 2,520,817 |  |  | 2,187,676 |
Treasury stock at cost — 20,667,132 shares in 2017 and 20,436,621 shares in 2016 |  | (452,050 | ) |  | (439,387 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (32,217 | ) |  | (48,146 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 3,781,896 |  |  | 3,427,741 |
TOTAL |  | $ | 36,307,966 |  |  | $ | 34,788,840 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable, including fees |  | $ | 306,939 |  |  | $ | 255,316 |  |  | $ | 872,039 |  |  | $ | 763,189 |
Investment securities |  | 14,828 |  |  | 13,388 |  |  | 43,936 |  |  | 37,433 |
Resale agreements |  | 7,901 |  |  | 7,834 |  |  | 25,222 |  |  | 22,479 |
Restricted equity securities |  | 612 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 2,008 |
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks |  | 9,630 |  |  | 3,168 |  |  | 22,298 |  |  | 10,245 |
Total interest and dividend income |  | 339,910 |  |  | 280,317 |  |  | 965,354 |  |  | 835,354 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits |  | 31,086 |  |  | 21,049 |  |  | 81,803 |  |  | 60,708 |
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings |  | 212 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 390 |
FHLB advances |  | 1,947 |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 5,738 |  |  | 4,153 |
Repurchase agreements |  | 2,122 |  |  | 2,319 |  |  | 7,538 |  |  | 6,441 |
Long-term debt |  | 1,388 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 3,726 |
Total interest expense |  | 36,755 |  |  | 26,169 |  |  | 99,986 |  |  | 75,418 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  | 303,155 |  |  | 254,148 |  |  | 865,368 |  |  | 759,936 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 12,996 |  |  | 9,525 |  |  | 30,749 |  |  | 17,018 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  | 290,159 |  |  | 244,623 |  |  | 834,619 |  |  | 742,918 |
NONINTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Branch fees |  | 10,803 |  |  | 10,408 |  |  | 31,799 |  |  | 30,983 |
Letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income |  | 10,154 |  |  | 10,908 |  |  | 33,209 |  |  | 31,404 |
Ancillary loan fees and other income |  | 5,987 |  |  | 6,135 |  |  | 16,876 |  |  | 13,997 |
Wealth management fees |  | 3,615 |  |  | 4,033 |  |  | 11,682 |  |  | 9,862 |
Derivative fees and other income |  | 6,663 |  |  | 5,791 |  |  | 12,934 |  |  | 9,778 |
Net gains on sales of loans |  | 2,361 |  |  | 2,158 |  |  | 6,660 |  |  | 6,965 |
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 1,539 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 6,733 |  |  | 8,468 |
Net gains on sales of fixed assets |  | 1,043 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 74,092 |  |  | 2,916 |
Net gain on sale of business |  | 3,807 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,807 |  |  | — |
Other fees and operating income |  | 3,652 |  |  | 7,632 |  |  | 15,255 |  |  | 19,745 |
Total noninterest income |  | 49,624 |  |  | 49,341 |  |  | 213,047 |  |  | 134,118 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | 79,583 |  |  | 75,042 |  |  | 244,930 |  |  | 220,166 |
Occupancy and equipment expense |  | 16,635 |  |  | 15,456 |  |  | 47,829 |  |  | 45,619 |
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments |  | 5,676 |  |  | 6,450 |  |  | 17,384 |  |  | 17,341 |
Legal expense |  | 3,316 |  |  | 5,361 |  |  | 8,930 |  |  | 12,714 |
Data processing |  | 3,004 |  |  | 2,729 |  |  | 9,009 |  |  | 8,712 |
Consulting expense |  | 4,087 |  |  | 4,594 |  |  | 10,775 |  |  | 19,027 |
Deposit related expense |  | 2,413 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  | 7,283 |  |  | 7,675 |
Computer software expense |  | 4,393 |  |  | 3,331 |  |  | 13,823 |  |  | 9,267 |
Other operating expense |  | 19,830 |  |  | 19,814 |  |  | 55,357 |  |  | 58,508 |
Amortization of tax credit and other investments |  | 23,827 |  |  | 32,618 |  |  | 66,059 |  |  | 60,779 |
Amortization of core deposit intangibles |  | 1,735 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | 5,314 |  |  | 6,177 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 164,499 |  |  | 170,500 |  |  | 486,693 |  |  | 465,985 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  | 175,284 |  |  | 123,464 |  |  | 560,973 |  |  | 411,051 |
INCOME TAX EXPENSE |  | 42,624 |  |  | 13,321 |  |  | 140,247 |  |  | 90,108 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 132,660 |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BASIC |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.91 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |
DILUTED |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BASIC |  | 144,498 |  |  | 144,122 |  |  | 144,412 |  |  | 144,061 |
DILUTED |  | 145,882 |  |  | 145,238 |  |  | 145,849 |  |  | 145,086 |
DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income |  | $ | 132,660 |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale investment securities |  | (1,906 | ) |  | (4,907 | ) |  | 7,916 |  |  | 12,993 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 3,870 |  |  | (555 | ) |  | 8,013 |  |  | (5,226 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 1,964 |  |  | (5,462 | ) |  | 15,929 |  |  | 7,767 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  | $ | 134,624 |  |  | $ | 104,681 |  |  | $ | 436,655 |  |  | $ | 328,710 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
($ in thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2016 |  | 143,909,233 |  |  | $ | 1,701,459 |  |  | $ | 1,872,594 |  |  | $ | (436,162 | ) |  | $ | (14,941 | ) |  | $ | 3,122,950 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 320,943 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 320,943 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,767 |  |  | 7,767 |
Stock compensation costs |  | — |  |  | 13,973 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,973 |
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements, and related tax benefits |  | 224,071 |  |  | 2,981 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,144 | ) |  | — |  |  | (163 | )
Cash dividends on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,416 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,416 | )
BALANCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 2016 |  | 144,133,304 |  |  | $ | 1,718,413 |  |  | $ | 2,106,121 |  |  | $ | (439,306 | ) |  | $ | (7,174 | ) |  | $ | 3,378,054 |
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2017 |  | 144,167,451 |  |  | $ | 1,727,598 |  |  | $ | 2,187,676 |  |  | $ | (439,387 | ) |  | $ | (48,146 | ) |  | $ | 3,427,741 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 420,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 420,726 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,929 |  |  | 15,929 |
Stock compensation costs |  | — |  |  | 15,780 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,780 |
Net activity of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements |  | 343,492 |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,663 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,695 | )
Cash dividends on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,585 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,585 | )
BALANCE, SEPTEMBER 30, 2017 |  | 144,510,943 |  |  | $ | 1,745,346 |  |  | $ | 2,520,817 |  |  | $ | (452,050 | ) |  | $ | (32,217 | ) |  | $ | 3,781,896 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
8

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 123,008 |  |  | 98,561 |
Accretion of discount and amortization of premiums, net |  | (19,237 | ) |  | (37,881 | )
Stock compensation costs |  | 15,780 |  |  | 13,973 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense |  | (14,500 | ) |  | 3,730 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 30,749 |  |  | 17,018 |
Net gains on sales of loans |  | (6,660 | ) |  | (6,965 | )
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities |  | (6,733 | ) |  | (8,468 | )
Net gains on sales of premises and equipment |  | (74,092 | ) |  | (2,916 | )
Net gain on sale of business |  | (3,807 | ) |  | — |
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale |  | (15,069 | ) |  | (10,901 | )
Proceeds from sales and paydowns/payoffs in loans held-for-sale |  | 15,792 |  |  | 15,065 |
Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | 105,729 |  |  | (2,591 | )
Net change in accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 95,432 |  |  | 19,217 |
Other net operating activities |  | (2,135 | ) |  | (1,181 | )
Total adjustments |  | 244,257 |  |  | 96,661 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 664,983 |  |  | 417,604 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held-for-investment |  | (2,967,873 | ) |  | (776,277 | )
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | (74,254 | ) |  | (13,469 | )
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments, net |  | (121,590 | ) |  | (57,742 | )
Purchases of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Resale agreements |  | (550,000 | ) |  | (1,150,000 | )
Available-for-sale investment securities |  | (501,669 | ) |  | (1,330,724 | )
Loans held-for-investment |  | (441,141 | ) |  | (1,038,083 | )
Premises and equipment |  | (11,598 | ) |  | (10,412 | )
Proceeds from sale of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investment securities |  | 676,776 |  |  | 1,008,256 |
Loans held-for-investment |  | 448,679 |  |  | 545,256 |
Other real estate owned (“OREO”) |  | 5,431 |  |  | 3,271 |
Premises and equipment |  | 116,021 |  |  | 8,163 |
Business, net of cash transferred |  | 3,633 |  |  | — |
Paydowns and maturities of resale agreements |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | 1,450,000 |
Repayments, maturities and redemptions of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 323,463 |  |  | 870,965 |
Other net investing activities |  | 27,914 |  |  | 17,527 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (2,066,208 | ) |  | (473,269 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits |  | 1,385,625 |  |  | 1,130,022 |
Short-term borrowings |  | (36,604 | ) |  | 37,699 |
Proceeds from: |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to various stock compensation plans and agreements |  | 1,008 |  |  | 1,962 |
Payments for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of FHLB advances |  | — |  |  | (700,000 | )
Repayment of long-term debt |  | (10,000 | ) |  | (15,000 | )
Repurchase of vested shares due to employee tax liability |  | (12,663 | ) |  | (3,144 | )
Cash dividends on common stock |  | (87,880 | ) |  | (86,984 | )
Other net financing activities |  | — |  |  | 1,019 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 1,239,486 |  |  | 365,574 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 19,985 |  |  | (3,964 | )
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  | (141,754 | ) |  | 305,945 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD |  | 1,878,503 |  |  | 1,360,887 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD |  | $ | 1,736,749 |  |  | $ | 1,666,832 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
9

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
($ in thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 98,409 |  |  | $ | 76,750 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 11,800 |  |  | $ | 20,652 |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale |  | $ | 418,489 |  |  | $ | 720,670 |
Investment security transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale |  | $ | 115,615 |  |  | $ | — |
Held-to-maturity investment security retained from securitization of loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 160,135 |
Loans transferred to OREO |  | $ | 456 |  |  | $ | 6,086 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
10

EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1 — Basis of Presentation
East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”) is a registered bank holding company that offers a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses through its subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (“East West Bank” or the “Bank”). The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q include the accounts of East West, East West Bank and East West’s various subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. As of September 30, 2017, East West also has six wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts (the “Trusts”). In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, the Trusts are not included on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”), applicable guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities, and general practices in the banking industry, reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for fair statement of the interim period Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain items on the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes for the prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
The current period’s results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year as a whole. Events subsequent to the Consolidated Balance Sheet date have been evaluated through the date the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued for inclusion in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto, included in the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships, to clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument in an existing hedging relationship would not be considered a termination of the derivative instrument or a change in a critical term of the hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria in ASC 815 continue to be met. This clarification applies to both cash flow and fair value hedging relationships. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments, which requires an entity to use a four-step decision model when assessing contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments to determine whether they are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. The Company adopted this guidance on a modified retrospective basis in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-07, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting, to eliminate the requirement for an investor to retroactively apply the equity method when its increase in ownership interest (or degree of influence) in an investee triggers equity method accounting. The amendments in ASU 2016-07 also require that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
11

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification in the statements of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2017. The changes that impacted the Company included a requirement that excess tax benefits and deficiencies be recognized as a component of Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income rather than Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity as required in the previous guidance. The adoption of this guidance results in increased volatility to the Company’s income tax expense, but does not have a material impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. The income tax expense volatility is dependent on the Company’s stock price on the dates the restricted stock units (“RSUs”) vest, which occur primarily in the first quarter of each year. Net excess tax benefits for RSUs of $4.6 million have been recognized by the Company as a component of Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The guidance also removes the impact of the excess tax benefits and deficiencies from the calculation of diluted EPS. In addition, ASU 2016-09 no longer requires a presentation of excess tax benefits and deficiencies as both an operating outflow and a financing inflow on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Instead, excess tax benefits and deficiencies are recorded along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity. These changes to the guidance were applied on a prospective basis. The Company has also elected to retain its existing accounting policy election to estimate award forfeitures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue for contracts to provide goods or services to customers and will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in the U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers are also required. ASU 2014-09 is effective on January 1, 2018. The guidance should be applied on either a modified retrospective or full retrospective basis. The Company’s revenue is mainly comprised of net interest income and noninterest income. The scope of the guidance explicitly excludes net interest income, as well as other revenues from financial instruments such as loans, leases, securities and derivatives. The Company has completed a comprehensive scoping exercise to determine the revenue streams that are in the scope of the guidance and the review of its contracts to ascertain whether certain noninterest income revenue items are within the scope of the new guidance. Based on the completed contract reviews thus far, the adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on its Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Income. The next phase of the Company’s implementation work will be to evaluate any changes that may be required to its applicable disclosures.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which requires equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or consolidated, to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income, thus eliminating eligibility for the current available-for-sale category. If there is no readily determinable fair value, the guidance allows entities to measure equity investments at cost less impairment, whereby impairment is based on a qualitative assessment. Furthermore, investments in Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock are not subject to this guidance and will continue to be presented at cost. The guidance eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost and changes the presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or in the footnotes. If an entity has elected the fair value option to measure liabilities, the guidance requires the portion of the change in the fair value of a liability resulting from credit risk to be presented in Other comprehensive income. ASU 2016-01 is effective on January 1, 2018. Early adoption is not permitted except for certain specific changes under the fair value option guidance. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the adoption date. The Company does not have a significant amount of equity securities classified as available-for-sale. Additionally, the Company does not have any financial liabilities accounted for under the fair value option. For the guidance that is applicable to us, the accounting will be implemented on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 1, 2018, except for the guidance related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which should be applied on a prospective basis. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Income.
12

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which is intended to increase transparency and comparability in the accounting for lease transactions. The guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms of more than 12 months on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and provide quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about the leasing arrangements. For short-term leases with a term of 12 months or less, lessees can make a policy election not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessor accounting is largely unchanged. ASU 2016-02 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method through a cumulative-effect adjustment. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements by reviewing its existing lease contracts and service contracts that may include embedded leases. The Company expects the adoption of ASU 2016-02 to result in additional assets and liabilities, as the Company will be required to recognize operating leases on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not expect a material impact to its recognition of operating lease expense on its Consolidated Statements of Income. Upon completion of the contract reviews and consideration of system requirements, the Company will evaluate the impacts of adopting the new accounting guidance on its disclosures.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, to introduce a new approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, which modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The new “expected credit loss” impairment model will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loan receivables, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases and off-balance sheet credit exposures. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, ASU 2016-13 does not change the measurement method of credit losses, except that the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. ASU 2016-13 also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models and methods for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses, and requires disclosure of the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination (i.e., by vintage year). ASU 2016-13 is effective on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted on January 1, 2019. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption. While the Company is still evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects that ASU 2016-13 may result in an increase in the allowance for credit losses due to the following factors: 1) the allowance for credit losses provides for expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the loan portfolio, and will consider expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions; 2) the nonaccretable difference on the purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans will be recognized as an allowance, offset by an increase in the carrying value of the PCI loans; and 3) an allowance may be established for estimated credit losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities. The amount of the increase will be impacted by the portfolio composition and quality, as well as the economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date. The Company has begun its implementation efforts by identifying key interpretive issues, assessing its processes and identifying the system requirements against the new guidance to determine what modifications may be required.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, to provide guidance on eight specific issues related to classification on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in order to reduce diversity in practice. The specific issues cover cash payments for debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; cash outflows for settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments that are not made soon after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests received in securitization transactions; and clarification regarding when no specific U.S. GAAP guidance exists and the sources of the cash flows are not separately identifiable, the classification should be based on the activity that is likely to be the predominant source or use of the cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires the Company to include those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in its cash and cash equivalent balances on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In addition, the Company is required to explain the changes in the combined total of restricted and unrestricted balances on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
13

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. An entity will no longer perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, impairment will be measured using the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the reporting unit. The guidance also eliminates the requirements for any reporting units with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment. ASU 2017-04 is effective on January 1, 2020 and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests with measurement dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities, which amends the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening such period to the earliest call date. The guidance does not require any accounting changes for debt securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized as an adjustment of yield over the contractual life (to maturity) of the instrument. ASU 2017-08 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method, with the cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. ASU 2017-09 is effective on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after the adoption date. The Company plans to adopt this guidance in the first quarter of 2018 prospectively.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which better aligns the Company’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the description and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results, expands and refines hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components, and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item on the Consolidated Financial Statements. ASU 2017-12 is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance should be applied using a retrospective transition method to any existing cash flows or net investment hedges through a cumulative-effect adjustment to AOCI to eliminate the separate measurement of ineffectiveness. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 3 — Dispositions
In the first quarter of 2017, the Company completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property in San Francisco, California for cash consideration of $120.6 million and entered into a leaseback with the buyer for part of the property, consisting of a retail branch and office facilities. The property had a net book value of $31.6 million at the time of sale, resulting in a pre-tax gain of $85.4 million after considering $3.6 million in selling costs. As the leaseback is an operating lease, $71.7 million of the gain was recognized on the closing date, and $13.7 million was deferred and will be recognized over the term of the lease agreement. The first quarter 2017 diluted EPS impact from the sale of the commercial property was $0.28 per share, net of tax.
In the third quarter of 2017, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, East West Insurance Services, Inc., for $4.3 million, and recorded a pre-tax gain of $3.8 million. The third quarter 2017 diluted EPS impact from the sale of the Company’s insurance brokerage business was $0.02 per share, net of tax.
14

Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
In determining the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses various methods including market and income approaches. Based on these approaches, the Company utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable. The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy noted below is based on the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to data lacking transparency. The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities is classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

• | Level 1 | — | Valuation is based on quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
• | Level 2 | — | Valuation is based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable and can be corroborated by market data.
• | Level 3 | — | Valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs for determining the fair value of assets or liabilities. These significant unobservable inputs reflect assumptions that market participants may use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

In determining the appropriate hierarchy levels, the Company performs an analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to fair value disclosure. The Company’s assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurements.
15

The following tables present financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

|  | Assets (Liabilities) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 526,332 |  |  | $ | 526,332 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 189,185 |  |  | — |  |  | 189,185 |  |  | — |  |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 315,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 315,172 |  |  | — |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,150,934 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,150,934 |  |  | — |  |
Municipal securities |  | 117,242 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,242 |  |  | — |  |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 9,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,694 |  |  | — |  |
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 2,327 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,327 |  |  | — |  |
Non-investment grade |  | 9,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,615 |  |  | — |  |
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 489,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 489,140 |  |  | — |  |
Other securities |  | 147,135 |  |  | 31,418 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 115,615 |  | (1)
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,956,776 |  |  | $ | 557,750 |  |  | $ | 2,283,411 |  |  | $ | 115,615 |  |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | $ | 64,822 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,822 |  |  | $ | — |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 14,187 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,187 |  |  | — |  |
Credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |
Warrants |  | 1,455 |  |  | — |  |  | 856 |  |  | 599 |  |
Total derivative assets |  | $ | 80,466 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79,867 |  |  | $ | 599 |  |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit |  | $ | (6,648 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,648 | ) |  | $ | — |  |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | (64,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | (64,212 | ) |  | — |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | (20,054 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20,054 | ) |  | — |  |
RPAs |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |
Total derivative liabilities |  | $ | (90,915 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (90,915 | ) |  | $ | — |  |

(1) | During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held- to-maturity to available-for-sale.

16

|  | Assets (Liabilities) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 720,479 |  |  | $ | 720,479 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 274,866 |  |  | — |  |  | 274,866 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 266,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 266,799 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,258,747 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,258,747 |  |  | — |
Municipal securities |  | 147,654 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,654 |  |  | — |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 11,477 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,477 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 222,377 |  |  | — |  |  | 222,377 |  |  | — |
Non-investment grade |  | 9,173 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,173 |  |  | — |
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 383,894 |  |  | — |  |  | 383,894 |  |  | — |
Other securities |  | 40,329 |  |  | 30,991 |  |  | 9,338 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 3,335,795 |  |  | $ | 751,470 |  |  | $ | 2,584,325 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | $ | 4,325 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,325 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | 67,578 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,578 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 11,874 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,874 |  |  | — |
RPAs |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Total derivative assets |  | $ | 83,780 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,780 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit |  | $ | (5,976 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,976 | ) |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | (65,131 | ) |  | — |  |  | (65,131 | ) |  | — |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | (11,213 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,213 | ) |  | — |
RPAs |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |
Total derivative liabilities |  | $ | (82,323 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (82,323 | ) |  | $ | — |

17

At each reporting period, all assets and liabilities for which the fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs are classified as Level 3. There were no assets or liabilities measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for other securities and warrants measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Other securities |  | Warrants |  | Other securities |  | Warrants
Beginning balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | 599 |  |  | — |  |  | 599 |
Transfer from held-to-maturity investment security to available-for-sale investment security |  | 115,615 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,615 |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 115,615 |  |  | $ | 599 |  |  | $ | 115,615 |  |  | $ | 599 |

Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities become unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. The Company’s policy, with respect to transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, is to recognize transfers into and out of each level as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers of assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis into and out of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale to reflect the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.
The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of assets measured on a recurring basis classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2017. Significant unobservable inputs presented in the table below are those that the Company considers significant to the fair value of the Level 3 assets or liabilities. The Company considers unobservable inputs to be significant if, by their exclusion, the fair value of the Level 3 assets or liabilities would be impacted by a predetermined percentage change.

($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements (Level 3) |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input(s) |  | Weighted Average
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other securities |  | $ | 115,615 |  |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount margin |  | 191 Basis points
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrants |  | $ | 599 |  |  | Black-Scholes option pricing model |  | Volatility |  | 44%
|  |  |  |  |  | Liquidity discount |  | 47%

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include certain non-purchased credit impaired (“non-PCI”) loans that were impaired, OREO and loans held-for-sale. These fair value adjustments result from impairments recognized during the period on certain non-PCI impaired loans, application of fair value less cost to sell on OREO and application of the lower of cost or fair value on loans held-for-sale.
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The following tables present the carrying amounts of assets included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets that had fair value changes measured on a nonrecurring basis as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

|  | Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis as of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-PCI impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate (“CRE”) |  | $ | 9,172 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,172 |
Commercial and industrial (“C&I”) |  | 32,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,053 |
Residential |  | 6,079 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,079 |
Consumer |  | 633 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 633 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | 47,937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,937 |
OREO |  | $ | 1,789 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,789 |

|  | Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis as of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-PCI impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE |  | $ | 14,908 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,908 |
C&I |  | 52,172 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,172 |
Residential |  | 2,464 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,464 |
Consumer |  | 610 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 610 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | 70,154 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70,154 |
OREO |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | $ | 22,703 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,703 |  |  | $ | — |

The following table presents the fair value adjustments of assets measured on a nonrecurring basis recognized during the three and nine months ended and which were included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Non-PCI impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (282 | ) |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 1,741 |
C&I |  | (16,954 | ) |  | 77 |  |  | (17,648 | ) |  | (5,497 | )
Residential |  | (3 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | (14 | )
Consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 17 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | (16,951 | ) |  | $ | (219 | ) |  | $ | (17,640 | ) |  | $ | (3,753 | )
OREO |  | $ | (285 | ) |  | $ | (41 | ) |  | $ | (286 | ) |  | $ | (994 | )
Loans held-for-sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,351 | )

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The following table presents the quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of assets measured on a nonrecurring basis classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value Measurements (Level 3) |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Unobservable Input(s) |  | Range of Input(s) |  | Weighted Average
September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | 30,563 |  |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount |  | 0% — 82% |  | 19%
|  | $ | 17,374 |  |  | Market comparables |  | Discount (1) |  | 0% — 100% |  | 40%
OREO |  | $ | 1,789 |  |  | Appraisal |  | Selling cost |  | 8% |  | 8%
December 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | 31,835 |  |  | Discounted cash flows |  | Discount |  | 0% — 62% |  | 7%
|  | $ | 38,319 |  |  | Market comparables |  | Discount (1) |  | 0% — 100% |  | 18%
OREO |  | $ | 345 |  |  | Appraisal |  | Selling cost |  | 8% |  | 8%

(1) | Discount is adjusted for factors such as liquidation cost of collateral and selling cost.

The following tables present the carrying and fair values per the fair value hierarchy of certain financial instruments, excluding those measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| Carrying Amount |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,736,749 |  |  | $ | 1,736,749 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,736,749 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 404,946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 404,946 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 404,946 |
Resale agreements (1) |  | $ | 1,250,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,236,413 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,236,413 |
Restricted equity securities |  | $ | 73,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,322 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178 |
Loans held-for-investment, net |  | $ | 28,239,431 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,635,961 |  |  | $ | 27,635,961 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | $ | 111,710 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,710 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,710 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits |  | $ | 25,517,121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,517,121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,517,121 |
Time deposits |  | $ | 5,794,541 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,787,188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,787,188 |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 24,813 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,813 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,813 |
FHLB advances |  | $ | 323,323 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 336,741 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 336,741 |
Repurchase agreements (1) |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105,269 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 176,513 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 139,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 139,649 |
Accrued interest payable |  | $ | 11,017 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,017 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,017 |

(1) | Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting. As of September 30, 2017, $400.0 million out of $450.0 million of repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements.

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($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| Carrying Amount |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,878,503 |  |  | $ | 1,878,503 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,878,503 |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 323,148 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 323,148 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 323,148 |
Resale agreements (1) |  | $ | 2,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,980,457 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,980,457 |
Held-to-maturity investment security |  | $ | 143,971 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,593 |  |  | $ | 144,593 |
Restricted equity securities |  | $ | 72,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,775 |
Loans held-for-sale |  | $ | 23,076 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,076 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,076 |
Loans held-for-investment, net |  | $ | 25,242,619 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,915,143 |  |  | $ | 24,915,143 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | $ | 100,524 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100,524 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100,524 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand, checking, savings and money market deposits |  | $ | 24,275,714 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,275,714 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,275,714 |
Time deposits |  | $ | 5,615,269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,611,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,611,746 |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 60,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60,050 |
FHLB advances |  | $ | 321,643 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334,859 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 334,859 |
Repurchase agreements (1) |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 411,368 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 411,368 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 186,327 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186,670 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 186,670 |
Accrued interest payable |  | $ | 9,440 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,440 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,440 |

(1) | Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting. As of December 31, 2016, $100.0 million out of $450.0 million of repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies and significant assumptions used to measure financial assets and liabilities at fair value, and to estimate fair value for certain financial instruments not recorded at fair value. The description also includes the level of the fair value hierarchy in which the assets or liabilities are classified.
Cash and Cash Equivalents — The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As such, the estimated fair value is classified as Level 1.
Interest-bearing Deposits with Banks — The fair value of interest-bearing deposits with banks generally approximates their book value due to their short maturities. In addition, due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
Resale Agreements — The fair value of resale agreements is estimated by discounting the cash flows based on expected maturities or repricing dates utilizing estimated market discount rates. In addition, due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
Held-to-Maturity Investment Security — The held-to-maturity investment security as of December 31, 2016 was comprised of a floating rate non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security that was subsequently transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale during the three months ended September 30, 2017. This security was categorized under Available-for-sale investment securities — other securities as of September 30, 2017. The fair value of this security is estimated by discounting the future expected cash flows utilizing the underlying index and a discount margin. Other unobservable inputs include conditional prepayment rate, constant default rate and loss severity. Due to the significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value, this security is classified as Level 3.
Available-for-Sale Investment Securities — When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of available-for-sale investment securities, which are classified as Level 1. Level 1 available-for-sale investment securities are primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities. Other than the non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security, the fair value of which is described above, the fair value of other available-for-sale investment securities are generally determined by independent external pricing service providers who have experience in valuing these securities or by the average quoted market prices obtained from independent external brokers. In obtaining such valuation information from third parties, the Company reviewed the methodologies used to develop the resulting fair values. The available-for-sale investment securities valued using such methods are classified as Level 2.
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Loans Held-for-Sale — The Company’s loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Loans held-for-sale were comprised of single-family residential loans as of September 30, 2017, and were primarily comprised of consumer loans as of December 31, 2016. The fair value of loans held-for-sale is derived from current market prices and comparative current sales. The Company records any fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. Loans held-for-sale are classified as Level 2.
Non-PCI Impaired Loans — The fair value of non-PCI impaired loans is measured using the market comparables or discounted cash flow techniques. For CRE and C&I loans, the fair value is based on each loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. The fair value of collateral is generally based on third party appraisals (or internal evaluation if third party appraisal is not required by regulations) which utilize one or more valuation techniques (income, market and/or cost approaches). All third party appraisals and evaluations are reviewed and validated by independent appraisers or the Company’s appraisal department staffed by licensed appraisers and/or experienced real estate reviewers. The third party appraisals are ordered through the appraisal department (except for one-to-four unit residential appraisals which are typically ordered through an approved appraisal management company or an approved residential appraiser) at the inception, renewal or, for all real estate related loans, upon the occurrence of any events causing a downgrade to an adverse grade (i.e., “substandard” or “doubtful”). Updated appraisals and evaluations are generally obtained within the last 12 months. The Company increases the frequency of obtaining updated appraisals for adversely graded credits when declining market conditions exist. All appraisals include an “as is” market value without conditions as of the effective date of the appraisal. For certain impaired loans, the Company utilizes the discounted cash flow approach and applies a discount derived from historical data. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of non-PCI impaired loans are discounts applied based on the liquidation cost of collateral and selling cost. On a quarterly basis, all nonperforming assets are reviewed to assess whether the current carrying value is supported by the collateral or cash flow and to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. Non-PCI impaired loans are classified as Level 3.
Loans Held-for-Investment, net — The fair value of loans held-for-investment other than non-PCI impaired loans is determined based on a discounted cash flow approach considered for an exit price value. The discount rate is derived from the associated yield curve plus spreads that reflect the rates in the market for loans with similar financial characteristics. No adjustments have been made for changes in credit within any of the loan portfolios. It is management’s opinion that the allowance for loan losses pertaining to performing and nonperforming loans results in a fair value adjustment of credit for such loans. Due to the unobservable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 3.
Other Real Estate Owned — The Company’s OREO represents properties acquired through foreclosure, or through full or partial satisfaction of loans held-for-investment, which are recorded at estimated fair value less cost to sell at the time of foreclosure and at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less the cost to sell subsequent to acquisition. The fair values of OREO properties are based on third party appraisals or accepted written offers. Refer to the Non-PCI Impaired Loans section above for a detailed discussion on the Company’s policies and procedures related to appraisals and evaluations. On a monthly basis, the current fair market value of each OREO property is reviewed to ensure that the current carrying value is appropriate. The significant unobservable input used is the selling cost. OREO properties are classified as Level 3.
Restricted Equity Securities — Restricted equity securities are comprised of Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock. Ownership of these securities is restricted to member banks and these securities do not have a readily determinable fair value. Purchases and sales of these securities are at par value. The carrying amounts of the Company’s restricted equity securities approximate fair value. The valuation of these investments is classified as Level 2.
Accrued Interest Receivable — The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Considering the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
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Interest Rate Swaps and Options — The Company enters into interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against interest rate swap and option products offered to bank customers. These products allow borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term interest rates by entering into an interest rate swap or option contract with the Company, resulting in the customer obtaining a synthetic fixed rate loan. The Company also enters into interest rate swap contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against certificates of deposit issued. This product allows the Company to lock in attractive floating rate funding. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash receipts (or payments) are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves. The fair value of the interest rate options, consisting of floors and caps, is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fell below (rise above) the strike rate of the floors (caps). The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the floor (cap) are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. In addition, to comply with the provisions of ASC 820, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives. The credit valuation adjustments associated with the Company’s derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, model-derived credit spreads. As of September 30, 2017, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of these interest rate contracts and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative portfolios. As a result, the Company classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy due to the observable nature of the significant inputs utilized.
Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into short-term foreign exchange contracts to purchase/sell foreign currencies at set rates in the future. These contracts economically hedge against foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The Company also enters into contracts with institutional counterparties to hedge against foreign exchange products offered to bank customers. These products allow customers to hedge the foreign exchange risk of their deposits and loans denominated in foreign currencies. The Company assumes minimal foreign exchange rate risk because the contracts with the customer and the institutional party mirror each other. The fair value is determined at each reporting period based on changes in the foreign exchange rate. These are over-the-counter contracts where quoted market prices are not readily available. Valuation is measured using conventional valuation methodologies with observable market data. Valuation depends on the type of derivative, and the nature of the underlying rate and contractual terms including period of maturity, price and index upon which the derivative’s value is based. Key inputs include foreign exchange rates (spot and/or forward rates), volatility of currencies and the correlation of such inputs. Due to the short-term nature of the majority of these contracts, the counterparties’ credit risks are considered nominal and resulted in no adjustments to the valuation of the foreign exchange contracts. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the fair value of these contracts, the valuation of foreign exchange contracts is classified as Level 2. As of September 30, 2017, foreign exchange forward contracts used to economically hedge the Company’s net investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-U.S. Dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China, are included in this caption. See Foreign Currency Forward Contracts in the section below for details on valuation methodologies and significant assumptions.
Customer Deposits — The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking, savings and money market deposits, approximates the carrying amount as these deposits are payable on demand at the measurement date. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2. For time deposits, the fair value is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows using current market rates for instruments with similar maturities. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, time deposits are classified as Level 2.
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances — The fair value of FHLB advances is estimated based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows, using rates currently offered by the FHLB of San Francisco for advances with similar remaining maturities at each reporting date. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
Repurchase Agreements — The fair value of the repurchase agreements is calculated by discounting future cash flows based on expected maturities or repricing dates, utilizing estimated market discount rates and taking into consideration the call features of each instrument. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
Accrued Interest Payable — The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
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Long-Term Debt — The fair value of long-term debt is estimated by discounting the cash flows through maturity based on current market rates the Company would pay for new issuances. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, long-term debt is classified as Level 2.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts — During the three months ended December 31, 2015, the Company began entering into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its net investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited. Previously, the foreign currency forward contracts were eligible for hedge accounting. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the foreign currency forward contracts were dedesignated when the hedge relationship ceased to be highly effective. The Company continues to economically hedge its foreign currency exposure resulting from East West Bank (China) Limited and the foreign currency forward contracts are included as part of the “Foreign Exchange Contracts” caption as of September 30, 2017. The fair value of foreign currency forward contracts is valued by comparing the contracted foreign exchange rate to the current market foreign exchange rate. Inputs include spot rates, forward rates and the interest rate curves of the domestic and foreign currency. Interest rate forward curves are used to determine which forward rate pertains to a specific maturity. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, these instruments are classified as Level 2.
Credit Risk Participation Agreements — The Company enters into RPAs, under which the Company assumes its pro-rata share of the credit exposure associated with the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts. The fair value of RPAs is calculated by determining the total expected asset or liability exposure of the derivatives to the borrowers and applying the borrowers’ credit spread to that exposure. Total expected exposure incorporates both the current and potential future exposure of the derivatives, derived from using observable inputs, such as yield curves and volatilities. The credit spreads of the borrowers used in the calculation are estimated by the Company based on current market conditions, including consideration of current borrowing spreads for similar customers and transactions, review of existing collateralization or other credit enhancements, and changes in credit sector and entity-specific credit information. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value RPAs are observable. Accordingly, RPAs fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Warrants — The Company obtained warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies as part of the loan origination process. As of September 30, 2017, the warrants included on the Consolidated Financial Statements were from public and private companies. The Company valued these warrants based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For warrants from public companies, the model uses the underlying stock price, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and market-observable company-specific option volatility as inputs to value the warrants. Due to the observable nature of the inputs used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from public companies are classified as Level 2. For warrants from private companies, the model uses inputs such as the offering price observed in the most recent round of funding, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and option volatility. The option volatility assumption was based on public market indices that include members that operate in similar industries as the companies in our private company portfolio. The model values were further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the underlying companies. Due to the unobservable nature of the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions used in deriving the estimated fair value, warrants from private companies are classified as Level 3. There is a direct correlation between changes in the volatility assumption and the fair value measurement of warrants from private companies, while there is an inverse correlation between changes in the liquidity discount assumption and the fair value measurement of warrants from private companies. On a quarterly basis, the changes in the fair value of warrants from private companies are reviewed for reasonableness, and a sensitivity analysis on the option volatility and liquidity discount assumptions is performed.
The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of each reporting date. Although the Company is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these Consolidated Financial Statements since that date, and therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.
Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements
Resale Agreements
Resale agreements are recorded at the balances at which the securities were acquired. The market values of the underlying securities collateralizing the related receivable of the resale agreements, including accrued interest, are monitored. Additional collateral may be requested by the Company from the counterparty when deemed appropriate. Gross resale agreements were $1.65 billion and $2.10 billion as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The weighted average interest rates were 2.30% and 1.84% as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
24

Repurchase Agreements
Long-term repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded at the balances at which the securities were sold. The collateral for the repurchase agreements is primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, and U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities. The Company may have to provide additional collateral for the repurchase agreements, as necessary. Gross repurchase agreements were $450.0 million as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The weighted average interest rates were 3.56% and 3.15% as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Balance Sheet Offsetting
The Company’s resale and repurchase agreements are transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that provide the Company, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. The Company nets resale and repurchase transactions with the same counterparty on the Consolidated Balance Sheets when it has a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions are eligible for netting under ASC 210-20-45. Collateral accepted includes securities that are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Collateral pledged consists of securities that are not netted on the Consolidated Balance Sheets against the related collateralized liability. Collateral accepted or pledged in resale and repurchase agreements with other financial institutions may also be sold or re-pledged by the secured party, but is usually delivered to and held by the third party trustees. The collateral amounts received/posted are limited for presentation purposes to the related recognized asset/liability balance for each counterparty, and accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged.
25

The following tables present the resale and repurchase agreements included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | As of September 30, 2017
|  | Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Resale agreements |  | $ | 1,650,000 |  |  | $ | (400,000 | ) |  | $ | 1,250,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,240,568 | ) | (2) | $ | 9,432 |
|  | Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | (400,000 | ) |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (50,000 | ) | (3) | $ | — |

($ in thousands) |  | As of December 31, 2016
|  | Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Resale agreements |  | $ | 2,100,000 |  |  | $ | (100,000 | ) |  | $ | 2,000,000 |  |  | $ | (150,000 | ) | (1) | $ | (1,839,120 | ) | (2) | $ | 10,880 |
|  | Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | (100,000 | ) |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | $ | (150,000 | ) | (1) | $ | (200,000 | ) | (3) | $ | — |

(1) | Represents financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not eligible to be offset under ASC 210-20-45 but would be eligible for offsetting to the extent that an event of default has occurred.

(2) | Represents the fair value of securities the Company has received under resale agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized asset due from each counterparty.

(3) | Represents the fair value of securities the Company has pledged under repurchase agreements, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized liability owed to each counterparty.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to derivatives, refer to Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
26

Note 6 — Securities
The following tables present the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value by major categories of available-for-sale investment securities, which are carried at fair value, and the held-to-maturity investment security, which is carried at amortized cost, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

|  | As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 533,035 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,703 | ) |  | $ | 526,332 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 191,727 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (2,623 | ) |  | 189,185 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 321,943 |  |  | 326 |  |  | (7,097 | ) |  | 315,172 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,154,026 |  |  | 4,790 |  |  | (7,882 | ) |  | 1,150,934 |
Municipal securities |  | 116,798 |  |  | 900 |  |  | (456 | ) |  | 117,242 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) |  | 9,680 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 9,694 |
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) |  | 2,464 |  |  | — |  |  | (137 | ) |  | 2,327 |
Non-investment grade (1) |  | 10,191 |  |  | — |  |  | (576 | ) |  | 9,615 |
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) (2) |  | 505,395 |  |  | 229 |  |  | (16,484 | ) |  | 489,140 |
Other securities (3) |  | 147,504 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (372 | ) |  | 147,135 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,992,763 |  |  | $ | 6,350 |  |  | $ | (42,337 | ) |  | $ | 2,956,776 |
Held-to-maturity investment security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 2,992,763 |  |  | $ | 6,350 |  |  | $ | (42,337 | ) |  | $ | 2,956,776 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 730,287 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (9,829 | ) |  | $ | 720,479 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 277,891 |  |  | 224 |  |  | (3,249 | ) |  | 274,866 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 272,672 |  |  | 345 |  |  | (6,218 | ) |  | 266,799 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,266,372 |  |  | 3,924 |  |  | (11,549 | ) |  | 1,258,747 |
Municipal securities |  | 148,302 |  |  | 1,252 |  |  | (1,900 | ) |  | 147,654 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) |  | 11,592 |  |  | — |  |  | (115 | ) |  | 11,477 |
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) |  | 222,190 |  |  | 562 |  |  | (375 | ) |  | 222,377 |
Non-investment grade (1) |  | 10,191 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  | 9,173 |
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade (1) (2) |  | 405,443 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (21,579 | ) |  | 383,894 |
Other securities |  | 40,501 |  |  | 337 |  |  | (509 | ) |  | 40,329 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 3,385,441 |  |  | $ | 6,695 |  |  | $ | (56,341 | ) |  | $ | 3,335,795 |
Held-to-maturity investment security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security (3) |  | $ | 143,971 |  |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,593 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 3,529,412 |  |  | $ | 7,317 |  |  | $ | (56,341 | ) |  | $ | 3,480,388 |

(1) | Available-for-sale investment securities rated BBB- or higher by Standard &Poor’s (“S&P”) or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s are considered investment grade. Conversely, available-for-sale investment securities rated lower than BBB- by S&P or lower than Baa3 by Moody’s are considered non-investment grade. Classifications are based on the lower of the credit ratings by S&P or Moody’s.

(2) | Fair values of foreign bonds include $458.9 million and $353.6 million of multilateral development bank bonds as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

(3) | During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.

27

Unrealized Losses
The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and related fair values of the Company’s investment portfolio, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

|  | As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 415,507 |  |  | $ | (4,615 | ) |  | $ | 110,825 |  |  | $ | (2,088 | ) |  | $ | 526,332 |  |  | $ | (6,703 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 96,681 |  |  | (367 | ) |  | 54,512 |  |  | (2,256 | ) |  | 151,193 |  |  | (2,623 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 120,070 |  |  | (1,721 | ) |  | 155,128 |  |  | (5,376 | ) |  | 275,198 |  |  | (7,097 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 365,038 |  |  | (2,344 | ) |  | 288,768 |  |  | (5,538 | ) |  | 653,806 |  |  | (7,882 | )
Municipal securities |  | 22,010 |  |  | (222 | ) |  | 11,256 |  |  | (234 | ) |  | 33,266 |  |  | (456 | )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 4,715 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,715 |  |  | (7 | )
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,327 |  |  | (137 | ) |  | 2,327 |  |  | (137 | )
Non-investment grade |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,615 |  |  | (576 | ) |  | 9,615 |  |  | (576 | )
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 73,619 |  |  | (873 | ) |  | 344,298 |  |  | (15,611 | ) |  | 417,917 |  |  | (16,484 | )
Other securities |  | 31,223 |  |  | (372 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,223 |  |  | (372 | )
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 1,128,863 |  |  | $ | (10,521 | ) |  | $ | 976,729 |  |  | $ | (31,816 | ) |  | $ | 2,105,592 |  |  | $ | (42,337 | )
Held-to-maturity investment security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 1,128,863 |  |  | $ | (10,521 | ) |  | $ | 976,729 |  |  | $ | (31,816 | ) |  | $ | 2,105,592 |  |  | $ | (42,337 | )
|  | As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) |  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 670,268 |  |  | $ | (9,829 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 670,268 |  |  | $ | (9,829 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 203,901 |  |  | (3,249 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 203,901 |  |  | (3,249 | )
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 202,106 |  |  | (5,452 | ) |  | 29,201 |  |  | (766 | ) |  | 231,307 |  |  | (6,218 | )
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 629,324 |  |  | (9,594 | ) |  | 119,603 |  |  | (1,955 | ) |  | 748,927 |  |  | (11,549 | )
Municipal securities |  | 57,655 |  |  | (1,699 | ) |  | 2,692 |  |  | (201 | ) |  | 60,347 |  |  | (1,900 | )
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 5,033 |  |  | (101 | ) |  | 6,444 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 11,477 |  |  | (115 | )
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,667 |  |  | (375 | ) |  | 71,667 |  |  | (375 | )
Non-investment grade |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,173 |  |  | (1,018 | ) |  | 9,173 |  |  | (1,018 | )
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade |  | 363,618 |  |  | (21,327 | ) |  | 14,258 |  |  | (252 | ) |  | 377,876 |  |  | (21,579 | )
Other securities |  | 30,991 |  |  | (509 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,991 |  |  | (509 | )
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,162,896 |  |  | $ | (51,760 | ) |  | $ | 253,038 |  |  | $ | (4,581 | ) |  | $ | 2,415,934 |  |  | $ | (56,341 | )
Held-to-maturity investment security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 2,162,896 |  |  | $ | (51,760 | ) |  | $ | 253,038 |  |  | $ | (4,581 | ) |  | $ | 2,415,934 |  |  | $ | (56,341 | )

28

For each reporting period, the Company examines all individual securities that are in an unrealized loss position for OTTI. For discussion of the factors and criteria the Company uses in analyzing securities for OTTI, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Available-for-Sale Investment Securities t o the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
The unrealized losses were primarily attributable to the yield curve movement, in addition to widened liquidity and credit spreads. The issuers of these securities have not, to the Company’s knowledge, established any cause for default on these securities. These securities have fluctuated in value since their purchase dates as market interest rates have fluctuated. The Company believes that the gross unrealized losses detailed in the previous tables are temporary and not due to reasons of credit quality. As a result, the Company expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Accordingly, no impairment loss was recorded on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had 146 available-for-sale investment securities in an unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, primarily comprised of 79 U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 22 U.S. Treasury securities and 14 investment grade foreign bonds. In comparison, as of December 31, 2016, the Company had 170 available-for-sale investment securities in an unrealized loss position with no credit impairment, primarily comprised of 82 U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, 26 U.S. Treasury securities and 13 investment grade foreign bonds.
During the first quarter of 2016, the Company obtained a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security, through the securitization of multifamily real estate loans, which was classified as held-to-maturity and recorded at amortized cost. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred this non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale. The transfer reflects the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
No OTTI credit losses were recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Realized Gains and Losses
The following table presents the proceeds, gross realized gains and losses, and tax expense related to the sales of available-for-sale investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Proceeds from sales |  | $ | 124,887 |  |  | $ | 143,513 |  |  | $ | 676,776 |  |  | $ | 1,008,256 |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 1,539 |  |  | $ | 1,790 |  |  | $ | 6,733 |  |  | $ | 8,593 |
Gross realized losses |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (125 | )
Related tax expense |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 752 |  |  | $ | 2,831 |  |  | $ | 3,560 |

Scheduled Maturities of Investment Securities
The following table presents the scheduled maturities of available-for-sale investment securities as of September 30, 2017:

($ in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year |  | $ | 638,257 |  |  | $ | 621,343 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 629,892 |  |  | 623,058 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 176,117 |  |  | 172,902 |
Due after ten years |  | 1,548,497 |  |  | 1,539,473 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,992,763 |  |  | $ | 2,956,776 |

29

Actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations. In addition, factors such as prepayments and interest rates may affect the yields on the carrying values of mortgage-backed securities.
Available-for-sale investment securities with fair values of $584.9 million and $767.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, the Federal Reserve Bank’s discount window and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
Restricted Equity Securities
Restricted equity securities include stock of the Federal Reserve Bank and of the FHLB. Restricted equity securities are carried at cost as these securities do not have a readily determinable fair value. The following table presents the restricted equity securities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  | $ | 56,072 |  |  | $ | 55,525 |
FHLB stock |  | 17,250 |  |  | 17,250 |
Total |  | $ | 73,322 |  |  | $ | 72,775 |

Note 7 — Derivatives
The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, primarily including interest rate risk and foreign currency risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company’s goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity and volatility so that movements in interest rates are not significant to earnings or capital. The Company also uses foreign exchange contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited. The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. While the Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship, other derivatives consist of economic hedges. For additional information on the Company’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
The following table presents the total notional and fair value of the Company’s derivatives as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Notional Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value
|  | Derivative Assets (1) |  | Derivative Liabilities (1) |  |  | Derivative Assets (1) |  | Derivative Liabilities (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit |  | $ | 42,566 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,648 |  |  | $ | 48,365 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,976 |
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,026 |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | — |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 42,566 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,648 |  |  | $ | 131,391 |  |  | $ | 4,325 |  |  | $ | 5,976 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | $ | 8,742,980 |  |  | $ | 64,822 |  |  | $ | 64,212 |  |  | $ | 7,668,482 |  |  | $ | 67,578 |  |  | $ | 65,131 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | 1,131,414 |  |  | 14,187 |  |  | 20,054 |  |  | 767,764 |  |  | 11,874 |  |  | 11,213 |
RPAs |  | 68,387 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 71,414 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Warrants |  | — |  | (2) | 1,455 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 9,942,781 |  |  | $ | 80,466 |  |  | $ | 84,267 |  |  | $ | 8,507,660 |  |  | $ | 79,455 |  |  | $ | 76,347 |

(1) | Derivative assets and derivative liabilities are included in Other assets and Accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | The Company held four warrants in public companies and 32 warrants in private companies as of September 30, 2017.

30

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps on Certificates of Deposit — The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain fixed rate certificates of deposit due to changes in the benchmark interest rate, London Interbank Offered Rate. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the receipt of fixed rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making variable rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of the interest rate swaps on certificates of deposit were $42.6 million and $48.4 million, respectively. The fair value liabilities of the interest rate swaps were $6.6 million and $6.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
The following table presents the net gains (losses) recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income related to the derivatives designated as fair value hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gains (losses) recorded in interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized on interest rate swaps |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (1,327 | ) |  | $ | (1,486 | ) |  | $ | 3,044 |
Recognized on certificates of deposit |  | $ | (116 | ) |  | $ | 674 |  |  | $ | 1,236 |  |  | $ | (2,688 | )

Net Investment Hedges — ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters — Foreign Currency Transactions and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, allow hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company began entering into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-USD functional currency subsidiary in China. The hedging instruments designated as net investment hedges, involve hedging the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in China, against the risk of adverse changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. The Company recorded the changes in the carrying amount of its China subsidiary in the Foreign currency translation adjustment account within AOCI. Simultaneously, the effective portion of the hedge of this exposure was also recorded in the Foreign currency translation adjustment account and the ineffective portion, if any, was recorded in current earnings. During the first quarter of 2017, the Company discontinued hedge accounting prospectively. The cumulative effective portion of the net investment hedges recorded through the point of dedesignation remained in the Foreign currency translation adjustment account within AOCI, and will be reclassified into earnings only upon the sale or liquidation of the China subsidiary. The Company continues to economically hedge its foreign currency exposure in its China subsidiary through foreign exchange forward contracts, which were included as part of the Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments — “Foreign Exchange Contracts” caption as of September 30, 2017.
As of September 30, 2017, there were no derivative contracts designated as net investment hedges. As of December 31, 2016, the total notional amount and fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts designated as net investment hedges were $83.0 million and a $4.3 million asset, respectively. The following table presents the gains (losses) recorded in the Foreign currency translation adjustment account within AOCI related to the effective portion of the net investment hedges and the ineffective portion recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gains (losses) recognized in AOCI on net investment hedges (effective portion) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | (648 | ) |  | $ | 296 |
Losses recognized in foreign exchange income (ineffective portion) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (236 | ) |  | $ | (1,953 | ) |  | $ | (667 | )

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Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps and Options — The Company enters into interest rate derivatives including interest rate swaps and options with its customers to allow them to hedge against the risk of rising interest rates on their variable rate loans. To economically hedge against the interest rate risks in the products offered to its customers, the Company enters into mirrored interest rate contracts with institutional counterparties. As of September 30, 2017, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. As of December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $3.86 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $3.81 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. The fair value of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $64.8 million asset and a $64.2 million liability as of September 30, 2017. The fair value of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $67.6 million asset and a $65.1 million liability as of December 31, 2016.
Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, primarily comprised of forward, swap and spot contracts to enable its customers to hedge their transactions in foreign currencies against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and also to allow the Company to economically hedge against foreign currency fluctuations in certain foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited. For a majority of the foreign exchange transactions entered with its customers, the Company enters into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with institutional counterparties to mitigate the foreign exchange risk. A majority of these contracts have original maturities of one year or less. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of the foreign exchange contracts were $1.13 billion and $767.8 million, respectively. The fair values of the foreign exchange contracts recorded were a $14.2 million asset and a $20.1 million liability as of September 30, 2017. The fair values of the foreign exchange contracts recorded were an $11.9 million asset and an $11.2 million liability as of December 31, 2016.
Credit Risk Participation Agreements — The Company has entered into RPAs under which the Company assumed its pro-rata share of the credit exposure associated with the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts. The Company may or may not be a party to the interest rate derivative contract and enters into such RPAs in instances where the Company is a party to the related loan participation agreement with the borrower. The Company will make or receive payments under the RPAs if the borrower defaults on its obligation to perform under the interest rate derivative contract. The Company manages its credit risk on the RPAs by monitoring the credit worthiness of the borrowers, which is based on the normal credit review process. The notional amount of the RPAs reflect the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $47.8 million and a $1 thousand liability, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $20.6 million and a $2 thousand asset, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $48.3 million and a $3 thousand liability, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $23.1 million and a $3 thousand asset, respectively. Assuming all underlying borrowers referenced in the interest rate derivative contracts defaulted as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the exposures from the RPAs purchased would be $92 thousand and $179 thousand, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the weighted average remaining maturities of the outstanding RPAs were 3.0 years and 3.7 years, respectively.
Warrants — The Company obtained warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies, as part of the loan origination process. As of September 30, 2017, the Company held four warrants in public companies and 32 warrants in private companies. The fair values of the warrants for public and private companies were an $856 thousand asset and a $599 thousand asset, respectively, totaling $1.5 million as of September 30, 2017.
32

The following table presents the net gains (losses) recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Location in Consolidated Statements of Income |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps and options |  | Derivative fees and other income |  | $ | (94 | ) |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | (1,838 | ) |  | $ | (2,220 | )
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Foreign exchange income |  | 3,720 |  |  | 3,787 |  |  | 17,936 |  |  | 10,982 |
RPAs |  | Derivative fees and other income |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7 | )
Warrants |  | Ancillary loan fees and other income |  | 669 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,455 |  |  | — |
Net gains |  |  |  | $ | 4,295 |  |  | $ | 4,202 |  |  | $ | 17,554 |  |  | $ | 8,755 |

Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features — Certain over-the-counter derivative contracts of the Company contain early termination provisions that may require the Company to settle any outstanding balances upon the occurrence of a specified credit-risk-related event. These events, which are defined by the existing derivative contracts, primarily relate to a downgrade in the credit rating of East West Bank to below investment grade. In the event that East West Bank’s credit rating is downgraded to below investment grade, no additional collateral would be required to be posted, since the liabilities related to such contracts were fully collateralized as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
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Offsetting of Derivatives
The Company has entered into agreements with certain counterparty financial institutions, which include master netting agreements. However, the Company has elected to account for all derivatives with counterparty institutions on a gross basis. The following tables present gross derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the respective collateral received or pledged in the form of other financial instruments, which are generally marketable securities and/or cash. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability (after netting is applied); thus instances of overcollateralization are not shown:

|  | As of September 30, 2017
($ in thousands) |  | Total |  | Contracts Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangements |  | Contracts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements
|  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Derivative Amount |  | Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Derivatives Assets |  | $ | 80,466 |  |  | $ | 57,720 |  |  | $ | 22,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,746 |  |  | $ | (20,240 | ) | (1) | $ | (2,230 | ) | (2) | $ | 276 |
|  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Derivative Amount |  | Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Derivatives Liabilities |  | $ | 90,915 |  |  | $ | 17,814 |  |  | $ | 73,101 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,101 |  |  | $ | (20,240 | ) | (1) | $ | (52,851 | ) | (3) | $ | 10 |

|  | As of December 31, 2016
($ in thousands) |  | Total |  | Contracts Not Subject to Master Netting Arrangements |  | Contracts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements
|  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Derivative Amounts |  | Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Derivatives Assets |  | $ | 83,780 |  |  | $ | 51,218 |  |  | $ | 32,562 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,562 |  |  | $ | (20,991 | ) | (1) | $ | (10,687 | ) | (2) | $ | 884 |
|  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Derivative Amounts |  | Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Derivatives Liabilities |  | $ | 82,323 |  |  | $ | 24,097 |  |  | $ | 58,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,226 |  |  | $ | (20,991 | ) | (1) | $ | (36,349 | ) | (3) | $ | 886 |

(1) | Represents the netting of derivative receivable and payable balances for the same counterparty under enforceable master netting arrangements if the Company has elected to net.

(2) | Represents cash and securities received against derivative assets with the same counterparty that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. No cash collateral was received as of September 30, 2017. Includes $8.1 million of cash collateral received as of December 31, 2016.

(3) | Represents cash and securities pledged against derivative liabilities with the same counterparty that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. Includes $18.0 million and $170 thousand of cash collateral posted as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

In addition to the amounts included in the tables above, the Company also has balance sheet netting related to resale and repurchase agreements, refer to Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Refer to Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for fair value measurement disclosures on derivatives.
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Note 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s held-for-investment loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. Originated and purchased loans with no evidence of credit deterioration at their acquisition date are referred to collectively as non-PCI loans. PCI loans are loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and it is probable at the acquisition date that the Company would be unable to collect all contractually required payments. PCI loans are accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The Company has elected to account for PCI loans on a pool level basis under ASC 310-30 at the time of acquisition.
The following table presents the composition of the Company’s non-PCI and PCI loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Non-PCI Loans (1) |  | PCI Loans (2) |  | Total (1)(2) |  | Non-PCI Loans (1) |  | PCI Loans (2) |  | Total (1)(2)
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 8,530,519 |  |  | $ | 313,257 |  |  | $ | 8,843,776 |  |  | $ | 7,667,661 |  |  | $ | 348,448 |  |  | $ | 8,016,109 |
Construction |  | 572,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 572,027 |  |  | 551,560 |  |  | — |  |  | 551,560 |
Land |  | 111,006 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 111,377 |  |  | 121,276 |  |  | 1,918 |  |  | 123,194 |
Total CRE |  | 9,213,552 |  |  | 313,628 |  |  | 9,527,180 |  |  | 8,340,497 |  |  | 350,366 |  |  | 8,690,863 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 9,763,688 |  |  | 12,566 |  |  | 9,776,254 |  |  | 8,921,246 |  |  | 38,387 |  |  | 8,959,633 |
Trade finance |  | 868,902 |  |  | — |  |  | 868,902 |  |  | 680,930 |  |  | — |  |  | 680,930 |
Total C&I |  | 10,632,590 |  |  | 12,566 |  |  | 10,645,156 |  |  | 9,602,176 |  |  | 38,387 |  |  | 9,640,563 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 4,234,017 |  |  | 121,992 |  |  | 4,356,009 |  |  | 3,370,669 |  |  | 139,110 |  |  | 3,509,779 |
Multifamily |  | 1,808,311 |  |  | 68,645 |  |  | 1,876,956 |  |  | 1,490,285 |  |  | 95,654 |  |  | 1,585,939 |
Total residential |  | 6,042,328 |  |  | 190,637 |  |  | 6,232,965 |  |  | 4,860,954 |  |  | 234,764 |  |  | 5,095,718 |
Consumer |  | 2,104,614 |  |  | 15,442 |  |  | 2,120,056 |  |  | 2,057,067 |  |  | 18,928 |  |  | 2,075,995 |
Total loans held-for-investment |  | $ | 27,993,084 |  |  | $ | 532,273 |  |  | $ | 28,525,357 |  |  | $ | 24,860,694 |  |  | $ | 642,445 |  |  | $ | 25,503,139 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (285,858 | ) |  | (68 | ) |  | (285,926 | ) |  | (260,402 | ) |  | (118 | ) |  | (260,520 | )
Loans held-for-investment, net |  | $ | 27,707,226 |  |  | $ | 532,205 |  |  | $ | 28,239,431 |  |  | $ | 24,600,292 |  |  | $ | 642,327 |  |  | $ | 25,242,619 |

(1) | Includes $(29.2) million and $1.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of net deferred loan fees, unearned income, unamortized premiums and unaccreted discounts.

(2) | Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

CRE loans include income producing real estate, construction and land loans where the interest rates may be fixed, variable or hybrid. Included in CRE loans are owner occupied and non-owner occupied loans where the borrowers rely on income from tenants to service the loan. Commercial business and trade finance in the C&I segment provide financing to businesses in a wide spectrum of industries.
Residential loans are comprised of single-family and multifamily loans. The Company offers first lien mortgage loans secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located in its primary lending areas. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed rate conforming loans and adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial fixed periods of one to seven years, which adjust annually thereafter.
Consumer loans are comprised of home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”), insurance premium financing loans, credit card and auto loans. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s HELOCs were the largest component of the consumer loan portfolio, and were secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located in its primary lending areas. The HELOCs loan portfolio is largely comprised of loans originated through a reduced documentation loan program, where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio, typically 60% or less at origination. The Company is in a first lien position for many of these reduced documentation HELOCs. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates.
35

All loans originated are subject to the Company’s underwriting guidelines and loan origination standards. Management believes that the Company’s underwriting criteria and procedures adequately consider the unique risks associated with these products. The Company conducts a variety of quality control procedures and periodic audits, including the review of lending and legal requirements to ensure that it is in compliance with these requirements.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loans totaling $18.18 billion and $16.44 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings and to provide additional borrowing capacity from the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB.
Credit Quality Indicators
All loans are subject to the Company’s internal and external credit review and monitoring. Loans are risk rated based on an analysis of the current state of the borrower’s credit quality. The analysis of credit quality includes a review of all repayment sources, the borrower’s current payment performance/delinquency, current financial and liquidity status and all other relevant information. For single-family residential loans, payment performance/delinquency is the driving indicator for the risk ratings. Risk ratings are the overall credit quality indicator for the Company and the credit quality indicator utilized for estimating the appropriate allowance for loan losses. The Company utilizes a risk rating system, which can be classified within the following categories: Pass, Watch, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful and Loss. The risk ratings reflect the relative strength of the repayment sources.
Pass and Watch loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention loans are considered to have potential weaknesses that warrant closer attention by management. Special Mention is considered a transitory grade. If potential weaknesses are resolved, the loan is upgraded to a Pass or Watch grade. If negative trends in the borrower’s financial status or other information indicate that the repayment sources may become inadequate, the loan is downgraded to a Substandard grade. Substandard loans are considered to have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the full and timely repayment of the loan. Substandard loans have a distinct possibility of loss, if the deficiencies are not corrected. Additionally, when management has assessed a potential for loss but a distinct possibility of loss is not recognizable, the loan is still classified as Substandard. Doubtful loans have insufficient sources of repayment and a high probability of loss. Loss loans are considered to be uncollectible and of such little value that they are no longer considered bankable assets. These internal risk ratings are reviewed routinely and adjusted based on changes in the borrowers’ financial status and the loans’ collectability.
36

The following tables present the credit risk ratings for non-PCI loans by portfolio segment as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| Pass/Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total Non-PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 8,341,970 |  |  | $ | 74,028 |  |  | $ | 114,521 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,530,519 |
Construction |  | 540,851 |  |  | 22,176 |  |  | 9,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 572,027 |
Land |  | 96,160 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,846 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111,006 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 9,447,163 |  |  | 142,531 |  |  | 152,975 |  |  | 21,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,763,688 |
Trade finance |  | 830,268 |  |  | 18,631 |  |  | 20,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 868,902 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 4,199,554 |  |  | 11,501 |  |  | 22,962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,234,017 |
Multifamily |  | 1,789,351 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,960 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,808,311 |
Consumer |  | 2,080,056 |  |  | 9,683 |  |  | 14,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,104,614 |
Total |  | $ | 27,325,373 |  |  | $ | 278,550 |  |  | $ | 368,142 |  |  | $ | 21,019 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,993,084 |

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| Pass/Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total Non-PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 7,476,804 |  |  | $ | 29,005 |  |  | $ | 161,852 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,667,661 |
Construction |  | 551,560 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551,560 |
Land |  | 107,976 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,290 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,276 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 8,559,674 |  |  | 155,276 |  |  | 201,139 |  |  | 5,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,921,246 |
Trade finance |  | 635,027 |  |  | 9,435 |  |  | 36,460 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 680,930 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 3,341,015 |  |  | 10,179 |  |  | 19,475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,370,669 |
Multifamily |  | 1,462,522 |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 25,495 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,490,285 |
Consumer |  | 2,043,405 |  |  | 6,764 |  |  | 6,898 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,057,067 |
Total |  | $ | 24,177,983 |  |  | $ | 212,927 |  |  | $ | 464,609 |  |  | $ | 5,167 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 24,860,694 |

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The following tables present the credit risk ratings for PCI loans by portfolio segment as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| Pass/Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 261,907 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 313,257 |
Land |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 371 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 11,205 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1,271 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,566 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 118,281 |  |  | 1,769 |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,992 |
Multifamily |  | 64,455 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,645 |
Consumer |  | 13,962 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,442 |
Total (1) |  | $ | 469,854 |  |  | $ | 2,223 |  |  | $ | 60,196 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 532,273 |

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| Pass/Watch |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 293,529 |  |  | $ | 3,239 |  |  | $ | 51,680 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 348,448 |
Land |  | 1,562 |  |  | — |  |  | 356 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,918 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 33,885 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 3,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,387 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 136,245 |  |  | 1,239 |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139,110 |
Multifamily |  | 86,190 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,464 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,654 |
Consumer |  | 17,433 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 1,179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,928 |
Total (1) |  | $ | 568,844 |  |  | $ | 5,566 |  |  | $ | 68,035 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 642,445 |

(1) | Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

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Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
Non-PCI loans that are 90 or more days past due are generally placed on nonaccrual status. Additionally, non-PCI loans that are less than 90 days past due but have identified deficiencies, such as when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain, are also placed on nonaccrual status. The following tables present the aging analysis on non-PCI loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| Accruing Loans 30-59 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Total Accruing Past Due Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans Less Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans 90 or More Days Past Due |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |  | Current Accruing Loans |  | Total Non-PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 5,211 |  |  | $ | 1,924 |  |  | $ | 7,135 |  |  | $ | 4,853 |  |  | $ | 19,949 |  |  | $ | 24,802 |  |  | $ | 8,498,582 |  |  | $ | 8,530,519 |
Construction |  | 9,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 563,027 |  |  | 572,027 |
Land |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 4,173 |  |  | 4,183 |  |  | 106,823 |  |  | 111,006 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 16,315 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 16,423 |  |  | 34,844 |  |  | 38,540 |  |  | 73,384 |  |  | 9,673,881 |  |  | 9,763,688 |
Trade finance |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 868,902 |  |  | 868,902 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 16,765 |  |  | 1,560 |  |  | 18,325 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,639 |  |  | 6,639 |  |  | 4,209,053 |  |  | 4,234,017 |
Multifamily |  | 7,476 |  |  | 664 |  |  | 8,140 |  |  | 1,456 |  |  | 1,164 |  |  | 2,620 |  |  | 1,797,551 |  |  | 1,808,311 |
Consumer |  | 8,837 |  |  | 5,346 |  |  | 14,183 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 3,004 |  |  | 3,097 |  |  | 2,087,334 |  |  | 2,104,614 |
Total |  | $ | 63,604 |  |  | $ | 9,602 |  |  | $ | 73,206 |  |  | $ | 41,256 |  |  | $ | 73,469 |  |  | $ | 114,725 |  |  | $ | 27,805,153 |  |  | $ | 27,993,084 |

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| Accruing Loans 30-59 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Total Accruing Past Due Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans Less Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans 90 or More Days Past Due |  | Total Nonaccrual Loans |  | Current Accruing Loans |  | Total Non-PCI Loans
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 6,233 |  |  | $ | 14,080 |  |  | $ | 20,313 |  |  | $ | 14,872 |  |  | $ | 12,035 |  |  | $ | 26,907 |  |  | $ | 7,620,441 |  |  | $ | 7,667,661 |
Construction |  | 4,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 546,566 |  |  | 551,560 |
Land |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 433 |  |  | 4,893 |  |  | 5,326 |  |  | 115,950 |  |  | 121,276 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 45,052 |  |  | 2,279 |  |  | 47,331 |  |  | 60,511 |  |  | 20,737 |  |  | 81,248 |  |  | 8,792,667 |  |  | 8,921,246 |
Trade finance |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 680,922 |  |  | 680,930 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 9,595 |  |  | 8,076 |  |  | 17,671 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,214 |  |  | 4,214 |  |  | 3,348,784 |  |  | 3,370,669 |
Multifamily |  | 3,951 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 2,984 |  |  | 1,482,976 |  |  | 1,490,285 |
Consumer |  | 3,327 |  |  | 3,228 |  |  | 6,555 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 1,965 |  |  | 2,130 |  |  | 2,048,382 |  |  | 2,057,067 |
Total |  | $ | 73,152 |  |  | $ | 28,037 |  |  | $ | 101,189 |  |  | $ | 78,779 |  |  | $ | 44,038 |  |  | $ | 122,817 |  |  | $ | 24,636,688 |  |  | $ | 24,860,694 |

For information on the policy for recording payments received and resuming accrual of interest on non-PCI loans that are placed on nonaccrual status, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
PCI loans are excluded from the above aging analysis tables as the Company has elected to account for these loans on a pool level basis under ASC 310-30 at the time of acquisition. Refer to the discussion on PCI loans within this note for additional details on interest income recognition. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, PCI loans on nonaccrual status totaled $5.7 million and $11.7 million, respectively.
39

Loans in Process of Foreclosure
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $6.3 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of recorded investments in residential and consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties, for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdictions, which were not included in OREO. A foreclosed residential real estate property with a carrying amount of $391 thousand was included in total net OREO of $2.3 million as of September 30, 2017. In comparison, foreclosed residential real estate properties with a carrying amount of $401 thousand were included in total net OREO of $6.7 million as of December 31, 2016.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Potential troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are individually evaluated and the type of restructuring is selected based on the loan type and the circumstances of the borrower’s financial difficulty in order to maximize the Company’s recovery. A TDR is a modification of the terms of a loan when the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that it would not have otherwise considered.
The following tables present the additions to non-PCI TDRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | Loans Modified as TDRs During the Three Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| Number of Loans |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Financial Impact (2) |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Financial Impact (2)
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | 1 |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 10 |  | $ | 15,143 |  |  | $ | 14,927 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 93 |

|  | Loans Modified as TDRs During the Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| Number of Loans |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Financial Impact (2) |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Financial Impact (2)
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | 2 |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 15,899 |  |  | $ | 15,730 |  |  | $ | 43 |
Land |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 5,522 |  |  | $ | 5,233 |  |  | $ | — |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 15 |  | $ | 29,541 |  |  | $ | 28,796 |  |  | $ | 10,365 |  |  | 8 |  | $ | 22,182 |  |  | $ | 9,113 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |
Trade finance |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 7,901 |  |  | $ | 3,025 |  |  | $ | — |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 1,071 |  |  | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | — |
Multifamily |  | 1 |  | $ | 3,655 |  |  | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 1 |

(1) | Includes subsequent payments after modification and reflects the balance as of September 30, 2017 and 2016.

(2) | The financial impact includes charge-offs and specific reserves recorded at the modification date.

40

The following tables present the non-PCI TDR modifications for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 by modification type:

($ in thousands) |  | Modification Type During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Principal (1) |  | Principal and Interest (2) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Interest Deferments |  | Other |  | Total
CRE |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172 |
C&I |  | 14,903 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,927 |
Total |  | $ | 15,075 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,099 |

($ in thousands) |  | Modification Type During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Principal (1) |  | Principal and Interest (2) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Interest Deferments |  | Other |  | Total
C&I |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 475 |
Total |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 475 |

($ in thousands) |  | Modification Type During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Principal (1) |  | Principal and Interest (2) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Interest Deferments |  | Other |  | Total
CRE |  | $ | 1,648 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,648 |
C&I |  | 18,289 |  |  | 10,507 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,796 |
Residential |  | 3,620 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |
Total |  | $ | 23,557 |  |  | $ | 10,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,064 |

($ in thousands) |  | Modification Type During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Principal (1) |  | Principal and Interest (2) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Interest Deferments |  | Other |  | Total
CRE |  | $ | 19,812 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,151 |  |  | $ | 20,963 |
C&I |  | 10,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,288 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 12,138 |
Residential |  | 266 |  |  | — |  |  | 799 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,065 |
Consumer |  | 337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 337 |
Total |  | $ | 30,633 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,087 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 1,751 |  |  | $ | 34,503 |

(1) | Includes forbearance payments, term extensions and principal deferments that modify the terms of the loan from principal and interest payments to interest payments only.

(2) | Includes principal and interest deferments or reductions.

41

Subsequent to restructuring, a TDR that becomes delinquent, generally beyond 90 days, is considered to have defaulted. As TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment under the specific reserve methodology, subsequent defaults do not generally have a significant additional impact on the allowance for loan losses. The following tables present information for loans modified as TDRs within the previous 12 months that have subsequently defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, and were still in default at the respective period end:

($ in thousands) |  | Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted During the Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,386 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

($ in thousands) |  | Loans Modified as TDRs that Subsequently Defaulted During the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,386 |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 119 |
Consumer |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

The amount of additional funds committed to lend to borrowers whose terms have been modified was $612 thousand and $9.9 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Impaired Loans
The Company’s loans are grouped into heterogeneous and homogeneous (mostly consumer loans) categories. Classified loans in the heterogeneous category are identified and evaluated for impairment on an individual basis. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect all scheduled payments of principal or interest due in accordance with the original contractual terms. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent, less costs to sell. When the value of an impaired loan is less than the recorded investment and the loan is classified as nonperforming and uncollectible, the deficiency is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans exclude the homogeneous consumer loan portfolio, which is evaluated collectively for impairment. The Company’s impaired loans include predominantly non-PCI loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status and any non-PCI loans modified in a TDR, which may be on accrual or nonaccrual status.
42

The following tables present information on the non-PCI impaired loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment With No Allowance |  | Recorded Investment With Allowance |  | Total Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 35,133 |  |  | $ | 28,908 |  |  | $ | 6,241 |  |  | $ | 35,149 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |
Land |  | 4,183 |  |  | 4,173 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 4,183 |  |  | 1 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 89,233 |  |  | 50,700 |  |  | 38,392 |  |  | 89,092 |  |  | 18,183 |
Trade finance |  | 4,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,708 |  |  | 4,708 |  |  | 786 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 15,868 |  |  | 1,867 |  |  | 14,032 |  |  | 15,899 |  |  | 572 |
Multifamily |  | 12,224 |  |  | 6,062 |  |  | 6,170 |  |  | 12,232 |  |  | 194 |
Consumer |  | 4,298 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 2,998 |  |  | 4,301 |  |  | 4 |
Total |  | $ | 165,725 |  |  | $ | 93,013 |  |  | $ | 72,551 |  |  | $ | 165,564 |  |  | $ | 20,751 |

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment With No Allowance |  | Recorded Investment With Allowance |  | Total Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 50,718 |  |  | $ | 32,507 |  |  | $ | 14,001 |  |  | $ | 46,508 |  |  | $ | 1,263 |
Land |  | 6,457 |  |  | 5,427 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 5,870 |  |  | 63 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 162,239 |  |  | 78,316 |  |  | 42,137 |  |  | 120,453 |  |  | 10,443 |
Trade finance |  | 5,227 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 34 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 15,435 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,335 |  |  | 14,335 |  |  | 687 |
Multifamily |  | 11,181 |  |  | 5,684 |  |  | 4,357 |  |  | 10,041 |  |  | 180 |
Consumer |  | 4,016 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,682 |  |  | 3,682 |  |  | 31 |
Total |  | $ | 255,273 |  |  | $ | 121,934 |  |  | $ | 84,121 |  |  | $ | 206,055 |  |  | $ | 12,701 |

43

The following table presents the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on non-PCI impaired loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| Average Recorded Investment |  | Recognized Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Recognized Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Recognized Interest Income (1) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Recognized Interest Income (1)
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 37,489 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 52,116 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 37,238 |  |  | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 52,221 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |
Land |  | 4,337 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,622 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4,484 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,777 |  |  | 26 |
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 93,278 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 91,290 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 94,709 |  |  | 799 |  |  | 92,805 |  |  | 648 |
Trade finance |  | 4,216 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 9,005 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 4,444 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 10,028 |  |  | 166 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 16,124 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 13,438 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 16,141 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 13,517 |  |  | 220 |
Multifamily |  | 12,532 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 20,585 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 12,540 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 20,646 |  |  | 231 |
Consumer |  | 4,492 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,571 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 4,455 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 48 |
Total non-PCI impaired loans |  | $ | 172,468 |  |  | $ | 707 |  |  | $ | 194,627 |  |  | $ | 929 |  |  | $ | 174,011 |  |  | $ | 2,146 |  |  | $ | 197,569 |  |  | $ | 2,707 |

(1) | Includes interest recognized on accruing non-PCI TDRs. Interest payments received on nonaccrual non-PCI loans are reflected as a reduction to principal and not as interest income.

44

Allowance for Credit Losses
The following tables present a summary of activities in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Non-PCI Loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 73,985 |  |  | $ | 150,136 |  |  | $ | 43,679 |  |  | $ | 8,438 |  |  | $ | 276,238 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 276,316 |
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses |  | (346 | ) |  | 15,656 |  |  | (583 | ) |  | (1,269 | ) |  | 13,458 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 13,448 |
Charge-offs |  | — |  |  | (7,359 | ) |  | — |  |  | (65 | ) |  | (7,424 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,424 | )
Recoveries |  | 610 |  |  | 2,165 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,586 |
Net recoveries (charge-offs) |  | 610 |  |  | (5,194 | ) |  | 809 |  |  | (63 | ) |  | (3,838 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,838 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 74,249 |  |  | $ | 160,598 |  |  | $ | 43,905 |  |  | $ | 7,106 |  |  | $ | 285,858 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 285,926 |

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Non-PCI Loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 78,102 |  |  | $ | 148,427 |  |  | $ | 31,561 |  |  | $ | 8,421 |  |  | $ | 266,511 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 266,768 |
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses |  | (6,598 | ) |  | 18,548 |  |  | 309 |  |  | (644 | ) |  | 11,615 |  |  | (101 | ) |  | 11,514 |
Charge-offs |  | (309 | ) |  | (23,696 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (24,047 | ) |  | — |  |  | (24,047 | )
Recoveries |  | 634 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,577 |
Net recoveries (charge-offs) |  | 325 |  |  | (23,531 | ) |  | 625 |  |  | 111 |  |  | (22,470 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22,470 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 71,829 |  |  | $ | 143,444 |  |  | $ | 32,495 |  |  | $ | 7,888 |  |  | $ | 255,656 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 255,812 |

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Non-PCI Loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 72,804 |  |  | $ | 142,166 |  |  | $ | 37,333 |  |  | $ | 8,099 |  |  | $ | 260,402 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 260,520 |
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses |  | (120 | ) |  | 28,576 |  |  | 4,815 |  |  | (1,087 | ) |  | 32,184 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 32,134 |
Charge-offs |  | (149 | ) |  | (19,802 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (72 | ) |  | (20,024 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20,024 | )
Recoveries |  | 1,714 |  |  | 9,658 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 13,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,296 |
Net recoveries (charge-offs) |  | 1,565 |  |  | (10,144 | ) |  | 1,757 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (6,728 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,728 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 74,249 |  |  | $ | 160,598 |  |  | $ | 43,905 |  |  | $ | 7,106 |  |  | $ | 285,858 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 285,926 |

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Non-PCI Loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 81,191 |  |  | $ | 134,597 |  |  | $ | 39,292 |  |  | $ | 9,520 |  |  | $ | 264,600 |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  | $ | 264,959 |
(Reversal of) provision for loan losses |  | (9,731 | ) |  | 38,549 |  |  | (7,679 | ) |  | (1,887 | ) |  | 19,252 |  |  | (203 | ) |  | 19,049 |
Charge-offs |  | (504 | ) |  | (31,770 | ) |  | (166 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (32,457 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32,457 | )
Recoveries |  | 873 |  |  | 2,068 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 4,261 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,261 |
Net recoveries (charge-offs) |  | 369 |  |  | (29,702 | ) |  | 882 |  |  | 255 |  |  | (28,196 | ) |  | — |  |  | (28,196 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 71,829 |  |  | $ | 143,444 |  |  | $ | 32,495 |  |  | $ | 7,888 |  |  | $ | 255,656 |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 255,812 |

For further information on accounting policies and the methodologies used to estimate the allowance for credit losses and loan charge-offs, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
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The following table presents a summary of activities in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning balance |  | $ | 15,188 |  |  | $ | 20,318 |  |  | $ | 16,121 |  |  | $ | 20,360 |
Reversal of unfunded credit reserves |  | (452 | ) |  | (1,989 | ) |  | (1,385 | ) |  | (2,031 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 14,736 |  |  | $ | 18,329 |  |  | $ | 14,736 |  |  | $ | 18,329 |

The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is maintained at a level management believes to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to unfunded credit facilities. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included in Accrued expense and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to unfunded credit reserves.
The following tables present the Company’s allowance for loan losses and recorded investments by portfolio segment and impairment methodology as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | 18,969 |  |  | $ | 766 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 20,751 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 73,237 |  |  | 141,629 |  |  | 43,139 |  |  | 7,102 |  |  | 265,107 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 74,317 |  |  | $ | 160,598 |  |  | $ | 43,905 |  |  | $ | 7,106 |  |  | $ | 285,926 |
Recorded investment in loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 39,332 |  |  | $ | 93,800 |  |  | $ | 28,131 |  |  | $ | 4,301 |  |  | $ | 165,564 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 9,174,220 |  |  | 10,538,790 |  |  | 6,014,197 |  |  | 2,100,313 |  |  | 27,827,520 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality (1) |  | 313,628 |  |  | 12,566 |  |  | 190,637 |  |  | 15,442 |  |  | 532,273 |
Ending balance (1) |  | $ | 9,527,180 |  |  | $ | 10,645,156 |  |  | $ | 6,232,965 |  |  | $ | 2,120,056 |  |  | $ | 28,525,357 |

($ in thousands) |  | December 31, 2016
| CRE |  | C&I |  | Residential |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 10,477 |  |  | $ | 867 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 12,701 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 71,478 |  |  | 131,689 |  |  | 36,466 |  |  | 8,068 |  |  | 247,701 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | 112 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 72,916 |  |  | $ | 142,167 |  |  | $ | 37,338 |  |  | $ | 8,099 |  |  | $ | 260,520 |
Recorded investment in loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 52,378 |  |  | $ | 125,619 |  |  | $ | 24,376 |  |  | $ | 3,682 |  |  | $ | 206,055 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment |  | 8,288,119 |  |  | 9,476,557 |  |  | 4,836,578 |  |  | 2,053,385 |  |  | 24,654,639 |
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality (1) |  | 350,366 |  |  | 38,387 |  |  | 234,764 |  |  | 18,928 |  |  | 642,445 |
Ending balance (1) |  | $ | 8,690,863 |  |  | $ | 9,640,563 |  |  | $ | 5,095,718 |  |  | $ | 2,075,995 |  |  | $ | 25,503,139 |

(1) | Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

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Purchased Credit Impaired Loans
At the date of acquisition, PCI loans are pooled and accounted for at fair value, which represents the discounted value of the expected cash flows of the loan portfolio. A pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single interest rate, cumulative loss rate and cash flow expectation. The cash flows expected over the life of the pools are estimated by an internal cash flow model that projects cash flows and calculates the carrying values of the pools, book yields, effective interest income and impairment, if any, based on pool level events. Assumptions as to cumulative loss rates, loss curves and prepayment speeds are utilized to calculate the expected cash flows. The amount of expected cash flows over the initial investment in the loan represents the “accretable yield,” which is recognized as interest income on a level yield basis over the life of the loan. Prepayments affect the estimated life of PCI loans, which may change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal, expected to be collected. The excess of total contractual cash flows over the cash flows expected to be received at origination is deemed to be the “nonaccretable difference.”
The following table presents the changes in accretable yield for PCI loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning balance |  | $ | 118,625 |  |  | $ | 166,777 |  |  | $ | 136,247 |  |  | $ | 214,907 |
Accretion |  | (10,747 | ) |  | (14,827 | ) |  | (32,108 | ) |  | (53,510 | )
Changes in expected cash flows |  | 2,078 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 5,817 |  |  | (9,136 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 109,956 |  |  | $ | 152,261 |  |  | $ | 109,956 |  |  | $ | 152,261 |

Loans Held-for-Sale
Loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. When a determination is made at the time of commitment to originate or purchase loans as held-for-investment, it is the Company’s intent to hold these loans to maturity or for the “foreseeable future,” subject to periodic reviews under the Company’s management evaluation processes, including asset/liability management. When the Company subsequently changes its intent to hold certain loans, the loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value.
As of September 30, 2017, loans held-for-sale amounted to $178 thousand, which were comprised of single-family residential loans. In comparison, as of December 31, 2016, loans held-for-sale amounted to $23.1 million, which were primarily comprised of consumer loans. Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale were $74.5 million and $418.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I loans for both periods. In comparison, $144.9 million and $720.7 million of loans were transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I, multifamily residential and CRE loans for both periods. The Company recorded $232 thousand and $441 thousand in write-downs to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In comparison, there were no write-downs and $1.9 million of write-downs recorded to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold $33.8 million and $101.4 million, respectively, in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $2.3 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Originated loans sold during these periods were primarily comprised of C&I and CRE loans. In comparison, the Company sold $107.3 million in originated loans during the three months ended September 30, 2016, resulting in net gains of $2.2 million. Originated loans sold during this period were primarily comprised of C&I and CRE loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company sold or securitized $529.5 million in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $9.3 million. Included in these amounts were $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans securitized during the first quarter of 2016, which resulted in net gains of $1.1 million, $641 thousand in mortgage servicing rights and $160.1 million of held-to-maturity investment security that were recorded. The remaining $327.8 million of originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily comprising of CRE and C&I loans, resulted in net gains of $8.2 million.
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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company purchased $72.4 million and $441.1 million loans, respectively, compared to $256.2 million and $1.04 billion during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans and single-family residential loans. The higher loans purchased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily included $165.8 million and $488.3 million, respectively, of single-family residential loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) purposes.
From time to time, the Company purchases and sells loans in the secondary market. Certain purchased loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale and write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, when appropriate. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold loans of $57.4 million and $354.5 million, respectively, in the secondary market at net gains of $19 thousand and $1.2 million, respectively. In comparison, the Company sold loans of $45.8 million and $179.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, in the secondary market. Loan sales in the secondary market resulted in no gains or losses and $69 thousand in net gains recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
The Company records valuation adjustments in Net gains on sales of loans on the Consolidated Statements of Income to carry the loans held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value. For each of the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, no valuation adjustments were recorded. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $61 thousand and $2.4 million, respectively, in valuation adjustments.
Note 9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net
The CRA encourages banks to meet the credit needs of their communities for housing and other purposes, particularly in neighborhoods with low or moderate income. The Company invests in certain affordable housing limited partnerships that qualify for CRA credits. Such limited partnerships are formed to develop and operate apartment complexes designed as high-quality affordable housing for lower income tenants throughout the U.S. Each of the partnerships must meet the regulatory requirements for affordable housing for a minimum 15-year compliance period to fully utilize the tax credits. In addition to affordable housing limited partnerships, the Company invests in new market tax credit projects that qualify for CRA credits and eligible projects that qualify for renewable energy and historic tax credits. Investments in renewable energy tax credits help promote the development of renewable energy sources, while the investments in historic tax credits promote the rehabilitation of historic buildings and economic revitalization of the surrounding areas.
Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Net
The Company records its investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, using the proportional amortization method. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received, and recognizes the amortization in Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The following table presents the balances of the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, and related unfunded commitments as of the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net |  | $ | 178,344 |  |  | $ | 183,917 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities — Unfunded commitments |  | $ | 63,607 |  |  | $ | 57,243 |

The following table presents additional information related to the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net, for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized |  | $ | 15,840 |  |  | $ | 8,591 |  |  | $ | 35,027 |  |  | $ | 26,561 |
Amortization expense included in income tax expense |  | $ | 8,944 |  |  | $ | 6,612 |  |  | $ | 22,945 |  |  | $ | 20,923 |

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Investments in Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net, were $203.8 million and $173.3 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in these partnerships and, therefore, is not required to consolidate its investments in tax credit and other investments on the Consolidated Financial Statements. Depending on the ownership percentage and the influence the Company has on the limited partnership, the Company applies either the equity or cost method of accounting.
Total unfunded commitments for these investments were $103.0 million and $117.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of tax credit and other investments was $23.8 million and $32.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amortization of tax credit and other investments was $66.1 million and $60.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Note 10 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Total goodwill of $469.4 million remained unchanged as of September 30, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis as of December 31 st, or more frequently as events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company’s three operating segments, Retail Banking, Commercial Banking and Other, are equivalent to the Company’s reporting units. For complete discussion and disclosure, see Note 15 — Business Segments to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Impairment Analysis
The Company performed its annual impairment analysis as of December 31, 2016 and concluded that there was no goodwill impairment as the fair values of all reporting units exceeded the carrying amounts of goodwill. There were no triggering events during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, and therefore, no additional goodwill impairment analysis was performed. No assurance can be given that goodwill will not be written down in future periods. Refer to Note 9 — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K for additional details related to the Company’s annual goodwill impairment analysis.
Core Deposit Intangibles
Core deposit intangibles represent the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in various acquisitions and were included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These intangibles are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently as events occur, or as current circumstances and conditions warrant. There were no impairment write-downs on core deposit intangibles for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
The following table presents the gross carrying value of intangible assets and accumulated amortization as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Gross balance |  | $ | 108,814 |  |  | $ | 108,814 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (86,140 | ) |  | (80,825 | )
Net carrying balance |  | $ | 22,674 |  |  | $ | 27,989 |

Amortization Expense
The Company amortizes the core deposit intangibles based on the projected useful lives of the related deposits. The amortization expense related to the intangible assets was $1.7 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $5.3 million and $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense of core deposit intangibles:

Year Ended December 31, |  | Amount ($ in thousands)
Remainder of 2017 |  | $ | 1,620 |
2018 |  | 5,883 |
2019 |  | 4,864 |
2020 |  | 3,846 |
2021 |  | 2,833 |
Thereafter |  | 3,628 |
Total |  | $ | 22,674 |

Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies
Credit Extensions — In the normal course of business, the Company has various outstanding commitments to extend credit that are not reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. While the Company does not anticipate losses as a result of these transactions, commitments to extend credit are included in determining the appropriate level of the allowance for unfunded commitments, and outstanding commercial and standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”).
The following table presents the Company’s credit-related commitments as of the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Loan commitments |  | $ | 4,956,515 |  |  | $ | 5,077,869 |
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs |  | $ | 1,757,648 |  |  | $ | 1,525,613 |

Loan commitments are agreements to lend to a customer provided that there are no violations of any conditions established in the agreement. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require maintenance of compensatory balances. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements.
Commercial letters of credit are issued to facilitate domestic and foreign trade transactions, while SBLCs are generally contingent upon the failure of the customers to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party. As a result, the total contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future funding requirements. The Company’s historical experience is that SBLCs typically expire without being funded. Additionally, in many cases, the Company holds collateral in various forms against these SBLCs. As a part of its risk management activities, the Company monitors the creditworthiness of customers in conjunction with its SBLC exposure. Customers are obligated to reimburse the Company for any payment made on the customers’ behalf. If customers fail to pay, the Company would, as applicable, liquidate the collateral and/or offset accounts. As of September 30, 2017, total letters of credit, which amounted to $1.76 billion, were comprised of SBLCs of $1.70 billion and commercial letters of credit of $59.1 million.
The Company uses the same credit underwriting criteria in extending loans, commitments and conditional obligations to customers. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Collateral and financial guarantees may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s credit. Collateral may include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial property.
Estimated exposure to loss from these commitments is included in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves, and amounted to $14.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and $15.7 million as of December 31, 2016. These amounts are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Guarantees — The Company has sold or securitized loans with recourse in the ordinary course of business. The recourse component in the loans sold or securitized with recourse is considered a guarantee. As the guarantor, the Company is obligated to make payments when the loans default. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the unpaid principal balance of total single-family and multifamily residential loans sold or securitized with recourse amounted to $121.2 million and $150.5 million, respectively. The Company’s recourse reserve related to these guarantees is included in the allowance for unfunded credit reserves, and totaled $256 thousand and $373 thousand as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company continues to experience minimal losses from the single-family and multifamily residential loan portfolios sold or securitized with recourse.
Litigation — The Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the course of its business. In accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, the Company accrues reserves for outstanding lawsuits, claims and proceedings when a loss contingency is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcomes of the legal proceedings, any amounts accrued or included in this aggregate amount may not represent the ultimate loss to the Company from the legal proceedings in question. Thus, the Company’s exposure and ultimate losses may be higher, and possibly significantly more than the amounts accrued.
Other Commitments — The Company has commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing partnerships, tax credit and other investments as discussed in Note 9 — Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Partnerships, Tax Credit and Other Investments, Net to the Consolidated Financial Statements. These commitments are payable on demand. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, these commitments were $166.6 million and $174.3 million, respectively. These commitments are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Note 12 — Stock Compensation Plans
Pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, the Company may issue stock options, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), RSUs, stock appreciation rights, stock purchase warrants, phantom stock and dividend equivalents to certain employees and non-employee directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. There were no outstanding stock options or unvested RSAs as of September 30, 2017 and 2016.
RSUs are granted under the Company’s long-term incentive plan at no cost to the recipient. RSUs vest ratably over three years or cliff vest after three or five years of continued employment from the date of the grant. RSUs entitle the recipient to receive cash dividends equivalent to any dividends paid on the underlying common stock during the period the RSUs are outstanding. RSU dividends are accrued during the vesting period and are paid at the time of vesting. While a portion of RSUs are time-vesting awards, others vest subject to the attainment of specified performance goals referred to as “Performance-based RSUs.” All RSUs are subject to forfeiture until vested.
Performance-based RSUs are granted at the target amount of awards. Based on the Company’s attainment of specified performance goals and consideration of market conditions, the number of shares that vest can be adjusted to a minimum of zero and to a maximum of 200% of the target. The amount of performance-based RSUs that are eligible to vest is determined at the end of each performance period and is then added together to determine the total number of performance shares that are eligible to vest. Performance-based RSUs cliff vest three years from the date of grant.
Compensation costs for the time-based awards are based on the quoted market price of the Company’s stock at the grant date. Compensation costs associated with performance-based RSUs are based on grant date fair value which considers both market and performance conditions, and is subject to subsequent adjustments based on the changes in the Company’s stock price and the projected outcome of the performance criteria. Compensation costs of both time-based and performance-based awards are recognized on a straight-line basis from the grant date until the vesting date of each grant.
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The following table presents a summary of the total share-based compensation expense and the related net tax benefit associated with the Company’s various employee share-based compensation plans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Stock compensation costs |  | $ | 5,665 |  |  | $ | 4,763 |  |  | $ | 15,780 |  |  | $ | 13,973 |
Related net tax benefits for stock compensation plans |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 4,614 |  |  | $ | 1,019 |

Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. As a result of the adoption of this new guidance, all excess tax benefits and deficiencies on share-based payment awards were recognized within Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, these tax benefits were recorded as increases to Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.
The following table presents a summary of the activity for the Company’s time-based and performance-based RSUs for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 based on the target amount of awards:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Time-Based RSUs |  | Performance-Based RSUs
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning of period |  | 1,218,714 |  |  | $ | 35.92 |  |  | 410,746 |  |  | $ | 35.27 |
Granted |  | 370,514 |  |  | 54.71 |  |  | 131,597 |  |  | 56.59 |
Vested |  | (299,164 | ) |  | 36.68 |  |  | (118,044 | ) |  | 36.85 |
Forfeited |  | (131,472 | ) |  | 40.05 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding, end of period |  | 1,158,592 |  |  | $ | 41.26 |  |  | 424,299 |  |  | $ | 41.44 |

As of September 30, 2017, total unrecognized compensation costs related to time-based and performance-based RSUs amounted to $28.2 million and $15.3 million, respectively. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.00 years and 2.02 years, respectively.
Note 13 — Stockholders’ Equity and Earnings Per Share
Warrant — The Company acquired MetroCorp Bancshares, Inc., (“MetroCorp”) on January 17, 2014. Prior to the acquisition, MetroCorp had an outstanding warrant to purchase 771,429 shares of its common stock. Upon the acquisition, the rights of the warrant holder were converted into the right to acquire 230,282 shares of East West’s common stock until January 16, 2019. The warrant has no t been exercised as of September 30, 2017.
Earnings Per Share — Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period, plus common share equivalents calculated for warrants and RSUs outstanding using the treasury stock method. With the adoption of ASU 2016-09 during the first quarter of 2017, the impact of excess tax benefits and deficiencies is no longer included in the calculation of diluted EPS. As a result of applying ASU 2016-09, the Company recorded income tax benefits of $151 thousand or $0 per common share, and $4.6 million or $0.03 per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, related to the vesting of the RSUs. See Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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The following table presents the EPS calculations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 132,660 |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding |  | 144,498 |  |  | 144,122 |  |  | 144,412 |  |  | 144,061 |
Basic EPS |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.91 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 132,660 |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding |  | 144,498 |  |  | 144,122 |  |  | 144,412 |  |  | 144,061 |
Diluted potential common shares (1) |  | 1,384 |  |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,437 |  |  | 1,025 |
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding |  | 145,882 |  |  | 145,238 |  |  | 145,849 |  |  | 145,086 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |

(1) | Includes dilutive shares from RSUs and warrants for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, 4 thousand and 6 thousand weighted average anti-dilutive shares from RSUs, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS computation. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, 2 thousand and 7 thousand weighted average anti-dilutive shares from RSUs, respectively, were excluded from the diluted EPS computation.
Note 14 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables present the changes in the components of AOCI balances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Available- for-Sale Investment Securities |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1) |  | Total |  | Available- for-Sale Investment Securities |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1) |  | Total
Beginning balance |  | $ | (18,950 | ) |  | $ | (15,231 | ) |  | $ | (34,181 | ) |  | $ | 11,756 |  |  | $ | (13,468 | ) |  | $ | (1,712 | )
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period |  | (1,014 | ) |  | 3,870 |  |  | 2,856 |  |  | (3,869 | ) |  | (555 | ) |  | (4,424 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | (892 | ) |  | — |  |  | (892 | ) |  | (1,038 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,038 | )
Changes, net of taxes |  | (1,906 | ) |  | 3,870 |  |  | 1,964 |  |  | (4,907 | ) |  | (555 | ) |  | (5,462 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | (20,856 | ) |  | $ | (11,361 | ) |  | $ | (32,217 | ) |  | $ | 6,849 |  |  | $ | (14,023 | ) |  | $ | (7,174 | )

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Available- for-Sale Investment Securities |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1) |  | Total |  | Available- for-Sale Investment Securities |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments (1) |  | Total
Beginning balance |  | $ | (28,772 | ) |  | $ | (19,374 | ) |  | $ | (48,146 | ) |  | $ | (6,144 | ) |  | $ | (8,797 | ) |  | $ | (14,941 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period |  | 11,818 |  |  | 8,013 |  |  | 19,831 |  |  | 17,901 |  |  | (5,226 | ) |  | 12,675 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | (3,902 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,902 | ) |  | (4,908 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,908 | )
Changes, net of taxes |  | 7,916 |  |  | 8,013 |  |  | 15,929 |  |  | 12,993 |  |  | (5,226 | ) |  | 7,767 |
Ending balance |  | $ | (20,856 | ) |  | $ | (11,361 | ) |  | $ | (32,217 | ) |  | $ | 6,849 |  |  | $ | (14,023 | ) |  | $ | (7,174 | )

(1) | Represents foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Company’s net investment in non-U.S. operations, including related hedges. The functional currency and reporting currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary was Chinese Renminbi and USD, respectively.

53

The following tables present the components of other comprehensive income, reclassifications to net income and the related tax effects for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Before-Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net-of-Tax |  | Before-Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net-of-Tax
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period |  | $ | (1,749 | ) |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | (1,014 | ) |  | $ | (6,677 | ) |  | $ | 2,808 |  |  | $ | (3,869 | )
Net realized gains reclassified into net income (1) |  | (1,539 | ) |  | 647 |  |  | (892 | ) |  | (1,790 | ) |  | 752 |  |  | (1,038 | )
Net change |  | (3,288 | ) |  | 1,382 |  |  | (1,906 | ) |  | (8,467 | ) |  | 3,560 |  |  | (4,907 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during period |  | 3,870 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,870 |  |  | (555 | ) |  | — |  |  | (555 | )
Net change |  | 3,870 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,870 |  |  | (555 | ) |  | — |  |  | (555 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 1,964 |  |  | $ | (9,022 | ) |  | $ | 3,560 |  |  | $ | (5,462 | )

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Before-Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net-of-Tax |  | Before-Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net-of-Tax
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period |  | $ | 20,392 |  |  | $ | (8,574 | ) |  | $ | 11,818 |  |  | $ | 30,888 |  |  | $ | (12,987 | ) |  | $ | 17,901 |
Net realized gains reclassified into net income (1) |  | (6,733 | ) |  | 2,831 |  |  | (3,902 | ) |  | (8,468 | ) |  | 3,560 |  |  | (4,908 | )
Net change |  | 13,659 |  |  | (5,743 | ) |  | 7,916 |  |  | 22,420 |  |  | (9,427 | ) |  | 12,993 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during period |  | 8,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,013 |  |  | (5,226 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,226 | )
Net change |  | 8,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,013 |  |  | (5,226 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,226 | )
Other comprehensive income |  | $ | 21,672 |  |  | $ | (5,743 | ) |  | $ | 15,929 |  |  | $ | 17,194 |  |  | $ | (9,427 | ) |  | $ | 7,767 |

(1) | For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, pre-tax amounts were reported in Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 15 — Business Segments
The Company utilizes an internal reporting system to measure the performance of various operating segments within the Bank and the Company. The Company has identified three operating segments for purposes of management reporting: (1) Retail Banking; (2) Commercial Banking; and (3) Other. These three business segments meet the criteria of an operating segment: the segment engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses; its operating results are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision-maker to render decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments and assess its performance; and discrete financial information is available.
The Retail Banking segment focuses primarily on retail operations through the Bank’s branch network. The Commercial Banking segment, which includes C&I and CRE operations, primarily generates commercial loans and deposits through the bank’s commercial lending offices. Furthermore, the Company’s Commercial Banking segment offers a wide variety of international finance, trade finance, and cash management services and products. The remaining centralized functions, including treasury activities and eliminations of inter-segment amounts, have been aggregated and included in the “Other” segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments.
Operating segment results are based on the Company’s internal management reporting process, which reflects assignments and allocations of certain operating and administrative costs and the provision for credit losses. Net interest income is allocated based on the Company’s internal funds transfer pricing system, which assigns a cost of funds or a credit for funds to assets or liabilities based on their type, maturity or repricing characteristics. Noninterest income and noninterest expense, including depreciation and amortization, directly attributable to a segment are assigned to the related business segment. Indirect costs, including overhead expense, are allocated to the segments based on several factors, including, but not limited to, full-time equivalent employees, loan volume and deposit volume. The provision for credit losses is allocated based on actual charge-offs for the period as well as average loan balances for each segment during the period. The Company evaluates overall performance based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes excluding nonrecurring gains and losses.
54

The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing assumptions are intended to promote core deposit growth and to reflect the current risk profiles of various loan categories within the credit portfolio. Internal funds transfer pricing assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the Company’s process is reflective of current market conditions. The internal funds transfer pricing process is formulated with the goal of encouraging loan and deposit growth that is consistent with the Company’s overall profitability objectives, as well as to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for the measurement of the Company’s business segments and product net interest margins.
Changes in the Company’s management structure or reporting methodologies may result in changes in the measurement of operating segment results. Results for prior year periods are generally restated for comparability for changes in management structure or reporting methodologies unless it is deemed not practicable to do so.
The following tables present the operating results and other key financial measures for the individual operating segments as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 93,714 |  |  | $ | 218,397 |  |  | $ | 27,799 |  |  | $ | 339,910 |
Charge for funds used |  | (37,979 | ) |  | (87,071 | ) |  | (7,589 | ) |  | (132,639 | )
Interest spread on funds used |  | 55,735 |  |  | 131,326 |  |  | 20,210 |  |  | 207,271 |
Interest expense |  | (20,090 | ) |  | (5,943 | ) |  | (10,722 | ) |  | (36,755 | )
Credit on funds provided |  | 111,812 |  |  | 12,770 |  |  | 8,057 |  |  | 132,639 |
Interest spread on funds provided (used) |  | 91,722 |  |  | 6,827 |  |  | (2,665 | ) |  | 95,884 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  | $ | 147,457 |  |  | $ | 138,153 |  |  | $ | 17,545 |  |  | $ | 303,155 |
Provision for credit losses |  | $ | 2,058 |  |  | $ | 10,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,996 |
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net |  | $ | 3,401 |  |  | $ | (5,449 | ) |  | $ | 40,001 |  |  | $ | 37,953 |
Segment income before income taxes |  | $ | 68,554 |  |  | $ | 99,025 |  |  | $ | 7,705 |  |  | $ | 175,284 |
As of September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 357,207 |  |  | $ | 112,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 469,433 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 8,877,186 |  |  | $ | 21,216,848 |  |  | $ | 6,213,932 |  |  | $ | 36,307,966 |

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 77,186 |  |  | $ | 180,095 |  |  | $ | 23,036 |  |  | $ | 280,317 |
Charge for funds used |  | (24,320 | ) |  | (53,262 | ) |  | (3,858 | ) |  | (81,440 | )
Interest spread on funds used |  | 52,866 |  |  | 126,833 |  |  | 19,178 |  |  | 198,877 |
Interest expense |  | (14,855 | ) |  | (3,699 | ) |  | (7,615 | ) |  | (26,169 | )
Credit on funds provided |  | 68,622 |  |  | 8,206 |  |  | 4,612 |  |  | 81,440 |
Interest spread on funds provided (used) |  | 53,767 |  |  | 4,507 |  |  | (3,003 | ) |  | 55,271 |
Net interest income before (reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | $ | 106,633 |  |  | $ | 131,340 |  |  | $ | 16,175 |  |  | $ | 254,148 |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | $ | (3,709 | ) |  | $ | 13,234 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,525 |
Depreciation, amortization, and (accretion), net |  | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | (5,875 | ) |  | $ | 40,541 |  |  | $ | 35,448 |
Segment income before income taxes |  | $ | 32,304 |  |  | $ | 80,393 |  |  | $ | 10,767 |  |  | $ | 123,464 |
As of September 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 357,207 |  |  | $ | 112,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 469,433 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 7,606,611 |  |  | $ | 18,549,562 |  |  | $ | 7,099,102 |  |  | $ | 33,255,275 |

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($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 263,491 |  |  | $ | 616,689 |  |  | $ | 85,174 |  |  | $ | 965,354 |
Charge for funds used |  | (98,856 | ) |  | (229,330 | ) |  | (50,273 | ) |  | (378,459 | )
Interest spread on funds used |  | 164,635 |  |  | 387,359 |  |  | 34,901 |  |  | 586,895 |
Interest expense |  | (54,650 | ) |  | (16,225 | ) |  | (29,111 | ) |  | (99,986 | )
Credit on funds provided |  | 320,452 |  |  | 37,436 |  |  | 20,571 |  |  | 378,459 |
Interest spread on funds provided (used) |  | 265,802 |  |  | 21,211 |  |  | (8,540 | ) |  | 278,473 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  | $ | 430,437 |  |  | $ | 408,570 |  |  | $ | 26,361 |  |  | $ | 865,368 |
Provision for credit losses |  | $ | 1,772 |  |  | $ | 28,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,749 |
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net |  | $ | 6,741 |  |  | $ | (14,609 | ) |  | $ | 111,639 |  |  | $ | 103,771 |
Segment income before income taxes |  | $ | 204,601 |  |  | $ | 284,195 |  |  | $ | 72,177 |  |  | $ | 560,973 |
As of September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 357,207 |  |  | $ | 112,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 469,433 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 8,877,186 |  |  | $ | 21,216,848 |  |  | $ | 6,213,932 |  |  | $ | 36,307,966 |

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Interest income |  | $ | 233,192 |  |  | $ | 534,603 |  |  | $ | 67,559 |  |  | $ | 835,354 |
Charge for funds used |  | (70,770 | ) |  | (159,734 | ) |  | (22,465 | ) |  | (252,969 | )
Interest spread on funds used |  | 162,422 |  |  | 374,869 |  |  | 45,094 |  |  | 582,385 |
Interest expense |  | (44,133 | ) |  | (11,965 | ) |  | (19,320 | ) |  | (75,418 | )
Credit on funds provided |  | 210,831 |  |  | 26,655 |  |  | 15,483 |  |  | 252,969 |
Interest spread on funds provided (used) |  | 166,698 |  |  | 14,690 |  |  | (3,837 | ) |  | 177,551 |
Net interest income before (reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | $ | 329,120 |  |  | $ | 389,559 |  |  | $ | 41,257 |  |  | $ | 759,936 |
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | $ | (2,846 | ) |  | $ | 19,864 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,018 |
Depreciation, amortization and (accretion), net |  | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | (25,915 | ) |  | $ | 86,316 |  |  | $ | 60,680 |
Segment income before income taxes |  | $ | 114,513 |  |  | $ | 268,401 |  |  | $ | 28,137 |  |  | $ | 411,051 |
As of September 30, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 357,207 |  |  | $ | 112,226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 469,433 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 7,606,611 |  |  | $ | 18,549,562 |  |  | $ | 7,099,102 |  |  | $ | 33,255,275 |

Note 16 — Subsequent Events
On October 19, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors declared fourth quarter 2017 cash dividends for the Company’s common stock. The common stock cash dividend of $0.20 is payable on November 15, 2017 to stockholders of record as of November 1, 2017.
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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion provides information about the results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and capital resources of East West Bancorp, Inc. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “East West” and on a consolidated basis as the “Company”), and its various subsidiaries, including the subsidiary bank, East West Bank and its subsidiaries (referred to herein as “East West Bank” or the “Bank”). This information is intended to facilitate the understanding and assessment of significant changes and trends related to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes presented elsewhere in this report, and the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2017 (the “Company’s 2016 Form 10-K”).
Overview
East West is a bank holding company incorporated in Delaware on August 26, 1998 and is registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Company commenced business on December 30, 1998 when, pursuant to a reorganization, it acquired all of the voting stock of the Bank, which became its principal asset. The Bank is an independent commercial bank headquartered in California and is the largest bank in the United States (“U.S.”) that has a strong focus on the financial service needs of the Chinese American community. The Bank operates both in the U.S. and Greater China.
The Company’s vision is to serve as the financial bridge between the U.S. and Greater China. The Company’s primary strategy to achieve this vision is to expand the Company’s global network of contacts and resources to better meet its customers’ diverse financial needs in and between the world’s two largest markets. With over 130 locations in the U.S. and Greater China, and a full range of cross-border products and services, the Company continues to seek attractive opportunities for growth in pursuing its cross-border business banking strategy.
In executing our strategic vision, we remain focused on the fundamentals of growing loans, deposits and revenue and improving profitability, while investing for the future and managing risk, expenses and capital. Our business model is built on customer loyalty and engagement, understanding our customers’ financial goals and meeting their financial needs through our offering of diverse products and services. The Company’s approach is concentrated on organically growing and deepening client relationships that meet our risk/return measures.
Financial Highlights
The Company delivered strong financial performance in the third quarter of 2017 across key measures of loan growth, revenue and net income growth, and credit quality. It is the Company’s priority to focus on strengthening its risk management infrastructure and compliance in order to meet increasing regulatory expectations, while still providing strong returns to stockholders.
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Financial Performance
Noteworthy items on the Company’s performance included:

• | Net income totaled $132.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $22.5 million or 20%, from $110.1 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to higher net interest income, partially offset by higher income tax expense, reflecting a higher effective tax rate. Net income totaled $420.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $99.8 million or 31%, from $320.9 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to higher net interest income and noninterest income, partially offset by higher income tax expense due to a higher effective tax rate. The higher net interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to growth in the loan portfolio and higher yields. The higher noninterest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to a $41.5 million after-tax net gain recognized from the sale of a commercial property in San Francisco, California during the first quarter of 2017 and a $2.2 million after-tax net gain recognized from the sale of East West Insurance Services, Inc.’s (“EWIS”) business during the third quarter of 2017.

• | Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) was $0.91 and $0.76 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which reflected an increase of $0.15 or 20%. Diluted EPS was $2.88 and $2.21 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $0.67 or 30%. The diluted EPS impact from the sale of EWIS’s business in the third quarter of 2017 was $0.02, and the diluted EPS impact from the commercial property sale in the first quarter of 2017 was $0.28.

• | Revenue, or the sum of net interest income before provision for credit losses and noninterest income, increased $49.3 million or 16% to $352.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, and increased $184.4 million or 21% to $1.08 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016.

• | Noninterest expense decreased $6.0 million or 4% to $164.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, noninterest expense increased $20.7 million or 4% to $486.7 million, compared to the same period in 2016.

• | The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was 24.3% and 25.0%, respectively, compared to 10.8% and 21.9%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.

• | Return on average assets increased 13 and 28 basis points to 1.46% and 1.59% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 1.33% and 1.31%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. Return on average equity increase d 93 and 238 basis points to 14.01% and 15.50% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 13.08% and 13.12%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.

Balance Sheet and Liquidity
The Company experienced growth of $1.52 billion or 4% in total assets as of September 30, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. This growth was largely attributable to loan growth, partially offset by decreases in securities purchased under resale agreements (“resale agreements”) and available-for-sale investment securities.
Gross loans held-for-investment increase d $3.02 billion or 12% to $28.53 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $25.50 billion as of December 31, 2016, while the allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment ratio slightly declined by two basis points to 1.00% as of September 30, 2017, compared to 1.02% as of December 31, 2016. Deposits increase d $1.42 billion or 5% to $31.31 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $29.89 billion as of December 31, 2016, consisting of a $1.24 billion or 5% increase in core deposits and a $179.3 million or 3% increase in time deposits. Core deposits comprised 81% of total deposits as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
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Capital
Our financial performance in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 resulted in strong capital generation, which increased total stockholders’ equity by $354.2 million or 10% to $3.78 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to December 31, 2016. We returned $29.2 million and $87.6 million in cash dividends to our stockholders during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Book value per common share increased 10% to $26.17 as of September 30, 2017, compared to $23.78 as of December 31, 2016.
From a capital management perspective, the Company continued to maintain a strong capital position with its Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio at 11.4% as of September 30, 2017, compared to 10.9% as of December 31, 2016. The total risk-based capital ratio was 12.9% and 12.4% as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Tier 1 leverage capital ratio was 9.4% as of September 30, 2017, compared to 8.7% as of December 31, 2016.
Results of Operations
Components of Net Income

($ in thousands, except per share data and ratios) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change / Basis Point (“BP”) Change |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change / BP Change
Interest and dividend income |  | $ | 339,910 |  |  | $ | 280,317 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 965,354 |  |  | $ | 835,354 |  |  | 16 | %
Interest expense |  | 36,755 |  |  | 26,169 |  |  | 40 | % |  | 99,986 |  |  | 75,418 |  |  | 33 | %
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  | 303,155 |  |  | 254,148 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 865,368 |  |  | 759,936 |  |  | 14 | %
Provision for credit losses |  | 12,996 |  |  | 9,525 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 30,749 |  |  | 17,018 |  |  | 81 | %
Noninterest income |  | 49,624 |  |  | 49,341 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 213,047 |  |  | 134,118 |  |  | 59 | %
Noninterest expense |  | 164,499 |  |  | 170,500 |  |  | (4 | )% |  | 486,693 |  |  | 465,985 |  |  | 4 | %
Income tax expense |  | 42,624 |  |  | 13,321 |  |  | 220 | % |  | 140,247 |  |  | 90,108 |  |  | 56 | %
Net income |  | $ | 132,660 |  |  | $ | 110,143 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |  |  | 31 | %
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |  |  | 30 | %
Annualized return on average assets |  | 1.46 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | 13 | bps |  | 1.59 | % |  | 1.31 | % |  | 28 | bps
Annualized return on average equity |  | 14.01 | % |  | 13.08 | % |  | 93 | bps |  | 15.50 | % |  | 13.12 | % |  | 238 | bps

59

Net income increase d $22.5 million or 20% to $132.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, from $110.1 million for the same period in 2016. Diluted EPS was $0.91 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.15 or 20% from the prior year period. Net income increase d $99.8 million or 31% to $420.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from $320.9 million for the same period in 2016. Diluted EPS was $2.88 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $0.67 or 30% from the prior year period. As discussed in Note 3 — Dispositions to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property, which resulted in an after-tax net gain of $41.5 million recorded during the first quarter of 2017. Additionally, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, EWIS, and recorded an after-tax net gain of $2.2 million during the third quarter of 2017. Excluding the net gains on the sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“non-GAAP”) net income of $377.0 million and non-GAAP diluted EPS of $2.58 increased $56.1 million and $0.37 per share, respectively, from the same prior year period (see reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”).
Revenue, or the sum of net interest income before provision for credit losses and noninterest income, increased $49.3 million or 16% to $352.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017, from $303.5 million during the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $49.0 million increase in net interest income, reflecting the growth in the loan portfolio and the positive impact of short-term interest rate increases in 2017. Revenue increase d $184.4 million or 21% to $1.08 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from $894.1 million during the same period in 2016. This increase was due to a $105.4 million increase in net interest income, reflecting the growth in the loan portfolio and the positive impact of short-term interest rate increases in 2017; and a $78.9 million increase in noninterest income, primarily due to the $71.7 million pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of the commercial property during the first quarter of 2017 and the $3.8 million pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of EWIS’s business.
Noninterest expense was $164.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $6.0 million or 4% from $170.5 million for the same period in 2016. This decrease was largely driven by lower amortization expense of tax credits and other investments and lower legal expense, partially offset by an increase in compensation and employee benefits. Noninterest expense was $486.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $20.7 million or 4% from $466.0 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was largely driven by higher compensation and employee benefits and amortization expense of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by lower consulting and legal expenses.
Strong returns on average assets and average equity during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflected the Company’s ability to achieve higher profitability while expanding the loan and deposit base. The return on average assets increase d 13 basis points to 1.46% while the return on average equity increase d 93 basis points to 14.01% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. The return on average assets increase d 28 basis points to 1.59% while the return on average equity increase d 238 basis points to 15.50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016. Excluding the impact of the after-tax gains on the sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business that were recognized in the first and third quarters of 2017, respectively, non-GAAP return on average assets was 1.43% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a 12 basis point increase from the same prior year period, while non-GAAP return on average equity was 13.89% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a 77 basis point increase from the same prior year period. (See reconciliations of non-GAAP measures used below under “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.)
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), the Company uses certain non-GAAP measures of financial performance. Non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with, or an alternative for, GAAP. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s performance that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. A non-GAAP financial measure may also be a financial metric that is not required by GAAP or other applicable requirement.
The Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding its performance. Management believes that excluding the non-recurring after-tax effect of the gains on sales of the commercial property and EWIS’s business from net income, diluted EPS, and returns on average assets and average equity, will make it easier to analyze the results by presenting them on a more comparable basis. However, note that these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or preferable to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
60

The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

|  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income |  | (a) |  | $ | 420,726 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Less: Gain on sale of the commercial property, net of tax (1) |  | (b) |  | (41,526 | ) |  | — |
Gain on sale of business, net of tax (1) |  |  |  | (2,206 | ) |  | — |
Non-GAAP net income |  | (c) |  | $ | 376,994 |  |  | $ | 320,943 |
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding |  | (d) |  | 145,849 |  |  | 145,086 |
Diluted EPS |  | (a)/(d) |  | $ | 2.88 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Diluted EPS impact of the gain on sale of the commercial property, net of tax |  | (b)/(d) |  | (0.28 | ) |  | — |
Diluted EPS impact of the gain on sale of business, net of tax |  |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  | — |
Non-GAAP diluted EPS |  | (c)/(d) |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Average total assets |  | (e) |  | $ | 35,290,542 |  |  | $ | 32,662,445 |
Average stockholders’ equity |  | (f) |  | $ | 3,630,062 |  |  | $ | 3,266,485 |
Return on average assets (2) |  | (a)/(e) |  | 1.59 | % |  | 1.31 | %
Non-GAAP return on average assets (2) |  | (c)/(e) |  | 1.43 | % |  | 1.31 | %
Return on average equity (2) |  | (a)/(f) |  | 15.50 | % |  | 13.12 | %
Non-GAAP return on average equity (2) |  | (c)/(f) |  | 13.89 | % |  | 13.12 | %

(1) | Applied statutory tax rate of 42.05%.

(2) | Annualized.

A discussion of net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense, income taxes and operating segment results are presented below.
Net Interest Income
The Company’s primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on loans, investment securities, resale agreements and other interest-earning assets less interest expense on customer deposits, securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”), borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is calculated by dividing the annualized net interest income by average interest-earning assets. Net interest income and net interest margin are affected by several factors, including changes in average balances and composition of interest-earning assets and funding sources, market interest rate fluctuations and slope of the yield curve, repricing characteristics and maturity of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, volume of noninterest-bearing sources of funds, and asset quality.
Net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $303.2 million, an increase of $49.0 million or 19% compared to $254.1 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $865.4 million, an increase of $105.4 million or 14% compared to $759.9 million for the same period in 2016. The notable increase s in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increased interest income resulting from loan growth and higher yields on interest-earning assets, partially offset by a 16 and 12 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing deposits during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The cost of interest-bearing deposits was 0.60% and 0.55% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 0.44% and 0.43% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016.
61

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net interest margin increase d to 3.52%, compared to 3.26% for the same period in 2016. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net interest margin increase d to 3.45%, compared to 3.29% for the same period in 2016. The increase s in net interest margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were due to higher yields from interest-earning assets (primarily due to an increase in loan yields for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the same prior year period, and primarily due to increases in yields of loans, interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks and investment securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017), as a result of the short-term interest rate increases in 2017. The higher loan yields for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were partially offset by lower accretion income from the purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans accounted for under Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, total accretion income from loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 was $4.5 million and $14.0 million, respectively, compared to $7.1 million and $33.8 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.
For the three months ended September 30, 2017, average interest-earning assets increase d $3.15 billion or 10% to $34.21 billion from $31.06 billion for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to increases of $3.22 billion or 13% in average loans, and $751.0 million or 47% in average interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks, partially offset by decreases of $508.2 million or 28% in average resale agreements and $310.7 million or 9% in average investment securities. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, average interest-earning assets increase d $2.73 billion or 9% to $33.54 billion from $30.81 billion for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to increases of $2.78 billion or 12% in average loans, and $305.1 million or 17% in average interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks, partially offset by a $228.3 million or 7% decrease in average investment securities.
Customer deposits are an important source of funding and affect both net interest income and net interest margin. Deposits are comprised of noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing checking, money market, savings and time deposits. Average deposits increase d $2.79 billion or 10% to $31.07 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $28.28 billion for the same period in 2016. The ratio of average noninterest-bearing demand deposits to total deposits increased to 34% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, from 33% for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Average deposits increase d $2.27 billion or 8% to $30.33 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $28.06 billion for the same period in 2016. The ratio of average noninterest-bearing demand deposits to total deposits increased to 34% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from 32% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The average loans to average deposits ratio increased to 89% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, from 86% for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The average loans to average deposits ratio increase d to 88% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, from 86% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. In addition, cost of funds increased 10 basis points to 0.46% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from 0.36% for the same period in 2016. Cost of funds increased eight basis points to 0.43% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from 0.35% for the same period in 2016.
The Company utilizes various tools to manage interest rate risk. Refer to the “Interest Rate Risk Management” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) — Asset Liability and Market Risk Management for details.
62

The following table presents the interest spread, net interest margin, average balances, interest income and expense, and the average yield/rate by asset and liability component for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/ Rate(1) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/ Rate(1)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks |  | $ | 2,344,561 |  |  | $ | 9,630 |  |  | 1.63 | % |  | $ | 1,593,577 |  |  | $ | 3,168 |  |  | 0.79 | %
Resale agreements (2) |  | 1,297,826 |  |  | 7,901 |  |  | 2.42 | % |  | 1,805,978 |  |  | 7,834 |  |  | 1.73 | %
Investment securities (3) |  | 2,963,122 |  |  | 14,828 |  | (4) | 1.99 | % |  | 3,273,861 |  |  | 13,388 |  | (4) | 1.63 | %
Loans (5) |  | 27,529,779 |  |  | 306,939 |  | (6) | 4.42 | % |  | 24,309,313 |  |  | 255,316 |  | (6) | 4.18 | %
Restricted equity securities |  | 73,245 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 3.31 | % |  | 72,625 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 3.35 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 34,208,533 |  |  | 339,910 |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 31,055,354 |  |  | 280,317 |  |  | 3.59 | %
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | 387,705 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 354,053 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (276,467 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (266,763 | ) |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 1,617,796 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,763,889 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 35,937,567 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,906,533 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking deposits |  | $ | 4,014,290 |  |  | $ | 4,768 |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | $ | 3,553,477 |  |  | $ | 3,253 |  |  | 0.36 | %
Money market deposits |  | 7,997,648 |  |  | 11,828 |  |  | 0.59 | % |  | 7,548,835 |  |  | 6,663 |  |  | 0.35 | %
Savings deposits |  | 2,423,312 |  |  | 1,810 |  |  | 0.30 | % |  | 2,133,036 |  |  | 1,160 |  |  | 0.22 | %
Time deposits |  | 5,974,793 |  |  | 12,680 |  |  | 0.84 | % |  | 5,627,084 |  |  | 9,973 |  |  | 0.71 | %
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings |  | 29,661 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 2.84 | % |  | 32,137 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 2.62 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances |  | 322,973 |  |  | 1,947 |  |  | 2.39 | % |  | 320,743 |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 1.69 | %
Repurchase agreements (2) |  | 50,000 |  |  | 2,122 |  |  | 16.84 | % |  | 200,000 |  |  | 2,319 |  |  | 4.61 | %
Long-term debt |  | 176,472 |  |  | 1,388 |  |  | 3.12 | % |  | 196,170 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 2.49 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 20,989,149 |  |  | 36,755 |  |  | 0.69 | % |  | 19,611,482 |  |  | 26,169 |  |  | 0.53 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | 10,655,860 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,413,031 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 536,351 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 532,779 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 3,756,207 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,349,241 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 35,937,567 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,906,533 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.06 | %
Net interest income and net interest margin |  |  |  |  | $ | 303,155 |  |  | 3.52 | % |  |  |  | $ | 254,148 |  |  | 3.26 | %

(1) | Annualized.

(2) | Average balances of resale and repurchase agreements are reported net, pursuant to ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting.

(3) | Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.

(4) | Includes the amortization of net premiums on investment securities of $5.2 million and $5.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(5) | Average balance includes nonperforming loans.

(6) | Interest income on loans includes net deferred loan fees, accretion of ASC 310-30 discounts and amortization of premiums, which totaled $6.5 million and $8.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

63

The following table presents the interest spread, net interest margin, average balances, interest income and expense, and the average yield/rates by asset and liability component for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/ Rate(1) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest |  | Average Yield/ Rate(1)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks |  | $ | 2,073,322 |  |  | $ | 22,298 |  |  | 1.44 | % |  | $ | 1,768,252 |  |  | $ | 10,245 |  |  | 0.77 | %
Resale agreements (2) |  | 1,552,198 |  |  | 25,222 |  |  | 2.17 | % |  | 1,672,993 |  |  | 22,479 |  |  | 1.79 | %
Investment securities (3) |  | 3,060,688 |  |  | 43,936 |  | (4) | 1.92 | % |  | 3,289,014 |  |  | 37,433 |  | (4) | 1.52 | %
Loans (5) |  | 26,783,082 |  |  | 872,039 |  | (6) | 4.35 | % |  | 24,006,926 |  |  | 763,189 |  | (6) | 4.25 | %
Restricted equity securities |  | 73,651 |  |  | 1,859 |  |  | 3.37 | % |  | 76,122 |  |  | 2,008 |  |  | 3.52 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 33,542,941 |  |  | 965,354 |  |  | 3.85 | % |  | 30,813,307 |  |  | 835,354 |  |  | 3.62 | %
Noninterest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | 387,440 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,721 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (268,477 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (264,088 | ) |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 1,628,638 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,763,505 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 35,290,542 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,662,445 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking deposits |  | $ | 3,830,004 |  |  | $ | 12,538 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | $ | 3,445,996 |  |  | $ | 9,058 |  |  | 0.35 | %
Money market deposits |  | 7,968,457 |  |  | 30,409 |  |  | 0.51 | % |  | 7,519,261 |  |  | 19,295 |  |  | 0.34 | %
Saving deposits |  | 2,334,752 |  |  | 4,525 |  |  | 0.26 | % |  | 2,043,547 |  |  | 3,207 |  |  | 0.21 | %
Time deposits |  | 5,873,217 |  |  | 34,331 |  |  | 0.78 | % |  | 5,941,760 |  |  | 29,148 |  |  | 0.66 | %
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings |  | 40,772 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 2.88 | % |  | 19,384 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 2.69 | %
FHLB advances |  | 414,355 |  |  | 5,738 |  |  | 1.85 | % |  | 400,850 |  |  | 4,153 |  |  | 1.38 | %
Repurchase agreements (2) |  | 170,330 |  |  | 7,538 |  |  | 5.92 | % |  | 182,482 |  |  | 6,441 |  |  | 4.71 | %
Long-term debt |  | 181,337 |  |  | 4,030 |  |  | 2.97 | % |  | 201,060 |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 2.48 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 20,813,224 |  |  | 99,986 |  |  | 0.64 | % |  | 19,754,340 |  |  | 75,418 |  |  | 0.51 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | 10,323,254 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,107,051 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 524,002 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 534,569 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 3,630,062 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,266,485 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 35,290,542 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,662,445 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.11 | %
Net interest income and net interest margin |  |  |  | $ | 865,368 |  |  | 3.45 | % |  |  |  | $ | 759,936 |  |  | 3.29 | %

(1) | Annualized.

(2) | Average balances of resale and repurchase agreements are reported net, pursuant to ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting.

(3) | Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.

(4) | Includes the amortization of net premiums on investment securities of $16.3 million and $18.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(5) | Average balance includes nonperforming loans.

(6) | Interest income on loans includes net deferred loan fees, accretion of ASC 310-30 discounts and amortization of premiums, which totaled $21.1 million and $39.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

64

The following table summarizes the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities affected the Company’s net interest income for the periods presented. The total change for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is segmented into the change attributable to variations in volume and the change attributable to variations in interest rates. Changes that are not solely due to either volume or rate are allocated proportionally based on the absolute value of the change related to average volume and average rate. Nonaccrual loans are included in average loans used to compute the table below:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 vs. 2016 |  | 2017 vs. 2016
| Total Change |  | Changes Due to |  | Total Change |  | Changes Due to
|  | Volume |  | Yield/Rate |  |  | Volume |  | Yield/Rate
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and deposits with banks |  | $ | 6,462 |  |  | $ | 1,988 |  |  | $ | 4,474 |  |  | $ | 12,053 |  |  | $ | 2,018 |  |  | $ | 10,035 |
Resale agreements |  | 67 |  |  | (2,566 | ) |  | 2,633 |  |  | 2,743 |  |  | (1,714 | ) |  | 4,457 |
Investment securities |  | 1,440 |  |  | (1,348 | ) |  | 2,788 |  |  | 6,503 |  |  | (2,746 | ) |  | 9,249 |
Loans |  | 51,623 |  |  | 35,780 |  |  | 15,843 |  |  | 108,850 |  |  | 89,417 |  |  | 19,433 |
Restricted equity securities |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (149 | ) |  | (65 | ) |  | (84 | )
Total interest and dividend income |  | $ | 59,593 |  |  | $ | 33,860 |  |  | $ | 25,733 |  |  | $ | 130,000 |  |  | $ | 86,910 |  |  | $ | 43,090 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking deposits |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | 464 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | 1,083 |  |  | $ | 2,397 |
Money market deposits |  | 5,165 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 4,745 |  |  | 11,114 |  |  | 1,211 |  |  | 9,903 |
Savings deposits |  | 650 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 1,318 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 822 |
Time deposits |  | 2,707 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | 5,183 |  |  | (341 | ) |  | 5,524 |
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings |  | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 17 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 29 |
FHLB advances |  | 586 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 1,441 |
Repurchase agreements |  | (197 | ) |  | (2,762 | ) |  | 2,565 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | (452 | ) |  | 1,549 |
Long-term debt |  | 160 |  |  | (132 | ) |  | 292 |  |  | 304 |  |  | (390 | ) |  | 694 |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 10,586 |  |  | $ | (1,188 | ) |  | $ | 11,774 |  |  | $ | 24,568 |  |  | $ | 2,209 |  |  | $ | 22,359 |
Change in net interest income |  | $ | 49,007 |  |  | $ | 35,048 |  |  | $ | 13,959 |  |  | $ | 105,432 |  |  | $ | 84,701 |  |  | $ | 20,731 |

Noninterest Income
Noninterest income increase d $283 thousand or 1% to $49.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $49.3 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase in net gain on sale of EWIS’s business and an $872 thousand increase in derivative fees and other income, partially offset by a $4.0 million decrease in other fees and operating income. Noninterest income increase d $78.9 million or 59% to $213.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $134.1 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was comprised of a $71.2 million increase in net gains on sales of fixed assets, primarily related to the sale of a commercial property, and a $3.8 million increase in net gain on the sale of EWIS’s business, partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in other fees and operating income. Noninterest income represented 14% and 20% of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 16% and 15%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.
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The following table presents the components of noninterest income for the periods indicated:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change
Branch fees |  | $ | 10,803 |  |  | $ | 10,408 |  |  | 4 | % |  | $ | 31,799 |  |  | $ | 30,983 |  |  | 3 | %
Letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income |  | 10,154 |  |  | 10,908 |  |  | (7 | )% |  | 33,209 |  |  | 31,404 |  |  | 6 | %
Ancillary loan fees and other income |  | 5,987 |  |  | 6,135 |  |  | (2 | )% |  | 16,876 |  |  | 13,997 |  |  | 21 | %
Wealth management fees |  | 3,615 |  |  | 4,033 |  |  | (10 | )% |  | 11,682 |  |  | 9,862 |  |  | 18 | %
Derivative fees and other income |  | 6,663 |  |  | 5,791 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 12,934 |  |  | 9,778 |  |  | 32 | %
Net gains on sales of loans |  | 2,361 |  |  | 2,158 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 6,660 |  |  | 6,965 |  |  | (4 | )%
Net gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 1,539 |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | (14 | )% |  | 6,733 |  |  | 8,468 |  |  | (20 | )%
Net gains on sales of fixed assets |  | 1,043 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 115 | % |  | 74,092 |  |  | 2,916 |  |  | NM |
Net gain on sale of business |  | 3,807 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | 3,807 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Other fees and operating income |  | 3,652 |  |  | 7,632 |  |  | (52 | )% |  | 15,255 |  |  | 19,745 |  |  | (23 | )%
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 49,624 |  |  | $ | 49,341 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 213,047 |  |  | $ | 134,118 |  |  | 59 | %

NM Not Meaningful.
The following discussion provides the composition of the major changes in noninterest income and the factors contributing to the changes.
Net gains on sales of fixed assets increase d $71.2 million to $74.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $2.9 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to the $71.7 million of pre-tax gain recognized from the sale of the commercial property in California during the first quarter of 2017. In the first quarter of 2017, East West Bank completed the sale and leaseback of a commercial property in California for cash consideration of $120.6 million and entered into a lease agreement for part of the property, consisting of a retail branch and office facilities. The total pre-tax profit from the sale was $85.4 million, of which $71.7 million was recognized in the first quarter of 2017, and $13.7 million was deferred and recognized over the term of the lease agreement.
In the third quarter of 2017, the Company sold its insurance brokerage business, EWIS, for $4.3 million and recognized a pre-tax gain of $3.8 million.
Other fees and operating income decrease d $4.0 million or 52% to $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $7.6 million for the same period in 2016, and decrease d $4.5 million or 23% to $15.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from $19.7 million for the same period in 2016. The $4.0 million decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016,was mainly attributable to decreases in rental income, as a result of the commercial property sale during the first quarter of 2017, and decreases in dividend income from other investments. The $4.5 million decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was largely due to a decrease in rental income as a result of sale of the commercial property during the first quarter of 2017.
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Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense totaled $164.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $6.0 million or 4%, compared to $170.5 million for the same period in 2016. This decrease was primarily due to an $8.8 million decrease in amortization of tax credit and other investments and a $2.0 million decrease in legal expense, partially offset by a $4.5 million increase in compensation and employee benefits. Noninterest expense totaled $486.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $20.7 million or 4%, compared to $466.0 million for the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily due to a $24.8 million increase in compensation and employee benefits and a $5.3 million increase in amortization of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by an $8.3 million decrease in consulting expense and a $3.8 million decrease in legal expense.
The following table presents the various components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
($ in thousands) |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | % Change
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 79,583 |  |  | $ | 75,042 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 244,930 |  |  | $ | 220,166 |  |  | 11 | %
Occupancy and equipment expense |  | 16,635 |  |  | 15,456 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 47,829 |  |  | 45,619 |  |  | 5 | %
Deposit insurance premiums and regulatory assessments |  | 5,676 |  |  | 6,450 |  |  | (12 | )% |  | 17,384 |  |  | 17,341 |  |  | — | %
Legal expense |  | 3,316 |  |  | 5,361 |  |  | (38 | )% |  | 8,930 |  |  | 12,714 |  |  | (30 | )%
Data processing |  | 3,004 |  |  | 2,729 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 9,009 |  |  | 8,712 |  |  | 3 | %
Consulting expense |  | 4,087 |  |  | 4,594 |  |  | (11 | )% |  | 10,775 |  |  | 19,027 |  |  | (43 | )%
Deposit related expenses |  | 2,413 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  | (22 | )% |  | 7,283 |  |  | 7,675 |  |  | (5 | )%
Computer software expense |  | 4,393 |  |  | 3,331 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 13,823 |  |  | 9,267 |  |  | 49 | %
Other operating expense |  | 19,830 |  |  | 19,814 |  |  | — | % |  | 55,357 |  |  | 58,508 |  |  | (5 | )%
Amortization of tax credit and other investments |  | 23,827 |  |  | 32,618 |  |  | (27 | )% |  | 66,059 |  |  | 60,779 |  |  | 9 | %
Amortization of core deposit intangibles |  | 1,735 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | (14 | )% |  | 5,314 |  |  | 6,177 |  |  | (14 | )%
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 164,499 |  |  | $ | 170,500 |  |  | (4 | )% |  | $ | 486,693 |  |  | $ | 465,985 |  |  | 4 | %

The following provides a discussion of the major changes in noninterest expense and the factors contributing to the changes.
Compensation and employee benefits increase d $4.5 million or 6% to $79.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $75.0 million for the same period in 2016, and increased $24.8 million or 11% to $244.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $220.2 million for the same period in 2016. The increase s for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily attributable to an increase in headcount to support the Company’s growing business and risk management and compliance requirements, as well as additional severance expenses.
Amortization of tax credit and other investments decrease d $8.8 million or 27% to $23.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $32.6 million for the same period in 2016, and increase d $5.3 million or 9% to $66.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $60.8 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in the third quarter of 2017, compared with the prior year period, was mainly driven by higher amortization, which resulted from a renewable energy tax credit investment newly placed in service in the third quarter of 2016. Likewise, the increase in the first nine months of 2017, compared with the prior year period, was primarily driven by additional renewable energy and historical rehabilitation tax credit investments placed in service during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Legal expense decrease d $2.0 million or 38% to $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $5.4 million for the same period in 2016, and decrease d $3.8 million or 30% to $8.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $12.7 million for the same period in 2016. The decreases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were predominantly due to lower legal fees and litigation expense following the resolution of previously outstanding litigation.
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Consulting expense decrease d $507 thousand or 11% to $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $4.6 million for the same period in 2016, and decrease d $8.3 million or 43% to $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $19.0 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease s for both periods were primarily attributable to a decline in Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) related consulting expense.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $42.6 million and $140.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $13.3 million and $90.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The effective tax rate was 24.3% and 25.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 10.8% and 21.9%, respectively, for the same periods in 2016.
The higher effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were mainly due to higher projected income before income taxes that was partially offset by increases in tax credits primarily generated from investments in renewable energy, historic rehabilitation and affordable housing partnership projects. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, tax credits generated from these investments were $40.0 million and $106.4 million, respectively, compared to $33.3 million and $83.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. In addition, the effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were further reduced by the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, beginning January 1, 2017. As a result of the adoption of this ASU, net excess tax benefits for restricted stock units of $151 thousand and $4.6 million were recognized in Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which partially offset the higher effective tax rates for the same periods.
Management regularly reviews the Company’s tax positions and deferred tax assets. Factors considered in this analysis include the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income, implement tax-planning strategies and utilize taxable income from prior carryback years (if such carryback is permitted under the applicable tax law), as well as future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, the objective of which is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized and settled. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $142.0 million and $129.7 million, respectively.
A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of all positive evidence against all negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance is used, as needed, to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Management has concluded that it is more likely than not that all of the benefits of the deferred tax assets will be realized, with the exception of the deferred tax assets related to net operating losses in certain states. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been recorded for these amounts. The Company believes that adequate provisions have been made for all income tax uncertainties consistent with ASC 740-10, Income Taxes.
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Operating Segment Results
The Company defines its operating segments based on its core strategy and has identified three reportable operating segments: Retail Banking, Commercial Banking and Other.
The Retail Banking segment focuses primarily on retail operations through the Bank’s branch network. The Commercial Banking segment, which includes commercial and industrial (“C&I”) and commercial real estate (“CRE”) operations, primarily generates commercial loans and deposits through domestic commercial lending offices located in California, New York, Texas, Washington, Massachusetts, Nevada and Georgia, and foreign commercial lending offices located in China and Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Commercial Banking segment offers a wide variety of international finance, trade finance, and cash management services and products. The remaining centralized functions, including the treasury activities of the Company and eliminations of inter-segment amounts have been aggregated and included in the “Other” segment, which provides broad administrative support to the two core segments.
Changes in the Company’s management structure or reporting methodologies may result in changes in the measurement of operating segment results. Results for prior periods are generally restated for comparability when there are changes in management structure or reporting methodologies, unless it is deemed not practicable to do so.
The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing process is formulated with the goal of encouraging loan and deposit growth that is consistent with the Company’s overall profitability objectives, as well as to provide a reasonable and consistent basis for the measurement of its business segments and product net interest margins. The Company’s internal funds transfer pricing assumptions and methodologies are reviewed at least annually to ensure that the process is reflective of current market conditions.
Note 15 — Business Segments to the Consolidated Financial Statements describes the Company’s segment reporting methodology and the business activities of each business segment, and presents financial results of these business segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
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The following tables present the selected segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Net interest income |  | $ | 147,457 |  |  | $ | 138,153 |  |  | $ | 17,545 |  |  | $ | 303,155 |
Noninterest income |  | $ | 16,218 |  |  | $ | 30,320 |  |  | $ | 3,086 |  |  | $ | 49,624 |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 56,062 |  |  | $ | 45,686 |  |  | $ | 62,751 |  |  | $ | 164,499 |
Pre-tax income |  | $ | 68,554 |  |  | $ | 99,025 |  |  | $ | 7,705 |  |  | $ | 175,284 |

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Net interest income |  | $ | 106,633 |  |  | $ | 131,340 |  |  | $ | 16,175 |  |  | $ | 254,148 |
Noninterest income |  | $ | 14,700 |  |  | $ | 26,218 |  |  | $ | 8,423 |  |  | $ | 49,341 |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 55,942 |  |  | $ | 45,306 |  |  | $ | 69,252 |  |  | $ | 170,500 |
Pre-tax income |  | $ | 32,304 |  |  | $ | 80,393 |  |  | $ | 10,767 |  |  | $ | 123,464 |

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Net interest income |  | $ | 430,437 |  |  | $ | 408,570 |  |  | $ | 26,361 |  |  | $ | 865,368 |
Noninterest income |  | $ | 43,767 |  |  | $ | 82,645 |  |  | $ | 86,635 |  |  | $ | 213,047 |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 181,811 |  |  | $ | 149,510 |  |  | $ | 155,372 |  |  | $ | 486,693 |
Pre-tax income |  | $ | 204,601 |  |  | $ | 284,195 |  |  | $ | 72,177 |  |  | $ | 560,973 |

($ in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
| Retail Banking |  | Commercial Banking |  | Other |  | Total
Net interest income |  | $ | 329,120 |  |  | $ | 389,559 |  |  | $ | 41,257 |  |  | $ | 759,936 |
Noninterest income |  | $ | 37,798 |  |  | $ | 70,450 |  |  | $ | 25,870 |  |  | $ | 134,118 |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 173,337 |  |  | $ | 145,695 |  |  | $ | 146,953 |  |  | $ | 465,985 |
Pre-tax income |  | $ | 114,513 |  |  | $ | 268,401 |  |  | $ | 28,137 |  |  | $ | 411,051 |

Retail Banking
The Retail Banking segment reported pre-tax income of $68.6 million and $204.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $32.3 million and $114.5 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The increases in pre-tax income for this segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily driven by an increase in net interest income, partially offset by an increase in provision for credit losses.
Net interest income for this segment increased $40.8 million or 38% to $147.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $106.6 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income increased $101.3 million or 31% to $430.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $329.1 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to the growth in core deposits for the segment, for which the segment receives interest income credit under the Bank’s internal funds transfer pricing system.
Noninterest income for this segment increased $1.5 million or 10% to $16.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $14.7 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $6.0 million or 16% to $43.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $37.8 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily attributable to increases in branch fees, derivative fees and other income, wealth management fees, and net gains on sales of loans. This was partially offset by a decrease in ancillary loan fees and other income.
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Noninterest expense for this segment increased slightly by $120 thousand to $56.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $55.9 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $8.5 million or 5% to $181.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $173.3 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment expense, and data processing expense, partially offset by a decrease in consulting expense.
Commercial Banking
The Commercial Banking segment reported pre-tax income of $99.0 million and $284.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $80.4 million and $268.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The increases in pre-tax income for this segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were attributable to increases in net interest income and noninterest income.
Net interest income for this segment increased $6.8 million or 5% to $138.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $131.3 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income increased $19.0 million or 5% to $408.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $389.6 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were due to the growth in commercial loans and commercial core deposits, for which the segment receives interest income credit under the Bank’s internal funds transfer pricing system.
Noninterest income for this segment increased $4.1 million or 16% to $30.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $26.2 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $12.2 million or 17% to $82.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $70.5 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to a net gain on sale of the Company’s insurance brokerage business, EWIS, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and increases in branch fees, ancillary loan fees and other income, as well as letters of credit fees and foreign exchange income.
Noninterest expense for this segment increased slightly by $380 thousand to $45.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $45.3 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $3.8 million or 3% to $149.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $145.7 million for the same period in 2016. The increases in noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, were primarily due to increases in compensation and employee benefits, and consulting expense, partially offset by a decrease in legal expense.
Other
The Other segment includes the activities of the treasury function, which is responsible for liquidity and interest rate risk management of the Company, and supports the Retail Banking and Commercial Banking segments through internal funds transfer pricing credits and charges, which are included in net interest income. The Other segment reported pre-tax income of $7.7 million and $72.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $10.8 million and $28.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2016. The decrease in pre-tax income for this segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by decreases in noninterest income and internal funds transfer pricing credits, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest expense and an increase in net interest income. The increase in pre-tax income for this segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily driven by an increase in noninterest income as the result of the net gain on sale of the commercial property, partially offset by a decrease in net interest income and an increase in noninterest expense.
Net interest income for this segment increased $1.4 million or 8% to $17.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $16.2 million for the same period in 2016. Net interest income decreased $14.9 million or 36% to $26.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $41.3 million for the same period in 2016. The increase in net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to an increase in interest income from investments. The decrease in net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was due to increases in interest expense on borrowings and deposits.
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Noninterest income for this segment decreased $5.3 million or 63% to $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $8.4 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest income increased $60.8 million or 235% to $86.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $25.9 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to decreases in foreign exchange income arising from valuation changes associated with currency hedges and decreases in rental income. The increase in noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to the $71.7 million net gain on sale of the commercial property, as discussed in the Noninterest income section of MD&A.
Noninterest expense for this segment decreased $6.5 million or 9% to $62.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $69.3 million for the same period in 2016. Noninterest expense increased $8.4 million or 6% to $155.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $147.0 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily attributable to a decrease of $8.8 million in amortization of tax credit and other investments, partially offset by increases of $2.5 million in compensation and employee benefits. The increase in noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was primarily attributable to increases of $5.3 million in amortization of tax credit and other investments, and $6.5 million in compensation and employee benefits.
Balance Sheet Analysis
The following is a discussion of the significant changes between September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

|  |  |  |  |  | Change
($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | $ |  | %
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,736,749 |  |  | $ | 1,878,503 |  |  | $ | (141,754 | ) |  | (8 | )%
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | 404,946 |  |  | 323,148 |  |  | 81,798 |  |  | 25 | %
Resale agreements |  | 1,250,000 |  |  | 2,000,000 |  |  | (750,000 | ) |  | (38 | )%
Available-for-sale investment securities, at fair value |  | 2,956,776 |  |  | 3,335,795 |  |  | (379,019 | ) |  | (11 | )%
Held-to-maturity investment security, at cost |  | — |  |  | 143,971 |  |  | (143,971 | ) |  | (100 | )%
Restricted equity securities, at cost |  | 73,322 |  |  | 72,775 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 1 | %
Loans held-for-sale |  | 178 |  |  | 23,076 |  |  | (22,898 | ) |  | (99 | )%
Loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for loan losses of $285,926 in 2017 and $260,520 in 2016) |  | 28,239,431 |  |  | 25,242,619 |  |  | 2,996,812 |  |  | 12 | %
Investments in qualified affordable housing partnerships, net |  | 178,344 |  |  | 183,917 |  |  | (5,573 | ) |  | (3 | )%
Investments in tax credit and other investments, net |  | 203,758 |  |  | 173,280 |  |  | 30,478 |  |  | 18 | %
Premises and equipment |  | 131,311 |  |  | 159,923 |  |  | (28,612 | ) |  | (18 | )%
Goodwill |  | 469,433 |  |  | 469,433 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Other assets |  | 663,718 |  |  | 782,400 |  |  | (118,682 | ) |  | (15 | )%
TOTAL |  | $ | 36,307,966 |  |  | $ | 34,788,840 |  |  | $ | 1,519,126 |  |  | 4 | %
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer deposits |  | $ | 31,311,662 |  |  | $ | 29,890,983 |  |  | $ | 1,420,679 |  |  | 5 | %
Short-term borrowings |  | 24,813 |  |  | 60,050 |  |  | (35,237 | ) |  | (59 | )%
FHLB advances |  | 323,323 |  |  | 321,643 |  |  | 1,680 |  |  | 1 | %
Repurchase agreements |  | 50,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | (300,000 | ) |  | (86 | )%
Long-term debt |  | 176,513 |  |  | 186,327 |  |  | (9,814 | ) |  | (5 | )%
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 639,759 |  |  | 552,096 |  |  | 87,663 |  |  | 16 | %
Total liabilities |  | 32,526,070 |  |  | 31,361,099 |  |  | 1,164,971 |  |  | 4 | %
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  | 3,781,896 |  |  | 3,427,741 |  |  | 354,155 |  |  | 10 | %
TOTAL |  | $ | 36,307,966 |  |  | $ | 34,788,840 |  |  | $ | 1,519,126 |  |  | 4 | %

As of September 30, 2017, total assets were $36.31 billion, an increase of $1.52 billion or 4% from December 31, 2016. The predominant area of asset growth was in loans, which was driven by strong increases across all of the Company’s commercial and retail lines of business. These increases were partially offset by maturities of resale agreements, and decreases in investment securities, cash and cash equivalents, and other assets.
As of September 30, 2017, total liabilities were $32.53 billion, an increase of $1.16 billion or 4% from December 31, 2016, primarily due to increases in customer deposits, reflecting the continued strong growth from existing and new customers. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in repurchase agreements primarily due to an increase in resale agreements that were eligible for netting against repurchase agreements under ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting.
Stockholders’ equity growth benefited primarily from $420.7 million in net income, partially offset by $87.6 million of cash dividends on common stock.
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Investment Securities
The Company aims to maintain an investment portfolio that consists of high quality and liquid securities with relatively short durations to minimize overall interest rate and liquidity risks. The Company’s available-for-sale investment securities provide:

• | interest income for earnings and yield enhancement;

• | availability for funding needs arising during the normal course of business;

• | the ability to execute interest rate risk management strategies due to changes in economic or market conditions, which influence loan origination, prepayment speeds, or deposit balances and mix; and

• | collateral to support pledging agreements as required and/or to enhance the Company’s borrowing capacity.

Held-to-maturity investment security
During the first quarter of 2016, the Company securitized $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans and retained $160.1 million of the senior tranche of the resulting securities from the securitization as held-to-maturity, which is carried at amortized cost. The held-to-maturity investment security is a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security maturing on April 25, 2046. During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred this non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale. The transfer reflects the Company’s intent to sell the security under active liquidity management.
Available-for-sale investment securities
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s available-for-sale investment securities portfolio was primarily comprised of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury securities and foreign bonds. Investment securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at their estimated fair value with the corresponding changes in fair value recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, as a component of Stockholders’ equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table presents the breakout of the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale investment securities by major categories as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 533,035 |  |  | $ | 526,332 |  |  | $ | 730,287 |  |  | $ | 720,479 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities |  | 191,727 |  |  | 189,185 |  |  | 277,891 |  |  | 274,866 |
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,475,969 |  |  | 1,466,106 |  |  | 1,539,044 |  |  | 1,525,546 |
Municipal securities |  | 116,798 |  |  | 117,242 |  |  | 148,302 |  |  | 147,654 |
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 9,680 |  |  | 9,694 |  |  | 11,592 |  |  | 11,477 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 12,655 |  |  | 11,942 |  |  | 232,381 |  |  | 231,550 |
Foreign bonds |  | 505,395 |  |  | 489,140 |  |  | 405,443 |  |  | 383,894 |
Other securities (1) |  | 147,504 |  |  | 147,135 |  |  | 40,501 |  |  | 40,329 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,992,763 |  |  | $ | 2,956,776 |  |  | $ | 3,385,441 |  |  | $ | 3,335,795 |

(1) | During the third quarter of 2017, the Company transferred a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security with a net carrying amount of $115.6 million from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale.

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The fair value of the available-for-sale investment securities totaled $2.96 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $3.34 billion as of December 31, 2016. The decrease of $379.0 million or 11% primarily reflected the sales of corporate debt securities, U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, and municipal securities; and paydowns, maturities and calls of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities, and U.S. Treasury securities. The decrease was partially offset by purchases of U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, foreign bonds, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities, U.S. Treasury securities and municipal securities; and the transfer of a non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security from held-to-maturity security.
The Company’s available-for-sale investment securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in Other comprehensive income (loss) unless a security is deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. As of September 30, 2017, the Company’s net unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were $36.0 million, compared to $49.6 million as of December 31, 2016. The favorable change in the net unrealized losses was primarily attributed to the flattening in the yield curve with long-term interest rates falling. Gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities totaled $42.3 million as of September 30, 2017, compared to $56.3 million as of December 31, 2016. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had no intention to sell securities with unrealized losses and believes it is more likely than not that it would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost. No other-than-temporary impairment was recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. For a complete discussion and disclosure, see Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments, and Note 6 — Securities to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, available-for-sale investment securities with a fair value of $584.9 million and $767.4 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, the Federal Reserve Bank’s discount window and for other purposes required or permitted by law.
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The following table presents the weighted average yields and contractual maturity distributions, excluding periodic principal payments, of the Company’s investment securities as of the periods indicated. Actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities can differ from contractual maturities as the borrowers have the right to prepay the obligations. In addition, such factors as prepayments and interest rate changes may affect the yields on the carrying value of mortgage-backed securities.

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Yield (1) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Yield (1)
Available-for-sale investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | $ | 150,431 |  |  | $ | 150,134 |  |  | 0.96 | % |  | $ | 100,707 |  |  | $ | 100,653 |  |  | 0.65 | %
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 382,604 |  |  | 376,198 |  |  | 1.35 | % |  | 376,580 |  |  | 371,917 |  |  | 1.27 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 253,000 |  |  | 247,909 |  |  | 1.59 | %
Total |  | 533,035 |  |  | 526,332 |  |  | 1.24 | % |  | 730,287 |  |  | 720,479 |  |  | 1.29 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 24,999 |  |  | 24,916 |  |  | 1.02 | % |  | 118,966 |  |  | 118,982 |  |  | 0.94 | %
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 9,732 |  |  | 9,774 |  |  | 2.37 | % |  | 52,622 |  |  | 52,630 |  |  | 1.38 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | 103,394 |  |  | 101,030 |  |  | 2.19 | % |  | 81,829 |  |  | 78,977 |  |  | 2.07 | %
Maturing after ten years |  | 53,602 |  |  | 53,465 |  |  | 2.58 | % |  | 24,474 |  |  | 24,277 |  |  | 2.50 | %
Total |  | 191,727 |  |  | 189,185 |  |  | 2.15 | % |  | 277,891 |  |  | 274,866 |  |  | 1.49 | %
U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 52,312 |  |  | 52,055 |  |  | 2.33 | % |  | 47,278 |  |  | 46,950 |  |  | 1.74 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | 66,351 |  |  | 65,534 |  |  | 2.45 | % |  | 79,379 |  |  | 78,903 |  |  | 3.11 | %
Maturing after ten years |  | 1,357,306 |  |  | 1,348,517 |  |  | 2.20 | % |  | 1,412,387 |  |  | 1,399,693 |  |  | 2.34 | %
Total |  | 1,475,969 |  |  | 1,466,106 |  |  | 2.22 | % |  | 1,539,044 |  |  | 1,525,546 |  |  | 2.36 | %
Municipal securities (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 12,987 |  |  | 13,058 |  |  | 3.56 | % |  | 6,404 |  |  | 6,317 |  |  | 2.56 | %
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 85,244 |  |  | 85,767 |  |  | 2.29 | % |  | 127,178 |  |  | 127,080 |  |  | 2.31 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | 6,274 |  |  | 6,235 |  |  | 2.50 | % |  | 9,785 |  |  | 9,515 |  |  | 2.50 | %
Maturing after ten years |  | 12,293 |  |  | 12,182 |  |  | 4.31 | % |  | 4,935 |  |  | 4,742 |  |  | 3.95 | %
Total |  | 116,798 |  |  | 117,242 |  |  | 2.67 | % |  | 148,302 |  |  | 147,654 |  |  | 2.40 | %
Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing after ten years |  | 9,680 |  |  | 9,694 |  |  | 2.72 | % |  | 11,592 |  |  | 11,477 |  |  | 2.52 | %
Corporate debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 12,655 |  |  | 11,942 |  |  | 2.19 | % |  | 12,671 |  |  | 11,347 |  |  | 1.80 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 40,479 |  |  | 40,500 |  |  | 2.40 | %
Maturing after ten years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 179,231 |  |  | 179,703 |  |  | 2.26 | %
Total |  | 12,655 |  |  | 11,942 |  |  | 2.19 | % |  | 232,381 |  |  | 231,550 |  |  | 2.26 | %
Foreign bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 405,395 |  |  | 389,876 |  |  | 2.13 | % |  | 304,427 |  |  | 287,695 |  |  | 2.09 | %
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 100,000 |  |  | 99,264 |  |  | 2.70 | % |  | 101,016 |  |  | 96,199 |  |  | 2.11 | %
Total |  | 505,395 |  |  | 489,140 |  |  | 2.24 | % |  | 405,443 |  |  | 383,894 |  |  | 2.09 | %
Other securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 31,790 |  |  | 31,417 |  |  | — | % |  | 40,501 |  |  | 40,329 |  |  | 2.72 | %
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | 99 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 1.43 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Maturing after ten years |  | 115,615 |  |  | 115,615 |  |  | 3.78 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total |  | 147,504 |  |  | 147,135 |  |  | 2.96 | % |  | 40,501 |  |  | 40,329 |  |  | 2.72 | %
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing in one year or less |  | 638,257 |  |  | 621,343 |  |  |  |  | 583,676 |  |  | 565,323 |  |  |
Maturing after one year through five years |  | 629,892 |  |  | 623,058 |  |  |  |  | 704,674 |  |  | 694,776 |  |  |
Maturing after five years through ten years |  | 176,118 |  |  | 172,902 |  |  |  |  | 464,472 |  |  | 455,804 |  |  |
Maturing after ten years |  | 1,548,496 |  |  | 1,539,473 |  |  |  |  | 1,632,619 |  |  | 1,619,892 |  |  |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | 2,992,763 |  |  | $ | 2,956,776 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,385,441 |  |  | $ | 3,335,795 |  |  |
Held-to-maturity investment security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed security: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturing after ten years |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 143,971 |  |  | $ | 144,593 |  |  | 3.91 | %

(1) | Weighted average yields are computed based on amortized cost balances.

(2) | Yields on tax-exempt securities are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis.

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The following sections discuss additional information on the Company’s loan portfolios, non-purchased credit impaired (“non-PCI”) nonperforming assets and allowance for credit losses.
Total Loan Portfolio
The Company offers a broad range of financial products designed to meet the credit needs of its borrowers. The Company’s loan portfolio segments include CRE, C&I, residential and consumer loans. Net loans, including loans held-for-sale, increase d $2.97 billion or 12% to $28.24 billion as of September 30, 2017 from $25.27 billion as of December 31, 2016. The increase was broad based and driven by strong increases of $1.14 billion or 22% in residential loans, $1.00 billion or 10% in C&I loans, $836.3 million or 10% in CRE loans and $44.1 million or 2% in consumer loans.

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Amount (1) |  | Percent |  | Amount (1) |  | Percent
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 8,843,776 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 8,016,109 |  |  | 31 | %
Construction |  | 572,027 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 551,560 |  |  | 2 | %
Land |  | 111,377 |  |  | — | % |  | 123,194 |  |  | 1 | %
Total CRE |  | 9,527,180 |  |  | 33 | % |  | 8,690,863 |  |  | 34 | %
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 9,776,254 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 8,959,633 |  |  | 35 | %
Trade finance |  | 868,902 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 680,930 |  |  | 3 | %
Total C&I |  | 10,645,156 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 9,640,563 |  |  | 38 | %
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 4,356,009 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 3,509,779 |  |  | 14 | %
Multifamily |  | 1,876,956 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 1,585,939 |  |  | 6 | %
Total residential |  | 6,232,965 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 5,095,718 |  |  | 20 | %
Consumer |  | 2,120,056 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 2,075,995 |  |  | 8 | %
Total loans held-for-investment (2) |  | $ | 28,525,357 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 25,503,139 |  |  | 100 | %
Allowance for loan losses |  | (285,926 | ) |  |  |  | (260,520 | ) |  |
Loans held-for-sale |  | 178 |  |  |  |  | 23,076 |  |  |
Total loans, net |  | $ | 28,239,609 |  |  |  |  | $ | 25,265,695 |  |  |

(1) | Includes $(29.2) million and $1.2 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, of net deferred loan fees, unearned income, unamortized premiums and unaccreted discounts.

(2) | Loans net of ASC 310-30 discount.

Although the loan portfolio grew 12% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the loan type composition remained relatively unchanged from December 31, 2016. The Company’s largest credit risks are concentrated in the commercial lending portfolios, which are comprised of C&I and CRE loans. The commercial lending portfolios comprised 70% and 72% of the total loan portfolio as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and are discussed further below.
C&I Loans. C&I loans of $10.65 billion and $9.64 billion, which accounted for 37% and 38% of the total loan portfolio as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, include commercial business and trade finance loans, which comprised the largest sector in the lending portfolio. Over the last few years, the Company has experienced higher growth in specialized lending verticals in industries such as private equity, energy, entertainment and structured specialty finance. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, specialized lending verticals comprised 42% and 37% of total C&I loans, respectively.
Although the C&I industry sectors in which the Company provides financing are diversified, the Company has higher concentrations in the industry sectors of wholesale trade, manufacturing, real estate and leasing, entertainment and private equity. The Company’s C&I loan exposures within the wholesale trade sector, which totaled $1.63 billion and $1.38 billion as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are largely related to U.S. domiciled companies, which import goods from Greater China for U.S. consumer consumption, many of which are companies based in California. The private equity loans are largely capital call lines of credit. The Company also has a syndicated loan portfolio within the C&I loan portfolio, which totaled $627.9 million and $758.5 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company monitors concentrations within the C&I loan portfolio by customer exposure and industry classifications, setting limits for specialized lending verticals and setting diversification targets.
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CRE Loans. CRE loans include income producing real estate, construction and land loans where the interest rates may be fixed, variable or hybrid. The Company focuses on providing financing to experienced real estate investors and developers who are long-time customers and have moderate levels of leverage. Loans are generally underwritten with high standards for cash flows, debt service coverage ratios and loan-to-value ratios. Due to the nature of the Company’s geographical footprint and market presence, the Company has CRE loan concentrations primarily in California, which comprised 74% of the CRE loan portfolio as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Accordingly, changes in the California economy and real estate values could have a significant impact on the collectability of these loans and the required level of allowance for loan losses. 19% of the CRE loans as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were owner occupied properties, while the remaining 81% were non-owner occupied properties (where 50% or more of the debt service for the loan is provided by rental income). As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had an income-producing CRE portfolio that was broadly diversified across all property types.
The Company had $572.0 million of construction loans and $507.3 million of unfunded commitments as of September 30, 2017, compared to $551.6 million of construction loans and $526.4 million of unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2016. The construction portfolio as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was largely comprised of financing for the construction of hotels, multifamily and residential condominiums, as well as mixed use (residential and retail) structures.
Residential Loans. Residential loans are comprised of single-family and multifamily residential loans. The Company offers first lien mortgage loans secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located in its primary lending areas. The Company offers a variety of first lien mortgage loan programs, including fixed rate conforming loans and adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial fixed periods of one to seven years, which adjust annually thereafter. The Company’s multifamily loan portfolio is largely comprised of loans secured by smaller multifamily properties ranging from 5 to 15 units in its primary lending areas. 71% and 73% of the Company’s residential loans were concentrated in California as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Many of the single-family residential loans within the Company’s portfolio are reduced documentation loans where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio, typically 60% or less. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates.
Consumer Loans. Consumer loans are comprised of home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”), insurance premium financing loans, credit card and auto loans. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s HELOCs were the largest component of the consumer loan portfolio, and were secured by one-to-four unit residential properties located in its primary lending areas. The HELOC loan portfolio is largely comprised of loans originated through a reduced documentation loan program where a substantial down payment is required, resulting in a low loan-to-value ratio, typically 60% or less. The Company is in a first lien position for many of these reduced documentation HELOCs. These loans have historically experienced low delinquency and default rates.
The Company’s total loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. Originated and purchased loans, for which there was no evidence of credit deterioration at their acquisition date, are collectively referred to as non-PCI loans. Acquired loans for which there was, at the acquisition date, evidence of credit deterioration are referred to as PCI loans. PCI loans are recorded net of ASC 310-30 discount and totaled $532.3 million and $642.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. For additional details regarding PCI loans, see Note 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company’s overseas offices include the branch in Hong Kong and the subsidiary bank in China. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loans held in the Hong Kong branch totaled $686.3 million and $733.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loans held in the subsidiary bank in China totaled $499.5 million and $425.3 million, respectively. These overseas loans are comprised mainly of C&I loans made to cross-border or trade finance companies. In total, these loans represented 3% of total consolidated assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
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When a determination is made at the time of commitment to originate or purchase loans as held-for-investment, it is the Company’s intent to hold these loans to maturity or for the “foreseeable future,” subject to periodic reviews under the Company’s management evaluation processes, including asset/liability management. When the Company subsequently changes its intent to hold certain loans, the loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value. As of September 30, 2017, loans held-for-sale amounted to $178 thousand, which were comprised of single-family residential loans. In comparison, as of December 31, 2016, loans held-for-sale amounted to $23.1 million, which were primarily comprised of consumer loans. Loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale were $74.5 million and $418.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I loans for both periods. In comparison, $144.9 million and $720.7 million of loans were transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These loan transfers were primarily comprised of C&I, multifamily residential and CRE loans for both periods. The Company recorded $232 thousand and $441 thousand in write-downs to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In comparison, there were no write-downs and $1.9 million of write-downs recorded to the allowance for loan losses related to loans transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold $33.8 million and $101.4 million, respectively, in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $2.3 million and $5.5 million, respectively. Originated loans sold during the three months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of $15.7 million of CRE loans and $12.3 million of C&I loans. Originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of $50.5 million of C&I loans and $34.8 million of CRE loans. In comparison, the Company sold $107.3 million in originated loans during the three months ended September 30, 2016, resulting in net gains of $2.2 million. Originated loans sold during this period were primarily comprised of $53.9 million of C&I loans and $46.0 million of CRE loans. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company sold or securitized $529.5 million in originated loans, resulting in net gains of $9.3 million. Included in these amounts were $201.7 million of multifamily residential loans securitized during the first quarter of 2016, which resulted in net gains of $1.1 million, $641 thousand in mortgage servicing rights and $160.1 million of held-to-maturity investment security that were recorded. The remaining $327.8 million of originated loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily comprising of $171.9 million of CRE loans and $99.6 million of C&I loans, resulted in net gains of $8.2 million.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company purchased $72.4 million and $441.1 million loans, respectively, compared to $256.2 million and $1.04 billion during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans. Purchased loans for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily comprised of C&I syndication loans and single-family residential loans. The higher loans purchased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily included $165.8 million and $488.3 million, respectively, of single-family residential loans purchased for Community Reinvestment Act purposes.
From time to time, the Company purchases and sells loans in the secondary market. Certain purchased loans are transferred from held-for-investment to held-for-sale and write-downs to allowance for loan losses are recorded, when appropriate. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold loans of $57.4 million and $354.5 million, respectively, in the secondary market at net gains of $19 thousand and $1.2 million, respectively. In comparison, the Company sold loans of $45.8 million and $179.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, in the secondary market. Loan sales in the secondary market resulted in no gains or losses and $69 thousand in net gains recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
The Company records valuation adjustments in Net gains on sales of loans on the Consolidated Statements of Income to carry the loans held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value. For each of the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, no valuation adjustments were recorded. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $61 thousand and $2.4 million, respectively, in valuation adjustments.
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Non-PCI Nonperforming Assets
Non-PCI nonperforming assets are comprised of nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned (“OREO”), net. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they become 90 days past due or when the full collection of principal or interest becomes uncertain regardless of the length of past due status. The following table presents information regarding non-PCI nonperforming assets as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |
Real estate - commercial |  | $ | 24,802 |  |  | $ | 26,907 |
Real estate - land and construction |  | 4,183 |  |  | 5,326 |
Commercial |  | 73,384 |  |  | 81,256 |
Real estate - single-family |  | 6,639 |  |  | 4,214 |
Real estate - multifamily |  | 2,620 |  |  | 2,984 |
Consumer |  | 3,097 |  |  | 2,130 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  | 114,725 |  |  | 122,817 |
OREO, net |  | 2,289 |  |  | 6,745 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 117,014 |  |  | $ | 129,562 |
Non-PCI nonperforming assets to total assets (1) |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.37 | %
Non-PCI nonaccrual loans to loans held-for-investment (1) |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.48 | %
Allowance for loan losses to non-PCI nonaccrual loans |  | 249.23 | % |  | 212.12 | %

(1) | Total assets and loans held-for-investment include PCI loans of $532.3 million and $642.4 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

Typically, changes to nonaccrual loans period-over-period represent inflows for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy, offset by reductions for loans that are paid down, charged off, sold, foreclosed, or no longer classified as nonaccrual as a result of continued performance and improvement in the borrower’s financial condition and loan repayment capabilities. Nonaccrual loans decrease d by $8.1 million or 7% to $114.7 million as of September 30, 2017 from $122.8 million as of December 31, 2016. The decrease in nonaccrual loans was primarily due to payoffs and paydowns of nonaccrual loans of $70.2 million, transfers of nonaccrual loans to accrual status of $37.2 million, and charge-offs of nonaccrual loans of $19.5 million, partially offset by loans transferred to nonaccrual status of $119.4 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of loans held-for-investment declined from 0.48% as of December 31, 2016 to 0.40% as of September 30, 2017. C&I loans comprised 64% and 66% of total nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Credit risks related to the C&I nonaccrual loans were mitigated by the collateral. In addition, the risk of loss of all nonaccrual loans had been considered as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the Company believes that this was appropriately covered by the allowance for loan losses.
In addition, 36% and 64% of non-PCI nonaccrual loans consisted of loans that were less than 90 days delinquent as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
For additional details regarding the Company’s non-PCI nonaccrual loans policy, see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) may be designated as performing or nonperforming. A TDR may be designated as performing, if the loan has demonstrated sustained performance under the modified terms. The period of sustained performance may include the periods prior to modification if prior performance has met or exceeded the modified terms. A loan will remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance, generally six consecutive months of payments.
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The following table presents the performing and nonperforming TDRs by loan segment as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Performing TDRs |  | Nonperforming TDRs |  | Performing TDRs |  | Nonperforming TDRs
CRE |  | $ | 10,347 |  |  | $ | 19,830 |  |  | $ | 20,145 |  |  | $ | 14,446 |
C&I |  | 20,416 |  |  | 44,292 |  |  | 44,363 |  |  | 23,771 |
Residential |  | 18,872 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 17,178 |  |  | 717 |
Consumer |  | 1,204 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 49 |
Total TDRs |  | $ | 50,839 |  |  | $ | 64,983 |  |  | $ | 83,238 |  |  | $ | 38,983 |

Performing TDRs decrease d by $32.4 million or 39% to $50.8 million as of September 30, 2017, primarily due to the transfers of one CRE and two C&I loans from performing to nonperforming status during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Nonperforming TDRs increase d by $26.0 million or 67% to $65.0 million as of September 30, 2017, primarily due to the aforementioned transfers of CRE and C&I loans between performing and nonperforming status and a C&I loan becoming a TDR loan during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The Company’s impaired loans include predominantly non-PCI loans held-for-investment on nonaccrual status and non-PCI loans modified as a TDR, on either accrual or nonaccrual status. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Company’s TDRs and impaired loan policies. As of September 30, 2017, the allowance for loan losses included $20.8 million for impaired loans with a total recorded investment balance of $72.6 million. In comparison, the allowance for loan losses included $12.7 million for impaired loans with a total recorded investment balance of $84.1 million as of December 31, 2016.
The following table presents the recorded investment balances for non-PCI impaired loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent
CRE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income producing |  | $ | 35,149 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 46,508 |  |  | 23 | %
Land |  | 4,183 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 5,870 |  |  | 3 | %
Total CRE impaired loans |  | 39,332 |  |  | 24 | % |  | 52,378 |  |  | 26 | %
C&I: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 89,092 |  |  | 54 | % |  | 120,453 |  |  | 58 | %
Trade finance |  | 4,708 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 5,166 |  |  | 2 | %
Total C&I impaired loans |  | 93,800 |  |  | 57 | % |  | 125,619 |  |  | 60 | %
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Single-family |  | 15,899 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 14,335 |  |  | 7 | %
Multifamily |  | 12,232 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 10,041 |  |  | 5 | %
Total residential impaired loans |  | 28,131 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 24,376 |  |  | 12 | %
Consumer |  | 4,301 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 3,682 |  |  | 2 | %
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 165,564 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 206,055 |  |  | 100 | %

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Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for credit losses consists of allowance for loan losses and allowance for unfunded credit reserves. Unfunded credit reserves include reserves provided for unfunded lending commitments, issued commercial letters of credit and standby letters of credit (“SBLCs”), and recourse obligations for loans sold. The allowance for credit losses is increased by the provision for credit losses which is charged against current period operating results, and is increased or decreased by the amount of net recoveries or charge-offs, respectively, during the period. The allowance for unfunded credit reserves is included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net adjustments to the allowance for unfunded credit reserves are included in Provision for credit losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The Company is committed to maintaining the allowance for credit losses at a level that is commensurate with the estimated inherent loss in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit reserves. In addition to regular quarterly reviews of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, the Company performs an ongoing assessment of the risks inherent in the loan portfolio. While the Company believes that the allowance for loan losses is appropriate as of September 30, 2017, future allowance levels may increase or decrease based on a variety of factors, including loan growth, portfolio performance and general economic conditions. For additional details on the Company’s allowance for credit losses, including the methodologies used, see Note 8 — Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates and Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
The following table presents a summary of activities in the allowance for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Allowance for loan losses, beginning of period |  | $ | 276,316 |  |  | $ | 266,768 |  |  | $ | 260,520 |  |  | $ | 264,959 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 13,448 |  |  | 11,514 |  |  | 32,134 |  |  | 19,049 |
Gross charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE |  | — |  |  | (309 | ) |  | (149 | ) |  | (504 | )
C&I |  | (7,359 | ) |  | (23,696 | ) |  | (19,802 | ) |  | (31,770 | )
Residential |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (166 | )
Consumer |  | (65 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (72 | ) |  | (17 | )
Total gross charge-offs |  | (7,424 | ) |  | (24,047 | ) |  | (20,024 | ) |  | (32,457 | )
Gross recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CRE |  | 610 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 1,714 |  |  | 873 |
C&I |  | 2,165 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 9,658 |  |  | 2,068 |
Residential |  | 809 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | 1,048 |
Consumer |  | 2 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 272 |
Total gross recoveries |  | 3,586 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 13,296 |  |  | 4,261 |
Net charge-offs |  | (3,838 | ) |  | (22,470 | ) |  | (6,728 | ) |  | (28,196 | )
Allowance for loan losses, end of period |  | 285,926 |  |  | 255,812 |  |  | 285,926 |  |  | 255,812 |
Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, beginning of period |  | 15,188 |  |  | 20,318 |  |  | 16,121 |  |  | 20,360 |
Reversal of unfunded credit reserves |  | (452 | ) |  | (1,989 | ) |  | (1,385 | ) |  | (2,031 | )
Allowance for unfunded credit reserves, end of period |  | 14,736 |  |  | 18,329 |  |  | 14,736 |  |  | 18,329 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 300,662 |  |  | $ | 274,141 |  |  | $ | 300,662 |  |  | $ | 274,141 |
Average loans held-for-investment |  | $ | 27,529,103 |  |  | $ | 24,258,913 |  |  | $ | 26,764,327 |  |  | $ | 23,961,288 |
Loans held-for-investment, end of period |  | $ | 28,525,357 |  |  | $ | 24,731,962 |  |  | $ | 28,525,357 |  |  | $ | 24,731,962 |
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans held-for-investment |  | (0.06 | )% |  | (0.37 | )% |  | (0.03 | )% |  | (0.16 | )%
Allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.03 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.03 | %

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As of September 30, 2017, the allowance for loan losses amounted to $285.9 million or 1.00% of loans held-for-investment, compared to $260.5 million or 1.02% and $255.8 million or 1.03% of loans held-for-investment as of December 31, 2016 and September 30, 2016, respectively. The increase in the allowance for loan losses was largely due to the overall growth in the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses to loans held-for-investment ratio as of September 30, 2017 decreased slightly compared to both December 31, 2016 and September 30, 2016. The decrease in this ratio was primarily attributable to the higher credit quality of newly originated loans, resulting in loans held-for-investment increasing at a higher rate than the estimated allowance for loan losses. In addition, the extended good economic cycle and sound credit risk management practices have led to continued declines in the Company’s historical loss rate experience, which has resulted in a slower rate of change in the allowance for loan losses compared to the Company’s loan growth. Provision for credit losses includes provision for loan losses and unfunded credit reserves. Provision for credit losses is charged to income to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level deemed appropriate by the Company based on the factors described above. The fluctuation in the provision for credit losses is highly dependent on the historical loss rates trend along with the net charge-offs experienced during the period. The increase in the provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the same periods in 2016, was reflective of the overall loan portfolio growth, partially offset by a decline in the historical loss factor during the same periods. The Company believes the allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was appropriate to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit commitments, at that date.
The following table presents the Company’s allocation of the allowance for loan losses by segment and the ratio of each loan segment to total loans held-for-investment as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Allowance Allocation |  | % of Total Loans |  | Allowance Allocation |  | % of Total Loans
CRE |  | $ | 74,317 |  |  | 33 | % |  | $ | 72,916 |  |  | 34 | %
C&I |  | 160,598 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 142,167 |  |  | 38 | %
Residential |  | 43,905 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 37,338 |  |  | 20 | %
Consumer |  | 7,106 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 8,099 |  |  | 8 | %
Total |  | $ | 285,926 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 260,520 |  |  | 100 | %

The Company maintains an allowance on non-PCI and PCI loans. Based on the Company’s estimates of cash flows expected to be collected, an allowance for the PCI loans is established, with a charge to income through the provision for loan losses. PCI loan losses are estimated collectively for groups of loans with similar characteristics. As of September 30, 2017, the Company established an allowance of $68 thousand on $532.3 million of PCI loans. In comparison, an allowance of $118 thousand was established on $642.4 million of PCI loans as of December 31, 2016. The allowance balances for both periods were attributed mainly to the PCI CRE loans.
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Deposits
The Company offers a wide variety of deposit products to both consumer and commercial customers. Deposits are an important low-cost source of funding, and affect net interest income and net interest margin. The following table presents the balances for customer deposits as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

($ in thousands) |  |  | Change
| September 30, 2017 |  | % of total deposits |  | December 31, 2016 |  | % of total deposits |  | $ |  | %
Core deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 10,992,674 |  |  | 35 | % |  | $ | 10,183,946 |  |  | 34 | % |  | $ | 808,728 |  |  | 8 | %
Interest-bearing checking |  | 4,108,859 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 3,674,417 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 434,442 |  |  | 12 | %
Money market |  | 7,939,031 |  |  | 25 | % |  | 8,174,854 |  |  | 27 | % |  | (235,823 | ) |  | (3 | )%
Savings |  | 2,476,557 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 2,242,497 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 234,060 |  |  | 10 | %
Total core deposits |  | 25,517,121 |  |  | 81 | % |  | 24,275,714 |  |  | 81 | % |  | 1,241,407 |  |  | 5 | %
Time deposits |  | 5,794,541 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 5,615,269 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 179,272 |  |  | 3 | %
Total deposits |  | $ | 31,311,662 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 29,890,983 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,420,679 |  |  | 5 | %

Total deposits increased mainly due to growth in noninterest-bearing demand and interest-bearing checking deposits from existing and new customers. The Company’s deposit strategy is to grow and retain relationship-based deposits, and provide a source of low-cost funding and liquidity to the Company. Core deposits comprised 81% of total deposits as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The $1.24 billion or 5% increase in core deposits was primarily due to the increases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing checking deposits. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 35% and 34% of total deposits as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Interest-bearing checking deposits comprised 13% and 12% of total deposits as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, deposits were 110% of total loans, compared to 117% as of December 31, 2016, as the growth in total loans outpaced deposit growth.
Borrowings
The Company utilizes short-term and long-term borrowings to manage its liquidity position. Borrowings include short-term borrowings, long-term FHLB advances and repurchase agreements.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, short-term borrowings were comprised of the Company’s subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited’s borrowings of $24.8 million and $60.1 million, respectively. The interest rates of these borrowings ranged from 2.96% to 3.27% and 2.80% to 3.27% as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the short-term borrowings of $24.8 million are due to mature in the fourth quarter of 2017.
FHLB advances increase d by $1.7 million to $323.3 million as of September 30, 2017 from $321.6 million as of December 31, 2016. As of September 30, 2017, FHLB advances had floating interest rates ranging from 1.48% to 1.72% with remaining maturities between 1.4 and 5.1 years.
Gross repurchase agreements totaled $450.0 million as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Resale and repurchase agreements are reported net pursuant to ASC 210-20-45, Balance Sheet Offsetting. Net repurchase agreements totaled $50.0 million and $350.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, $400.0 million of repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements, resulting in $50.0 million of net repurchase agreements reported. In comparison, $100.0 million of gross repurchase agreements were eligible for netting against resale agreements, resulting in $350.0 million of net repurchase agreements reported as of December 31, 2016. As of September 30, 2017, gross repurchase agreements of $450.0 million had interest rates ranging between 3.54% to 3.58% and original terms ranging between 10.0 and 16.5 years. The remaining maturity terms of the repurchase agreements range between 5.1 and 5.9 years.
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Repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and recorded at the balances at which the securities were sold. The collateral for the repurchase agreements is primarily comprised of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities, and U.S. government agency and U.S. government sponsored enterprise debt securities. To ensure that the market value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the Company monitors the fair value of collateral pledged relative to the principal amounts borrowed under repurchase agreements. The Company manages liquidity risks related to the repurchase agreements by sourcing funding from a diverse group of counterparties and entering into repurchase agreements with longer durations, when appropriate. For additional details, see Note 5 — Securities Purchased under Resale Agreements and Sold under Repurchase Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Long-Term Debt
The Company uses long-term debt to provide funding to acquire income earning assets and enhance liquidity. Long-term debt, which consists of junior subordinated debt and a term loan, decrease d $9.8 million or 5% from $186.3 million as of December 31, 2016 to $176.5 million as of September 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to the quarterly repayment on the term loan, totaling $10.0 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
The junior subordinated debt was issued in connection with the Company’s various pooled trust preferred securities offerings. Junior subordinated debt is recorded as a component of long-term debt and includes the value of the common stock issued by six wholly-owned subsidiaries in conjunction with these transactions. The junior subordinated debt totaled $152.6 million and $146.3 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The junior subordinated debt had a weighted average interest rate of 2.73% and 2.22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and remaining maturity terms of 17.2 to 20.0 years as of September 30, 2017. Beginning in 2016, trust preferred securities no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital and are limited to Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes, based on Basel III Capital Rules. For further discussion, see Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Capital Requirements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
In 2013, the Company entered into a $100.0 million three-year term loan agreement. The terms of the agreement were modified in 2015 to extend the term loan maturity from July 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018, where principal repayments of $5.0 million are due quarterly. The term loan bears interest at the rate of the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate plus 150 basis points and the weighted average interest rate was 2.65% and 2.19% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The outstanding balance of the term loan was $30.0 million and $40.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Capital
The Company maintains an adequate capital base to support its anticipated asset growth, operating needs and credit risks, and to ensure that East West and the Bank are in compliance with all regulatory capital guidelines. The Company engages in regular capital planning processes to optimize the use of available capital and to appropriately plan for future capital needs. The capital plan considers capital needs for the foreseeable future and allocates capital to both existing and future business activities. In addition, the Company conducts capital stress tests as part of its annual capital planning process. The stress tests enable the Company to assess the impact of adverse changes in the economy and interest rates on its capital base.
The Company’s stockholders’ equity increase d by $354.2 million or 10% to $3.78 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $3.43 billion as of December 31, 2016. The Company’s primary source of capital is the retention of its operating earnings. Retained earnings increase d by $333.1 million or 15% to $2.52 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $2.19 billion as of December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to net income of $420.7 million, reduced by $87.6 million of cash dividends during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, common stock and additional paid-in capital increase d by $17.7 million or 1.0% primarily due to the activities in employee stock compensation plans. For other factors that contributed to the changes in stockholders’ equity, refer to the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.
Book value was $26.17 per common share based on 144.5 million common shares outstanding as of September 30, 2017, compared to $23.78 per common share based on 144.2 million common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2016. The Company made dividend payments of $0.20 per common share in each quarter during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. In October 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) declared fourth quarter 2017 cash dividends for the Company’s common stock. The common stock cash dividend of $0.20 per share is payable on November 15, 2017 to stockholders of record as of November 1, 2017.
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Regulatory Capital and Ratios
The federal banking agencies have risk-based capital adequacy guidelines that are designed to reflect the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s operations and transactions. The guidelines cover transactions that are reported on the balance sheet as well as those recorded as off-balance sheet items. In 2013, the Federal Reserve Board, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued the final Basel III Capital Rules establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for strengthening international capital standards as well as implementing certain provisions of the “Dodd-Frank Act”. See Item 1. Business — Supervision and Regulation — Capital Requirements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K for additional details. The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Company and the Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to phase-in periods for certain components).
The Basel III Capital Rules require that banking organizations maintain a minimum CET1 ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%, and a total capital ratio of 8.0%. Moreover, the rules require that banking organizations maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% above the capital minimums are being phased-in over four years beginning in 2016 (increasing by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019). When fully phased-in in 2019, the banking organizations will be required to maintain a minimum CET1 capital ratio of 7.0%, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% and a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including common stock dividends and share repurchases) and certain discretionary incentive compensation payments.
The Company is committed to maintaining capital at a level sufficient to assure the Company’s stockholders, customers and regulators that the Company and the Bank are financially sound. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, both the Company and the Bank were considered “well-capitalized,” and met all capital requirements on a fully phased-in basis under the Basel III Capital Rules.
The following table presents the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 under the Basel III Capital Rules, and those required by regulatory agencies for capital adequacy and well-capitalized classification purposes:

|  | Basel III Capital Rules
| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | Minimum Regulatory Requirements |  | Well- Capitalized Requirements |  | Fully Phased-in Minimum Regulatory Requirements
| Company |  | East West Bank |  | Company |  | East West Bank |  |  |
CET1 risk-based capital |  | 11.4 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 11.4 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Total risk-based capital |  | 12.9 | % |  | 12.3 | % |  | 12.4 | % |  | 12.3 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital |  | 9.4 | % |  | 9.3 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 9.1 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 5.0 | % |  | 4.0 | %

The Company’s CET1 and Tier 1 capital ratios have improved by 49 basis points, while the total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios increased by 48 and 65 basis points, respectively, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The improvement was primarily driven by the increases in revenues, primarily due to increase in net interest income and net gains recorded from the sale of commercial property during the first quarter of 2017. The $1.82 billion or 7% increase in risk-weighted assets increased from $27.36 billion as of December 31, 2016 to $29.18 billion as of September 30, 2017 was primarily due to the growth of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2017, the Company’s CET1 risk-based capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital ratios and Tier 1 leverage capital ratios were 11.4%, 11.4%, 12.9% and 9.4%, respectively, well above the well-capitalized requirements of 6.5%, 8.0%, 10.0% and 5.0%, respectively.
Regulatory Matters
The Bank entered into a Written Agreement, dated November 9, 2015, with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (the “Written Agreement”), to correct less than satisfactory BSA and AML programs detailed in a joint examination by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”) and the California Department of Business Oversight (“DBO”). The Bank also entered into a related Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with the DBO in 2015. See Item 7. MD&A — Regulatory Matters and Note 18 — Regulatory Requirements and Matters to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K for further details.
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The Company believes that the Bank is making progress in executing the compliance plans and programs required by the Written Agreement and MOU, although there can be no assurances that our plans and progress will be found to be satisfactory by our regulators. To date, the Bank has added significant resources to meet the monitoring and reporting obligations imposed by the Written Agreement and will continue to require significant management and third party consultant resources to comply with the Written Agreement and MOU, and to address any additional findings or recommendations by the regulators. These incremental administrative and third party costs, as well as the operational restrictions imposed by the Written Agreement, may adversely affect the Bank’s results of operations.
If additional compliance issues are identified or the regulators determine the Bank has not satisfactorily complied with the terms of the Written Agreement, the regulators could take further actions with respect to the Bank and, if such further actions were taken, such actions could have a material adverse effect on the Bank. The operating and other conditions in the BSA and AML program and the auditing and oversight of the program that led to the Written Agreement and MOU could also lead to an increased risk of being subject to additional actions by the DBO and FRB, an increased risk of future examinations that may downgrade the regulatory ratings of the Bank, and an increased risk investigations by other government agencies may result in fines, penalties, increased expenses or restrictions on operations.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the course of the Company’s business, the Company may enter into or be a party to transactions that are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are considered to be off-balance sheet arrangements. Off-balance sheet arrangements are any contractual arrangements whereby an unconsolidated entity is a party, under which the Company has: (1) any obligation under a guarantee contract; (2) a retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to that entity for such assets; (3) any obligation under certain derivative instruments; or (4) any obligation under a material variable interest held by the Company in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with the Company.
As a financial service provider, the Company routinely enters into commitments to extend credit to customers, such as loan commitments, commercial letters of credit for foreign and domestic trade, SBLCs and financial guarantees. Many of these commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. The credit policies used in underwriting loans to customers are also used to extend these commitments. Under some of these contractual agreements, the Company may also have liabilities contingent upon the occurrence of certain events. The Company’s liquidity sources have been, and are expected to be, sufficient to meet the cash requirements of its lending activities. The following table presents the Company’s loan commitments, commercial letters of credit and SBLCs as of September 30, 2017:

($ in thousands) |  | Commitments Outstanding
Loan commitments |  | $ | 4,956,515 |
Commercial letters of credit and SBLCs |  | $ | 1,757,648 |

A discussion of significant contractual arrangements under which the Company may be held contingently liable is included in Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, the Company has commitments and obligations under post-retirement benefit plans as described in Note 15 — Employee Benefit Plans to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K, and has contractual obligations for future payments on debts, borrowings and lease obligations as detailed in Item 7 — MD&A — Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
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Asset Liability and Market Risk Management
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the Company’s ability to meet its contractual and contingent financial obligations, on or off-balance sheet, as they become due. The Company’s primary liquidity management objective is to provide sufficient funding for its businesses throughout market cycles and be able to manage both expected and unexpected cash flow needs and requirements without adversely impacting the financial health of the Company. To achieve this objective, the Company analyzes its liquidity risk, maintains readily available liquid assets and accesses diverse funding sources including its stable core deposit base. The Company’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) sets the liquidity guidelines that govern the day-to-day active management of the Company’s liquidity position. The ALCO regularly monitors the Company’s liquidity status and related management processes, and provides regular reports to the Board.
The Company maintains liquidity in the form of cash and cash equivalents, interest-bearing deposits with banks and available-for-sale investment securities. These assets totaled $5.10 billion and $5.54 billion, accounting for 14% and 16% of total assets, as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Traditional forms of funding such as customer deposits and borrowings augment these liquid assets. Total customer deposits amounted to $31.31 billion as of September 30, 2017, compared to $29.89 billion as of December 31, 2016, of which core deposits comprised 81% of total deposits as of each of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. As a means of augmenting the Company’s liquidity, the Company maintains available borrowing capacity under secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and FRB, unsecured federal funds’ lines of credit with various correspondent banks for purchase of overnight funds, and several master repurchase agreements with major brokerage companies. The Company’s available borrowing capacity with the FHLB and FRB was $6.45 billion and $3.23 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2017. The Bank’s unsecured federal funds’ lines of credit, subject to availability, totaled $731.0 million with correspondent banks as of September 30, 2017. The Company believes that its liquidity sources are sufficient to meet all reasonably foreseeable short-term and intermediate-term needs.
The Company experienced net cash inflows from operating activities of $665.0 million and $417.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $247.4 million increase in net cash inflows from operating activities between these periods was primarily due to a $99.8 million increase in net income, a $108.3 million increase in net changes in cash flows receivable from other assets and a $76.2 million increase in net changes in the cash flows from accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by a $32.5 million change in non-cash amounts. The $108.3 million increase in net changes in cash flows receivable from other assets, comparing the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to a reduction in tax receivables, and an increase in fair value of interest rate swaps and options during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 contributing to operating cash outflows in that period. The $76.2 million increase in net changes in the cash flows from accrued expenses and other liabilities, comparing the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to the same period in 2016, was primarily due to a larger wire transfer in transit and an increase in tax payables.
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $2.07 billion and $473.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $1.59 billion increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a $1.69 billion increase in net cash outflows from loans held-for-investment, partially offset by a $150.0 million increase in net cash inflows from resale agreements.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company experienced net cash inflows from financing activities of $1.24 billion and $365.6 million, respectively. Net cash inflows from financing activities of $1.24 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily comprised of a $1.39 billion net increase in customer deposits, partially offset by $87.9 million in cash dividends paid. Net cash inflows from financing activities of $365.6 million during the same period in 2016 were primarily comprised of a $1.13 billion net increase in customer deposits and a $37.7 million increase in short-term borrowings, partially offset by a $700.0 million repayment of short-term FHLB advances and $87.0 million in cash dividends paid.
As of September 30, 2017, the Company is not aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that had or were reasonably likely to have a material effect on its liquidity position. Furthermore, the Company is not aware of any material commitments for capital expenditures in the foreseeable future.
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East West’s liquidity has historically been dependent on the payment of cash dividends by its subsidiary, East West Bank, subject to applicable statutes, regulations and special approval. The Bank paid total dividends of $255.0 million and $100.0 million to East West during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, in October 2017, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.20 per share for the Company’s common stock payable on November 15, 2017 to stockholders of record on November 1, 2017.
Interest Rate Risk Management
Interest rate risk results primarily from the Company’s traditional banking activities of gathering deposits and extending loans, and is the primary market risk for the Company. Economic and financial conditions, movements in interest rates and consumer preferences affect the difference between the interest the Company earns on interest-earning assets and pays on interest-bearing liabilities, and the level of the noninterest-bearing funding sources. In addition, changes in interest rates can influence the rate of principal prepayments on loans and speed of deposit withdrawals. Due to the pricing term mismatches and embedded options inherent in certain products, changes in market interest rates not only affect expected near-term earnings, but also the economic value of these interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Other market risks include foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk. These risks are not considered significant to the Company’s interest rate risk and no separate quantitative information concerning these risks is presented herein.
With oversight by the Company’s Board, the ALCO coordinates the overall management of the Company’s interest rate risk. The ALCO meets regularly and is responsible for reviewing the Company’s open market positions and establishing policies to monitor and limit exposure to market risk. Management of interest rate risk is carried out primarily through strategies involving the Company’s investment securities portfolio, loan portfolio, available funding channels and capital market activities. In addition, the Company’s policies permit the use of off-balance sheet derivative instruments to assist in managing interest rate risk.
The interest rate risk exposure is measured and monitored through various risk management tools which include a simulation model that performs interest rate sensitivity analysis under multiple scenarios. The model includes the Company’s loans, investment securities, resale agreements, customer deposits and borrowing portfolios, including repurchase agreements. The financial instruments from the Company’s domestic and foreign operations, forecasted noninterest income and noninterest expense items are also incorporated in the simulation. The interest rate scenarios simulated include an instantaneous parallel shift and non-parallel shift in the yield curve. In addition, the Company also performs various simulations using alternative interest rate scenarios. The alternative interest rate scenarios include yield curve flattening, yield curve steepening and yield curve inverting. In order to apply the assumed interest rate environment, adjustments are made to reflect the shift in the U.S. Treasury and other appropriate yield curves. The Company incorporates both a static balance sheet and a forward growth balance sheet in order to perform these evaluations. Results of these various simulations are used to formulate and gauge strategies to achieve a desired risk profile within the Company’s capital and liquidity guidelines.
The simulation model is based on the actual maturity and re-pricing characteristics of the Company’s interest-rate sensitive assets, liabilities and related derivative contracts. The modeled results are highly sensitive to the deposit decay assumptions used for deposits that do not have specific maturities. The Company uses historical regression analysis of the Company’s internal deposit data as a guide to set deposit decay assumptions. In addition, the model is also highly sensitive to certain assumptions on the correlation of the change in interest rates paid on core deposits to changes in benchmark market interest rates, commonly referred to as deposit beta assumptions. Deposit beta assumptions are based on the Company’s historical experience. The model is also sensitive to the loan and investment prepayment assumption. The loan and investment prepayment assumption, which considers the anticipated prepayments under different interest rate environments, is based on an independent model, as well as the Company’s historical prepayment experiences.
Existing investment securities, loans, customer deposits and borrowings are assumed to roll into new instruments at a similar spread relative to benchmark interest rates and internal pricing guidelines. The assumptions applied in the model are documented and supported for reasonableness. Changes to key model assumptions are reviewed by the ALCO. Due to the sensitivity of the model results, the Company performs periodic testing to assess the impact of the assumptions. The Company also makes appropriate calibrations when necessary. Scenarios do not reflect strategies that management could employ to limit the impact as interest rate expectations change. Simulation results are highly dependent on these assumptions. To the extent actual behavior is different from the assumptions in the models, there could be a material change in interest rate sensitivity.
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The following table presents the Company’s net interest income and economic value of equity (“EVE”) sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 related to an instantaneous and sustained non-parallel shift in market interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points in both directions:

Change in Interest Rates (BP) |  | Net Interest Income Volatility (1) |  | EVE Volatility (2)
| September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
+200 |  | 20.5 | % |  | 22.4 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | 12.3 | %
+100 |  | 11.4 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 7.5 | %
-100 |  | (8.0 | )% |  | (6.8 | )% |  | (3.7 | )% |  | (5.0 | )%
-200 |  | (10.4 | )% |  | (7.5 | )% |  | (9.6 | )% |  | (9.3 | )%

(1) | The percentage change represents net interest income over 12 months in a stable interest rate environment versus net interest income in the various rate scenarios.

(2) | The percentage change represents net portfolio value of the Company in a stable interest rate environment versus net portfolio value in the various rate scenarios.

Twelve-Month Net Interest Income Simulation
The Company’s estimated twelve-month net interest income sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 was slightly lower compared to December 31, 2016 for both upward interest rate scenarios, as simulated increases in interest income are offset by an increase in the rate of repricing for the Company’s deposit portfolio. In a simulated downward interest rate scenario, sensitivity increased overall for both of the downward interest rate scenarios, mainly due to the impact of the recent interest rate increases on December 14, 2016, March 15, 2017, and June 14, 2017. As interest rates rise further away from all time historical lows, there is more room for the Company’s simulated interest income to decline in a downward interest rate scenario, relative to previous simulations.
Under most rising interest rate environments, the Company would expect some customers to move balances in demand deposits into higher interest-bearing deposits such as money market, savings or time deposits. The models are particularly sensitive to the assumption about the rate of such migration. The federal funds target rate was between 0.50% and 0.75% as of December 31, 2016, and between 1.00% and 1.25% as of September 30, 2017. It should be noted that despite the two interest rate increases in 2017, as of September 30, 2017, the Company has not experienced this deposit movement, though there can be no assurance as to how long this is expected to last.
The following table presents the Company’s net interest income sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 for the +100 and +200 basis points interest rate scenarios assuming a $1.00 billion, $2.00 billion and $3.00 billion demand deposit migrations:

Change in Interest Rates (BP) |  | Net Interest Income Volatility
| September 30, 2017
| $1.00 Billion Migration 12 Months |  | $2.00 Billion Migration 12 Months |  | $3.00 Billion Migration 12 Months
+200 |  | 18.3 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 13.8 | %
+100 |  | 9.9 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 7.0 | %

Economic Value of Equity at Risk
The Company’s EVE sensitivity increased as of September 30, 2017, compared to December 31, 2016, for both of the upward interest rate scenarios. In the simulated upward 100 basis points and 200 basis points interest rate scenarios, EVE sensitivity was 7.0% and 13.4%, respectively. The increase in sensitivity as of September 30, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 in the upward interest rate scenario was primarily due to changes in the balance sheet portfolio mix. EVE declined 3.7% and 9.6% of the base level as of September 30, 2017 in declining rate scenarios of 100 and 200 basis points, respectively.
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The Company’s net interest income and EVE profile as of September 30, 2017, as presented in the net interest income and EVE tables, reflects an asset sensitive net interest income position and an asset sensitive EVE position. The Company is naturally asset sensitive due to its large portfolio of rate-sensitive loans that are funded in part by noninterest-bearing and rate-stable core deposits. As a result, if there are no significant changes in the mix of assets and liabilities, net interest income increases when interest rates increase, and decreases when interest rates decrease. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements and the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by the Company’s model.
Derivatives
It is the Company’s policy not to speculate on the future direction of interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. However, the Company will, from time to time, enter into derivatives transactions in order to reduce its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk and foreign currency risk. The Company believes these transactions, when properly structured and managed, may provide a hedge against inherent risk in assets or liabilities and against risk in specific transactions. Hedging transactions may be implemented using swaps, caps, floors, financial futures, forwards and options. Prior to entering into any hedging activities, the Company analyzes the costs and benefits of the hedge in comparison to alternative strategies.
Interest Rate Swaps on Certificates of Deposit — As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had two cancellable interest rate swap contracts with original terms of 20 years. The objective of these interest rate swaps, which were designated as fair value hedges, was to obtain low-cost floating rate funding on the Company’s brokered certificates of deposit. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, under the terms of the swap contracts, the Company received a fixed interest rate and paid a variable interest rate. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the notional amounts of the Company’s brokered certificates of deposit interest rate swaps were $42.6 million and $48.4 million, respectively. The fair value liabilities of the interest rate swaps were $6.6 million and $6.0 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
Interest Rate Swaps and Options — The Company also offers various interest rate derivative products to its customers. When derivative transactions are executed with its customers, the derivative contracts are offset by paired trades with registered swap dealers. These contracts allow borrowers to lock in attractive intermediate and long-term fixed rate financing while not increasing the interest rate risk to the Company. These transactions are not linked to specific Company assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or to forecasted transactions in a hedge relationship and, therefore, are economic hedges. The contracts are marked to market at each reporting period. Fair values are determined from verifiable third-party sources that have considerable experience with derivative markets. The Company provides data to the third party source to calculate the credit valuation component of the fair values of the client derivative contracts.
As of September 30, 2017, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $4.37 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. As of December 31, 2016, the total notional amounts of interest rate swaps and options, including mirrored transactions with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers, totaled $3.86 billion for derivatives that were in an asset valuation position and $3.81 billion for derivatives that were in a liability valuation position. The fair values of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $64.8 million asset and a $64.2 million liability as of September 30, 2017. The fair values of interest rate swap and option contracts with institutional counterparties and the Company’s customers amounted to a $67.6 million asset and a $65.1 million liability as of December 31, 2016.
Foreign Exchange Contracts — The Company enters into foreign exchange contracts with its customers, primarily comprised of forward, swap and spot contracts to enable its customers to hedge their transactions in foreign currencies from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and also to allow the Company to economically hedge against foreign currency fluctuations in certain foreign currency denominated deposits that it offers to its customers, as well as the Company’s investment in its China subsidiary, East West Bank (China) Limited.
For a majority of the foreign exchange transactions entered with its customers, the Company enters into offsetting foreign exchange contracts with institutional counterparties to mitigate the foreign exchange risk. These transactions are economic hedges and the Company does not apply hedge accounting. The Company’s policies also permit taking proprietary currency positions within approved limits, in compliance with the proprietary trading exemption provided under Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company does not speculate in the foreign exchange markets, and actively manages its foreign exchange exposures within prescribed risk limits and defined controls.
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ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters — Foreign Currency Transactions and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, allow hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company began entering into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge its investment in East West Bank (China) Limited, a non-U.S. dollar (“USD”) functional currency subsidiary in China. The hedging instruments, designated as net investment hedges, involve hedging the risk of changes in the USD equivalent value of a designated monetary amount of the Company’s net investment in China, against the risk of adverse changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. The notional amount and fair value of the net investment hedges were $83.0 million and a $4.3 million asset, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Since recent policy changes by the People’s Bank of China, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China, as well as market sentiments have caused a divergence in the exchange rate movements of the on-shore Chinese Renminbi and off-shore Chinese Renminbi, the net investment hedge relationships were dedesignated during the first quarter of 2017, even though they continued to meet the hedge effectiveness test. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of these two foreign exchange forward contracts designated as economic hedges were $93.3 million and a $4.8 million liability, respectively, and have been included in the foreign exchange contracts’ notional amount of $1.13 billion and fair value of $14.2 million disclosed below.
As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s total notional amounts of the foreign exchange contracts that were not designated as hedging instruments were $1.13 billion and $767.8 million, respectively. The fair values of the foreign exchange contracts were a $14.2 million asset and a $20.1 million liability, respectively, as of September 30, 2017 and an $11.9 million asset and an $11.2 million liability, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.
Credit Risk Participation Agreements — The Company has entered into credit risk participation agreements (“RPAs”) under which the Company assumed its pro-rata share of the credit exposure associated with the borrower’s performance related to interest rate derivative contracts. The Company may or may not be a party to the interest rate derivative contract and enters into such RPAs in instances where the Company is a party to the related loan participation agreement with the borrower. The Company will make/receive payments under the RPAs if the borrower defaults on its obligation to perform under the interest rate derivative contract. The Company manages its credit risk on the RPAs by monitoring the credit worthiness of the borrowers, which is based on the normal credit review process. The notional amount of the RPAs reflects the Company’s pro-rata share of the derivative instrument. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $47.8 million and a $1 thousand liability, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $20.6 million and a $2 thousand asset, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs purchased were $48.3 million and a $3 thousand liability, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, the notional amount and fair value of the RPAs sold were $23.1 million and a $3 thousand asset, respectively.
Warrants — The Company obtained warrants to purchase preferred and common stock of technology and life sciences companies, as part of the loan origination process. As of September 30, 2017, the warrants included on the Consolidated Financial Statements were from public and private companies. The Company valued these warrants based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. For warrants from public companies, the model uses the underlying stock price, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and market-observable company-specific option volatility as inputs to value the warrants. For warrants from private companies, the model uses inputs such as the offering price observed in the most recent round of funding, stated strike price, warrant expiration date, risk-free interest rate based on duration-matched U.S. Treasury rate and option volatility. The option volatility assumption was based on public market indices that include members that operate in similar industries as the companies in our private company portfolio. The model values were further adjusted for a general lack of liquidity due to the private nature of the underlying companies. As of September 30, 2017, the total fair value of the warrants held in public and private companies was a $1.5 million asset.
Additional information on the Company’s derivatives is presented in Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K, Note 4 — Fair Value Measurement and Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note 7 — Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Significant accounting policies (see Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7. MD&A — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates of the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K) are fundamental to understanding the Company’s reported results. Some accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. In addition, some accounting policies require significant judgment in applying complex accounting principles to individual transactions to determine the most appropriate treatment. The Company has procedures and processes in place to facilitate making these judgments.
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Certain accounting policies are considered to have a critical effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s judgment. In each area, the Company has identified the most important variables in the estimation process. The Company has used the best information available to make the estimations necessary for the related assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates, and future changes in the key variables could change future valuations and impact the results of operations. The following is a list of the more judgmental and complex accounting estimates and principles:

• | fair value of financial instruments;

• | available-for-sale investment securities;

• | PCI loans;

• | allowance for credit losses;

• | goodwill impairment; and

• | income taxes.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards
For detailed discussion and disclosure on new accounting pronouncements adopted and recent accounting pronouncements issued, see Note 2 — Current Accounting Developments to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
For quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding market risk in the Company’s portfolio, see Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements — Note 7 — Derivatives and Item 2. MD&A — Asset Liability and Market Risk Management in Part I of this report.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of September 30, 2017, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2017.
The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that the Company files under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Change in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2017, that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies — Litigation, in Part I of this report, incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The Company’s 2016 Form 10-K contains disclosure regarding the risks and uncertainties related to the Company’s business under the heading Item 1A. Risk Factors. There has been no material change to the Company’s risk factors as presented in the Company’s 2016 Form 10-K.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities or repurchase activities during the three months ended September 30, 2017.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibit index lists Exhibits filed, or in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2, furnished with this report:

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

All other material referenced in this report which is required to be filed as an exhibit hereto has previously been submitted.
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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

ALCO | Asset/Liability Committee
AML | Anti-Money Laundering
AOCI | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification
ASU | Accounting Standards Update
BP | Basis point
BSA | Bank Secrecy Act
C&I | Commercial and industrial
CET1 | Common Equity Tier 1
CRA | Community Reinvestment Act
CRE | Commercial real estate
DBO | California Department of Business Oversight
EPS | Earnings per share
EVE | Economic value of equity
EWIS | East West Insurance Service, Inc.
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB | Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
HELOCs | Home equity lines of credit
MD&A | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
MOU | Memorandum of Understanding
Non-GAAP | Non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Non-PCI | Non-purchased credit impaired
OREO | Other real estate owned
OTTI | Other-than-temporary impairment
PCI | Purchased credit impaired
RPAs | Credit risk participation agreements
RSAs | Restricted stock awards
RSUs | Restricted stock units
SBLCs | Standby letters of credit
S&P | Standard and Poor’s
TDRs | Troubled debt restructurings
U.S. | United States
U.S. GAAP | United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
USD | U.S. Dollar

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: | November 7, 2017 |
|  | EAST WEST BANCORP, INC. (Registrant)
|  | By | /s/ IRENE H. OH |
|  |  | Irene H. Oh
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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EXHIBIT INDEX
The following exhibit index lists Exhibits filed, or in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2, furnished with this report:

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

All other material referenced in this report which is required to be filed as an exhibit hereto has previously been submitted.
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