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Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Notes to Financial Statements |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] |
1. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
Business and Organization Kimco Realty Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company" or "Kimco"), operate as a Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) and are engaged principally in the ownership, management, development and operation of open-air shopping centers, which are anchored generally by grocery stores, off-price retailers, discounters or service-oriented tenants. Additionally, the Company provides complementary services that capitalize on the Company’s established retail real estate expertise. The Company evaluates performance on a property specific or transactional basis and does not distinguish its principal business or group its operations on a geographical basis for purposes of measuring performance. Accordingly, the Company believes it has a single reportable segment for disclosure purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code, as amended (the "Code"). The Company is organized and operates in a manner that enables it to qualify as a REIT under the Code. Basis of Presentation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company. The Company’s subsidiaries include subsidiaries which are wholly-owned or which the Company has a controlling interest, including where the Company has been determined to be a primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) in accordance with the consolidation guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates GAAP requires the Company's management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during a reporting period. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate and related intangible assets and liabilities, equity method investments, other investments, including the assessment of impairments, as well as, depreciable lives, revenue recognition, the collectability of trade accounts receivable, realizability of deferred tax assets and the assessment of uncertain tax positions. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties, and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Reclassifications Certain amounts in the prior period have been reclassified in order to conform with the current period’s presentation. In conjunction with the adoption of Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014 - 09 discussed below, the Company reclassified $247.6 million and $239.0 million to Reimbursement income and $23.6 million and $20.0 million to Other rental property income from Revenues from rental properties on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company reclassified $26.8 million and $30.5 million of costs related to property management and services of the Company’s operating properties from General and administrative to Operating and maintenance on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, in accordance with the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification release, dated August 18, 2018, the Company moved the Gains on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests line on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income within Operating income and as a result reclassified $6.0 million from Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests to (Provision)/benefit for income taxes, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2016. Subsequent Events The Company has evaluated subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in its consolidated financial statements. Real Estate Real estate assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Upon acquisition of real estate operating properties, the Company estimates the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting of land, building, building improvements and tenant improvements) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (consisting of above-market and below-market leases, in-place leases and tenant relationships, where applicable), assumed debt and redeemable units issued at the date of acquisition, based on evaluation of information and estimates available at that date. Fair value is determined based on a market approach, which contemplates the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Acquisitions of operating properties are categorized as asset acquisitions and as such the Company capitalizes the acquisition costs associated with these acquisitions. In allocating the purchase price to identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, the value of above-market and below-market leases is estimated based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts, including fixed rate below-market lease renewal options, to be paid pursuant to the leases and management’s estimate of the market lease rates and other lease provisions (i.e., expense recapture, base rental changes, etc.) measured over a period equal to the estimated remaining term of the lease. The capitalized above-market or below-market intangible is amortized to rental income over the estimated remaining term of the respective leases, which includes the expected renewal option period for below-market leases. Mortgage debt discounts or premiums are amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt instrument. In determining the value of in-place leases, management considers current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases in arriving at an estimate of the carrying costs during the expected lease-up period from vacant to existing occupancy. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance, other operating expenses, estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods and costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal and other related costs based on current market demand. The value assigned to in-place leases and tenant relationships is amortized over the estimated remaining term of the leases. If a lease were to be terminated prior to its scheduled expiration, all unamortized costs relating to that lease would be written off. Depreciation and amortization are provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:
Buildings and building improvements (in years) |  | 5 | to | 50
Fixtures, leasehold and tenant improvements (including certain identified intangible assets) |  | Terms of leases or useful lives, whichever is shorter
The Company periodically assesses the useful lives of its depreciable real estate assets, including those expected to be redeveloped in future periods, and accounts for any revisions prospectively. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and demolition costs are charged to operations as incurred. Significant renovations and replacements, which improve or extend the life of the asset, are capitalized. The useful lives of amortizable intangible assets are evaluated each reporting period with any changes in estimated useful lives being accounted for over the revised remaining useful life. When a real estate asset is identified by management as held-for-sale, the Company ceases depreciation of the asset and estimates the fair value. If the fair value of the asset, less cost to sell, is less than the net book value of the asset, an adjustment to the carrying value would be recorded to reflect the estimated fair value of the property, less estimated costs of sale and the asset is classified as other assets. On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators, including property operating performance, changes in anticipated holding period and general market conditions, that the value of the real estate properties (including any related amortizable intangible assets or liabilities) may be impaired. A property value is considered impaired only if management’s estimated fair value is less than the net carrying value of the property. The Company’s estimated fair value is primarily based upon (i) estimated sales prices from signed contracts or letters of intent from third party offers, (ii) discounted cash flow models of the property over its remaining hold period or (iii) third party appraisals. The Company does not have access to the unobservable inputs used to determine the estimated fair values of third party offers. For the discounted cash flow models and appraisals, the capitalization rate and discount rate utilized in the models are based upon unobservable rates that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates for each respective investment. In addition, such cash flow models consider factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. To the extent impairment has occurred, the carrying value of the property would be adjusted to an amount to reflect the estimated fair value of the property. Real Estate Under Development Real estate under development represents the development of open-air shopping center projects, which may include residential and mixed-use components, that the Company plans to hold as long-term investments. These properties are carried at cost. The cost of land and buildings under development includes specifically identifiable costs. Capitalized costs include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes, insurance, legal costs, salaries and related costs of personnel directly involved and other costs incurred during the period of development. The Company ceases cost capitalization when the property is held available for occupancy and placed into service. This usually occurs upon substantial completion of all costs necessary to bring the property to the condition needed for its intended use, but no later than one year from the completion of major construction activity. However, the Company may continue to capitalize costs even though a project is substantially completed if construction is still ongoing at the site. If, in management’s opinion, the current and projected undiscounted cash flows of these assets to be held as long-term investments is less than the net carrying value plus estimated costs to complete the development, the carrying value would be adjusted to an amount that reflects the estimated fair value of the property. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting as the Company exercises significant influence but does not control these entities. These investments are recorded initially at cost and subsequently adjusted for cash contributions, distributions and our share of earnings and losses. Earnings or losses for each investment are recognized in accordance with each respective investment agreement and where applicable, based upon an allocation of the investment’s net assets at book value as if the investment was hypothetically liquidated at the end of each reporting period. The Company’s joint ventures and other real estate investments primarily consist of co-investments with institutional and other joint venture partners in open-air shopping center properties, consistent with its core business. These joint ventures typically obtain non-recourse third -party financing on their property investments, thus contractually limiting the Company’s exposure to losses primarily to the amount of its equity investment; and due to the lender’s exposure to losses, a lender typically will require a minimum level of equity in order to mitigate its risk. The Company, on a limited selective basis, has obtained unsecured financing for certain joint ventures. These unsecured financings may be guaranteed by the Company with guarantees from the joint venture partners for their proportionate amounts of any guaranty payment the Company is obligated to make. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not guaranty any unsecured joint venture debt. To recognize the character of distributions from equity investees within its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, all distributions received are presumed to be returns on investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities unless the Company’s cumulative distributions received less distributions received in prior periods that were determined to be returns of investment exceed its cumulative equity in earnings recognized by the investor (as adjusted for amortization of basis differences). When such an excess occurs, the current-period distribution up to this excess is considered a return of investment and classified as cash inflows from investing. On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators, including the underlying investment property operating performance and general market conditions, that the value of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures may be impaired. An investment’s value is impaired only if management’s estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment and such difference is deemed to be other-than-temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss shall be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the estimated fair value of the investment. The Company’s estimated fair values are based upon a discounted cash flow model for each joint venture that includes all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in these models are based upon rates that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates. Other Real Estate Investments and Other Assets Other real estate investments primarily consist of preferred equity investments for which the Company provides capital to owners and developers of real estate. The Company typically accounts for its preferred equity investments on the equity method of accounting, whereby earnings for each investment are recognized in accordance with each respective investment agreement and based upon an allocation of the investment’s net assets at book value as if the investment was hypothetically liquidated at the end of each reporting period. On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators, including the underlying investment property operating performance and general market conditions, that the value of the Company’s Other real estate investments may be impaired. An investment’s value is impaired only if management’s estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment and such difference is deemed to be other-than-temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss shall be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the estimated fair value of the investment. The Company’s estimated fair values are based upon a discounted cash flow model for each investment that includes all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period and, where applicable, any estimated debt premiums. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in these models are based upon rates that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates. Other assets include investments for which the Company applies the cost method of accounting. The Company recognizes as income distributions from net accumulated earnings of the investee since the date of acquisition. The net accumulated earnings of an investee subsequent to the date of investment are recognized by the Company only to the extent distributed by the investee. Distributions received in excess of earnings subsequent to the date of investment are considered a return of investment and are recorded as reductions of cost of the investment. For the periods presented, there have been no events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the Company's cost-method investments. Other assets include the Company’s investment in Albertsons Companies, Inc, an owner/operator of grocery stores. The Company accounts for this investment under the cost method of accounting, as it does not have significant influence over this investment (See Footnote 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Mortgages and Other Financing Receivables Mortgages and other financing receivables consist of loans acquired and loans originated by the Company. Borrowers of these loans are primarily experienced owners, operators or developers of commercial real estate. The Company’s loans are primarily mortgage loans that are collateralized by real estate. Mortgages and other financing receivables are recorded at stated principal amounts, net of any discount or premium or deferred loan origination costs or fees. The related discounts or premiums on mortgages and other loans purchased are amortized or accreted over the life of the related loan receivable. The Company defers certain loan origination and commitment fees, net of certain origination costs and amortizes them as an adjustment of the loan’s yield over the term of the related loan. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews credit quality indicators such as (i) payment status to identify performing versus non-performing loans, (ii) changes affecting the underlying real estate collateral and (iii) national and regional economic factors. Interest income on performing loans is accrued as earned. A non-performing loan is placed on non-accrual status when it is probable that the borrower may be unable to meet interest payments as they become due. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status unless there is sufficient collateral to assure collectability of principal and interest. Upon the designation of non-accrual status, all unpaid accrued interest is reserved and charged against current income. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Recognition of interest income on non-performing loans on an accrual basis is resumed when it is probable that the Company will be able to collect amounts due according to the contractual terms. The Company has determined that it has one portfolio segment, primarily represented by loans collateralized by real estate, whereby it determines, as needed, reserves for loan losses on an asset-specific basis. The reserve for loan losses reflects management's estimate of loan losses as of the balance sheet date. The reserve is increased through loan loss expense and is decreased by charge-offs when losses are confirmed through the receipt of assets such as cash or via ownership control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan upon foreclosure or when significant collection efforts have ceased. The Company considers a loan to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under the existing contractual terms. A reserve allowance is established for an impaired loan when the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral (for collateralized loans) or the present value of expected future cash flows is lower than the carrying value of the loan. An internal valuation is performed generally using the income approach to estimate the fair value of the collateral at the time a loan is determined to be impaired. The model is updated if circumstances indicate a significant change in value has occurred. The Company does not provide for an additional allowance for loan losses based on the grouping of loans as the Company believes the characteristics of the loans are not sufficiently similar to allow an evaluation of these loans as a group for a possible loan loss allowance. As such, all of the Company’s loans are evaluated individually for impairment purposes. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits in banks, commercial paper and certificates of deposit with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalent balances may, at a limited number of banks and financial institutions, exceed insurable amounts. The Company believes it mitigates risk by investing in or through major financial institutions and primarily in funds that are currently U.S. federal government insured up to applicable account limits. Recoverability of investments is dependent upon the performance of the issuers. Marketable Securities The Company classifies its marketable equity securities as available-for-sale in accordance with the FASB’s Investments-Debt and Equity Securities guidance. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016 - 01, Financial Instruments— Overall (Subtopic 825 - 10 ): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016 - 01” ). In accordance with the adoption of ASU 2016 - 01, the Company recognizes changes in the fair value of equity investments with readily determinable fair values in net income. Previously, changes in fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCI”) on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had aggregate unrealized losses related to its available-for-sale marketable securities of $1.1 million, which were included in AOCI on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016 - 01, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $1.1 million to its beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, which is reflected in Cumulative distributions in excess of net income on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity. All debt securities are generally classified as held-to-maturity because the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. It is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery and the Company expects to recover the security’s entire amortized cost basis even if the entity does not intend to sell. Held-to-maturity securities are stated at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators that the value of the Company’s marketable securities may be impaired, which includes reviewing the underlying cause of any decline in value and the estimated recovery period, as well as the severity and duration of the decline. In the Company’s evaluation, the Company considers its ability and intent to hold these investments for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the Company to recover its cost basis. A marketable security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than the carrying value of the security and such difference is deemed to be other-than-temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss shall be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the security over the estimated fair value in the security. Deferred Leasing Costs Costs incurred in obtaining tenant leases, included in deferred charges and prepaid expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis, over the terms of the related leases, as applicable. Such capitalized costs include salaries, lease incentives and related costs of personnel directly involved in successful leasing efforts. Deferred leasing costs are classified as operating activities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Effective January 1, 2019, in accordance with the adoption of ASU 2016 - 02, Leases (Topic 842 ) ("ASU 2016 - 02" ), indirect internal leasing costs previously capitalized will be expensed. However, external leasing costs will continue to be capitalized. Previously, capitalized indirect internal leasing costs were recognized in Other assets, on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and upon adoption of ASU 2016 - 02 will be recognized in net income. Software Development Costs Expenditures for major software purchases and software developed for internal use are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis generally over a three to five -year period. The Company’s policy provides for the capitalization of external direct costs of materials and services associated with developing or obtaining internal use computer software. In addition, the Company also capitalizes certain payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with internal use computer software projects. The amount of payroll costs that can be capitalized with respect to these employees is limited to the time directly spent on such projects. Costs associated with preliminary project stage activities, training, maintenance and all other post-implementation stage activities are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had unamortized software development costs of $4.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively, which is included in Other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expensed $5.3 million, $4.6 million and $8.0 million in amortization of software development costs during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Deferred Financing Costs Costs incurred in obtaining long-term financing, included in Notes payable, net and Mortgages and construction loan payable, net in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over the terms of the related debt agreements, as applicable. Revenue , Trade Accounts Receivable and Gain Recognition On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ) , (“Topic 606” ) using the modified retrospective method applying it to any open contracts as of January 1, 2018, for which the Company did not identify any open contracts. The Company also utilized the practical expedient for which the Company was not required to restate revenue from contracts that began and were completed within the same annual reporting period. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018, are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under Revenue Recognition (Topic 605 ). The new guidance provides a unified model to determine how revenue is recognized. To determine the proper amount of revenue to be recognized, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations within the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no outstanding contract assets or contract liabilities. The adoption of this standard did not result in any material changes to the Company’s revenue recognition as compared to the previous guidance. The Company’s primary source of revenue is derived from property leases which fall under the scope of Leases (Topic 840 ). The revenues which will be impacted by the adoption of Topic 606 include fees for services performed at various unconsolidated joint ventures for which the Company is the manager. These fees primarily include property and asset management fees, leasing fees, development fees and property acquisition/disposition fees. Also affected by Topic 606 are gains on sales of properties, lease termination fees and tax increment financing (“TIF”) contracts. The Company elected to disaggregate its revenue streams into the following line items on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income: Revenues from rental properties, Reimbursement income, Other rental property income and Management and other fee income. The Company believes that these are the proper disaggregated categories as they are the best depiction of its revenue streams both qualitatively and quantitatively. Revenues from rental properties Revenues from rental properties are comprised of minimum base rent, percentage rent, lease termination fee income, amortization of above-market and below-market rent adjustments and straight-line rent adjustments. Base rental revenues from rental properties are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Certain of these leases also provide for percentage rents based upon the level of sales achieved by the lessee. These percentage rents are recognized once the required sales level is achieved. Rental income may also include payments received in connection with lease termination agreements. Lease termination fee income is recognized when the lessee provides consideration in order to terminate an existing lease agreement and has vacated the leased space. The performance obligation of the Company is the termination of the lease agreement which occurs upon consideration received and execution of the termination agreement. Upon acquisition of real estate operating properties, the Company estimates the fair value of identified intangible assets and liabilities (including above-market and below-market leases, where applicable). The capitalized above-market or below-market intangible asset or liability is amortized to rental income over the estimated remaining term of the respective leases, which includes the expected renewal option period for below-market leases. Reimbursement income Leases typically provide for reimbursement to the Company of common area maintenance costs (“CAM”), real estate taxes and other operating expenses. Operating expense reimbursements are recognized as earned. The Company plans to elect the lessor practical expedient upon the effective date of ASU 2016 - 02. Under this expedient the Company anticipates combining the lease components and non-lease components (CAM) and such will account for the for the combined components under ASU 2016 - 02. See New Accounting Pronouncements below for further details. Other rental property income Other rental property income totaled $20.9 million, $23.6 million and $20.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which mainly consists of ancillary income and TIF income. Ancillary income is derived through various agreements relating to parking lots, clothing bins, temporary storage, vending machines, ATMs, trash bins and trash collections, seasonal leases, etc. The majority of the revenue derived from these sources are through lease agreements/arrangements and are recognized in accordance with the lease terms described in the lease. The Company has TIF agreements with certain municipalities and receives payments in accordance with the agreements. TIF reimbursement income is recognized on a cash-basis when received. Management and other fee income Property management fees, property acquisition and disposition fees, construction management fees, leasing fees and asset management fees all fall within the scope of Topic 606. These fees arise from contractual agreements with third parties or with entities in which the Company has a noncontrolling interest. Management and other fee income related to partially owned entities are recognized to the extent attributable to the unaffiliated interest. Property and asset management fee income is recognized as a single performance obligation (managing the property) comprised of a series of distinct services (maintaining property, handling tenant inquiries, etc.). The Company believes that the overall service of property management is substantially the same each day and has the same pattern of performance over the term of the agreement. As a result, each day of service represents a performance obligation satisfied at that point in time. These fees are recognized at the end of each period for services performed during that period, primarily billed to the customer monthly and terms for payment are payment due upon receipt. Leasing fee income is recognized as a single performance obligation primarily upon the rent commencement date. The Company believes the leasing services it provides are similar for each available space leased and none of the individual activities necessary to facilitate the execution of each lease are distinct. These fees are billed to the customer monthly and terms for payment are payment due upon receipt. Property acquisition and disposition fees are recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by acquiring a property or transferring control of a property. These fees are billed subsequent to the acquisition or sale of the property and payment is due upon receipt. Construction management fees are recognized as a single performance obligation (managing the construction of the project) composed of a series of distinct services. The Company believes that the overall service of construction management is substantially the same each day and has the same pattern of performance over the term of the agreement. As a result, each day of service represents a performance obligation satisfied at that point in time. These fees are based on the amount spent on the construction at the end of each period for services performed during that period, primarily billed to the customer monthly and terms for payment are payment due upon receipt. Trade Accounts Receivable The Company makes estimates of the uncollectable trade accounts receivables related to base rents, straight-line rent, expense reimbursements and other revenues. The Company analyzes accounts receivable and historical bad debt levels, customer credit worthiness and current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, tenants in bankruptcy are analyzed and estimates are made in connection with the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims. The Company’s reported net earnings are directly affected by management’s estimate of the collectability of trade accounts receivable. Accounts and notes receivable in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets are net of estimated unrecoverable amounts of $10.3 million and $9.2 million of billed accounts receivable and $10.2 million and $7.9 million of straight-line rent receivable at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Gains on sales of operating properties/change in control of interests On January 1, 2018, the Company also adopted ASU 2017 - 05, Other Income–Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610 - 20 ): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets (“Topic 610” ) for gains and losses from the sale and/or transfer of real estate property. The Company adopted Topic 610 using the modified retrospective approach for all contracts effective January 1, 2018. Topic 610 provides that sales of nonfinancial assets, such as real estate, are to be recognized when control of the asset transfers to the buyer, which will occur when the buyer has the ability to direct the use of or obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. This generally occurs when the transaction closes and consideration is exchanged for control of the property. In accordance with its election to apply the modified retrospective approach for all contracts, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $8.1 million to its beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and an adjustment to Investments in and advances to real estate joint ventures on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had aggregate net deferred gains of $8.1 million relating to partial disposals of two operating real estate properties prior to the adoption of ASU 2017 - 05, of which $6.9 million was included in Investments in and advances to real estate joint ventures and $1.2 million was included in Other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company had deferred these gains in accordance with prior guidance due to its continuing involvement in the entities which acquired the operating real estate properties. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company sold a portion of its investment in an operating property to its partner and amended the partnership agreement to provide for joint control of the entity. As a result of the amendment, the Company no longer consolidates the entity and recognized a gain on change in control of $6.8 million, in accordance with the adoption of ASU 2017 - 05 (See Footnote 5 to the Notes to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure regarding disposals), which is included in Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Income Taxes The Company elected status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning in its taxable year January 1, 1992 and operates in a manner that enables the Company to qualify and maintain its status as a REIT. Accordingly, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax, provided that distributions to its stockholders equal at least the amount of its REIT taxable income as defined under Section 856 through 860 of the Code. Most states, where the Company holds investments in real estate, conform to the federal rules recognizing REITs. Additionally, in connection with the Tax Relief Extension Act of 1999 (the "RMA"), which became effective January 1, 2001, the Company is permitted to participate in activities which it was precluded from previously in order to maintain its qualification as a REIT, so long as these activities are conducted in entities which elect to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”) under the Code, subject to certain limitations. Certain subsidiaries of the Company have made a joint election with the Company to be treated as TRSs. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes on its income, and the Company includes a provision for taxes in its consolidated financial statements. As such, the Company, through its wholly-owned TRS, has been engaged in various retail real estate related opportunities including retail real estate management and disposition services which primarily focuses on leasing and disposition strategies of retail real estate controlled by both healthy and distressed and/or bankrupt retailers. The Company may consider other investments through its TRS should suitable opportunities arise. The Company is subject to and also includes in its tax provision non-U.S. income taxes on certain investments located in jurisdictions outside the U.S. These investments are held by the Company at the REIT level and not in the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a U.S. income tax impact associated with the repatriation of undistributed earnings from the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for which it does not consider realization of such assets to be more likely than not. The Company reviews the need to establish a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. The review includes an analysis of various factors, such as future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, the capacity for the carryback or carryforward of any losses, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and available tax planning strategies. The Company applies the FASB’s guidance relating to uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a Company’s financial statements. Under this guidance the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, and accounting in interim periods. Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations, where it has been determined that the local currency is the functional currency, are translated using year-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated using exchange rates as determined throughout the year. Gains or losses resulting from translation are included in AOCI, as a separate component of the Company’s stockholders’ equity. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are translated to local currency at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. The effect of the transaction’s gain or loss is included in the caption Other (expense)/income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company is required to release cumulative translation adjustment (“CTA”) balances into earnings when the Company has substantially liquidated its investment in a foreign entity. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had substantially liquidated its investments in Mexico and exited South America and Canada. Noncontrolling Interests The Company accounts for noncontrolling interests in accordance with the Consolidation guidance and the Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity guidance issued by the FASB. Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of equity that the Company does not own in those entities it consolidates. The Company identifies its noncontrolling interests separately within the equity section on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amounts of consolidated net earnings attributable to the Company and to the noncontrolling interests are presented separately on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Noncontrolling interests also include amounts related to partnership units issued by consolidated subsidiaries of the Company in connection with certain property acquisitions. These units have a stated redemption value or a defined redemption amount based upon the trading price of the Company’s common stock and provides the unit holders various rates of return during the holding period. The unit holders generally have the right to redeem their units for cash at any time after one year from issuance. For convertible units, the Company typically has the option to settle redemption amounts in cash or common stock. The Company evaluates the terms of the partnership units issued in accordance with the FASB’s Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity guidance. Convertible units for which the Company has the option to settle redemption amounts in cash or common stock are included in the caption Noncontrolling interests within the equity section on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Units which embody a conditional obligation requiring the Company to redeem the units for cash after a specified or determinable date (or dates) or upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer are determined to be contingently redeemable under this guidance and are included as Redeemable noncontrolling interest and classified within the mezzanine section between Total liabilities and Stockholders’ equity on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded at fair value upon issuance. Any change in the fair value or redemption value of these noncontrolling interests is subsequently recognized through Paid-in capital on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and is included in the Company’s computation of earnings per share (See Footnote 23 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Stock Compensation The Company maintains two equity participation plans, the Second Amended and Restated 1998 Equity Participation Plan (the “Prior Plan”) and the 2010 Equity Participation Plan (the “2010 Plan”) (collectively, the “Plans”). The Prior Plan provides for a maximum of 47,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to be issued for qualified and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock grants. Effective May 1, 2012, the 2010 Plan provides for a maximum of 10,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to be issued for qualified and non-qualified stock options and other awards, plus the number of shares of common stock which are or become available for issuance under the Prior Plan and which are not thereafter issued under the Prior Plan, subject to certain conditions. Unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors at its sole discretion, stock options granted under the Plans generally vest ratably over a range of three to five years, expire ten years from the date of grant and are exercisable at the market price on the date of grant. Restricted stock grants generally vest (i) 100% on the fourth or fifth anniversary of the grant, (ii) ratably over three, four and five years or (iii) over ten years at 20% per year commencing after the fifth year. Performance share awards, which vest over a period of one to three years, may provide a right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock or restricted stock based on the Company’s performance relative to its peers, as defined, or based on other performance criteria as determined by the Board of Directors. In addition, the Plans provide for the granting of certain stock options and restricted stock to each of the Company’s non-employee directors (the “Independent Directors”) and permit such Independent Directors to elect to receive deferred stock awards in lieu of directors’ fees. The Company accounts for equity awards in accordance with the FASB’s Stock Compensation guidance which requires that all share-based payments to employees, be recognized in the Statements of Income over the service period based on their fair values. Fair value is determined, depending on the type of award, using either the Black-Scholes option pricing formula or the Monte Carlo method, both of which are intended to estimate the fair value of the awards at the grant date (see Footnote 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure on the assumptions and methodology). New Accounting Pronouncements The following table represents ASUs to the FASB’s ASC that, as of the year ended December 31, 2018, are not yet effective for the Company and for which the Company has not elected early adoption, where permitted:
ASU | Description | Effective Date | Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
ASU 2018 - 17, Consolidation (Topic 810 ) – Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities | The amendment to Topic 810 clarifies the following areas: (i) Applying the variable interest entity (VIE) guidance to private companies under common control, and (ii) Considering indirect interests held through related parties under common control, and for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. This update improves the accounting for those areas, thereby improving general purpose financial reporting. Retrospective adoption is required. | January 1, 2020; Early adoption permitted | The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and/or results of operations.
ASU 2018 - 15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350 - 40 ): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract | The amendment aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. | January 1, 2020; Early adoption permitted | The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and/or results of operations.
ASU 2018 - 13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820 ): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement | The amendment modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820, based on the concepts in the FASB Concepts Statement, Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting – Chapter 8: Notes to Financial Statements , including the consideration of costs and benefits. | January 1, 2020; Early adoption permitted | The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and/or results of operations.
ASU 2016 - 13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326 ): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ASU 2018 - 19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses | The new guidance introduces a new model for estimating credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including loans receivable, held-to-maturity debt securities, and net investments in direct financing leases, amongst other financial instruments. ASU 2016 - 13 also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models, and methods for estimating the allowance for losses. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 19, which includes amendments to clarify receivables arising from operating leases are within the scope of the new leases standard (Topic 842 ) discussed below and align the implementation date for nonpublic entities’ annual financial statements with the implementation date for their interim financial statements. Early adoption is permitted as of the original effective date. | January 1, 2020; Early adoption permitted | The Company is still assessing the impact on its financial position and/or results of operations.
ASU 2016 - 02, Leases (Topic 842 ) ASU 2018 - 01, Leases (Topic 842 ): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 ASU 2018 - 10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases ASU 2018 - 11, Leases (Topic 842 ): Targeted Improvements ASU 2018 - 20, Leases (Topic 842 ): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors | This ASU sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU 2016 - 02 supersedes the previous leases standard, Leases (Topic 840 ). In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 01, which includes amendments to clarify land easements are within the scope of the new leases standard (Topic 842 ) and provide an optional transition practical expedient to not evaluate whether existing and expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under current lease guidance in Topic 840 and are to be accounted for or contain leases under Topic 842. Early adoption is permitted as of the original effective date. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 10, which includes amendments to clarify certain aspects of the new lease standard. These amendments address the rate implicit in the lease, impairment of the net investment in the lease, lessee reassessment of lease classification, lessor reassessment of lease term and purchase options, variable payments that depend on an index or rate and certain transition adjustments. Additionally, during July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 11, which includes (i) an additional transition method to provide transition relief on comparative reporting at adoption and (ii) an amendment to provide lessors with a practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components of a contract if certain criteria are met. Under the transition option, companies can opt to not apply the new guidance, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods they present in their financial statements in the year of adoption. The practical expedient allows lessors to elect, by class of underlying asset, to combine non-lease and associated lease components when certain criteria are met and requires them to account for the combined component in accordance with new revenue standard (Topic 606 ) if the non-lease components are the predominant component; conversely, if a lessor determines that the lease components are the predominant component, it requires them to account for the combined component as an operating lease in accordance with new leasing standard (Topic 842 ). In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018 - 20, which includes narrow-scope improvements for lessors. The FASB amended the new leases standard to allow lessors to make an accounting policy election not to evaluate whether sales taxes and similar taxes imposed by a governmental authority on a specific lease revenue-producing transaction are the primary obligation of the lessor as owner of the underlying leased asset. The amendments also require a lessor to exclude lessor costs paid directly by a lessee to third parties on the lessor’s behalf from variable payments and include lessor costs that are paid by the lessor and reimbursed by the lessee in the measurement of variable lease revenue and the associated expense. In addition, the amendments clarify that when lessors allocate variable payments to lease and non-lease components they are required to follow the recognition guidance in the new lease standard for the lease component and other applicable guidance, such as the new revenue standard, for the non-lease component. | January 1, 2019; Early adoption permitted | The Company plans to adopt this standard using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative-effect adjustment, if any, as of the date of adoption. The Company has identified certain leases and accounting policies which it believes the adoption will impact, including its ground leases, administrative office leases, internal leasing costs and non-lease components. For leases where the Company is a lessee, primarily its ground leases and administrative office leases, the Company will be required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on its Consolidated Balance Sheets upon adoption. While the Company is continuing to assess the potential impact of this standard, it expects to recognize total right-of-use assets and total lease liabilities ranging from $80.0 million to $110.0 million upon adoption of this standard. In addition, direct internal leasing costs will continue to be capitalized, however, indirect internal leasing costs previously capitalized will be expensed. The Company expects to incur an expense relating to indirect internal leasing costs ranging from $11.0 million to $14.0 million during 2019. For leases where the Company is a lessor, within the terms of certain of its leases, the Company is entitled to receive reimbursement amounts from tenants for operating expenses such as real estate taxes, insurance and other CAM. The Company plans to elect the lessor practical expedient to combine the lease and non-lease components. The Company expects that the lease components are the predominant component in the majority of its leasing arrangements and will account for the combined component as an operating lease under Topic 842. The Company will also elect to exclude lessor costs paid directly by a lessee to third parties on the lessor’s behalf from variable payments and include lessor costs that are paid by the lessor and reimbursed by the lessee in the measurement of variable lease revenue and the associated expense. The Company currently does not believe the adoption will significantly affect the timing of the recognition of its combined lease and non-lease components.
The following ASUs to the FASB’s ASC have been adopted by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2018:
ASU | Description | Adoption Date | Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
ASU 2017 - 09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718 ): Scope of Modification Accounting | The amendment provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. Under the new guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award (as equity or liability) changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. The new guidance will be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after the adoption date. | January 1, 2018 | There was no material impact to the Company’s financial position and/or results of operations.
ASU 2017 - 05, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610 - 20 ): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets | The amendment clarifies that a financial asset is within the scope of Subtopic 610 - 20 if it meets the definition of an in substance nonfinancial asset and defines the term in substance nonfinancial asset. ASU 2017 - 05 also clarifies that nonfinancial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610 - 20 may include nonfinancial assets transferred within a legal entity to a counterparty. Subtopic 610 - 20, which was issued in May 2014 as part of ASU 2014 - 09, discussed below, provides guidance for recognizing gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets in contracts with noncustomers. An entity is required to apply the amendments in ASU 2017 - 05 at the same time it applies the amendments in ASU 2014 - 09 discussed below. An entity may elect to apply the amendments in ASU 2017 - 05 either retrospectively to each period presented in the financial statements in accordance with the guidance on accounting changes in ASC Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, paragraphs 10 - 45 - 5 through 10 - 45 - 10 (i.e. the retrospective approach) or retrospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption (i.e. the modified retrospective approach). An entity may elect to apply all of the amendments in ASU 2017 - 05 and ASU 2014 - 09 using the same transition method, or alternatively may elect to use different transition methods. | January 1, 2018 | The Company adopted the provisions of Subtopic 610 - 20 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company has applied the guidance to disposals of nonfinancial assets (including real estate assets) within the scope of Subtopic 610 - 20, see above for impact from the adoption of this ASU.
ASU 2016 - 01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825 - 10 ): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities ASU 2018 - 03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825 - 10 ): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities | The amendment addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments, including the following: (i)Requires equity investments (excluding those investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized in net income; however, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. (ii) Simplifies the impairment assessment of those equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment (iii) Eliminates the disclosure of the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and changes the fair value calculation for those investments (iv) Changes the disclosure in other comprehensive income for financial liabilities that are measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value options for financial instruments, and (v) Clarifies that a deferred asset related to available-for-sale securities should be included in an entity's evaluation for a valuation allowance. The amendments clarify certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016 - 01, discussed below, primarily impacting the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. | January 1, 2018 | Effective as of date of adoption, changes in fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities are recognized in Other income, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. See above and Footnote 11 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for impact from the adoption of this ASU.
ASU 2014 - 09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ) ASU 2015 - 14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ): Deferral of the Effective Date ASU 2016 - 08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ): Principal versus Agent Considerations ASU 2016 - 10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ): Identifying performance obligations and licensing ASU 2016 - 12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606 ): Narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients | ASU 2014 - 09 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model requiring a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount reflecting the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In adopting ASU 2014 - 09, companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach. ASU 2014 - 09 was anticipated to be effective for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption was not permitted. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015 - 14, which delayed the effective date of ASU 2014 - 09 by one year making it effective for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Subsequently, in March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016 - 08, which further clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations, and in April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016 - 10, an update on identifying performance obligations and accounting for licenses of intellectual property. Additionally, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016 - 12, which includes amendments for enhanced clarification of the guidance. Early adoption is permitted as of the original effective date. | January 1, 2018 | The Company’s revenue-producing contracts are primarily leases that are not within the scope of this standard. Common area maintenance (“CAM”) reimbursement revenue, a non-lease component, falls within the scope of Topic 606. Under the practical expedient mentioned above in Topic 842, the Company will be permitted to combine its non-lease and associated lease components. If the non-lease components are the predominant component, the Company will account for the combined component in accordance with the revenue standard (Topic 606 ). The revenues which are within the scope of this standard include other ancillary income earned through the Company’s operating properties as well as fees for services performed at various unconsolidated joint ventures which the Company manages. These fees primarily include property and asset management fees, leasing fees, development fees and property acquisition/disposition fees. The timing of recognition and amount of these revenues are consistent with the previous recognition and measurement. See above for impact from the adoption of this ASU.
ASU 2016 - 18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230 ): Restricted Cash | This amendment requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The amendment should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. | January 1, 2018 | There was no impact to the Company’s statement of cash flows.

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