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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
Components of income taxes on income from continuing operations and the components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows, in millions:

 202220212020
Income from continuing operations before income taxes:
U.S. $873 $374 $892 
Foreign320 314 239 
$1,193 $688 $1,131 
Income tax expense:
Currently payable:
U.S. Federal$178 $145 $170 
State and local29 40 33 
Foreign96 93 69 
Deferred:
U.S. Federal(16)(57)(9)
State and local2 (10)11 
Foreign(1)(1)(5)
$288 $210 $269 
Deferred tax assets at December 31:
Receivables$10 $14 
Inventories21 17 
Other assets, including stock-based compensation13 13 
Accrued liabilities52 58 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities50 40 
Other long-term liabilities51 79 
Capitalized research expenditures20 5 
Net operating loss carryforward21 26 
Tax credit carryforward11 11 
249 263 
Valuation allowance(15)(17)
234 246 
Deferred tax liabilities at December 31:
Property and equipment56 62 
Operating lease right-of-use assets53 43 
Intangibles65 75 
Investment in foreign subsidiaries10 10 
Other investments— 3 
Other17 16 
201 209 
Net deferred tax asset at December 31$33 $37 
The net deferred tax asset consisted of net deferred tax assets (included in other assets) of $60 million and $57 million, and net deferred tax liabilities (included in other liabilities) of $27 million and $20 million, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
S. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

We continue to maintain a valuation allowance of $15 million and $17 million on certain state and foreign deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, due primarily to cumulative loss positions in those jurisdictions. We recorded a $5 million income tax benefit in 2020 due to changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets in certain foreign jurisdictions.
Our capital allocation strategy includes reinvesting in our business, balancing share repurchases with potential acquisitions and maintaining a relevant dividend. In order to provide greater flexibility in the execution of our capital allocation strategy, we may repatriate earnings from certain foreign subsidiaries. Our deferred tax balance on investment in foreign subsidiaries reflects the impact of all taxable temporary differences, including those related to substantially all undistributed foreign earnings, except those that are legally restricted, and consists primarily of foreign withholding taxes.
Of the $32 million and $37 million deferred tax assets related to the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, $20 million and $25 million, respectively, will expire within approximately 15 years and $12 million, for both years, have no expiration.
A reconciliation of the U.S. Federal statutory tax rate to the income tax expense on income from continuing operations before income taxes was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
U.S. Federal statutory tax rate21 %21 %21 %
State and local taxes, net of U.S. Federal tax benefit2 4 3 
Higher taxes on foreign earnings2 3 1 
Stock-based compensation— (1)(1)
Business divestiture with no tax impact— 1 — 
Disproportionate tax effects— 2 — 
Other, net(1)1 — 
Effective tax rate24 %31 %24 %
We incurred a $14 million state income tax expense in 2021 resulting from the loss on the termination of our qualified domestic defined-benefit pension plans providing no tax benefit in certain state jurisdictions.
The loss from the divestiture of Hüppe provided no tax benefit in certain foreign jurisdictions resulting in a $4 million foreign income tax expense in 2021.
We recorded a $16 million income tax expense due to the elimination of disproportionate tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income relating to our interest rate swap following the retirement of the related debt and the termination of our qualified domestic defined-benefit pension plans in 2021.
Income taxes paid were $281 million, $246 million and $442 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
S. INCOME TAXES (Concluded)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for uncertain tax positions, is as follows, in millions:
 20222021
Balance at January 1$81 $74 
Current year tax positions:
Additions21 19 
Reductions(5)(2)
Prior year tax positions:
Additions— 1 
Reductions(3)(1)
Lapse of applicable statutes of limitation(11)(10)
Balance at December 31$83 $81 
Liability for interest and penalties11 11 
Balance at December 31, including interest and penalties$94 $92 
If recognized, $66 million and $64 million of the liability for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, net of any U.S. Federal tax benefit, would impact our effective tax rate.
Interest and penalties recognized in income tax expense were insignificant in years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Of the $94 million and $92 million total liability for uncertain tax positions (including related interest and penalties) at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, $92 million and $88 million are recorded in other liabilities, respectively, and $2 million and $4 million are recorded as a net offset to other assets, respectively.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction, and various local, state and foreign jurisdictions. We continue to participate in the Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP"). CAP is a real-time audit of the U.S. Federal income tax return that allows the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), working in conjunction with us, to determine tax return compliance with the U.S. Federal tax law prior to filing the return. This program provides us with greater certainty about our tax liability for a given year within months, rather than years, of filing our annual tax return and greatly reduces the need for recording a liability for U.S. Federal uncertain tax positions. The IRS has completed their examination of our consolidated U.S. Federal tax returns through 2021. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state or foreign income tax examinations on filed returns for years before 2018.
As a result of tax audit closings, settlements and the expiration of applicable statutes of limitation in various jurisdictions within the next 12 months, we anticipate that it is reasonably possible the liability for uncertain tax positions could be reduced by approximately $13 million.