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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
R. INCOME TAXES
Components of income taxes on income before income taxes and the components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows, in millions:

 202320222021
Income before income taxes:
U.S. $968 $873 $374 
Foreign270 320 314 
$1,238 $1,193 $688 
Income tax expense:
Currently payable:
U.S. Federal$189 $178 $145 
State and local47 29 40 
Foreign74 96 93 
Deferred:
U.S. Federal— (16)(57)
State and local(39)2 (10)
Foreign7 (1)(1)
$278 $288 $210 
Deferred tax assets at December 31:
Receivables$11 $10 
Inventories19 21 
Other assets, including stock-based compensation9 13 
Accrued liabilities54 52 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities54 50 
Other long-term liabilities53 51 
Capitalized research expenditures43 20 
Net operating loss carryforward74 21 
Tax credit carryforward10 11 
327 249 
Valuation allowance(33)(15)
294 234 
Deferred tax liabilities at December 31:
Property and equipment67 56 
Operating lease right-of-use assets57 53 
Intangibles81 65 
Investment in foreign subsidiaries11 10 
Other22 17 
238 201 
Net deferred tax asset at December 31$56 $33 
The net deferred tax asset consisted of net deferred tax assets (included in other assets) of $88 million and $60 million, and net deferred tax liabilities (included in other liabilities) of $32 million and $27 million, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
R. INCOME TAXES (Continued)

We have loss carryforwards in certain state jurisdictions resulting from perpetual losses for which deferred tax assets were not recognized as the likelihood of utilization was remote. Due to a legal restructuring of certain U.S. businesses that will occur in early 2024, it is more likely than not a significant portion of these loss carryforwards will be utilized. As a result, we recognized a $29 million state income tax benefit, net of federal expense, in the fourth quarter of 2023.
We continue to maintain a valuation allowance of $33 million and $15 million on certain state and foreign deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due primarily to cumulative loss positions in those jurisdictions.
Our capital allocation strategy includes reinvesting in our business, maintaining an investment grade credit rating, maintaining a relevant dividend and deploying excess free cash flow to share repurchases or acquisitions. In order to provide greater flexibility in the execution of our capital allocation strategy, we may repatriate earnings from certain foreign subsidiaries. Our deferred tax balance on investment in foreign subsidiaries reflects the impact of all taxable temporary differences, including those related to substantially all undistributed foreign earnings, except those that are legally restricted, and consists primarily of foreign withholding taxes.
Of the $84 million and $32 million deferred tax assets related to the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $62 million and $20 million, respectively, will expire within approximately 18 years and $22 million and $12 million, respectively, have no expiration.
A reconciliation of the U.S. Federal statutory tax rate to the income tax expense on income before income taxes was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
U.S. Federal statutory tax rate 21 %21 %21 %
State and local taxes, net of U.S. Federal tax benefit3 2 4 
Higher taxes on foreign earnings2 2 3 
Valuation allowances(2)— — 
Stock-based compensation(1)— (1)
Business divestiture with no tax impact— — 1 
Disproportionate tax effects— — 2 
Other, net(1)(1)1 
Effective tax rate22 %24 %31 %
We incurred a $14 million state income tax expense in 2021 resulting from the loss on the termination of our qualified domestic defined-benefit pension plans providing no tax benefit in certain state jurisdictions.
The loss from the divestiture of Hüppe provided no tax benefit in certain foreign jurisdictions resulting in a $4 million foreign income tax expense in 2021.
We recorded a $16 million income tax expense due to the elimination of disproportionate tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income relating to our interest rate swap following the retirement of the related debt and the termination of our qualified domestic defined-benefit pension plans in 2021.
Income taxes paid were $328 million, $281 million and $246 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
R. INCOME TAXES (Concluded)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending liability for uncertain tax positions, is as follows, in millions:
 20232022
Balance at January 1$83 $81 
Current year tax positions:
Additions17 21 
Reductions(2)(5)
Prior year tax positions:
Additions3 — 
Reductions— (3)
Lapse of applicable statutes of limitation(12)(11)
Settlement with tax authorities(5)— 
Balance at December 31$84 $83 
Liability for interest and penalties13 11 
Balance at December 31, including interest and penalties$97 $94 
If recognized, $66 million of the liability for uncertain tax positions at both December 31, 2023 and 2022, net of any U.S. Federal tax benefit, would impact our effective tax rate.
Interest and penalties recognized in income tax expense were insignificant in years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Of the $97 million and $94 million total liability for uncertain tax positions (including related interest and penalties) at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $93 million and $92 million are recorded in other liabilities, respectively, and $4 million and $2 million are recorded as a net offset to other assets, respectively.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction, and various local, state and foreign jurisdictions. We continue to participate in the Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP"). CAP is a real-time audit of the U.S. Federal income tax return that allows the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), working in conjunction with us, to determine tax return compliance with the U.S. Federal tax law prior to filing the return. This program provides us with greater certainty about our tax liability for a given year within months, rather than years, of filing our annual tax return and greatly reduces the need for recording a liability for U.S. Federal uncertain tax positions. The IRS has completed their examination of our consolidated U.S. Federal tax returns through 2022. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state or foreign income tax examinations on filed returns for years before 2018.
As a result of tax audit closings, settlements and the expiration of applicable statutes of limitation in various jurisdictions within the next 12 months, we anticipate that it is reasonably possible the liability for uncertain tax positions could be reduced by approximately $13 million.