11. Impairment and Restructuring Charges

We recorded impairment and restructuring charges of $67.3 million in the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $55.5 million and $56.3 million in the comparable 2015 periods, respectively. These charges mainly relate to certain of our energy-related businesses as a result of the impact to our businesses from continued low crude oil prices and the resulting decline in demand for the products we sell to the energy market (oil and gas). Also included are charges relating to the planned closure or sale of certain locations. The additional impairment and restructuring charges during the three months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily due to our revised long-term outlook of reduced demand and future profitability levels for certain of our energy-related businesses and additional planned location closures or sales.

The impairment and restructuring charges consisted of the following:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2016		2015		2016		2015
	(in millions)
Property, plant and equipment	$	13.9	$	17.7	$	13.9	$	17.7
Goodwill		1.4		—		1.4		—
Intangible assets, net		36.4		35.6		36.4		35.6
Total impairment charges		51.7		53.3		51.7		53.3
Restructuring - cost of sales		11.7		1.6		11.7		1.6
Restructuring - warehouse, delivery, selling, general and administrative expense		2.9		0.6		2.9		1.0
Restructuring - depreciation expense		—		—		—		0.4
Restructuring - non-operating expense		1.0		—		1.0		—
Total impairment and restructuring charges	$	67.3	$	55.5	$	67.3	$	56.3

The property, plant and equipment and restructuring – cost of sales charges relate to the planned closure or sale of certain locations where we anticipate losses on disposition of certain real property, machinery and equipment and inventories. The intangible assets, net charge is due to lowered expectations of future profitability of certain of our energy-related businesses.

The measurement of these assets at fair value was determined using a combination of discounted cash flow techniques for non-amortizing intangible assets and the market approach for property, plant, and equipment and inventories.