Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

We lease land, buildings and equipment under non‑cancelable operating leases expiring in various years through 2041. Rent expense for leases that contain scheduled rent increases are recorded on a straight‑line basis. Several of the leases have renewal options providing for additional lease periods. Future minimum payments, by year and in the aggregate, under the non‑cancelable leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more, consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017:


	Operating
	Leases
	(in millions)
2018	$	62.7
2019		50.1
2020		35.1
2021		21.9
2022		13.6
Thereafter		17.7
	$	201.1

Total rental expense amounted to $77.9 million, $78.9 million and $80.0 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Included in the amounts for operating leases are lease payments to various related parties, who are not executive officers of the Company, in the amounts of $3.4 million, $3.6 million and $5.2 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These related party leases are for buildings leased to certain of the companies we have acquired and expire in various years through 2022.

Purchase Commitments

As of December 31, 2017, we had commitments to purchase minimum quantities of certain metal products, which we entered into to secure material for corresponding long‑term sales commitments we have entered into with our customers. The total amount of the minimum commitments based on current pricing is estimated at approximately $126.2 million, with amounts in 2018, 2019 and thereafter being $38.9 million, $28.1 million, and $59.2 million, respectively.

Collective Bargaining Agreements

As of December 31, 2017, approximately 12%, or 1,770, of our total employees are covered by 41 collective bargaining agreements at 53 of our different locations, which expire at various times over the next eight years. Approximately 600 of our employees are covered by 23 different collective bargaining agreements that will expire during 2018.

Environmental Contingencies

We are subject to extensive and changing federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations designed to protect the environment, including those relating to the use, handling, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous substances and the remediation of environmental contamination. Our operations use minimal amounts of such substances.

We believe we are in material compliance with environmental laws and regulations; however, we are from time to time involved in administrative and judicial proceedings and inquiries relating to environmental matters. Some of our owned or leased properties are located in industrial areas with histories of heavy industrial use. We may incur some environmental liabilities because of the location of these properties. In addition, we are currently involved with a certain environmental remediation project related to activities at former manufacturing operations of EMJ, our wholly owned subsidiary, that were sold many years prior to Reliance’s acquisition of EMJ in 2006. Although the potential cleanup costs could be significant, EMJ had maintained insurance policies during the time it owned the manufacturing operations that have covered costs incurred to date, and are expected to continue to cover the majority of the related costs. We do not expect that these obligations will have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Legal Matters

From time to time, we are named as a defendant in legal actions. Generally, these actions arise out of our normal course of business. We are not currently a party to any pending legal proceedings other than routine litigation incidental to the business. We expect that these matters will be resolved without having a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We maintain liability insurance against risks arising out of our normal course of business.