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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies
1.
 
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A.
 
Business and Basis of Presentation.
Everest
 
Re Group,
 
Ltd. (“Group”),
 
a Bermuda company,
 
through its
 
subsidiaries, principally
 
provides reinsurance
and
 
insurance
 
in
 
the
 
U.S.,
 
Bermuda
 
and
 
international
 
markets.
 
As
 
used
 
in
 
this
 
document,
 
“Company”
 
means
Group and its subsidiaries.
The
 
accompanying
 
consolidated
 
financial
 
statements
 
have
 
been
 
prepared
 
in
 
conformity
 
with
 
accounting
principles
 
generally
 
accepted
 
in
 
the
 
United
 
States
 
of
 
America
 
(“GAAP”).
 
The
 
statements
 
include
 
all
 
of
 
the
following domestic
 
and foreign
 
direct and indirect
 
subsidiaries of Gro
 
up:
 
Everest International
 
Reinsurance, Ltd.
(“Everest
 
International”),
 
Mt.
 
Logan
 
Insurance
 
Managers,
 
Ltd.,
 
Mt.
 
Logan
 
Management,
 
Ltd.,
 
Everest
International
 
Holdings
 
(Bermuda),
 
Ltd.
 
(“International
 
Holdings”),
 
Everest
 
Corporate
 
Member
 
Limited,
 
Everest
Service
 
Company
 
(UK),
 
Ltd.,
 
Everest
 
Preferred
 
International
 
Holdings,
 
Ltd.
 
(“Preferred
 
International”),
 
Everest
Reinsurance
 
(Bermuda),
 
Ltd.
 
(“Bermuda
 
Re”),
 
Everest
 
Re
 
Advisors,
 
Ltd.,
 
Everest
 
Advisors
 
(UK),
 
Ltd.,
 
Everest
Compañia
 
de
 
Seguros
 
Generales
 
Chile
 
S.A.
 
(“Everest
 
Chile”),
 
Everest
 
Underwriting
 
Group
 
(Ireland),
 
Limited
(“Holdings
 
Ireland”),
 
Everest
 
Global
 
Services,
 
Inc.
 
(“Global
 
Services”),
 
Everest
 
Insurance
 
Company
 
of
 
Canada
(“Everest
 
Canada”),
 
Premiere
 
Insurance
 
Underwriting Services
 
(“Premiere”),
 
Everest
 
Dublin
 
Insurance
 
Holdings
Limited (Ireland)
 
(“Everest
 
Dublin Holdings”),
 
Everest
 
Insurance (Ireland),
 
designated
 
activity company
 
(“Ireland
Insurance”),
 
Everest
 
Reinsurance
 
Company
 
(Ireland),
 
designated
 
activity
 
company
 
(“Ireland
 
Re”),
 
Everest
Reinsurance
 
Holdings,
 
Inc.
 
(“Holdings”),
 
Salus
 
Systems,
 
LLC
 
(“Salus”),
 
Everest
 
International
 
Assurance,
 
Ltd.
(Bermuda)
 
(“Everest
 
Assurance”),
 
Specialty
 
Insurance
 
Group,
 
Inc.
 
(“Specialty”),
 
Specialty
 
Insurance
 
Group
 
-
Leisure and
 
Entertainment
 
Risk Purchasing
 
Group LLC
 
(“Specialty RPG”),
 
Mt. McKinley
 
Managers,
 
L.L.C., Everest
Specialty
 
Underwriters
 
Services,
 
LLC,
 
Everest
 
Reinsurance
 
Company
 
(“Everest
 
Re”),
 
Everest
 
National
 
Insurance
Company (“Everest
 
National”), Everest
 
Reinsurance Company
 
Ltda. (Brazil),
 
Mt. Whitney
 
Securities, Inc.,
 
Everest
Indemnity
 
Insurance
 
Company
 
(“Everest
 
Indemnity”),
 
Everest
 
Denali
 
Insurance
 
Company
 
(“Everest
 
Denali”),
Everest
 
Premier
 
Insurance
 
Company
 
(“Everest
 
Premier”)
 
and
 
Everest
 
Security
 
Insurance
 
Company
 
(“Everest
Security”).
 
All intercompany
 
accounts and
 
transactions have
 
been eliminated.
 
All amounts
 
are reported
 
in U.S.
dollars.
The Company
 
consolidates
 
the results
 
of operations
 
and financial
 
position of
 
all voting
 
interest
 
entities ("VOE")
in
 
which
 
the
 
Company
 
has
 
a controlling
 
financial
 
interest
 
and
 
all
 
variable
 
interest
 
entities
 
("VIE")
 
in
 
which
 
the
Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary.
 
The consolidation assessment, including
 
the determination
as
 
to
 
whether
 
an
 
entity
 
qualifies
 
as
 
a
 
VIE
 
or
 
VOE,
 
depends
 
on
 
the
 
facts
 
and
 
circumstances
 
surrounding
 
each
entity.
 
The preparation
 
of financial
 
statements
 
in conformity
 
with GAAP
 
requires
 
management
 
to make
 
estimates
 
and
assumptions
 
that
 
affect
 
the reported
 
amounts
 
of assets
 
and liabilities
 
(and disclosure
 
of contingent
 
assets
 
and
liabilities) at the date of the financial
 
statements and the reported
 
amounts of revenues and expenses
 
during the
reporting period.
 
Ultimate actual results could differ,
 
possibly materially,
 
from those estimates.
Certain
 
reclassifications
 
and
 
format
 
changes
 
have
 
been
 
made
 
to
 
prior
 
years’
 
amounts
 
to
 
conform
 
to
 
the
 
2022
presentation.
B.
 
Investments and Cash.
 
Fixed
 
maturity
 
securities designated
 
as available
 
for
 
sale
 
reflect
 
unrealized
 
appreciation
 
and depreciation,
 
as a
result
 
of change
 
s
 
in
 
fair
 
value during
 
the
 
period,
 
in shareholders’
 
equity,
 
net
 
of income
 
taxes
 
in
 
“accumulated
other
 
comprehensive
 
income
 
(loss)”
 
in
 
the
 
consolidated
 
balance
 
sheets. The
 
Company
 
reviews
 
all
 
of
 
its
 
fixed
maturity,
 
available
 
for
 
sale
 
securities
 
whose
 
fair
 
value
 
has
 
fallen
 
below
 
their
 
amortized
 
cost
 
at
 
the
 
time
 
of
review.
 
The Company
 
then assesses
 
whether the
 
decline in
 
value is
 
due to
 
non-credit
 
related
 
or credit
 
related
factors.
 
In making
 
its assessment,
 
the Company
 
evaluates
 
the current
 
market and
 
interest
 
rate environment
 
as
well as
 
specific issuer
 
information.
 
Generally,
 
a change
 
in a
 
security’s
 
value caused
 
by a
 
change in
 
the market,
interest
 
rate
 
or foreign
 
exchange
 
environment
 
does not
 
constitute
 
a credit
 
impairment, but
 
rather
 
a non-credit
related
 
decline
 
in
 
fair
 
value.
 
Non-credit
 
related
 
declines
 
in
 
fair
 
value
 
are
 
recorded
 
as
 
unrealized
 
losses
 
in
accumulated other comprehensive
 
income (loss).
 
If the Company intends
 
to sell the impaired security
 
or is more
likely than
 
not to
 
be required
 
to sell
 
the security
 
before
 
an anticipated
 
recovery
 
in value,
 
the Company
 
records
the
 
entire
 
impairment
 
in
 
net
 
gains
 
(losses)
 
on
 
investments
 
in
 
the
 
Company’s
 
consolidated
 
statements
 
of
operations
 
and comprehensive
 
income (loss).
 
If the
 
Company
 
determines that
 
the decline
 
is credit
 
related and
the Company
 
does not
 
have the
 
intent
 
to sell
 
the security;
 
and it
 
is more
 
likely
 
than not
 
that the
 
Company will
not have
 
to sell
 
the security
 
before recovery
 
of its
 
cost basis,
 
the Company
 
establishes a
 
credit allowance
 
equal
to the
 
estimated
 
credit loss
 
and is
 
recorded
 
in net
 
gains (losses)
 
on investments
 
in the
 
Company’s
 
consolidated
statements
 
of operations
 
and comprehensive
 
income
 
(loss).
 
The determination
 
of credit
 
related
 
or non-credit
related impairment is
 
first based on an
 
assessment of qualitative
 
factors, which may
 
determine that a qualitative
analysis is
 
sufficient to
 
support the
 
conclusion that
 
the present
 
value of
 
expected
 
cash flows
 
equals or
 
exceeds
the
 
security’s
 
amortized
 
cost
 
basis.
 
However,
 
if
 
the
 
qualitative
 
assessment
 
suggests
 
a
 
credit
 
loss
 
may
 
exist,
 
a
quantitative assessment
 
is performed, and the
 
amount of the allowance
 
for a given security
 
will generally be the
difference
 
between a
 
discounted
 
cash flow
 
model and
 
the Company’s
 
carrying value.
 
The Company
 
will adjust
the credit allowance account
 
for future changes
 
in credit loss estimates
 
for a security and record
 
this adjustment
through
 
net
 
gains
 
(losses)
 
on
 
investments
 
in
 
the
 
Company’s
 
consolidated
 
statements
 
of
 
operations
 
and
comprehensive income (loss).
 
Fixed
 
maturity
 
securities
 
designated
 
as
 
held
 
to
 
maturity
 
consist
 
of
 
debt
 
securities
 
for
 
which
 
the
 
Company
 
has
both the positive
 
intent and ability
 
to hold to
 
maturity or redemption
 
and are reported
 
at amortized cost,
 
net of
the
 
current
 
expected
 
credit
 
loss
 
allowance.
 
Interest
 
income
 
for
 
fixed
 
maturity
 
securities
 
held
 
to
 
maturity
 
is
determined in the
 
same manner as interest
 
income for fixed
 
maturity securities available
 
for sale.
 
The Company
evaluates
 
fixed
 
maturity
 
securities
 
classified as
 
held to
 
maturity
 
for
 
current
 
expected
 
credit
 
losses
 
utilizing risk
characteristics
 
of
 
each
 
security,
 
including
 
credit
 
rating,
 
remaining
 
time
 
to
 
maturity,
 
adjusted
 
for
 
prepayment
considerations,
 
and
 
subordination
 
level,
 
and
 
applying
 
default
 
and
 
recovery
 
rates,
 
which
 
include
 
the
incorporation
 
of
 
historical
 
credit
 
loss
 
experience
 
and
 
macroeconomic
 
forecasts,
 
to
 
develop
 
an
 
estimate
 
of
current expected credit losses.
The Company
 
does not
 
create an
 
allowance for
 
uncollectible
 
interest.
 
If interest
 
is not
 
received when
 
due, the
interest
 
receivable
 
is
 
immediately
 
reversed
 
and
 
no
 
additional
 
interest
 
is
 
accrued.
 
If
 
future
 
interest
 
is
 
received
that has not been accrued, it is recorded as income
 
at that time.
The Company’s
 
assessments are
 
based on
 
the issuers’
 
current and
 
expected future
 
financial position,
 
timeliness
with
 
respect
 
to
 
interest
 
and/or
 
principal
 
payments,
 
speed
 
of
 
repayments
 
and
 
any
 
applicable
 
credit
enhancements or
 
breakeven
 
constant
 
default rates
 
on mortgage-backed
 
and asset-backed
 
securities, as
 
well as
relevant information provided
 
by rating agencies, investment
 
advisors and analysts.
 
Retrospective
 
adjustments
 
are
 
employed
 
to
 
recalculate
 
the
 
values
 
of
 
asset-backed
 
securities.
 
All
 
of
 
the
Company’s
 
asset-backed
 
and mortgage-backed
 
securities have
 
a pass-through
 
structure.
 
Each
 
acquisition lot
 
is
reviewed
 
to recalculate
 
the effective
 
yield.
 
The recalculated
 
effective
 
yield is
 
used to
 
derive a
 
book value
 
as if
the new yield
 
were applied at
 
the time of acquisition.
 
Outstanding principal
 
factors from
 
the time of acquisition
to
 
the
 
adjustment
 
date
 
are
 
used
 
to
 
calculate
 
the
 
prepayment
 
history
 
for
 
all
 
applicable
 
securities.
 
Conditional
prepayment
 
rates,
 
computed with
 
life to
 
date factor
 
histories and
 
weighted average
 
maturities, are
 
used in
 
the
calculation of projected prepayments
 
for pass-through security types.
 
For
 
equity securities,
 
the
 
Company
 
reflects
 
changes
 
in fair
 
value
 
as net
 
gains
 
(losses)
 
on investments.
 
Interest
income on all fixed maturities
 
and dividend income on all equity securities
 
are included as part of net
 
investment
income in the consolidated statements
 
of operations and comprehensive
 
income (loss).
 
Short-term
 
investments
 
comprise
 
securities due
 
to
 
mature
 
within one
 
year
 
from
 
the date
 
of purchase
 
and are
stated at cost, which appro
 
ximates fair value.
 
Realized
 
gains
 
or losses
 
on sales
 
of investments
 
are
 
determined
 
on the
 
basis of
 
identified
 
cost.
 
For some
 
non-
publicly
 
traded
 
securities,
 
market
 
prices
 
are
 
determined
 
through
 
the
 
use
 
of
 
pricing
 
models
 
that
 
evaluate
securities
 
relative
 
to
 
the
 
U.S.
 
Treasury
 
yield
 
curve,
 
taking
 
into
 
account
 
the
 
issue
 
type,
 
credit
 
quality,
 
and
 
cash
flow characteristics
 
of each
 
security.
 
For
 
other
 
non-publicly
 
traded
 
securities,
 
investment
 
managers’
 
valuation
committees
 
will estimate
 
fair
 
value
 
and in
 
many
 
instances,
 
these fair
 
values
 
are
 
supported
 
with opinions
 
from
qualified
 
independent
 
third
 
parties.
 
All
 
fair
 
value
 
estimates
 
from
 
investment
 
managers
 
are
 
reviewed
 
by
 
the
Company
 
for
 
reasonableness.
 
For
 
publicly
 
traded
 
securities,
 
fair
 
value
 
is
 
based
 
on
 
quoted
 
market
 
prices
 
or
valuation
 
models
 
that
 
use
 
observable
 
market
 
inputs.
 
When
 
a
 
sector
 
of
 
the
 
financial
 
markets
 
is
 
inactive
 
or
illiquid, the
 
Company may
 
use its
 
own assumptions
 
about future
 
cash flows
 
and risk-adjusted
 
discount
 
rates
 
to
determine fair value.
 
Other
 
invested
 
assets
 
include
 
limited
 
partnerships,
 
company-owned
 
life
 
insurance,
 
rabbi
 
trusts
 
and
 
other
investments.
 
Limited
 
partnerships
 
are
 
accounted
 
for
 
under
 
the
 
equity
 
method
 
of
 
accounting,
 
which
 
can
 
be
recorded
 
on
 
a
 
monthly
 
or
 
quarterly
 
lag.
 
Company-owned
 
life
 
insurance
 
policies
 
are
 
carried
 
at
 
policy
 
cash
surrender value and changes in the policy cash
 
surrender value are included within net investment
 
income.
 
Cash
 
includes
 
cash
 
on
 
hand.
 
Restricted
 
cash
 
is
 
included
 
within
 
cash
 
in
 
the
 
consolidated
 
balance
 
sheets
 
and
represents
 
amounts
 
held
 
for
 
the
 
benefit
 
of
 
third
 
parties
 
that
 
is
 
legally
 
or
 
contractually
 
restricted
 
as
 
to
 
its
withdrawal or usage. Amounts
 
include trust funds set up for the benefit of ceding companies.
C.
 
Allowance for Premium Receivable
 
and Reinsurance Recoverables
 
.
The
 
Company
 
applies
 
the
 
Current
 
Expected
 
Credit
 
Losses
 
(CECL)
 
methodology
 
for
 
estimating
 
allowances
 
for
credit losses.
 
The Company
 
evaluates
 
the recoverability
 
of its
 
premiums and
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
balances
and establishes an allowance for estimated
 
uncollectible amounts.
 
Premiums
 
receivable,
 
excluding
 
receivables
 
for
 
losses
 
within
 
a
 
deductible
 
and
 
retrospectively-rated
 
policy
premiums, are primarily
 
comprised of premiums
 
due from policyholders/
 
cedants.
 
Balances are considered
 
past
due
 
when
 
amounts
 
that
 
have
 
been
 
billed
 
are
 
not
 
collected
 
within
 
contractually
 
stipulated
 
time
 
periods.
 
For
these
 
balances,
 
the
 
allowance
 
is
 
estimated
 
based
 
on
 
recent
 
historical
 
credit
 
loss
 
and
 
collection
 
experience,
adjusted for current economic
 
conditions and reasonable and supportable
 
forecasts, when appropriate.
 
A portion of the
 
Company's commercial
 
lines business is
 
written with large
 
deductibles or under
 
retrospectively-
rated
 
plans.
 
Under some
 
commercial
 
insurance
 
contracts
 
with a
 
large
 
deductible,
 
the
 
Company
 
is obligated
 
to
pay the
 
claimant the
 
full amount
 
of the
 
claim and the
 
Company is
 
subsequently reimbursed
 
by the
 
policyholder
for
 
the
 
deductible
 
amount.
 
As
 
such,
 
the
 
Company
 
is
 
subject
 
to
 
credit
 
risk
 
until
 
reimbursement
 
is
 
made.
Retrospectively-rated
 
policies
 
are
 
policies
 
whereby
 
the
 
ultimate
 
premium
 
is
 
adjusted
 
based
 
on
 
actual
 
losses
incurred.
 
Although
 
the
 
premium
 
adjustment
 
feature
 
of
 
a
 
retrospectively-rated
 
policy
 
substantially
 
reduces
insurance
 
risk
 
for
 
the
 
Company,
 
it
 
presents
 
credit
 
risk
 
to
 
the
 
Company.
 
The
 
Company’s
 
results
 
of
 
operations
could be adversely
 
affected if
 
a significant portion of
 
such policyholders failed
 
to reimburse
 
the Company for
 
the
deductible
 
amount
 
or
 
the
 
amount
 
of
 
additional
 
premium
 
owed
 
under
 
retrospectively-rated
 
policies.
 
The
Company
 
manages
 
these
 
credit
 
risks
 
through
 
credit
 
analysis,
 
collateral
 
requirements,
 
and
 
oversight.
 
The
allowance
 
for
 
receivables
 
for
 
loss
 
within
 
a
 
deductible
 
and
 
retrospectively-rated
 
policy
 
premiums
 
is
 
recorded
within
 
other
 
assets
 
in
 
the
 
consolidated
 
balance
 
sheets.
 
The
 
allowance
 
is
 
estimated
 
as
 
the
 
amount
 
of
 
the
receivable exposed
 
to loss multiplied
 
by estimated
 
factors for
 
probability of
 
default. The
 
probability of
 
default is
assigned
 
based
 
on
 
each
 
policyholder's
 
credit
 
rating,
 
or
 
a
 
rating
 
is
 
estimated
 
if
 
no
 
external
 
rating
 
is
 
available.
Credit ratings
 
are reviewed
 
and updated
 
at least
 
annually.
 
The exposure
 
amount is
 
estimated
 
net of
 
collateral
and
 
other
 
offsets,
 
considering
 
the
 
nature
 
of
 
the
 
collateral,
 
potential
 
future
 
changes
 
in
 
collateral
 
values,
 
and
historical
 
loss
 
information
 
for
 
the
 
type
 
of
 
collateral
 
obtained.
 
The
 
probability
 
of
 
default
 
factors
 
are
 
historical
corporate
 
defaults
 
for
 
receivables
 
with
 
similar
 
durations
 
estimated
 
through
 
multiple
 
economic
 
cycles.
 
Credit
ratings
 
are
 
forward-looking
 
and
 
consider
 
a
 
variety
 
of
 
economic
 
outcomes.
 
The
 
Company's
 
evaluation
 
of
 
the
required
 
allowance
 
for
 
receivables
 
for
 
loss
 
within
 
a
 
deductible
 
and
 
retrospectively-rated
 
policy
 
premiums
considers the current economic
 
environment as well as the probability
 
-weighted macroeconomic scenarios.
The Company
 
records total
 
credit loss
 
expenses related
 
to premiums
 
receivable in
 
Other underwriting
 
expenses
and records
 
credit
 
loss
 
expenses
 
related
 
to
 
deductibles
 
in Incurred
 
losses
 
and loss
 
adjustment
 
expenses
 
in the
Company’s consolidate
 
d
 
statements of operations
 
and comprehensive income (loss).
The
 
allowance
 
for
 
uncollectible
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
reflects
 
management’s
 
best
 
estimate
 
of
 
reinsurance
cessions
 
that
 
may
 
be
 
uncollectible
 
in
 
the
 
future
 
due
 
to
 
reinsurers’
 
unwillingness
 
or
 
inability
 
to
 
pay.
 
The
allowance
 
for
 
uncollectible
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
comprises
 
an
 
allowance
 
and
 
an
 
allowance
 
for
 
disputed
balances.
 
Based
 
on
 
this
 
analysis,
 
the
 
Company
 
may
 
adjust
 
the
 
allowance
 
for
 
uncollectible
 
reinsurance
recoverable or charge
 
off reinsurer balances that are
 
determined to be uncollectible.
 
Due to the inherent
 
uncertainties as to
 
collection and the length
 
of time before reinsurance
 
recoverable become
due, it is possible that future adjustments
 
to the Company’s reinsurance
 
recoverable, net
 
of the allowance, could
be required,
 
which could
 
have a
 
material adverse
 
effect on
 
the Company’s
 
consolidated results
 
of operations
 
or
cash flows in a particular quarter or annual period.
 
The allowance
 
is
 
estimated
 
as
 
the
 
amount
 
of reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
exposed
 
to
 
loss multiplied
 
by
 
estimated
factors
 
for
 
the
 
probability
 
of
 
default.
 
The
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
exposed
 
is
 
the
 
amount
 
of
 
reinsurance
recoverable net
 
of collateral
 
and other offsets,
 
considering the nature
 
of the collateral,
 
potential future
 
changes
in collateral
 
values, and
 
historical loss
 
information for
 
the type of
 
collateral obtained.
 
The probability
 
of default
factors are
 
historical insurer
 
and reinsurer
 
defaults for
 
liabilities with similar
 
durations to
 
the reinsured liabilities
as
 
estimated
 
through
 
multiple
 
economic
 
cycles.
 
Credit
 
ratings
 
are
 
forward-looking
 
and
 
consider
 
a
 
variety
 
of
economic outcomes.
 
The Company's
 
evaluation of
 
the required allowance
 
for reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
considers
the current economic environment
 
as well as macroeconomic scenarios.
 
The
 
Company
 
records
 
credit
 
loss
 
expenses
 
related
 
to
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
in
 
Incurred
 
losses
 
and
 
loss
adjustment expenses in the Company’s
 
consolidated statements
 
of operations and comprehensive
 
income (loss).
 
Write-offs of
 
reinsurance recoverable
 
and any related
 
allowance are recorded
 
in the period in
 
which the balance
is deemed uncollectible.
D.
 
Deferred Acquisition Costs.
Acquisition costs,
 
consisting principally
 
of commissions
 
and brokerage
 
expenses and
 
certain premium
 
taxes
 
and
fees
 
incurred
 
at
 
the
 
time
 
a
 
contract
 
or
 
policy
 
is
 
issued
 
and
 
that
 
vary
 
with
 
and
 
are
 
directly
 
related
 
to
 
the
Company’s reinsurance
 
and insurance business,
 
are deferred
 
and amortized over
 
the period in which the
 
related
premiums
 
are
 
earned.
 
Deferred
 
acquisition
 
costs
 
are
 
limited
 
to
 
their
 
estimated
 
realizable
 
value
 
by
 
line
 
of
business
 
based
 
on
 
the
 
related
 
unearned
 
premiums,
 
anticipated
 
claims
 
and
 
claim
 
expenses
 
and
 
anticipated
investment income.
E.
 
Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment
 
Expenses.
The reserve
 
for
 
losses
 
and loss
 
adjustment
 
expenses
 
(“LAE”) is
 
based
 
on individual
 
case estimates
 
and
 
reports
received from
 
ceding companies.
 
A provision
 
is included
 
for losses
 
and LAE
 
incurred but
 
not reported
 
(“IBNR”)
based on past
 
experience.
 
Provisions are
 
also included for
 
certain potential
 
liabilities, including those
 
relating to
asbestos
 
and
 
environmental
 
(“A&E”)
 
exposures,
 
catastrophe
 
exposures,
 
COVID-19
 
and
 
other
 
exposures,
 
for
which liabilities
 
cannot be
 
estimated
 
using trad
 
itional reserving
 
techniques.
 
See also
 
Note
 
3.
 
The reserves
 
are
reviewed
 
periodically
 
and
 
any
 
changes
 
in
 
estimates
 
are
 
reflected
 
in
 
earnings
 
in
 
the
 
period
 
the
 
adjustment
 
is
made.
 
The
 
Company’s
 
loss
 
and
 
LAE
 
reserves
 
represent
 
management’s
 
best
 
estimate
 
of
 
the
 
ultimate
liability.
 
Loss and
 
LAE reserves
 
are presented
 
gross of
 
reinsurance
 
recoverable
 
and incurred
 
losses and
 
LAE are
presented net of reinsurance.
Accruals
 
for
 
commissions
 
are
 
established
 
for
 
reinsurance
 
contracts
 
that
 
provide
 
for
 
the
 
stated
 
commission
percentage to
 
increase or
 
decrease based
 
on the loss
 
experience of the
 
contract.
 
Changes in
 
estimates for
 
such
arrangements are
 
recorded as
 
commission expense.
 
Commission accruals
 
for contracts
 
with adjustable
 
features
are estimated based on expected
 
loss and LAE.
F.
 
Future Policy Benefit Reserve.
Liabilities
 
for
 
future
 
policy
 
benefits
 
on
 
annuity
 
policies
 
are
 
carried
 
at
 
their
 
accumulated
 
values.
 
Reserves
 
for
policy
 
benefits
 
include
 
mortality
 
claims
 
in
 
the
 
process
 
of
 
settlement
 
and
 
IBNR
 
claims.
 
Actual
 
experience
 
in
 
a
particular period may fluctuate from
 
expected results.
G.
 
Premium Revenues.
Written
 
premiums
 
are
 
earned
 
ratably
 
over
 
the
 
periods
 
of
 
the
 
related
 
insurance
 
and
 
reinsurance
contracts.
 
Unearned
 
premium
 
reserves
 
are
 
established
 
relative
 
to
 
the
 
unexpired
 
contract
 
period.
 
For
reinsurance
 
contracts,
 
such
 
reserves
 
are
 
established
 
based
 
upon
 
reports
 
received
 
from
 
ceding
 
companies
 
or
estimated
 
using
 
pro
 
rata
 
methods
 
based
 
on
 
statistical
 
data.
 
Reinstatement
 
premiums
 
represent
 
additional
premium
 
recognized
 
and
 
earned
 
at
 
the
 
time
 
a
 
loss
 
event
 
occurs
 
and
 
losses
 
are
 
recorded,
 
most
 
prevalently
catastrophe
 
related,
 
when
 
limits
 
have
 
been
 
depleted
 
under
 
the
 
original
 
reinsurance
 
contract
 
and
 
additional
coverage
 
is granted.
 
The recognition
 
of reinstatement
 
premiums
 
is based
 
on estimates
 
of loss
 
and LAE,
 
which
reflects
 
management’s
 
judgement.
 
Written
 
and
 
earned
 
premiums
 
and
 
the
 
related
 
costs,
 
which
 
have
 
not
 
yet
been reported to the Company,
 
are estimated and accrued.
 
Premiums are net of ceded reinsurance.
H.
 
Prepaid Reinsurance Premiums.
Prepaid
 
reinsurance
 
premiums
 
represent
 
unearned
 
premium
 
reserves
 
ceded
 
to
 
other
 
reinsurers.
 
Prepaid
reinsurance
 
premiums
 
for
 
any
 
foreign
 
reinsurers
 
comprising
 
more
 
than
10
%
 
of
 
the
 
outstanding
 
balance
 
at
December 31,
 
2022 were
 
secured either
 
through collateralized
 
trust arrangements,
 
rights of
 
offset or
 
letters
 
of
credit, thereby limiting the credit risk to
 
the Company.
I.
 
Income Taxes.
Holdings
 
and
 
its
 
wholly
 
owned
 
subsidiaries
 
file
 
a
 
consolidated
 
U.S.
 
federal
 
income
 
tax
 
return.
 
Foreign
subsidiaries and branches of subsidiaries
 
file local tax returns as required.
 
Group and subsidiaries not included in
Holdings’
 
consolidated
 
tax
 
return
 
file separate
 
company
 
U.S.
 
federal
 
income
 
tax
 
returns
 
as required.
 
Deferred
income
 
taxes
 
have
 
been
 
recorded
 
to
 
recognize
 
the
 
tax
 
effect
 
of
 
temporary
 
differences
 
between
 
the
 
financial
reporting and
 
income tax
 
bases of
 
assets
 
and liabilities,
 
which arise
 
because of
 
differences
 
between
 
GAAP and
income tax accounting rules.
As
 
an
 
accounting
 
policy,
 
the
 
Company
 
has
 
adopted
 
the
 
aggregate
 
portfolio
 
approach
 
for
 
releasing
disproportionate income tax
 
effects from Accumulated
 
Other Comprehensive Income.
J.
 
Foreign Currency.
The Company
 
transacts business
 
in numerous
 
currencies through
 
business units
 
located around
 
the world.
 
The
base transactional
 
currency for
 
each business
 
unit is
 
determined by
 
the local
 
currency used
 
for most
 
economic
activity
 
in
 
that
 
area.
 
Movements
 
in
 
exchange
 
rates
 
related
 
to
 
foreign
 
currency
 
denominated
 
monetary
 
assets
and liabilities
 
at
 
the business
 
units
 
between the
 
original
 
currency
 
and the
 
base currency
 
are
 
recorded
 
through
the consolidated
 
statements
 
of operations
 
and comprehensive
 
income (loss)
 
in other
 
income (expense),
 
except
for
 
currency
 
movements
 
related
 
to
 
available
 
for
 
sale
 
fixed
 
maturities
 
securities,
 
which
 
are
 
excluded
 
from
 
net
income (loss) and accumulated in shareholders’
 
equity, net of deferred
 
taxes.
The business
 
units’ base
 
currency financial
 
statements
 
are translated
 
to U.S.
 
dollars using
 
the exchange
 
rates
 
at
the end of period for the balance sheets and the average
 
exchange rates
 
in effect for the reporting
 
period for the
income statements.
 
Gains and losses
 
resulting from translating
 
the foreign currency
 
financial statements,
 
net of
deferred income taxes,
 
are excluded from net income
 
loss and accumulated in shareholders’
 
equity.
K.
 
Earnings Per Common Share.
Basic
 
earnings
 
per
 
share
 
are
 
calculated
 
by
 
dividing
 
net
 
income
 
by
 
the
 
weighted
 
average
 
number
 
of
 
common
shares outstanding.
 
Diluted earnings
 
per share reflect
 
the potential
 
dilution that
 
would occur if
 
options granted
under various
 
share-based compensation
 
plans were
 
exercised
 
resulting in
 
the issuance
 
of common
 
shares that
would participate in the earnings of the entity.
Net income
 
(loss) per
 
common share
 
has been
 
computed as
 
per below,
 
based upon
 
weighted average
 
common
basic and dilutive shares outstanding.
Years Ended December 31,
(Amounts in millions, except per share amounts)
2022
2021
2020
Net income (loss) per share:
Numerator
Net income (loss)
$
597
$
1,379
$
514
Less:
 
dividends declared-common shares and nonvested common shares
(255)
(247)
(249)
Undistributed earnings
342
1,132
265
Percentage allocated to common shareholders (1)
98.7
%
98.7
%
98.7
%
337
1,117
262
Add:
 
dividends declared-common shareholders
252
244
246
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per common share
$
589
$
1,361
$
508
Denominator
Denominator for basic earnings per weighted-average common shares
39
39
40
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options
-
-
-
Denominator for diluted earnings per adjusted weighted-average common shares
39
39
40
Per common share net income (loss)
Basic
$
15.19
$
34.66
$
12.81
Diluted
$
15.19
$
34.62
$
12.78
(1)
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding
39
39
40
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding
 
and nonvested common shares expected
 
to vest
 
39
40
40
Percentage allocated to common shareholders
 
98.7
%
98.7
%
98.7
%
(Some amounts may not reconcile due to rounding.)
There were
no
 
options outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
 
Options granted
 
under share-based
 
compensation plans
 
have all
 
expired as
 
of September
 
19, 2022.
 
There were
no
 
anti-diluted options outstanding as
 
of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
 
L.
 
Segmentation.
The Company,
 
through its subsidiaries, operates
 
in
two
 
segments: Reinsurance and Insurance.
 
See also Note 17.
M.
 
Share-Based Compensation.
Share-based compensation
 
stock option,
 
restricted
 
share and
 
performance share
 
unit awards
 
are fair
 
valued at
the grant
 
date and
 
expensed over
 
the vesting
 
period of
 
the award.
 
The tax
 
benefit on
 
the recorded
 
expense is
deferred until the time the award
 
is exercised or vests
 
(becomes unrestricted).
 
See Note 16.
N.
 
Application of Recently Issued Accounting
 
Guidance.
The Company
 
did not
 
adopt any
 
new accounting
 
standards
 
that
 
had a
 
material
 
impact
 
in 2022.
 
The Company
assessed
 
the
 
adoption
 
impacts
 
of
 
recently
 
issued
 
accounting
 
standards
 
by
 
the
 
Financial
 
Accounting
 
Standards
Board on
 
the Company’s
 
consolidated financial
 
statements as
 
well as material
 
updates to
 
previous assessments,
if any,
 
from the Company’s
 
Annual Report on
 
Form 10-K for
 
the year ended
 
December 31, 2021.
 
There were no
accounting standards
 
issued for the year
 
ended December 31, 2022, that
 
are expected to
 
have a material
 
impact
to Group.