Refer to the “Lease accounting” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for information about lease accounting standards that set principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases for both parties to a lease agreement (i.e., lessees and lessors).

Leases in which we are the lessor

As of September 30, 2023, we had 419 properties aggregating 41.5 million operating RSF located in key clusters, including Greater Boston, the San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, San Diego, Seattle, Maryland, and Research Triangle. We focus on developing Class A/A+ properties in AAA innovation cluster locations, which we consider to be highly desirable for tenancy by life science, agtech, and technology entities. Such locations are generally characterized by high barriers to entry for new landlords, high barriers to exit for tenants, and a limited supply of available space. As of September 30, 2023, all leases in which we are the lessor were classified as operating leases, with the exception of one direct financing lease. Our leases are described below.

Operating leases

As of September 30, 2023, our 419 properties were subject to operating lease agreements. Two of these properties, representing two land parcels, are subject to lease agreements that each contain an option for the lessee to purchase the underlying asset from us at fair market value during each of the 30-day periods commencing on the dates that are 15 years, 30 years, and 74.5 years after the rent commencement date of October 1, 2017. The remaining lease term related to each of the two land parcels is 69.2 years. Our leases generally contain options to extend lease terms at prevailing market rates at the time of expiration. Certain operating leases contain early termination options that require advance notification and payment of a penalty, which in most cases is substantial enough to be deemed economically disadvantageous by a tenant to exercise. Future lease payments to be received under the terms of our operating lease agreements, excluding expense reimbursements, in effect as of September 30, 2023 are outlined in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Amount
2023	$	449,129
2024	1,890,662
2025	1,889,185
2026	1,826,408
2027	1,732,266
Thereafter	11,630,149
Total	$	19,417,799

Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information about our owned real estate assets, which are the underlying assets under our operating leases.

Direct financing lease

As of September 30, 2023, we had one direct financing lease agreement, with a net investment balance of $39.9 million, for a parking structure with a remaining lease term of 69.2 years. The lessee has an option to purchase the underlying asset at fair market value during each of the 30-day periods commencing on the dates that are 15 years, 30 years, and 74.5 years after the rent commencement date of October 1, 2017.

The components of our aggregate net investment in our direct financing lease as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized in the table below (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Gross investment in direct financing lease	$	253,791	$	255,186
Less: unearned income on direct financing lease	(211,044)		(212,995)
Less: allowance for credit losses	(2,839)		(2,839)
Net investment in direct financing lease	$	39,908	$	39,352

As of September 30, 2023, our estimated credit loss related to our direct financing lease was $2.8 million. No adjustment to the estimated credit loss balance was required during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. For further details, refer to the “Allowance for credit losses” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Future lease payments to be received under the terms of our direct financing lease as of September 30, 2023 are outlined in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Total
2023	$	468
2024	1,919
2025	1,976
2026	2,036
2027	2,097
Thereafter	245,295
Total	$	253,791

Income from rentals

Our income from rentals includes revenue related to agreements for the rental of our real estate, which primarily includes revenues subject to the lease accounting standard and the revenue recognition accounting standard as shown below (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income from rentals:
Revenues subject to the lease accounting standard:
Operating leases	$	696,601	$	646,662	$	2,069,042	$	1,879,534
Direct financing and sales-type leases(1)	653		642		1,951		2,449
Revenues subject to the lease accounting standard	697,254		647,304		2,070,993		1,881,983
Revenues subject to the revenue recognition accounting standard	10,277		9,549		28,826		28,383
Income from rentals	$	707,531	$	656,853	$	2,099,819	$	1,910,366

(1)We completed the sale of our real estate assets subject to sales-type leases in May 2022 and have had no sales-type leases since then.

Our revenues that are subject to the revenue recognition accounting standard and are classified in income from rentals consist primarily of short-term parking revenues that are not considered lease revenues under the lease accounting standard. Refer to the “Revenues” and “Recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers” sections in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Residual value risk management strategy

Our leases do not have guarantees of residual value on the underlying assets. We manage risk associated with the residual value of our leased assets by (i) evaluating each potential acquisition of real estate to determine whether it meets our business objective to invest primarily in high-demand markets with limited supply of available space, (ii) directly managing our leased properties, conducting frequent property inspections, proactively addressing potential maintenance issues before they arise, and timely resolving any occurring issues, and (iii) carefully selecting our tenants and monitoring their credit quality throughout their respective lease terms.

Leases in which we are the lessee

Operating lease agreements

We have operating lease agreements in which we are the lessee consisting of ground and office leases. Certain of these leases have options to extend or terminate the contract terms upon meeting certain criteria. There are no notable restrictions or covenants imposed by the leases, nor guarantees of residual value.

We recognize a right-of-use asset, which is classified within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets, and a related liability, which is classified within accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, to account for our future obligations under ground and office lease arrangements in which we are the lessee. Refer to the “Lessee accounting” subsection of the “Lease accounting” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

As of September 30, 2023, the present value of the remaining contractual payments aggregating $855.9 million under our operating lease agreements, including our extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise, was $385.0 million. Our corresponding operating lease right-of-use assets, adjusted for initial direct leasing costs and other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease, aggregated $531.3 million. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term of operating leases in which we are the lessee was approximately 41 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.6%. The weighted-average discount rate is based on the incremental borrowing rate estimated for each lease, which is the interest rate that we estimate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments.

Ground lease obligations as of September 30, 2023, included leases for 38 of our properties, which accounted for approximately 9% of our total number of properties. Excluding one ground lease that expires in 2036 related to one operating property with a net book value of $6.0 million as of September 30, 2023, our ground lease obligations have remaining lease terms ranging from approximately 30 to 98 years, including extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

The reconciliation of future lease payments under noncancelable operating leases in which we are the lessee to the operating lease liability reflected in our unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023 is presented in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Total
2023	$	5,374
2024	21,651
2025	21,682
2026	21,843
2027	20,892
Thereafter	764,444
Total future payments under our operating leases in which we are the lessee	855,886
Effect of discounting	(470,928)
Operating lease liability	$	384,958

Lessee operating costs

Operating lease costs relate to our ground and office leases in which we are the lessee. Ground leases generally require fixed annual rent payments and may also include escalation clauses and renewal options. Our operating lease obligations related to our office leases have remaining terms of up to 13 years, exclusive of extension options. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our costs for operating leases in which we are the lessee were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross operating lease costs	$	9,005	$	9,349	$	30,277	$	26,843
Capitalized lease costs	(688)		(847)		(4,906)		(2,699)
Expenses for operating leases in which we are the lessee	$	8,317	$	8,502	$	25,371	$	24,144

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amounts paid and classified as operating activities in our unaudited consolidated statements of cash flows for leases in which we are the lessee were $24.6 million and $46.8 million, respectively. The decrease primarily relates to a $26.3 million payment made during the three months ended March 31, 2022 in connection with the execution of ground lease extensions at two properties in our Greater Stanford submarket.

Leases

Refer to the “Lease accounting” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for information about lease accounting standards that set principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases for both parties to a lease agreement (i.e., lessees and lessors).

Leases in which we are the lessor

As of September 30, 2023, we had 419 properties aggregating 41.5 million operating RSF located in key clusters, including Greater Boston, the San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, San Diego, Seattle, Maryland, and Research Triangle. We focus on developing Class A/A+ properties in AAA innovation cluster locations, which we consider to be highly desirable for tenancy by life science, agtech, and technology entities. Such locations are generally characterized by high barriers to entry for new landlords, high barriers to exit for tenants, and a limited supply of available space. As of September 30, 2023, all leases in which we are the lessor were classified as operating leases, with the exception of one direct financing lease. Our leases are described below.

Operating leases

As of September 30, 2023, our 419 properties were subject to operating lease agreements. Two of these properties, representing two land parcels, are subject to lease agreements that each contain an option for the lessee to purchase the underlying asset from us at fair market value during each of the 30-day periods commencing on the dates that are 15 years, 30 years, and 74.5 years after the rent commencement date of October 1, 2017. The remaining lease term related to each of the two land parcels is 69.2 years. Our leases generally contain options to extend lease terms at prevailing market rates at the time of expiration. Certain operating leases contain early termination options that require advance notification and payment of a penalty, which in most cases is substantial enough to be deemed economically disadvantageous by a tenant to exercise. Future lease payments to be received under the terms of our operating lease agreements, excluding expense reimbursements, in effect as of September 30, 2023 are outlined in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Amount
2023	$	449,129
2024	1,890,662
2025	1,889,185
2026	1,826,408
2027	1,732,266
Thereafter	11,630,149
Total	$	19,417,799

Refer to Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information about our owned real estate assets, which are the underlying assets under our operating leases.

Direct financing lease

As of September 30, 2023, we had one direct financing lease agreement, with a net investment balance of $39.9 million, for a parking structure with a remaining lease term of 69.2 years. The lessee has an option to purchase the underlying asset at fair market value during each of the 30-day periods commencing on the dates that are 15 years, 30 years, and 74.5 years after the rent commencement date of October 1, 2017.

The components of our aggregate net investment in our direct financing lease as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized in the table below (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Gross investment in direct financing lease	$	253,791	$	255,186
Less: unearned income on direct financing lease	(211,044)		(212,995)
Less: allowance for credit losses	(2,839)		(2,839)
Net investment in direct financing lease	$	39,908	$	39,352

As of September 30, 2023, our estimated credit loss related to our direct financing lease was $2.8 million. No adjustment to the estimated credit loss balance was required during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. For further details, refer to the “Allowance for credit losses” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Future lease payments to be received under the terms of our direct financing lease as of September 30, 2023 are outlined in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Total
2023	$	468
2024	1,919
2025	1,976
2026	2,036
2027	2,097
Thereafter	245,295
Total	$	253,791

Income from rentals

Our income from rentals includes revenue related to agreements for the rental of our real estate, which primarily includes revenues subject to the lease accounting standard and the revenue recognition accounting standard as shown below (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income from rentals:
Revenues subject to the lease accounting standard:
Operating leases	$	696,601	$	646,662	$	2,069,042	$	1,879,534
Direct financing and sales-type leases(1)	653		642		1,951		2,449
Revenues subject to the lease accounting standard	697,254		647,304		2,070,993		1,881,983
Revenues subject to the revenue recognition accounting standard	10,277		9,549		28,826		28,383
Income from rentals	$	707,531	$	656,853	$	2,099,819	$	1,910,366

(1)We completed the sale of our real estate assets subject to sales-type leases in May 2022 and have had no sales-type leases since then.

Our revenues that are subject to the revenue recognition accounting standard and are classified in income from rentals consist primarily of short-term parking revenues that are not considered lease revenues under the lease accounting standard. Refer to the “Revenues” and “Recognition of revenue arising from contracts with customers” sections in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Residual value risk management strategy

Our leases do not have guarantees of residual value on the underlying assets. We manage risk associated with the residual value of our leased assets by (i) evaluating each potential acquisition of real estate to determine whether it meets our business objective to invest primarily in high-demand markets with limited supply of available space, (ii) directly managing our leased properties, conducting frequent property inspections, proactively addressing potential maintenance issues before they arise, and timely resolving any occurring issues, and (iii) carefully selecting our tenants and monitoring their credit quality throughout their respective lease terms.

Leases in which we are the lessee

Operating lease agreements

We have operating lease agreements in which we are the lessee consisting of ground and office leases. Certain of these leases have options to extend or terminate the contract terms upon meeting certain criteria. There are no notable restrictions or covenants imposed by the leases, nor guarantees of residual value.

We recognize a right-of-use asset, which is classified within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets, and a related liability, which is classified within accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, to account for our future obligations under ground and office lease arrangements in which we are the lessee. Refer to the “Lessee accounting” subsection of the “Lease accounting” section in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

As of September 30, 2023, the present value of the remaining contractual payments aggregating $855.9 million under our operating lease agreements, including our extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise, was $385.0 million. Our corresponding operating lease right-of-use assets, adjusted for initial direct leasing costs and other consideration exchanged with the landlord prior to the commencement of the lease, aggregated $531.3 million. As of September 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term of operating leases in which we are the lessee was approximately 41 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 4.6%. The weighted-average discount rate is based on the incremental borrowing rate estimated for each lease, which is the interest rate that we estimate we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments.

Ground lease obligations as of September 30, 2023, included leases for 38 of our properties, which accounted for approximately 9% of our total number of properties. Excluding one ground lease that expires in 2036 related to one operating property with a net book value of $6.0 million as of September 30, 2023, our ground lease obligations have remaining lease terms ranging from approximately 30 to 98 years, including extension options that we are reasonably certain to exercise.

The reconciliation of future lease payments under noncancelable operating leases in which we are the lessee to the operating lease liability reflected in our unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023 is presented in the table below (in thousands):


Year	Total
2023	$	5,374
2024	21,651
2025	21,682
2026	21,843
2027	20,892
Thereafter	764,444
Total future payments under our operating leases in which we are the lessee	855,886
Effect of discounting	(470,928)
Operating lease liability	$	384,958

Lessee operating costs

Operating lease costs relate to our ground and office leases in which we are the lessee. Ground leases generally require fixed annual rent payments and may also include escalation clauses and renewal options. Our operating lease obligations related to our office leases have remaining terms of up to 13 years, exclusive of extension options. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our costs for operating leases in which we are the lessee were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross operating lease costs	$	9,005	$	9,349	$	30,277	$	26,843
Capitalized lease costs	(688)		(847)		(4,906)		(2,699)
Expenses for operating leases in which we are the lessee	$	8,317	$	8,502	$	25,371	$	24,144

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, amounts paid and classified as operating activities in our unaudited consolidated statements of cash flows for leases in which we are the lessee were $24.6 million and $46.8 million, respectively. The decrease primarily relates to a $26.3 million payment made during the three months ended March 31, 2022 in connection with the execution of ground lease extensions at two properties in our Greater Stanford submarket.