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Fair value measurements | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair value measurements | We provide fair value information about all financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. We measure and disclose the estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities by utilizing a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels, as follows: (i) quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), (ii) significant other observable inputs (Level 2), and (iii) significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Significant other observable inputs can include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves. Significant unobservable inputs are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, since there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances in which the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis The following table sets forth the assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis by level in the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands). There were no transfers of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis to or from Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
Description |  | Total |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in publicly traded companies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2025 |  | $124,292 |  | $124,292 |  | $— |  | $—
As of December 31, 2024 |  | $105,667 |  | $105,667 |  | $— |  | $—
Cross-currency swap agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2025 |  | $2,970 |  | $— |  | $2,970 |  | $—
As of December 31, 2024 |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $—
Our investments in publicly traded companies represent investments with readily determinable fair values, and are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value classified in investment income (loss) in our consolidated financial statements. We also hold investments in privately held entities, which consist of (i) investments that report NAV and (ii) investments that do not report NAV, as further described below. Our investments in privately held entities that report NAV, such as our privately held investments in limited partnerships, are carried at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient, with changes in fair value classified in net income. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying values of investments in privately held entities that report NAV aggregated $540.1 million and $609.9 million, respectively. These investments are excluded from the fair value hierarchy above as required by the fair value accounting standard. We estimate the fair value of each of our investments in limited partnerships based on the most recent NAV prepared by the general partner and reported by each limited partnership. As a result, the determination of fair values of our investments in privately held entities that report NAV generally does not involve significant estimates, assumptions, or judgments on our part. Our cross-currency swap agreements are recognized at fair value. Refer to Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” and Note 11 – “Hedge agreements” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis The following table sets forth the assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands).
|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
Description |  | Carrying Amount |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Real estate assets held for sale with carrying values adjusted to fair value less costs to sell: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2025 |  | $405,342 | (1) | $— |  | $— |  |  | $405,342 | (2)
As of December 31, 2024 |  | $322,662 | (1) | $— |  | $— |  |  | $322,662 | (2)
Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of September 30, 2025 |  | $138,931 |  | $— |  | $124,249 | (3) |  | $14,682 | (4)
As of December 31, 2024 |  | $184,236 |  | $— |  | $174,737 | (3) |  | $9,499 | (4)
(1)These amounts are included in the total balances of our net assets classified as held for sale aggregating $766.6 million and $371.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, disclosed in Note 3 – “Investments in real estate,” and represent assets held for sale as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, for which impairments were recognized. (2)These amounts represent the aggregate carrying amounts of assets held for sale after adjustments to their respective fair values less costs to sell based on executed purchase and sale agreements, letters of intent, or valuations provided by third-party real estate brokers. (3)T hese amounts represent the total carrying amounts of our equity investments in privately held entities with observable price changes, which are included in the investments balances of $1.5 billion and $1.5 billion in our unaudited consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, disclosed in Note 7 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements. (4)These amounts are included in the investments in privately held entities without observable price changes balances aggregating $422.5 million and $400.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, disclosed in Note 7 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements. The aforementioned balances represent the carrying amounts of investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV for which impairments have been recognized in accordance with the measurement alternative guidance described in “Investments” in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements. Real estate assets classified as held for sale measured at fair value less costs to sell Our real estate assets classified as held for sale and measured at fair value less costs to sell are presented in the table above. These properties represent a subset of our total real estate assets classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The fair values for these real estate assets were estimated based on executed purchase and sale agreements, letters of intent, or valuations provided by third-party real estate brokers. Refer to “Investments in real estate” in Note 2 – “Summary of significant accounting policies” and “Assets held for sale” in Note 3 – “Investments in real estate” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information. Investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV Our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV are measured at cost, adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes recognized in net income (loss). These investments are adjusted based on the observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Further adjustments are not made until another observable transaction occurs. Therefore, the determination of fair values of our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV does not involve significant estimates and assumptions or subjective and complex judgments. We also subject our investments in privately held entities that do not report NAV to a qualitative assessment for indicators of impairment. If indicators of impairment are present, we are required to estimate the investment’s fair value and immediately recognize an impairment charge in an amount equal to the investment’s carrying value in excess of its estimated fair value. The estimates of fair value typically incorporate valuation techniques that include an income approach reflecting a discounted cash flow analysis, and a market approach that includes a comparative analysis of acquisition multiples and pricing multiples generated by market participants. In certain instances, we may use multiple valuation techniques for a particular investment and estimate its fair value based on an average of multiple valuation results. Refer to Note 7 – “Investments” to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information. Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value in the statement of financial position but for which the fair value is disclosed The fair value of our secured note payable and unsecured senior notes payable, and the amounts outstanding on our unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper program, were estimated using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses using significant other observable inputs such as available market information on discount and borrowing rates with similar terms, maturities, and credit ratings. Because the valuations of our financial instruments are based on these types of estimates, the actual fair value of our financial instruments may differ materially if our estimates do not prove to be accurate. Additionally, the use of different market assumptions or estimation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the book and estimated fair values of our secured note payable and unsecured senior notes payable and the amounts outstanding under our unsecured senior line of credit and commercial paper program, including the level within the fair value hierarchy for which the estimates were derived, were as follows (in thousands):
| September 30, 2025
| Book Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured notes payable | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $—
Unsecured senior notes payable | $12,044,999 |  | $— |  | $10,775,923 |  | $— |  | $10,775,923
Unsecured senior line of credit | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $—
Commercial paper program | $1,548,542 |  | $— |  | $1,548,606 |  | $— |  | $1,548,606
| December 31, 2024
| Book Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured notes payable | $149,909 |  | $— |  | $149,413 |  | $— |  | $149,413
Unsecured senior notes payable | $12,094,465 |  | $— |  | $10,472,993 |  | $— |  | $10,472,993
Unsecured senior line of credit | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $—
Commercial paper program | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $— |  | $—
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, tenant receivables, deposits, notes receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other short-term liabilities approximate their fair value.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (bbb)(1) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 107 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-107 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 100 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-100 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (c)(3) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2E -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2E Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (f) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (e) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (d) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (g) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 940 -SubTopic 820 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478119/940-820-50-1 + Details
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