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Stock-Based Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2016
Stock-Based Compensation |
Stock-Based Compensation | Note 5—Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period, which generally equals the stated vesting period, unless the stated vesting period exceeds the date upon which an employee reaches retirement eligibility. Pre-tax stock-based compensation expense was $4.1 million for the three month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, and $12.7 million and $14.6 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Incentive Compensation Program The Company maintains an Incentive Compensation Program (the “Program”) for executives, certain other employees of the Company and its operating segments and subsidiaries, and the Company’s non-employee directors. Members of the Board of Directors that receive stock-based compensation are treated as employees for accounting purposes. The Program was approved by shareholders on May 6, 2015. The Program allows for awards to eligible employees of stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, performance shares and units or other awards based on Company common stock. At September 30, 2016, 3,949,093 shares were available for grant under this plan, of which 1,437,607 shares were available for the issuance of stock awards. Grants For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company awarded 371,623 stock options, 69,583 restricted stock awards, 61,127 performance share awards and 14,359 restricted stock units with an aggregate grant-date fair value of approximately $22.0 million to be expensed over the requisite service period for each award. Stock Option Awards Options issued under the Program generally vest on a straight-line basis one-third on the first anniversary of grant, one-third on the second anniversary of grant, and the remaining one-third on the third anniversary of grant. All options have a maximum term life of 10 years. Shares issued to cover options under the Program may be issued from shares held in treasury, from new issuances of shares, or a combination of the two. Pre-tax share-based compensation expense related to stock options was $1.6 million and $1.5 million for the three month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $4.6 million and $3.9 million for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option pricing model to determine the fair value of its stock option awards. The BSM model relies on certain assumptions to estimate an option’s fair value. The weighted-average assumptions used in the determination of fair value for stock option awards in 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Expected life in years |  |  | 5.61 |  |  | 5.71 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 27.5 | % |  | 27.3 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.4 | %
Weighted-average fair value |  | $ | 19.30 |  | $ | 21.19 |
The expected life of options is based on the assumption that all outstanding options will be exercised at the midpoint of the vesting dates (if unvested) and the options’ expiration date. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility as well as implied volatility of the Company’s options. The risk-free interest rate is based on rates of U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining life equal to the expected life of the option. The expected dividend yield is based on the projected annual dividend payment per share, divided by the stock price at the date of grant. Restricted Stock Awards Restricted stock awarded under the Program is generally released to the recipient after a period of approximately three years. The grant date fair value of the 2016 restricted stock awards, which are released to the recipient after a period of three years, is based on the closing market price of the stock on the date of grant. Performance Share Awards The performance shares awarded vest based on the employee rendering three years of service to the Company, and the attainment of a market condition over the performance period, which is based on the Company’s relative total shareholder return versus the S&P Midcap 400 Index® over a pre-determined time period as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The grant date fair value of the 2016 performance shares was estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation approach based on a three year measurement period. Such approach entails the use of assumptions regarding the future performance of the Company’s stock and those of the S&P Midcap 400 Index®. Those assumptions include expected volatility, risk-free interest rates, correlation coefficients, and dividend reinvestment. Dividends accrue on the performance shares during the performance period and are to be paid in cash based upon the number of awards ultimately earned. The Company expenses the compensation cost associated with the performance awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. Restricted Stock Units The restricted stock units awarded to eligible members of the Board of Directors are fully vested and will be paid in shares of Company common stock after the Director ceases to serve as a member of the Board, or if earlier, upon a change in control of the Company. The grant date fair value of the 2016 restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of the stock on the date of the grant. Deferred Compensation - Equity Certain employees are eligible to participate in the Company’s Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”). Participants may elect to defer all or part of their stock-based compensation. Participants have elected to defer 274,800 shares of Company common stock as of September 30, 2016, and 253,520 shares as of December 31, 2015.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6418621&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=51659978&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher SEC -Name Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) -Number Topic 14 + Details
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