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INCOME TAXES
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the components of income before income taxes are as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S. earnings$186 $40 $54 
Foreign earnings 46 53 25 
Total earnings$232 $93 $79 
The income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current:
U.S. federal$48 $32 $9 
State23 13 8 
Foreign40 22 9 
Total current tax provision$111 $67 $26 
Deferred:
U.S. federal$(10)$(32)$6 
State(1)(3)2 
Foreign(21)(12)(2)
Total deferred tax (benefit) provision$(32)$(47)$6 
Total income tax provision$79 $20 $32 
The reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s provision for income taxes is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Expected provision at statutory federal rate$49 21.0 %$19 21.0 %$17 21.0 %
State tax provision, net of federal benefit17 7.3 %7 7.5 %8 10.1 %
Foreign rate differential(1)(0.4 %)(4)(4.3)%1 1.3 %
Valuation allowance8 3.4 %(1)(1.1)%— — %
Permanent differences and other3 1.3 %4 4.4 %— — %
Uncertain tax positions— — %(1)(1.1)%— — %
Transaction costs— — %3 3.2 %4 5.1 %
Withholding taxes on foreign entities— — %(9)(9.7)%— — %
Section 162(m) limitation3 1.3 %2 2.1 %2 2.5 %
Total provision for income taxes$79 33.9 %$20 22.0 %$32 40.0 %
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following:
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Operating and finance lease liabilities$57 $59 
Accrued compensation60 48 
Accrued expenses28 31 
Net operating loss carryforwards28 26 
Contingent consideration and compensation liabilities13 10 
Capital loss carryforwards54 47 
Credits38 36 
Reserves and allowances6 10 
Other14 16 
Gross deferred tax assets298 283 
Valuation allowance(114)(100)
Net deferred tax assets$184 $183 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation on fixed assets$42 $51 
Goodwill23 3 
Amortization on identified intangible assets165 203 
Operating lease right of use assets56 59 
Derivatives1 9 
Deferred payments4 4 
Pension and post-retirement obligations11 82 
Other2 4 
Gross deferred tax liabilities$304 $415 
Net deferred tax liabilities$(120)$(232)
Deferred income tax assets represent potential future income tax benefits. Realization of these assets is ultimately dependent upon future taxable income. Deferred tax assets must be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on all
available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in a future period. The Company considers all negative and positive evidence, including the weight of the evidence, to determine if a valuation allowance is required. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, valuation allowances of $114 and $100 were recorded against certain deferred tax assets of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had gross federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $0, $19, and $114, respectively. The state net operating loss carryforwards have carryforward periods of five to twenty years and begin to expire in 2029. The foreign net operating loss carryforwards generally have carryback periods of three years, carryforward periods of twenty years, or that are indefinite, and begin to expire in 2024.
As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately $292 of accumulated undistributed earnings of subsidiaries outside of the United States, all of which are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. Due to the complexity of the legal entity structure, the number of legal entities and jurisdictions involved, and the complexity of the laws and regulations, the Company believes it is not practicable to estimate the amount of additional taxes which may be payable upon distribution of these undistributed earnings. Accordingly, no deferred taxes have been provided for withholding taxes or other taxes on permanently reinvested earnings.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at the beginning of the year$8 $2 $3 
Additions for tax positions taken in a prior period (including acquired uncertain tax positions)— 7 — 
Reductions for tax positions taken in a prior period (including acquired uncertain tax positions)(1)— (1)
Additions for tax positions taken in the current period1 1 — 
Reductions for tax positions taken in current period— — — 
Reductions for tax positions due to lapse in statue of limitations(1)— — 
Foreign currency translation adjustments— (2)— 
Gross unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the year$7 $8 $2 
The Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded within other noncurrent liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company had $2 and $2 of accrued gross interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not recognize net interest expense.
If all of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 were recognized, $9 would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not expect any unrecognized tax benefits to expire in the next twelve months due to lapses in the statute of limitations.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, with few exceptions, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries are subject to examination prior to tax year 2014. There are various other audits in state and foreign jurisdictions. No adjustments have been proposed and the Company does not expect the results of the audits to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.