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Restructuring and Acquisition Charges
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring and Acquisition Charges
14.    RESTRUCTURING AND ACQUISITION CHARGES
Restructuring and acquisition charges include cash and non-cash expenses. Cash-based charges primarily consist of (i) severance and employment-related charges, including those related to external service providers, incurred in conjunction with a structural business shift, which can be represented by a notable change in headcount, change in leadership, or transformation of business processes, (ii) acquisition, transaction and integration-related charges, and (iii) other restructuring including lease exit charges. Non-cash charges include (i) stock-based compensation expense for retention awards issued in conjunction with the HFF, Inc. ("HFF") acquisition and (ii) fair value adjustments to earn-out liabilities relating to prior-period acquisition activity. Restructuring and acquisition charges are presented in the table below.
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202220212020
Severance and other employment-related charges$44.5 14.3 69.0 
Restructuring, pre-acquisition and post-acquisition charges57.5 50.0 51.5 
Stock-based compensation expense for HFF retention awards6.1 17.8 36.7 
Fair value adjustments to earn-out liabilities(3.3)2.6 (14.8)
Restructuring and acquisition charges$104.8 84.7 142.4 
We expect nearly all expenses related to (i) severance and other employment-related charges and (ii) restructuring, pre-acquisition and post-acquisition charges as of December 31, 2022 will be paid during the next twelve months.