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Stockholders' Equity
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]  
Stockholders' Equity

4. Stockholders’ Equity

We maintain three share-based employee compensation plans: the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), and the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“2012 Plan”, and collectively with the 2017 Plan and the 2014 Plan, the “Stock Plans”). In January 2017, our board of directors adopted the 2017 Plan, and in February 2017 our stockholders approved the 2017 Plan, effective on March 1, 2017, which serves as the successor to the 2014 Plan and 2012 Plan and provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, including employees of any parent or subsidiary, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs, RSUs, performance stock awards, performance cash awards, and other forms of stock awards to employees, directors, and consultants, including employees and consultants of our affiliates.

Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards

The following table summarizes the RSU and RSA activity during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

 

 

 

Class A

Outstanding

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Grant Date

Fair Value

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Unvested at December 31, 2019

 

 

148,797

 

 

$

12.39

 

Granted

 

 

45,118

 

 

$

15.04

 

Vested

 

 

(36,051

)

 

$

13.46

 

Forfeited

 

 

(4,892

)

 

$

12.83

 

Unvested at June 30, 2020

 

 

152,972

 

 

$

12.91

 

 

RSUs granted to employees before January 1, 2017 (“Pre-2017 Awards”) included both service-based and performance conditions to vest in the underlying common stock. The performance condition related to Pre-2017 Awards was satisfied on the effectiveness of the registration statement for our IPO, which occurred in March 2017. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to Pre-2017 Awards was $6.6 million as of June 30, 2020 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.

All RSUs and RSAs granted after December 31, 2016 vest on the satisfaction of only a service-based condition (“Post-2017 Awards”). Total unrecognized compensation cost related to Post-2017 Awards was $1.7 billion as of June 30, 2020 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years. The service condition for Post-2017 Awards granted prior to February 2018 is generally satisfied over four years, 10% after the first year of service, 20% over the second year, 30% over the third year, and 40% over the fourth year. In limited instances, we have issued Post-2017 Awards with vesting periods in excess of four years. The service condition for Post-2017 Awards granted after February 2018 is generally satisfied in equal monthly or quarterly installments over four years.

Additionally, we had 4.0 million and 9.4 million RSUs that were vested but have not yet settled as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. These RSUs are primarily related to the CEO award.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the stock option award activity under the Stock Plans during the six months ended June 30, 2020:

 

 

 

Class A

Number

of Shares

 

 

Class B

Number

of Shares

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Exercise

Price

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Remaining

Contractual

Term

(in years)

 

 

Aggregate

Intrinsic

Value(1)

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Outstanding at December 31, 2019

 

 

8,712

 

 

 

1,550

 

 

$

9.00

 

 

 

5.59

 

 

$

75,460

 

Granted

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

$

17.83

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Exercised

 

 

(2,744

)

 

 

(393

)

 

$

7.52

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Forfeited

 

 

(119

)

 

 

 

 

$

13.17

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Outstanding at June 30, 2020

 

 

5,851

 

 

 

1,157

 

 

$

9.60

 

 

 

5.22

 

 

$

97,375

 

 

(1)

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option awards and the closing market price of our Class A common stock as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, respectively.

 

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $11.1 million as of June 30, 2020 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense by Function

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows:

 

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

Six Months Ended June 30,

 

 

2020

 

 

2019

 

 

2020

 

 

2019

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Cost of revenue

$

2,066

 

 

$

1,786

 

 

$

3,848

 

 

$

3,635

 

Research and development

 

127,516

 

 

 

132,610

 

 

 

245,833

 

 

 

244,852

 

Sales and marketing

 

27,107

 

 

 

26,474

 

 

 

51,913

 

 

 

44,234

 

General and administrative

 

29,482

 

 

 

34,704

 

 

 

56,626

 

 

 

65,409

 

Total

$

186,171

 

 

$

195,574

 

 

$

358,220

 

 

$

358,130