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Stockholders' Equity
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract]  
Stockholders' Equity

4. Stockholders’ Equity

We maintain three share-based employee compensation plans: the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), and the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“2012 Plan”, and collectively with the 2017 Plan and the 2014 Plan, the “Stock Plans”). In January 2017, our board of directors adopted the 2017 Plan, and in February 2017 our stockholders approved the 2017 Plan, effective on March 1, 2017, which serves as the successor to the 2014 Plan and 2012 Plan and provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, including employees of any parent or subsidiary, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs, RSUs, performance stock awards, performance cash awards, and other forms of stock awards to employees, directors, and consultants, including employees and consultants of our affiliates.

Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards

The following table summarizes the RSU and RSA activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2021:

 

 

 

Class A

Outstanding

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Grant Date

Fair Value

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Unvested at December 31, 2020

 

 

131,172

 

 

$

15.10

 

Granted

 

 

18,168

 

 

$

59.13

 

Vested

 

 

(45,486

)

 

$

15.64

 

Forfeited

 

 

(7,980

)

 

$

15.04

 

Unvested at September 30, 2021

 

 

95,874

 

 

$

23.19

 

 

All RSUs and RSAs granted after December 31, 2016 vest on the satisfaction of only a service-based condition (“Post-2017 Awards”). Total unrecognized compensation cost related to Post-2017 Awards was $2.0 billion as of September 30, 2021 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years. The service condition for Post-2017 Awards granted prior to February 2018 is generally satisfied over four years, 10% after the first year of service, 20% over the second year, 30% over the third year, and 40% over the fourth year. In limited instances, we have issued Post-2017 RSUs with vesting periods in excess of four years. The service condition for Post-2017 Awards granted after February 2018 is generally satisfied in equal monthly or quarterly installments over one to four years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the stock option award activity under the Stock Plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2021:

 

 

 

Class A

Number

of Shares

 

 

Class B

Number

of Shares

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Exercise

Price

 

 

Weighted-

Average

Remaining

Contractual

Term

(in years)

 

 

Aggregate

Intrinsic

Value(1)

 

 

 

(in thousands, except per share data)

 

Outstanding at December 31, 2020

 

 

4,828

 

 

 

796

 

 

$

10.37

 

 

 

5.20

 

 

$

223,230

 

Granted

 

 

48

 

 

 

 

 

$

49.63

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Exercised

 

 

(891

)

 

 

(66

)

 

$

12.30

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Forfeited

 

 

(7

)

 

 

 

 

$

13.53

 

 

 

 

 

$

 

Outstanding at September 30, 2021

 

 

3,978

 

 

 

730

 

 

$

10.38

 

 

 

4.41

 

 

$

298,934

 

 

(1)

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock option awards and the closing market price of our Class A common stock as of December 31, 2020 and September 30, 2021, respectively.

 

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $4.9 million as of September 30, 2021 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.0 year.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense by Function

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows:

 

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

Nine Months Ended September 30,

 

 

2021

 

 

2020

 

 

2021

 

 

2020

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Cost of revenue

$

9,132

 

 

$

2,623

 

 

$

14,635

 

 

$

6,471

 

Research and development

 

198,893

 

 

 

132,003

 

 

 

537,177

 

 

 

377,836

 

Sales and marketing

 

51,675

 

 

 

27,393

 

 

 

118,250

 

 

 

79,306

 

General and administrative

 

41,198

 

 

 

30,061

 

 

 

124,509

 

 

 

86,687

 

Total

$

300,898

 

 

$

192,080

 

 

$

794,571

 

 

$

550,300