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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Income Taxes [Abstract] |
INCOME TAXES | 9. INCOME TAXE S
The income tax provision, for the years ended December 31, differs from that computed using the statutory income tax rate for the following reasons:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Income before provision for income taxes | $ | 244 | $ | 545
Statutory income tax rate |  | 31% |  | 31%
Income taxes, at statutory income tax rates |  | 76 |  | 169
Deferred income taxes on regulated income recorded as regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities |  | (47) |  | (31)
Non-taxable portion of gains on APUC transactions |  | (34) |  | -
Non-deductible (non-taxable) portion of foreign exchange and mark-to-market adjustments related to the TECO Energy acquisition |  | 21 |  | (18)
Financing deductions |  | (17) |  | (10)
Tax effect of equity earnings |  | (10) |  | (11)
Manufacturing and investment allowances |  | (7) |  | (5)
Foreign tax rate variance |  | (5) |  | 2
Other |  | 1 |  | (3)
Income tax expense (recovery) | $ | (22) | $ | 93
Effective income tax rate |  | (9%) |  | 17%
The statutory income tax rate of 31 per cent represents the combined Canadian federal and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick provincial corporate income tax rates, which are the relevant tax jurisdictions for Emera. The following reflects the composition of taxes on income from continuing operations presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Current income taxes |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | 13 | $ | 42
United States |  | 18 |  | 26
Other |  | 15 |  | 5
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  |
Canada | $ | (113) | $ | 11
United States |  | 151 |  | 14
Other |  | - |  | (1)
Operating loss carry forwards |  |  |  |
Canada |  | (2) |  | (4)
United States |  | (104) |  | -
Income tax expense (recovery) | $ | (22) | $ | 93
The following reflects the composition of income before provision for income taxes presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Canada | $ | 71 | $ | 349
United States |  | 44 |  | 137
Other |  | 129 |  | 59
Income before provision for income taxes | $ | 244 | $ | 545
The deferred income tax assets and liabilities presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as at December 31 consisted of the following:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |  |
Tax loss carry forwards | $ | 1,036 | $ | 72
Regulatory liabilities - cost of removal |  | 388 |  | 42
Tax credit carry forwards |  | 318 |  | 7
Derivative instruments |  | 173 |  | 204
Pension and post-retirement liabilities |  | 147 |  | 129
Regulatory liabilities – deferrals related to derivative instruments |  | 101 |  | 94
Asset retirement obligations |  | 47 |  | 47
Other |  | 355 |  | 136
Total deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance |  | 2,565 |  | 731
Valuation allowance |  | (58) |  | (18)
Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance | $ | 2,507 | $ | 713
Deferred income tax (liabilities): |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | $ | (3,625) | $ | (960)
Derivative instruments |  | (202) |  | (264)
Net investment in direct financing lease |  | (103) |  | (89)
Other |  | (124) |  | (130)
Total deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (4,054) | $ | (1,443)
Consolidated Balance Sheets presentation: |  |  |  |
Long-term deferred income tax assets |  | 125 |  | 32
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities |  | (1,672) |  | (762)
Net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (1,547) | $ | (730)
For regulated entities, to the extent deferred income taxes are expected to be recovered from or returned to customers in future rates, a regulatory asset or liability is recognized, unless specifically directed otherwise by a regulator. These amounts include a gross up to reflect the income tax associated with future revenues required to fund these deferred income tax liabilities, and the income tax benefits associated with reduced revenues resulting from the realization of deferred income tax assets. Emera’s gross net o perating loss (“NOL”) carry forwards, capital loss carry forwards and tax credit carry forwards as at December 31, consisted of the following:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Canada |  |  |  |
NOL | $ | 199 | $ | 103
Capital loss |  | 77 |  | 84
United States |  |  |  |
Federal NOL | $ | 2,595 | $ | 48
State NOL |  | 1,183 |  | 225
Capital loss |  | 14 |  | 4
Tax credit |  | 318 |  | 30
Other |  |  |  |
NOL | $ | 22 | $ | 14
The following table summarizes as at December 31, 2016 the deferred tax assets associated with NOL, capital loss and tax credit carry forwards and the associated expiration periods, and the valuation allowances for amounts which Emera has determined that realization is uncertain:
| Deferred Tax | Valuation | Net Deferred | Expiration
millions of Canadian dollars | Asset | Allowance | Tax Asset | Period
Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOL | $ | 61 | $ | (27) | $ | 34 | 2026-2036
Capital loss |  | 16 |  | (16) |  | - | Indefinite
United States |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal NOL | $ | 908 | $ | - | $ | 908 | 2024-2036
State NOL |  | 45 |  | (1) |  | 44 | 2017-2036
Capital loss |  | 3 |  | (3) |  | - | 2018-2019
Tax credit |  | 318 |  | - |  | 318 | 2019-2036
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NOL | $ | 3 | $ | (3) | $ | - | 2017-2023
Considering all evidence regarding the utilization of the Company’s deferred income tax assets, it has been determined that Emera is more likely than not to realize all recorded deferred income tax assets, except for the loss carry forwards noted above and unrealized capital losses on certain investments. A valuation allowance of $58 million has been recorded as at December 31, 2016 (2015 - $18 million) related to the loss carry forwards and investments. The following table provides details of the change i n unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31 as follows:
millions of Canadian dollars | 2016 | 2015
Balance, January 1 | $ | 6 | $ | 5
Increases due to tax positions related to current year |  | 12 |  | -
Increases due to tax positions related to a prior year |  | - |  | 1
Balance, December 31 | $ | 18 | $ | 6
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31, 2016 was $18 million (2015 - $6 million), which would affect the effective tax rate if recognized. The total amount of accrued interest with respect to unrecognized tax benefits was $1 million (2015 - $1 million). No penalties have been accrued. The balance of unrecognized tax benefits could change in the next twelve months as a result of resolving Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) and Internal Revenue Service audits. A reasonable estimate of any change cannot be made at this time. The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest earnings from certa in foreign operations. Accordingly, US and non-US income and withholding taxes for which deferred taxes might otherwise be required have not been provided for on a cumulative amount of temporary differences related to investments in foreign subsidiaries o f approximately $667 million as at December 31, 2016 (2015 - $669 million). It is impractical to estimate the amount of income and withholding tax that might be payable if a reversal of temporary differences occurred. Emera files a Canadian federal income tax return, which includes its Nova Scotia and New Brunswick provincial income tax. Emera’s subsidiaries file Canadian, US, Barbados, St. Lucia and Dominica income tax returns. As at December 31, 2016, the Company’s tax years still open to examination by ta xing authorities include 2005 and subsequent years. NSPI and the CRA are currently in a dispute with respect to the timing of certain tax deductions for NSPI’s 2006 through 2010 taxation years. The ultimate permissibility of the tax deductions is not in dispute; rather, it is the timing of those deductions. The cumulative net amount in dispute to date is $62 million, including interest. NSPI has prepaid $23 million of the amount in dispute, as required by CRA. Should NSPI be successful in defending its position, all payments including applicabl e interest will be refunded. If NSPI is unsuccessful in defending any portion of its position, the resulting taxes and applicable interest will be deducted from amounts previously paid, with the excess, if any, owing to CRA. The related tax deductions wil l be available in subsequent years. Should NSPI receive similar notices of reassessment for the years not currently in dispute, further payments will be required; however, the ultimate permissibility of these deductions would be similarly not in dispute. NSPI and its advisors believe that NSPI has reported its tax position appropriately and NSPI is disputing the reassessments through the CRA Appeal process. NSPI continues to assess its options to resolving the dispute however the outcome of the Appeal pr ocess is not determinable at this time.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32559-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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