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Stock Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Stock-Based Compensation |
Stock-based Compensation | 30. S TOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Employee Common Share Purchase Plan and Common Shareholders Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan Eligible employees may participate in Emera’s Employee Common Share Purchase Plan. As of December 31, 2019, the plan allows employees to make cash contributions of a minimum of $25 to a maximum of $8,000 per year for the purpose of purc hasing common shares of Emera. The Company also contributes to the plan a percentage of the employees’ contributions. If an employee contributes any am ount up to $3,000 to the employee’s p lan account, the Company will contribute 20 per cent of that amount. When an employee contributes any amount over $3,000, up to the $8,000 maximum, the Company will contribute 10 per cent of that amount. The plan allows the reinvestment of dividends. The maximum aggregate number of Emera common shares reserved for issuance under this plan is 4 million common shares. A s at December 31, 2019, Emera is in compliance with this requirement. Compensation cost for shares issued by Emera for the year ended December 31, 2019 under the Employee Common Share Purchase Plan was $1 million (2018 – $1 million) and is included in “OM&G” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. In November 2019, Emera’s Board of Directors approved changes to the ECSPP which are expected to be effective in 2020. These changes include increasing the maximum employee cas h contribution to $20,000 and changing the Company’s matching contribution to 20 per cent of the employees’ contributions. In addition, the Company match on dividends that exists within the current ECSPP plan will be discontinued. The Company also has a Common Shareholders Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan (“Dividend Reinvestment Plan”) or (“DRIP”), which provides an opportunity for shareholders to reinvest dividends and purchase common shares. This plan provides for a discount of up to 5 per cent from the average market price of Emera’s common shares for common shares purchased in connection with the reinvestment of cash dividends. In 2019, the discount was changed from 5 per cent to 2 per cent effective with the dividend payment of August 15, 2019. Stock-Based Compensation Plans Stock Option Plan The Company has a stock option plan that grants options to senior management of the Company f or a maximum term of ten years. The option price of the stock options is the closing market price of the stocks on the da y before the option is granted. The maximum aggregate number of shares issuable under this plan is 11.7 million shares. As at December 31, 2019, Emera is in compli ance with this requirement. Stock options vest in 25 per cent increments on the first, second, third and fourth anniversaries of the date of the grant. If an option is not exercised within ten years, it expires and the optionee loses all rights thereunder. The holder of the option has no rights as a shareholder until the option is exercised and shares have been issued. The total number of stocks to be optioned to any optionee shall not exceed five per cent of the issued and outstanding common sto cks on the date the option is granted. Unless a stock option has expired, vested options may be exercised within the 24 months following the option holders date of retirement or termination for other than just cause, and within six months following the da te of termination for just cause, resignation or death. If stock options are not exercised within such time, they expire. The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the compensation expense related to its stock-based compensation and r ecognizes the expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. The fol lowing table shows the weighted average fair values per stock option along with the assumptions incorporated into the valuation models for options granted, for the year-ended December:
| 2019 | 2018
Weighted average fair value per option | $ | 2.41 | $ | 1.70
Expected term (1) |  | 6 years |  | 6 years
Risk-free interest rate (2) |  | 1.82 | % |  | 2.13 | %
Expected dividend yield (3) |  | 5.10 | % |  | 5.69 | %
Expected volatility (4) |  | 14.32 | % |  | 13.71 | %
(1) The expected term of the option awards is calculated based on historical exercise behaviour and represents the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding.
(2) Based on the Bank of Canada five-year government bond yields.
(3) Incorporates current dividend rates and historical dividend increase patterns.
(4) Estimated using the five-year historical volatility.
The following table summarizes stock option information for 2019:
| Total Options |  | Non-Vested Options(1)
| Number of Options | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | Number of Options | Weighted average grant date fair-value
Outstanding as at December 31, 2018 | 4,225,575 | $ | 39.56 |  | 1,679,325 | $ | 2.22
Granted | 651,400 |  | 46.39 |  | 651,400 |  | 2.41
Exercised | (2,568,625) |  | 37.90 |  | N/A |  | N/A
Vested | N/A |  | N/A |  | (759,900) |  | 2.37
Forfeited | (21,800) |  | 46.39 |  | (21,800) |  | 2.41
Expired | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Options outstanding December 31, 2019 | 2,286,550 | $ | 43.31 |  | 1,549,025 | $ | 2.22
Options exercisable December 31, 2019 (2)(3) | 737,525 | $ | 41.43 |  |  |  |
(1) As at December 31, 2019, there was $2 million of unrecognized compensation related to stock options not yet vested which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.4 years (2018 - $2 million, 2.2 years).
(2) As at December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining term of vested options was 5.5 years with an aggregate intrinsic value of $11 million (2018 - 5.1 years, $18 million).
(3) As at December 31, 2019, the fair value of options that vested in the year was $2 million (2018 - $2 million).
Compensation cost recognized for stock options for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1 million (2018 – $1 million), which is included in “OM&G” on the Consolidated Statements of Income. As at December 31, 2019, cash received from option exercises was $97 million (2018 – $1 million). The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $32 million (2018 – $1 million). The range of exercise prices for the options outsta nding as at December 31, 2019 was $32.06 to $46.39 (2018 – $21.99 to $46.19). Share Unit Plans The Company has DSU, PSU and RSU plans and the liabilities are marked-to-market at the end of each period based on the common share price at the end of the period. Deferred Share Unit Plans Under the Directors’ DSU plan, Directors of the Company may elect to receive all or any portion of their compensation in DSUs in lieu of cash compensation, subject to requirements to receive a minimum portion of their annual retainer in DSUs. Directors’ fe es are paid on a quarterly basis and, at the time of each payment of fees, the applicable amount is converted to DSUs. A DSU has a value equal to one Emera common share. When a dividend is paid on Emera’s common shares, the Director’s DSU account is credit ed with additional DSUs. DSUs cannot be redeemed for cash until the Director retires, resigns or otherwise leaves the Board. The cash redemption value of a DSU equals the market value of a common share at the time of redemption, pursuant to the plan. Follo wing retirement or resignation from the Board, the value of the DSUs credited to the participant’s account is calculated by multiplying the number of DSUs in the participant’s account by Emera’s closing common share price on the date DSUs are redeemed. Un der the executive and senior management DSU plan, each participant may elect to defer all or a percentage of their annual incentive award in the form of DSUs with the understanding, for participants who are subject to executive share ownership guidelines, a minimum of 50 per cent of the value of their actual annual incentive award (25 per cent in the first year of the program) will be payable in DSUs until the applicable guidelines are met. When incentive awards are determined, the amount elected is conver ted to DSUs, which have a value equal to the market price of an Emera common share. When a dividend is paid on Emera’s common shares, each participant’s DSU account is allocated additional DSUs equal in value to the dividends paid on an equivalent number o f Emera common shares. Following termination of employment or retirement, and by December 15 of the calendar year after termination or retirement, the value of the DSUs credited to the participant’s account is calculated by multiplying the number of DSUs i n the participant’s account by the average of Emera’s stock closing price for the fifty trading days prior to a given calculation date. Payments are usually made in cash. At the sole discretion of the Management Resources and Compensation Committee (“MRCC”), payments may be made in the form of actual shares. In addition, special DSU awards may be made from time to time by the MRCC to selected executives and senior management to recognize singular achievements or to achieve certain corporate objectives. A summary of the activity related to employee and director DSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented in the following table:
| Employee DSU |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | Director DSU |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as at December 31, 2018 | 837,109 | $ | 29.54 | 563,521 | $ | 37.07
Granted including DRIP | 120,098 |  | 39.05 | 104,293 |  | 42.25
Exercised | (252,610) |  | 19.68 | (136,360) |  | 29.76
Outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2019 | 704,597 | $ | 34.69 | 531,454 | $ | 39.96
Compensation cost recognized for employee and director DSU for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $24 million (2018 – ($2 million)). Tax benefits related to this compensation cost for share units realized for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $7 million (2018 – $1 million). The aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding shares for the year ended December 31, 2019 for employees was $40 million (2018 - $37 million). Performance Share Unit Plan Under the PSU plan, certain executive and senior employees are eligible for long-term incentives payable through the PSU plan. PSUs are granted annually for three-year overlapping performance cycles, resulting in a cash payment. PSUs are granted based on the average of Emera’s stock closing price for the fifty trading days prior to the effective grant date. Dividend equivalents are awarded and paid in the form of additional P SUs. The PSU value varies according to the Emera common share market price and corporate performance. PSUs vest at the end of the three-year cycle and will be calculated and approved by the MRC C early in the following year. The value of the payout considers actual service over th e performance cycle and may be pro-rated in certain departure scenarios. A summary of the activity related to employee PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented in the following table:
| Employee PSU |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as at December 31, 2018 | 1,127,114 | $ | 46.02 | $ | 56.9
Granted including DRIP | 545,008 |  | 43.15 |  |
Exercised | (140,754) |  | 43.00 |  |
Forfeited | (150,268) |  | 44.41 |  |
Outstanding as at December 31, 2019 | 1,381,100 | $ | 45.37 | $ | 88.1
Compensation cost recognized for the PSU plan for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $34 million (2018 – $14 million). Tax benefits related to this compensation cost for share units realized for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $9 million (2018 – $4 million). Restricted Share Unit Plan In November 2019, a new RSU plan was approved by Emera’s Board of Directors, with grants to begin in 2020. Under the RSU plan, certain executive and senior employees are eligible for long-term incentives payable through the RSU plan. RSUs are granted annua lly for three-year overlapping cycles, resulting in a cash payment. RSUs are granted based on the average of Emera’s stock closing price for the fifty trading days prior to the effective grant date. Dividend equivalents are awarded and paid in the form of additional RSUs. The RSU value varies according to the Emera common share market price. RSUs vest at the end of the three-year cycle and will be calculated and approved by the MRCC early in the following year. The value of the payout considers actual serv ice over the performance cycle and may be pro-rated in certain departure scenarios.

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