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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Fiscal Year The Company’s fiscal year ends on March 31 st. Unless otherwise noted, all references to a particular year shall mean the Company’s fiscal year. Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts stated in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These judgments, estimates, and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, revenue recognition, the fair values of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, the useful lives of long-lived assets, fair value of contingent earn-out consideration, and deferred income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that management considers reasonable. The Company assesses these estimates on a regular basis; however, actual results could differ from these estimates due to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty in the current economic environment. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The primary focus of the Company’s investment strategy is to preserve capital and meet liquidity requirements. The Company’s investment policy addresses the level of credit exposure by limiting the concentration in any one corporate issuer or sector and establishing a minimum allowable credit rating. To manage risk exposure, the Company invests cash equivalents and marketable securities in a variety of fixed income securities, including government and investment-grade debt securities and money market funds. The Company places its cash primarily in checking and money market accounts with reputable financial institutions. Deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits, if any. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are primarily limited to certain customers to which the Company makes substantial sales. No customer represented 10% or more of revenue for the fiscal years ended 2024, 2023, and 2022. The Company’s significant customers that represented 10% or more of accounts receivable, net for the periods presented were as follows:
|  |  | Accounts Receivable, Net
|  |  | As of March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Customer A |  |  |  |  |  |  | * |  | 18 | %
Customer B |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 | % |  | *
_______________ * Less than 10% For the purpose of assessing the concentration of credit risk for significant customers, the Company defines a customer as an entity that purchases the Company’s services directly or indirectly through marketing agencies. Revenue Recognition The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from the sale of subscriptions for the following solutions: •Marketing Solutions: Hosting of customer-sponsored content on the Doximity platform and providing access to the Company’s professional database of healthcare professionals for referral or marketing purposes during the subscription period. •Hiring Solutions: Providing customers access to the Company’s professional tools where recruiters can access the Company’s database of healthcare professionals, allowing customers to send messages for talent sourcing and to share job postings during the subscription period. The Company recognizes revenue through the following five steps: 1)Identify the contract with a customer The Company considers the terms and conditions of its contracts and the Company’s customary business practices in identifying its contracts under ASC 606. The Company determines it has a contract with a customer when the contract has been approved by both parties, it can identify each party’s rights regarding the services to be transferred and the payment terms for the services, it has determined that the customer has the ability and intent to pay, and the contract has commercial substance. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s payment history or, in the case of a new customer, the customer’s credit and financial information. Contractual terms for Marketing Solutions contracts are generally 12 months or less. Customers are generally billed for a portion of the contract upon contract execution and then billed throughout the remainder of the contract based on various time-based milestones. Certain Marketing Solutions contracts are cancelable with a customary notice period. The Company does not refund customer payments, and customers are responsible for amounts invoiced where payment was not made upon cancellation. The contractual term for Hiring Solutions contracts is generally 12 months. Hiring Solutions contracts are noncancelable and customers are billed in annual, quarterly, or monthly installments in advance of the service period. 2)Identify the performance obligations in the contract Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Marketing Solutions customers may purchase a subscription for a specific module to be used over a defined period of time. These customers may purchase more than one module with either the same or different subscription periods. Modules are the core building blocks of the customers’ marketing plan and can be broadly categorized as Awareness, Interactivity, and Peer. As an example, the Company’s Awareness modules may include a sponsored article, short animated videos or other short-form content that is presented to the targeted member. Each module targets a consistent number of Doximity members per month for the duration of the subscription period. The Company treats each subscription to a specific module as a distinct performance obligation because each module is capable of being distinct as the customer can benefit from the subscription to each module on their own and each subscription can be sold standalone. Furthermore, the subscriptions to individual modules are distinct in the context of the contract as (1) the Company is not integrating the services with other services promised in the contract into a bundle of services that represent a combined output, (2) the subscriptions to specific modules do not significantly modify or customize the subscription to another module, and (3) the specific modules are not highly interdependent or highly interrelated. The subscription to each module is treated as a series of distinct performance obligations because it is distinct and substantially the same, satisfied over time, and has the same measure of progress. Marketing Solutions customers may also purchase integrated subscriptions for a fixed subscription fee that are not tied to a single module but allow customers to utilize any combination of modules during the subscription period, subject to limits on the total number of modules launched in a given period of time, active at any given time, and members targeted. These represent stand-ready obligations in that the delivery of the underlying sponsored content is within the control of the customer and the extent of use in any given period does not diminish the remaining services. Subscriptions to Hiring Solutions provide customers access to the platform to place targeted job postings and send a fixed number of monthly messages. Each subscription is treated as a series of distinct performance obligations that are satisfied over time. 3)Determine the transaction price The transaction price is determined based on the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring services to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur. The Company may generate sales through the use of third-party media agencies that are authorized to enter into contracts on behalf of an end customer. The Company acts as the principal in these transactions since it maintains control prior to transferring the service to the customer and is primarily responsible for the fulfillment that occurs through the Company’s platform. The Company records revenue for the amount to which it is entitled from the third-party media agencies as the Company does not know and expects not to know the price charged by the third-party media agencies to its customers. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental entities. 4)Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”). The determination of a SSP for each distinct performance obligation requires judgment. The Company determines SSP for performance obligations based on historical arrangements sold on a standalone basis. To the extent historical sales are not available or do not provide sufficient evidence, the Company estimates the SSP by taking into account overall pricing objectives, which take into consideration market conditions and customer-specific factors, including a review of internal discounting tables, the type of services being sold, and other factors. The Company believes the use of its estimation approach and allocation of the transaction price on a relative SSP basis to each performance obligation results in revenue recognition in a manner consistent with the underlying economics of the transaction and the allocation principle included in ASC 606. 5)Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation Revenue is recognized when or as control of the promised goods or service is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Subscriptions represent a series of distinct goods or services because the performance obligations are satisfied over time as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits related to the services as the Company performs. In the case of module specific subscriptions, a consistent level of service is provided during each monthly period the sponsored content is available on the Company’s platform. The Company commences revenue recognition when the first content is launched on the platform for the initial monthly period and revenue is recognized over time as each subsequent content period is delivered. The Company’s obligation for its integrated subscriptions is to stand-ready throughout the subscription period; therefore, the Company considers an output method of time to measure progress towards satisfaction of its obligations with revenue commencing upon the beginning of the subscription period. The Company treats Hiring Solutions subscriptions as a single performance obligation that represents a series of distinct performance obligations that is satisfied over time. Revenue recognition commences when the customer receives access to the services and is recognized ratably over the subscription period. Other revenue consists of fees earned from the temporary staffing and permanent placement of healthcare professionals. Revenue is recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Contract Balances Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Marketing Solutions customers are generally billed for a portion of the contract upon contract execution and then billed throughout the remainder of the contract based on various time-based milestones, starting when the tailored content is first shared on the Doximity platform. Hiring Solutions customers are generally billed periodically throughout the service period. The Company’s contracts do not contain significant financing components. The Company records unbilled revenue when revenue is recognized in amounts for which it is contractually entitled but exceeds the amounts the Company has a right to bill as of the end of the period. The Company records unbilled revenue on the consolidated balance sheets within prepaid expenses and other current assets. Deferred revenue consists of noncancelable customer billings or payments received in advance of revenue recognition. Deferred revenue balances are generally expected to be recognized within 12 months. Since the majority of the Company’s contracts have a duration of one year or less, the Company has elected not to disclose remaining performance obligations in accordance with the optional exemption in ASC 606. Remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year are not material. Deferred Contract Costs The Company capitalizes sales compensation that is considered to be an incremental and recoverable cost of obtaining a contract with a customer. The Company pays commissions based on signing new arrangements with customers and upon renewals and expansion of existing contracts with customers. Deferred compensation is generally amortized over the weighted-average contractual term, ranging from 7 months to 14 months. The portion of deferred compensation expected to be recognized within one year of the balance sheet date is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and the remaining portion is recorded as other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortization of deferred contract costs is included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Sales compensation that is not considered an incremental cost is expensed in the same period that it was earned. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to their short maturities. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company uses a three-tier hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1—Inputs that are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities and which reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition to be cash equivalents. The Company’s marketable securities portfolio includes only debt securities. Marketable debt securities that the Company may sell prior to maturity in response to changes in the Company's investment strategy, liquidity needs, or for other reasons are classified as available-for-sale. The Company's portfolio as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 includes only available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value as of each balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses for available-for-sale securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s marketable securities are available for use in current operations, even if the security matures beyond 12 months. The Company classifies its marketable securities as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Periodically, the Company assesses the available-for-sale securities for impairment. An investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost basis. The amortized cost of an investment will be written down to the fair value when the Company determines (i) it is more likely than not that management will be required to sell the impaired security before recovery of its amortized basis or (ii) management has the intention to sell the security. If neither of these conditions are met, the Company must determine whether the impairment is due to credit losses. A credit loss exists if the amortized cost basis of the security exceeds the present value of cash flows expected to be collected. All credit losses are recorded to other income, net, and any remaining unrealized losses are recorded to other comprehensive income (loss). If the Company has the intent to sell an available-for-sale security in an unrealized loss position or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, any previously recorded allowance is reversed and the entire difference between the amortized cost basis of the security and its fair value is recognized in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable securities on a specific identification method and records them to other income, net. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recorded to other income, net. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. The Company estimates its allowance for doubtful accounts by evaluating the Company’s ability to collect outstanding receivable balances. The Company considers various factors, including the age of the balance, the creditworthiness of the customer, which is assessed based on ongoing credit evaluations, payment history and the customer’s current financial condition. The Company had no material bad debt write offs for the years ending March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful life of each asset category is as follows:
Furniture and equipment | 3-5 years
Computers and software | 3 years
Internal-use software development costs | 3 years
Leasehold improvements | Shorter of useful life or remaining lease term
When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are written off, and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in the period realized. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Internal-Use Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes certain costs to develop its website, mobile applications and internal-use software when preliminary planning efforts are successfully completed, management has committed project resourcing, and it is probable that the project will be completed. Costs incurred prior to meeting these criteria, as well as costs incurred for training, maintenance, and minor modifications or enhancements, are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costs include personnel and related expenses for employees and costs of third-party contractors who are directly associated with and who devote time to internal-use software projects. Capitalization of these costs ceases once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended use. Capitalized costs are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to cost of revenue over their estimated useful life. Business Combinations When the Company acquires a business, the purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future expected cash flows, future revenue growth, margins, customer retention rates, technology life, royalty rates, expected use of acquired assets, and discount rates. Acquisition costs, such as legal and consulting fees, are expensed as incurred. Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Long-Lived Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at least annually in its fourth fiscal quarter or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. The Company has one reporting unit and evaluates goodwill for impairment at the entity level. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over its fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated remaining economic lives. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is included in cost of revenue and sales and marketing expense. Management evaluates the recoverability of the Company’s long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets held and used is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value for the asset or asset group. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. Stock-based awards include stock options with service-based, performance-based and market-based vesting conditions, restricted stock units, or RSUs, performance-based restricted stock units, or PSUs, and warrants granted to employees, directors, and non-employees, as well as stock purchase rights granted to employees under the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP. For awards that vest based on continued service, stock-based compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards with performance-based vesting conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using an accelerated attribution method from the time it is deemed probable that the vesting condition will be met through the time the service-based vesting condition has been achieved. The Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance condition at each reporting date. For awards with market-based vesting conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on an accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period, even if the market condition is not satisfied. The fair value of each RSU and PSU is based on the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock, which is traded on the NYSE, on the date of grant. The grant-date fair value of warrants, stock purchase rights granted to employees under the ESPP (“ESPP rights”), and stock options with service-based or performance-based vesting conditions is estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The grant-date fair value of stock options with market-based vesting conditions is estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The determination of the grant-date fair value using an option-pricing model is affected by the fair value of the Company’s common stock and assumptions regarding a number of other complex and subjective variables. These assumptions include the expected term of the award, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the award, the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the award, and expected dividends. Prior to the IPO, the Company granted stock options and warrants which were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and after the IPO, the Company has granted warrants and ESPP rights which are valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes models are determined as follows: Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent expected term of the awards. Expected Volatility—Prior to the IPO, when there was no public market for the Company’s common stock, the expected volatility was determined using the historical volatilities of several publicly listed peer companies over a period equivalent to the expected term of the awards. After the IPO, the expected volatility was determined using the historical stock volatilities of the common stock of the Company over a period equivalent to the duration of the offering period. Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Prior to the IPO, the Company estimated the expected term for awards granted to employees using the simplified method as the Company’s historical share option exercise experience did not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The simplified method uses the average of the vesting period and contractual term. For awards granted to non-employees, the Company used the contractual term as the expected term. For ESPP rights, the expected term is equivalent to the offering period. Expected Dividend Yield—The Company has not historically issued dividends and does not currently expect to issue a dividend in the future. Fair Value Per Share of the Company’s Common Stock—Because the Company’s common stock was not publicly traded until the completion of the IPO, the Company’s board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of the Company’s common stock at each meeting during which awards were approved. These factors included, but were not limited to (i) contemporaneous third-party valuations of common stock; (ii) the rights and preferences of the Company’s preferred stock relative to common stock; (iii) the lack of marketability of common stock; (iv) developments in the business; and (v) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions. After the IPO, the Company used the closing stock price of the Company’s Class A common stock, which is traded on the NYSE. Leases The Company determines if a contract is or contains a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are operating leases. Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities with a lease term greater than 12 months are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term, which would include extension or termination options if it is reasonably certain that such options will be exercised, discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. As none of the Company’s leases provide an implicit rate, the incremental borrowing rate used is estimated based on what the Company would be required to pay for a collateralized loan over a similar term as the lease. The Company amortizes the present value of each right-of-use asset on a straight-line basis over its remaining lease term. Leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities, current, and operating lease liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. Our lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, insurance, property tax, and other operating costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not separate non-lease components from lease components for its facility asset portfolio. Net Income Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders The Company applies the two-class method to compute basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders when shares meet the definition of participating securities. Prior to the automatic conversion of the Company’s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock to Class B common stock in connection with the IPO, the Company had redeemable convertible preferred stock. The redeemable convertible preferred stock was considered to be a participating security because the holders were each entitled to receive noncumulative dividends out of any funds legally available, when and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, payable prior and in preference to any dividends on any shares of common stock based on the proportion of common stock that would be held if all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted at the then-effective conversion rate. Redeemable convertible preferred stock was therefore included in the computation of earnings per share under the two-class method. Holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. Under the two-class method, net income attributable to common stockholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings, calculated as net income, less (i) current period redeemable convertible preferred stock noncumulative dividends and (ii) earnings attributable to participating securities. Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the effect of potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities include stock options, RSUs, PSUs, ESPP, redeemable convertible preferred stock, and common stock warrants. The dilutive effect of stock options, common stock warrants, RSUs, PSUs, and the ESPP is reflected in diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting, converting, and transfer rights. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis to each class of common stock and the resulting basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders are, therefore, the same for both Class A and Class B common stock on both an individual and combined basis. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions, if any, as a component of its provision for (benefit from) income taxes. Legal Contingencies The Company may be subject to claims and other legal matters from time to time. The Company records a liability when it believes that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When the Company believes that a loss is reasonably possible, it will disclose an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. The Company expects to periodically evaluate developments in the legal matters that could affect the amount of liability that the Company accrues, if any, and adjust as appropriate. Until the final resolution of any such matter for which the Company may record a liability, there may be a loss exposure in excess of the liability recorded and such amount could be significant. Legal fees are expensed as incurred, other than amounts capitalized as deferred offering costs, as discussed above. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses related to cloud hosting, personnel-related expenses for the Company’s customer success team, costs for third-party platform access, information-technology and software-related services and contractors, and other services used in connection with delivery and support of the Company’s platform. Cost of revenue also includes the amortization of internal-use software development costs, editorial and other content-related expenses, and allocated overhead. Research and Development Research and development expense is primarily comprised of personnel-related expenses associated with the Company’s engineering and product teams who are responsible for building new products and improving existing products. Research and development expense also includes costs for third-party services and contractors, information technology and software-related costs, and allocated overhead. Other than internal-use software development costs that qualify for capitalization, research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Restructuring Restructuring expense primarily consists of severance payments, employee benefits, and stock-based compensation in relation to the modification of equity awards associated with the management-approved plan. One-time employee termination benefits are recognized at the time of communication of the terms of the plan to the employees, unless future service is required, in which case the costs are recognized over the future service period. The Company records these costs in restructuring expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising Expenses Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expense was $2.5 million, $2.6 million, and $2.8 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning April 1, 2024, and for interim periods within the fiscal year beginning April 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which includes amendments that further enhance annual income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning April 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

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