10-Q 1 amh0930201510q.htm 10-Q 9-30-15

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
ý |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2015
or

o |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
|  | EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-36013

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland |  | 46-1229660
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

30601 Agoura Road, Suite 200
Agoura Hills, California 91301
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(805) 413-5300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ý Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ý Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ý |  | Accelerated filer | o
Non-accelerated filer | o | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes ý No
There were 207,462,066 Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value per share, and 635,075 Class B common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding on November 3, 2015.

American Homes 4 Rent
Form 10-Q
INDEX

|  |  | Page
|  | CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | i
PART I |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements | 1
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 15
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 28
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures | 28
PART II |  | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings | 29
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 29
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 29
Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 29
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 29
Item 5. |  | Other Information | 29
Item 6. |  | Exhibits | 29
|  | Signatures | 30
|  | Exhibit Index |

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Various statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of American Homes 4 Rent (the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us”), including those that express a belief, expectation or intention, as well as those that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include projections and estimates concerning the timing and success of specific projects and our future revenues, income and capital spending. Our forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “potential,” “plan,” “goal” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These and other important factors, including those discussed or incorporated by reference under Part II, Item 1A.”Risk Factors”, Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, they are not guarantees of future performance, and you should not unduly rely on them. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date of this report. We are not obligated to update or revise these statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by applicable law.
i

PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

| September 30, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
| (Unaudited) |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Single-family properties: |  |  |  |  |
Land | $ | 1,218,547 |  |  | $ | 1,104,409 |
Buildings and improvements | 5,401,857 |  |  | 4,808,706 |
Single-family properties held for sale | 6,472 |  |  | 3,818 |
| 6,626,876 |  |  | 5,916,933 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (359,412 | ) |  | (206,262 | )
Single-family properties, net | 6,267,464 |  |  | 5,710,671 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 238,417 |  |  | 108,787 |
Restricted cash | 106,973 |  |  | 77,198 |
Rent and other receivables, net | 17,527 |  |  | 11,009 |
Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets | 118,444 |  |  | 118,783 |
Deferred costs and other intangibles, net | 70,670 |  |  | 54,582 |
Asset-backed securitization certificates | 25,666 |  |  | 25,666 |
Goodwill | 120,655 |  |  | 120,655 |
Total assets | $ | 6,965,816 |  |  | $ | 6,227,351 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Credit facility | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207,000 |
Asset-backed securitizations | 2,536,192 |  |  | 1,519,390 |
Secured note payable | 50,980 |  |  | 51,644 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 234,651 |  |  | 149,706 |
Contingently convertible Series E units liability | 68,601 |  |  | 72,057 |
Preferred shares derivative liability | 60,260 |  |  | 57,960 |
Total liabilities | 2,950,684 |  |  | 2,057,757 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Class A common shares, $0.01 par value per share, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 207,460,466 and 210,838,831 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively | 2,074 |  |  | 2,108 |
Class B common shares, $0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 635,075 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 17,060,000 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 | 171 |  |  | 171 |
Additional paid-in capital | 3,566,892 |  |  | 3,618,207 |
Accumulated deficit | (265,988 | ) |  | (170,162 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (148 | ) |  | (229 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 3,303,007 |  |  | 3,450,101 |
Noncontrolling interest | 712,125 |  |  | 719,493 |
Total equity | 4,015,132 |  |  | 4,169,594 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 6,965,816 |  |  | $ | 6,227,351 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
1

American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rents from single-family properties | $ | 148,815 |  |  | $ | 104,210 |  |  | $ | 407,313 |  |  | $ | 266,842 |
Fees from single-family properties | 2,146 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | 5,681 |  |  | 4,776 |
Tenant charge-backs | 19,881 |  |  | 4,282 |  |  | 40,215 |  |  | 9,310 |
Other | 1,771 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 4,780 |  |  | 1,047 |
Total revenues | 172,613 |  |  | 110,393 |  |  | 457,989 |  |  | 281,975 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leased single-family properties | 83,682 |  |  | 50,583 |  |  | 205,435 |  |  | 117,148 |
Vacant single-family properties and other | 2,522 |  |  | 3,885 |  |  | 12,950 |  |  | 18,770 |
General and administrative expense | 6,090 |  |  | 5,291 |  |  | 18,497 |  |  | 16,068 |
Interest expense | 23,866 |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 61,539 |  |  | 10,502 |
Noncash share-based compensation expense | 913 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 1,895 |
Acquisition fees and costs expensed | 4,153 |  |  | 14,550 |  |  | 14,297 |  |  | 15,921 |
Depreciation and amortization | 67,800 |  |  | 44,855 |  |  | 180,685 |  |  | 118,311 |
Total expenses | 189,026 |  |  | 125,027 |  |  | 495,746 |  |  | 298,615 |
Remeasurement of Series E units | (525 | ) |  | 3,588 |  |  | 3,456 |  |  | (4,112 | )
Remeasurement of preferred shares | (3,000 | ) |  | (1,750 | ) |  | (2,300 | ) |  | (2,348 | )
Net loss | (19,938 | ) |  | (12,796 | ) |  | (36,601 | ) |  | (23,100 | )
Noncontrolling interest | 3,109 |  |  | 3,382 |  |  | 10,795 |  |  | 11,214 |
Dividends on preferred shares | 5,569 |  |  | 5,569 |  |  | 16,707 |  |  | 13,359 |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (28,616 | ) |  | $ | (21,747 | ) |  | $ | (64,103 | ) |  | $ | (47,673 | )
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic and diluted | 211,414,368 |  |  | 202,547,677 |  |  | 211,460,840 |  |  | 191,251,638 |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders per share- basic and diluted | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | (0.30 | ) |  | $ | (0.25 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net loss | $ | (19,938 | ) |  | $ | (12,796 | ) |  | $ | (36,601 | ) |  | $ | (23,100 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate cap agreement: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized interest rate cap agreement gain (loss) arising during the period | 51 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (196 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate cap agreement | 51 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (196 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 51 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (196 | )
Comprehensive loss | (19,887 | ) |  | (12,780 | ) |  | (36,520 | ) |  | (23,296 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3,106 |  |  | 3,379 |  |  | 10,790 |  |  | 11,226 |
Dividends on preferred shares | 5,569 |  |  | 5,569 |  |  | 16,707 |  |  | 13,359 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (28,562 | ) |  | $ | (21,728 | ) |  | $ | (64,017 | ) |  | $ | (47,881 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

| Class A common shares |  | Class B common shares |  | Preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Number of shares |  | Amount |  | Number of shares |  | Amount |  | Number of shares |  | Amount |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Shareholders’ equity |  | Noncontrolling interest |  | Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2014 | 210,838,831 |  |  | $ | 2,108 |  |  | 635,075 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 17,060,000 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 3,618,207 |  |  | $ | (170,162 | ) |  | $ | (229 | ) |  | $ | 3,450,101 |  |  | $ | 719,493 |  |  | $ | 4,169,594 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,343 |
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 28,681 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |
Repurchase of Class A common shares | (3,407,046 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53,744 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53,778 | ) |  | — |  |  | (53,778 | )
Distributions to equity holders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,707 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,707 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,707 | )
Noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (18,163 | ) |  | (18,163 | )
Common shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,723 | ) |  | — |  |  | (31,723 | ) |  | — |  |  | (31,723 | )
Net (loss) income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (47,396 | ) |  | — |  |  | (47,396 | ) |  | 10,795 |  |  | (36,601 | )
Total other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Balances at September 30, 2015 | 207,460,466 |  |  | $ | 2,074 |  |  | 635,075 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 17,060,000 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 3,566,892 |  |  | $ | (265,988 | ) |  | $ | (148 | ) |  | $ | 3,303,007 |  |  | $ | 712,125 |  |  | $ | 4,015,132 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (36,601 | ) |  | $ | (23,100 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 180,685 |  |  | 118,311 |
Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs | 5,769 |  |  | 919 |
Noncash share-based compensation | 2,343 |  |  | 1,895 |
Provision for bad debt | 5,005 |  |  | 4,429 |
Remeasurement of Series E units | (3,456 | ) |  | 4,112 |
Remeasurement of preferred shares | 2,300 |  |  | 2,348 |
Equity in net income of unconsolidated ventures | 385 |  |  | 62 |
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Rent and other receivables | (13,071 | ) |  | (3,927 | )
Restricted cash for resident security deposits | (10,239 | ) |  | (13,232 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (5,140 | ) |  | 6,331 |
Deferred leasing costs | (7,733 | ) |  | (5,096 | )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 27,184 |  |  | 18,150 |
Resident security deposit liability | 10,239 |  |  | 13,232 |
Amounts payable to affiliates | (1,721 | ) |  | 7,218 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 155,949 |  |  | 131,652 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for single-family properties | (552,944 | ) |  | (914,059 | )
Escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties | (2,050 | ) |  | (37,834 | )
Increase in restricted cash related to lender requirements | (19,536 | ) |  | (19,550 | )
Cash acquired in non-cash business combinations | — |  |  | 2,202 |
Beazer Rental Homes acquisition | — |  |  | (108,246 | )
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures | (10,003 | ) |  | (13,932 | )
Investments in mortgage financing receivables | (11,227 | ) |  | (23,744 | )
Initial renovations to single-family properties | (125,158 | ) |  | (136,150 | )
Other capital expenditures for single-family properties | (23,008 | ) |  | (10,051 | )
Net cash used for investing activities | (743,926 | ) |  | (1,261,364 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from issuance of Class A common shares | — |  |  | 308,617 |
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred shares | — |  |  | 189,433 |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 225 |  |  | 431 |
Proceeds from asset-backed securitizations | 1,030,559 |  |  | 968,594 |
Payments on asset-backed securitizations | (13,757 | ) |  | (1,202 | )
Proceeds from credit facility | 799,000 |  |  | 1,174,000 |
Payments on credit facility | (1,006,000 | ) |  | (1,467,000 | )
Payments on secured note | (664 | ) |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (18,163 | ) |  | (17,827 | )
Distributions to common shareholders | (31,723 | ) |  | (29,125 | )
Distributions to preferred shareholders | (16,707 | ) |  | (13,359 | )
Deferred financing costs paid | (25,163 | ) |  | (27,900 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 717,607 |  |  | 1,084,662 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 129,630 |  |  | (45,050 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 108,787 |  |  | 148,989 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 238,417 |  |  | $ | 103,939 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments for interest | $ | (56,005 | ) |  | $ | (15,654 | )
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses related to property acquisitions | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | (4,631 | )
Amounts payable to affiliates related to property acquisitions | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,883 | )
Accrued distribution to Series C convertible units | $ | 4,698 |  |  | $ | 4,698 |
Repurchase of Class A common shares | $ | 53,778 |  |  | $ | — |
Acquisitions for equity |  |  |
Single-family properties | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,834 |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,202 |
Other net assets and liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,886 | )
Deferred costs and other intangibles | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,655 |
Class A common shares | $ | — |  |  | $ | (82 | )
Additional paid-in capital | $ | — |  |  | $ | (144,723 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

American Homes 4 Rent
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Organization and Operations
American Homes 4 Rent (the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us”) is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed on October 19, 2012. We are focused on acquiring, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. As of September 30, 2015, the Company held 38,377 single-family properties in 22 states, including 46 properties held for sale.
From our formation through June 10, 2013, we were externally managed and advised by American Homes 4 Rent Advisor, LLC (the “Advisor”) and the leasing, managing and advertising of our properties was overseen and directed by American Homes 4 Rent Management Holdings, LLC (the “Property Manager”), both of which were subsidiaries of American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (“AH LLC”). On June 10, 2013, we acquired the Advisor and the Property Manager from AH LLC in exchange for 4,375,000 Series D units and 4,375,000 Series E units in American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”) (the “Management Internalization”). Under the terms of the contribution agreement, all administrative, financial, property management, marketing and leasing personnel, including executive management, became fully dedicated to us. Since the date of the Management Internalization, the Company has consolidated the Advisor and the Property Manager and the results of these operations are reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Prior to the Management Internalization, AH LLC exercised control over the Company through the contractual rights provided to the Advisor through an advisory management agreement. Accordingly, the contribution of certain properties by AH LLC to the Company prior to the Management Internalization have been deemed to be transactions between entities under common control, and as such, the accounts relating to the properties contributed have been recorded by us as if they had been acquired by us on the dates such properties were acquired by AH LLC. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements include AH LLC’s historical carrying values of the properties that had been acquired by AH LLC.
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company consolidates real estate partnerships and other entities that are not variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when it owns, directly or indirectly, a majority interest in the entity or is otherwise able to control the entity. The Company consolidates VIEs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 810, Consolidation, if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE as determined by its power to direct the VIE’s activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. Entities for which the Company owns an interest, but does not consolidate, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as an investment in unconsolidated subsidiary and are included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Ownership interests in certain consolidated subsidiaries of the Company held by outside parties are included in noncontrolling interest within the condensed consolidated financial statements.
The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures required for annual financial statements have been condensed or excluded pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. In the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods have been made. The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, compared to those policies disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. Therefore, notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements that would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in our most recent audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted.
6

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, rather than as an asset. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected and amortization of such costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements, to clarify that debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements may be deferred and presented as an asset and subsequently amortized ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and for interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted and retrospective application required. The Company expects to adopt the guidance effective January 1, 2016, and the impact will be a reduction of deferred costs and other intangibles, net, as well as a corresponding reduction of the associated debt liability.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which changes the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. Among other changes, it modifies the criteria used in the variable interest model and eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership in the voting model. The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and for interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which provides guidance on revenue recognition and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, most industry-specific guidance and some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance. These judgments may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods. At that time, the Company may adopt the full retrospective approach or the modified retrospective approach. Early adoption is not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption of this guidance and does not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements.
Note 3. Single-Family Properties
Single-family properties, net, consists of the following as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands):

| September 30, 2015
| Number of properties |  | Net book value
Leased single-family properties | 35,617 |  |  | $ | 5,815,458 |
Single-family properties being renovated | 810 |  |  | 127,734 |
Single-family properties being prepared for re-lease | 283 |  |  | 45,756 |
Vacant single-family properties available for lease | 1,621 |  |  | 272,044 |
Single-family properties held for sale | 46 |  |  | 6,472 |
Total | 38,377 |  |  | $ | 6,267,464 |

| December 31, 2014
| Number of properties |  | Net book value
Leased single-family properties | 28,250 |  |  | $ | 4,631,797 |
Single-family properties being renovated | 2,886 |  |  | 476,120 |
Single-family properties being prepared for re-lease | 630 |  |  | 104,974 |
Vacant single-family properties available for lease | 2,807 |  |  | 493,962 |
Single-family properties held for sale | 26 |  |  | 3,818 |
Total | 34,599 |  |  | $ | 5,710,671 |

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Single-family properties, net at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, included $34.0 million and $114.6 million, respectively, related to properties for which the recorded grant deed has not been received. For these properties, the trustee or seller has warranted that all legal rights of ownership have been transferred to us on the date of the sale, but there is a delay for the deeds to be recorded.
Depreciation expense related to single-family properties was $63.9 million and $40.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $165.8 million and $106.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Note 4. Rent and Other Receivables
Included in rent and other receivables, net is an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2.8 million and $0.5 million as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively. Also included in rent and other receivables, net, are receivables related to payments made on single-family properties for which sales have been rescinded or unwound due to legal issues beyond our control, which totaled zero and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively, and other non-tenant receivables, which totaled $2.7 million and $2.4 million as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.
Note 5. Deferred Costs and Other Intangibles
Deferred costs and other intangibles, net, consists of the following as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

| September 30, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
Deferred leasing costs | $ | 14,893 |  |  | $ | 18,307 |
Deferred financing costs | 78,176 |  |  | 53,013 |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
In-place lease values | 2,231 |  |  | 10,468 |
Trademark | 3,100 |  |  | 3,100 |
Database | 2,100 |  |  | 2,100 |
| 100,500 |  |  | 86,988 |
Less: accumulated amortization | (29,830 | ) |  | (32,406 | )
Total | $ | 70,670 |  |  | $ | 54,582 |

Amortization expense related to deferred leasing costs, the value of in-place leases, trademark and database was $2.8 million and $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $10.0 million and $11.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which has been included in depreciation and amortization within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of deferred financing costs was $2.4 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $6.8 million and $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which has been included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization (see Note 6).
The following table sets forth the estimated annual amortization expense related to deferred costs and other intangibles, net as of September 30, 2015, for future periods (in thousands):

Year |  | Deferred Leasing Costs |  | Deferred Financing Costs |  | Value of In-place Leases |  | Trademark |  | Database
Remaining 2015 |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  | $ | 2,678 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 75 |
2016 |  | 2,497 |  |  | 10,591 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 660 |  |  | 300 |
2017 |  | — |  |  | 9,025 |  |  | — |  |  | 752 |  |  | 300 |
2018 |  | — |  |  | 8,527 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
2019 |  | — |  |  | 6,374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Thereafter |  | — |  |  | 25,898 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |
Total |  | $ | 4,513 |  |  | $ | 63,093 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 1,407 |

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Note 6. Debt
The following table presents the Company’s debt as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Outstanding Principal Balance
| Interest Rate (1) |  | Maturity Date |  | September 30, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
2014-SFR1 securitization (2) | 1.79 | % |  | June 9, 2019 |  | $ | 474,958 |  |  | $ | 478,565 |
2014-SFR2 securitization | 4.42 | % |  | October 9, 2024 |  | 508,587 |  |  | 512,435 |
2014-SFR3 securitization | 4.40 | % |  | December 9, 2024 |  | 524,429 |  |  | 528,390 |
2015-SFR1 securitization (3) | 4.14 | % |  | April 9, 2045 |  | 550,502 |  |  | — |
2015-SFR2 securitization (4) | 4.36 | % |  | October 9, 2045 |  | 477,716 |  |  | — |
Total asset-backed securitizations |  |  |  |  |  | 2,536,192 |  |  | 1,519,390 |
Secured note payable | 4.06 | % |  | July 1, 2019 |  | 50,980 |  |  | 51,644 |
Credit facility (5) | 2.96 | % |  | September 30, 2018 |  | — |  |  | 207,000 |
Total debt (6) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,587,172 |  |  | $ | 1,778,034 |

(1) | Interest rates are as of September 30, 2015. Unless otherwise stated, interest rates are fixed percentages.

(2) | The 2014-SFR1 securitization bears interest at a duration-weighted blended interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.54%, subject to a LIBOR floor of 0.25%. The maturity date of June 9, 2019, reflects the fully extended maturity date based on an initial two-year loan term and three, 12-month extension options, at the Company’s election, provided there is no event of default and compliance with certain other terms.

(3) | The 2015-SFR1 securitization has a maturity date of April 9, 2045, with an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025.

(4) | The 2015-SFR2 securitization has a maturity date of October 9, 2045, with an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025.

(5) | The credit facility provides for a borrowing capacity of up to $800.0 million through March 2016 and bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.75% (3.125% beginning in March 2017). Any outstanding borrowings upon expiration of the credit facility period in March 2016 will become due in September 2018.

(6) | The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants associated with its asset-backed securitizations and credit facility as of September 30, 2015.

Asset-Backed Securitizations
March 2015 Securitization
In March 2015, we completed a private securitization transaction (the “2015-SFR1 securitization”), in which a newly-formed special purpose entity (the “Borrower”) entered into a loan with a third-party lender for $552.8 million represented by a promissory note. The Borrower under the loan is wholly owned by another special purpose entity (the “Equity Owner”) and the Equity Owner is wholly owned by the Operating Partnership. The loan is a fixed-rate loan with a 30 year term, maturity date of April 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.14%. The loan requires monthly payments of interest together with principal payments representing one-twelfth of one percent of the original principal amount. The loan has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. In the event the loan is not repaid on April 9, 2025, the interest rate on each component is increased to a rate per annum equal to the sum of 3% plus the greater of: (a) the initial interest rate and (b) a rate equal to the sum of (i) the bid side yield to maturity for the “on the run” United States Treasury note with a 10 year maturity plus the mid-market 10 year swap spread, plus (ii) the component rate spread for each component.
The note was immediately transferred by the third-party lender to a subsidiary of the Company and then to a REMIC trust in exchange for eight classes of single-family rental pass-through certificates representing all the beneficial ownership interests in the loan and the trust. Upon receipt of the certificates, a subsidiary of the Company sold the certificates to investors for gross proceeds of $552.8 million, before issuance costs of $13.3 million. Proceeds from this transaction were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. The principal amount of each class of certificates corresponds to the corresponding principal amount of the loan components with an additional class to hold the residual REMIC interest.
The loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a pool of 4,661 single-family residential properties transferred to the Borrower from the Company’s portfolio of properties. The Borrower’s homes were substantially similar to the other properties owned by the Company and were leased to tenants underwritten on substantially the same basis as the tenants in the Company’s other properties. During the duration of the loan, the Borrower’s properties may not generally be transferred, sold or otherwise securitized, the Company can substitute properties only if a property owned by the Borrower becomes a disqualified property under the terms of the loan, and the Borrower is limited in its ability to incur any additional indebtedness.
The loan is also secured by a security interest in all of the Borrower’s personal property and a pledge of all of the assets of the Equity Owner, including a security interest in its membership interest in the Borrower. The Company provides a limited guaranty
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(i) for certain losses arising out of designated acts of intentional misconduct and (ii) for the principal amount of the loan and all other obligations under the loan agreement in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings.
The loan agreement provides that the Borrower maintain covenants typical for securitization transactions including maintaining certain reserve accounts and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.20 to 1.00. The loan agreement defines the debt service coverage ratio as of any determination date as a ratio in which the numerator is the net cash flow divided by the aggregate debt service for the 12 month period following the date of determination. As of September 30, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loan agreement.
The Company has accounted for the transfer of the note from its subsidiary to the trust as a sale under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, with no resulting gain or loss as the note was both originated by the third party lender and immediately transferred at the same fair market value. The Company has also evaluated and not identified any variable interests in the trust. Accordingly, the Company continues to consolidate, at historical cost basis, the 4,661 homes placed as collateral for the note. The principal balance outstanding on the note was $550.5 million as of September 30, 2015, and was included in asset-backed securitizations within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The 4,661 collateral homes had a net book value of $741.5 million as of September 30, 2015.
September 2015 Securitization
In September 2015, we completed a private securitization transaction (the “2015-SFR2 securitization”), which was structured substantially similar to the 2015-SFR1 securitization. The principal differences from the 2015-SFR1 securitization are: (1) the loan is a fixed-rate loan for $477.7 million with a 30 year term, maturity date of October 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.36%, (2) the loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,125 single-family residential properties owned by the borrower, a subsidiary of the Company, and (3) the loan has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. In the event the loan is not repaid on October 9, 2025, the interest rate on each component is increased to a rate per annum equal to the sum of 3% plus the greater of: (a) the initial interest rate and (b) a rate equal to the sum of (i) the bid side yield to maturity for the “on the run” United States Treasury note with a 10 year maturity plus the mid-market 10 year swap spread, plus (ii) the component rate spread for each component. Gross proceeds to the Company from the 2015-SFR2 securitization were $477.7 million, before issuance costs of $11.3 million. Proceeds from this transaction were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes.
The loan agreement provides that the Borrower maintain covenants typical for securitization transactions including maintaining certain reserve accounts and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.20 to 1.00. The loan agreement defines the debt service coverage ratio as of any determination date as a ratio in which the numerator is the net cash flow divided by the aggregate debt service for the 12 month period following the date of determination. As of September 30, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the loan agreement. The Company consolidates, at historical cost basis, the 4,125 homes placed as collateral for the note. The principal balance outstanding on the note was $477.7 million as of September 30, 2015, and was included in asset-backed securitizations within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The 4,125 collateral homes had a net book value of $686.8 million as of September 30, 2015.
Credit Facility
In March 2013, the Company entered into a $500.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility with a financial institution, which was subsequently amended in September 2013 to, among other things, expand our borrowing capacity to $800.0 million and extend the repayment period to September 30, 2018. Borrowings under the credit facility are available through March 7, 2016, at which point, any outstanding borrowings will convert to a term loan through September 30, 2018. All borrowings under the credit facility bear interest at 30 day LIBOR plus 2.75% until March 2017, and thereafter at 30 day LIBOR plus 3.125%. The credit facility is secured by our Operating Partnership’s membership interests in entities that own certain of our single-family properties and requires that we maintain certain financial covenants. As of September 30, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants. The Company did not have any borrowings outstanding under the credit facility as of September 30, 2015, compared to $207.0 million in total outstanding borrowings under the credit facility at December 31, 2014.
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Interest Expense
The following table outlines our total gross interest, including unused commitment and other fees and amortization of deferred financing costs, and capitalized interest for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, 2015 |  | September 30, 2014 |  | September 30, 2015 |  | September 30, 2014
Gross interest | $ | 25,029 |  |  | $ | 8,500 |  |  | $ | 69,181 |  |  | $ | 19,228 |
Capitalized interest | (1,163 | ) |  | (3,388 | ) |  | (7,642 | ) |  | (8,726 | )
Interest expense | $ | 23,866 |  |  | $ | 5,112 |  |  | $ | 61,539 |  |  | $ | 10,502 |

Note 7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
The following table summarizes accounts payable and accrued expenses as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

| September 30, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
Accounts payable | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | 4,925 |
Accrued property taxes | 74,975 |  |  | 49,018 |
Other accrued liabilities | 89,175 |  |  | 28,972 |
Accrued construction and maintenance liabilities | 16,989 |  |  | 23,914 |
Resident security deposits | 53,116 |  |  | 42,877 |
Total | $ | 234,651 |  |  | $ | 149,706 |

Note 8. Shareholders’ Equity
Participating Preferred Shares
As of September 30, 2015, the initial liquidation preference on the Company’s participating preferred shares, as adjusted by an amount equal to 50% of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets, for all of the Company’s outstanding 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares and 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares was $453.6 million.
Distributions
Our board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.05 per share on our Class A and Class B common shares during the quarters ended September 30, 2015 and 2014. Distributions declared on our 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares and 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares during the quarters ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, totaled $0.3125 per share, $0.3125 per share and $0.34375 per share, respectively. Our board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.15113 per share on our Series C convertible units during the quarters ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.
Noncontrolling Interest
Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interest held by AH LLC in units in the Company’s Operating Partnership. AH LLC owned 14,440,670, or approximately 6.5% and 6.4%, of the total 222,536,211 and 225,914,576 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively. Additionally, AH LLC owned all 31,085,974 Series C convertible units and all 4,375,000 Series D convertible units in the Operating Partnership as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014. Also included in noncontrolling interest are outside ownership interests in certain consolidated subsidiaries of the Company.
Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, of $3.1 million and $10.8 million, respectively, primarily consisted of $4.7 million and $14.1 million, respectively, of preferred income allocated to Series C convertible units, $1.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of net loss allocated to Class A units and $0.01 million and $0.06 million, respectively, of net loss allocated to noncontrolling interests in certain of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries. Noncontrolling interest for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, of $3.4 million and $11.2 million, respectively, primarily consisted of $4.7 million and $13.9 million, respectively, of preferred income allocated to Series C convertible units, $1.1 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of net loss allocated to Class A units, and $0.2 million of net loss, allocated to noncontrolling interests in certain of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries.
2012 Equity Incentive Plan
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company granted stock options for 588,500 and 1,220,000 Class A common shares, respectively, and 44,000 and 92,000 restricted stock units, respectively, to certain employees of the Company under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The options and restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, vest over four years and expire 10 years from the date of grant.
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The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014:

| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands)
Options outstanding at January 1, 2014 | 1,190,000 |  |  | $ | 15.48 |  |  | 9.3 |  | $ | 862 |
Granted | 1,220,000 |  |  | 16.74 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (28,750 | ) |  | 15.00 |  |  |  |  | 74 |
Forfeited | (216,250 | ) |  | 15.70 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at September 30, 2014 | 2,165,000 |  |  | $ | 16.17 |  |  | 9.3 |  | $ | 3,438 |
Options exercisable at September 30, 2014 | 131,250 |  |  | $ | 15.00 |  |  | 8.4 |  | $ | 362 |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2015 | 2,165,000 |  |  | $ | 16.17 |  |  | 8.8 |  | $ | 1,890 |
Granted | 588,500 |  |  | 16.49 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (15,000 | ) |  | 15.00 |  |  |  |  | 19 |
Forfeited | (178,500 | ) |  | 16.57 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at September 30, 2015 | 2,560,000 |  |  | $ | 16.23 |  |  | 8.3 |  | $ | 557 |
Options exercisable at September 30, 2015 | 636,250 |  |  | $ | 15.94 |  |  | 7.7 |  | $ | 273 |

(1) | Intrinsic value for activities other than exercises is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the last trading day of the period for those stock options where the market value is greater than the exercise price. For exercises, intrinsic value is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the date of exercise.

The following table summarizes the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model inputs used for valuation of the stock options for Class A common shares issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Weighted-average fair value | $ | 4.57 |  |  |  | $ | 4.89 |  |
Expected term (years) | 7.0 |  |  |  | 7.0 |  |
Dividend yield | 3.0 |  | % |  | 3.0 |  | %
Volatility | 35.9 |  | % |  | 37.3 |  | %
Risk-free interest rate | 1.9 |  | % |  | 2.2 |  | %

The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s restricted stock units under the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Restricted stock units at beginning of period | 85,000 |  |  | — |
Units awarded | 44,000 |  |  | 92,000 |
Units vested | (22,000 | ) |  | — |
Units forfeited | (9,700 | ) |  | (2,000 | )
Restricted stock units at end of the period | 97,300 |  |  | 90,000 |

Total non-cash share-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units was $0.9 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $2.3 million and $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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Share Repurchase Program
On September 21, 2015, the Company announced that our Board of Trustees approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. In addition, the excess of the purchase price over the par value of shares repurchased is recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we repurchased 3.4 million of our Class A common shares in accordance with the program at a weighted-average price of $15.76 per share and a total price of $53.7 million, which was included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2015, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of $246.3 million under the program.
Note 9. Related Party Transactions
As of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, AH LLC owned approximately 3.3% of our outstanding Class A common shares. On a fully-diluted basis, AH LLC held (including consideration of 635,075 Class B common shares as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, 14,440,670 Class A common units as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, 31,085,974 Series C convertible units as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, 4,375,000 Series D units as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, and 4,375,000 Series E units as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014) an approximate 22.1% and 21.8% interest at September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, respectively.
As of September 30, 2015, the Company had a net receivable of $6.1 million due from affiliates related to expense reimbursements, partially offset by declared and unpaid distributions on the Series C convertible units, compared to a net receivable of $4.0 million due from affiliates as of December 31, 2014, which consisted of receivables due from AH LLC related to working capital settlement items, partially offset by declared and unpaid distributions on the Series C convertible units. These amounts were included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Agreement on Investment Opportunities
In November 2012, the Company entered into an Agreement on Investment Opportunities with AH LLC under which we paid an acquisition and renovation fee equal to 5% of all costs and expenses we incur in connection with the initial acquisition, repair and renovation of single-family properties (net of any broker fees received by the Property Manager) for its services in identifying, evaluating, acquiring and overseeing the renovation of the properties we purchase. In connection with the Management Internalization on June 10, 2013, we entered into an Amended and Restated Agreement on Investment Opportunities. Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Agreement on Investment Opportunities, on December 10, 2014, AH LLC ceased providing acquisition and renovation services for us, we stopped paying AH LLC an acquisition and renovation fee, we hired all of AH LLC’s acquisition and renovation personnel necessary for our operations and AH LLC ceased paying the Company a monthly fee of $0.1 million for the maintenance and use of certain intellectual property transferred to us in the Management Internalization.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, we incurred $31.8 million and $58.6 million in aggregate acquisition and renovation fees to AH LLC prior to the termination of the Amended and Restated Agreement on Investment Opportunities, of which $19.0 million and $44.6 million was capitalized related to asset acquisitions and included in the cost of the single-family properties and $12.8 million and $14.0 million was expensed related to property acquisitions with in-place leases and to the acquisition of Beazer Pre-Owned Rental Homes, Inc. ("Beazer Rental Homes"), respectively.
Employee Administration Agreement
In connection with the Management Internalization on June 10, 2013, we entered into an employee administration agreement with Malibu Management, Inc. (“MMI”), an affiliate of AH LLC, to obtain the exclusive services of personnel of the Advisor and the Property Manager, who were previously employees of MMI under the direction of AH LLC. Under the terms of the agreement, we obtained the exclusive service of the employees dedicated to us for all management and other personnel dedicated to our business and were able to direct MMI to implement employment decisions with respect to the employees dedicated to us. We were required to reimburse MMI for all compensation and benefits and costs associated with the employees dedicated to us. We did not pay any fee or any other form of compensation to MMI. The agreement with MMI terminated on December 31, 2014. Effective January 1, 2015, all employees previously employed by MMI and performing services on our behalf became our employees. Total compensation and benefit costs paid by MMI and passed through to us under the agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, were $11.2 million and $30.3 million, respectively.
Note 10. Earnings per Share
The following table reflects the computation of net loss per share on a basic and diluted basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except share data):

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Income / (loss) (numerator): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (19,938 | ) |  | $ | (12,796 | ) |  | $ | (36,601 | ) |  | $ | (23,100 | )
Noncontrolling interest | 3,109 |  |  | 3,382 |  |  | 10,795 |  |  | 11,214 |
Dividends on preferred shares | 5,569 |  |  | 5,569 |  |  | 16,707 |  |  | 13,359 |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (28,616 | ) |  | $ | (21,747 | ) |  | $ | (64,103 | ) |  | $ | (47,673 | )
Weighted-average shares (denominator) | 211,414,368 |  |  | 202,547,677 |  |  | 211,460,840 |  |  | 191,251,638 |
Net loss per share—basic and diluted | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (0.11 | ) |  | $ | (0.30 | ) |  | $ | (0.25 | )

Total weighted-average shares for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, excludes an aggregate of 73,993,944, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, excludes an aggregate of 72,938,266, of shares or units in our Operating Partnership, Series A, B and C preferred shares, common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options, and restricted stock units because they were antidilutive.
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies
In connection with the renovation of single-family properties after they are purchased, the Company enters into contracts for the necessary improvements. The Company had no outstanding commitments in connection with these contracts that were not accrued for as of September 30, 2015, compared to aggregate outstanding commitments of $4.1 million as of December 31, 2014, in connection with these contracts.
As of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014, we had commitments to acquire 112 and 703 single-family properties, respectively, with an aggregate purchase price of $16.2 million and $110.9 million, respectively.
We are involved in various legal and administrative proceedings that are incidental to our business. We believe these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on our financial position.
Note 12. Fair Value
The carrying amount of rents and other receivables, restricted cash, escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these amounts. The Company’s interest rate cap agreement, contingently convertible Series E units liability and preferred shares derivative liability are the only financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
As our securitization transactions were recently entered into, management believes that the carrying values of the securitization transactions reasonably approximate their fair values as of September 30, 2015, which have been estimated by discounting future cash flows at market rates (Level 2). These market rates have been estimated based on recent market activity, including our own securitization transactions.
Inputs to the model used to value the contingently convertible Series E units liability include a risk-free rate corresponding to the assumed timing of the conversion date and a volatility input based on the historical volatilities of selected peer group companies. The starting point for the simulation is the most recent trading price in the Company’s Class A common shares, into which the Series E units are ultimately convertible. The timing of such conversion is based on the provisions of the contribution agreement and the Company’s best estimate of the events that trigger such conversions.
Valuation of the preferred shares derivative liability considers scenarios in which the preferred shares would be redeemed or converted into Class A common shares by the Company and the subsequent payoffs under those scenarios. The valuation also considers certain variables such as the risk-free rate matching the assumed timing of either redemption or conversion, volatility of the underlying home price appreciation index, dividend payments, conversion rates, the assumed timing of either redemption or
13

conversion and an assumed drift factor in home price appreciation across certain metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, as outlined in the agreement.
The fair value of our interest rate cap agreement is determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the interest rate cap. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the cap are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.
The following tables set forth the fair value of our interest rate cap agreement, the contingently convertible Series E units liability and preferred shares derivative liability as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2015
Description |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate cap agreement |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently convertible Series E units liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68,601 |  |  | $ | 68,601 |
Preferred shares derivative liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60,260 |  |  | $ | 60,260 |

|  | December 31, 2014
Description |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate cap agreement |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently convertible Series E units liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,057 |  |  | $ | 72,057 |
Preferred shares derivative liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,960 |  |  | $ | 57,960 |

The following table presents changes in the fair values of our Level 3 financial instruments, consisting of our contingently convertible series E units liability and preferred shares derivative liability, which are measured on a recurring basis with changes in fair value recognized in remeasurement of Series E units and remeasurement of preferred shares, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

Description |  | January 1, 2015 |  | Issuances |  | Remeasurement included in earnings |  | September 30, 2015
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently convertible Series E units liability |  | $ | 72,057 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,456 | ) |  | $ | 68,601 |
Preferred shares derivative liability |  | $ | 57,960 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | 60,260 |

Description |  | January 1, 2014 |  | Issuances |  | Remeasurement included in earnings |  | September 30, 2014
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently convertible Series E units liability |  | $ | 66,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,112 |  |  | $ | 71,050 |
Preferred shares derivative liability |  | $ | 28,150 |  |  | $ | 26,922 |  |  | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 57,420 |

Changes in inputs or assumptions used to value the contingently convertible Series E units liability and preferred shares derivative liability may have a material impact on the resulting valuation.
Note 13. Subsequent Events
Subsequent Acquisitions
From October 1, 2015, through October 31, 2015, we acquired 188 properties with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $26.3 million. We expect that our level of acquisition activity will fluctuate based on the number of suitable investments and on the level of funds available for investment.
On October 31, 2015, the Company acquired the remaining 67% outside ownership interest in two of its consolidated joint ventures, RJ American Homes 4 Rent One, LLC and RJ American Homes 4 Rent Two, LLC, which own a total of 377 single-family properties, for a purchase price of $44.4 million.
Declaration of Dividends
On November 5, 2015, our board of trustees declared quarterly dividends of $0.05 per Class A common share payable on December 31, 2015, to shareholders of record on December 15, 2015, and $0.05 per Class B common share payable on December 31, 2015, to shareholders of record on December 15, 2015. Additionally, our board of trustees also declared quarterly dividends of $0.3125 per share on the Company’s 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares payable on December 31, 2015, to shareholders of record on December 15, 2015, $0.3125 per share on the Company’s 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares payable on December 31, 2015, to shareholders of record on December 15, 2015, and $0.34375 per share on the Company’s 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares payable on December 31, 2015, to shareholders of record on December 15, 2015.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
We are a Maryland REIT focused on acquiring, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. We commenced operations in November 2012 to continue the investment activities of AH LLC, which was founded by our chairman, B. Wayne Hughes, in 2011 to take advantage of the dislocation in the single-family home market.
As of September 30, 2015, we owned 38,377 single-family properties in selected sub-markets of MSAs in 22 states, compared to 34,599 single-family properties in 22 states as of December 31, 2014, and 30,877 single-family properties in 22 states as of September 30, 2014. As of September 30, 2015, we had an additional 112 properties in escrow that we expected to acquire, subject to customary closing conditions, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $16.2 million. As of September 30, 2015, 35,617, or 92.8%, of our total properties were leased, compared to 28,250, or 81.6%, of our total properties as of December 31, 2014, and 26,161, or 84.7%, of our total properties as of September 30, 2014. As of September 30, 2015, our entire portfolio of single-family properties was internally managed through our proprietary property management platform.
Our Properties and Key Operating Metrics
The following table provides a summary of our single-family properties as of September 30, 2015:

|  | Properties (1) |  | Gross Book Value |  | Averages per Property
Market |  | Number of Properties |  | % of Total |  | ($ millions) |  | % of Total |  | Avg. per Property |  | Square Footage |  | Property Age (years) |  | Avg. Year Purchased
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX |  | 3,150 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | $ | 504.3 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | $ | 160,104 |  |  | 2,129 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 2013
Indianapolis, IN |  | 2,775 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | 422.2 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | 152,157 |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 2013
Atlanta, GA |  | 2,688 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | 437.1 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 162,614 |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 2013
Charlotte, NC |  | 2,274 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 395.2 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 173,797 |  |  | 2,006 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 2014
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN |  | 2,064 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | 369.1 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 178,846 |  |  | 1,896 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 2013
Houston, TX |  | 2,021 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 349.8 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 173,093 |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 2013
Cincinnati, OH |  | 1,871 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 321.3 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 171,739 |  |  | 1,846 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 2013
Tampa, FL |  | 1,558 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 293.4 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 188,305 |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 2013
Jacksonville, FL |  | 1,546 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 234.9 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 151,931 |  |  | 1,909 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 2013
Nashville, TN |  | 1,498 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 311.8 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | 208,152 |  |  | 2,209 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 2013
All Other (2) |  | 16,932 |  |  | 44.1 | % |  | 2,987.8 |  |  | 45.1 | % |  | 176,457 |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 2013
Total / Average |  | 38,377 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,626.9 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 172,678 |  |  | 1,965 |  |  | 12.7 |  |  | 2013

(1) | Includes 377 properties in which we hold an approximate one-third interest.

(2) | Represents 31 markets in 19 states.

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The following table summarizes certain key leasing metrics as of September 30, 2015:

|  | Total Portfolio |  | Stabilized Properties (3)
Market |  | Leased Percentage (1) |  | Occupancy Percentage (2) |  | Avg. Scheduled Monthly Rent Per Property |  | Avg. Original Lease Term (months) |  | Avg. Remaining Lease Term (months) |  | Leased Percentage (1) |  | Occupancy Percentage (2) |  | Total Stabilized Properties
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX |  | 94.4 | % |  | 93.4 | % |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 96.8 | % |  | 95.8 | % |  | 3,037 |
Indianapolis, IN |  | 92.7 | % |  | 91.3 | % |  | 1,306 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 94.1 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | 2,724 |
Atlanta, GA |  | 88.7 | % |  | 87.6 | % |  | 1,345 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 96.0 | % |  | 94.9 | % |  | 2,449 |
Charlotte, NC |  | 93.7 | % |  | 93.3 | % |  | 1,393 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 96.4 | % |  | 96.0 | % |  | 2,196 |
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN |  | 92.4 | % |  | 91.7 | % |  | 1,693 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 93.8 | % |  | 93.0 | % |  | 2,011 |
Houston, TX |  | 92.1 | % |  | 90.4 | % |  | 1,610 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 94.8 | % |  | 93.0 | % |  | 1,915 |
Cincinnati, OH |  | 92.1 | % |  | 91.2 | % |  | 1,442 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 93.8 | % |  | 92.9 | % |  | 1,822 |
Tampa, FL |  | 93.3 | % |  | 91.6 | % |  | 1,542 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 95.1 | % |  | 93.4 | % |  | 1,514 |
Jacksonville, FL |  | 90.5 | % |  | 88.9 | % |  | 1,327 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 95.0 | % |  | 93.2 | % |  | 1,451 |
Nashville, TN |  | 91.9 | % |  | 90.9 | % |  | 1,592 |  |  | 12.1 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 95.2 | % |  | 94.1 | % |  | 1,425 |
All Other (4) |  | 93.5 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | 1,393 |  |  | 12.4 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 95.6 | % |  | 94.7 | % |  | 16,390 |
Total / Average |  | 92.8 | % |  | 91.8 | % |  | $ | 1,436 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 95.4 | % |  | 94.3 | % |  | 36,934 |

(1) | A property is classified as leased upon the execution (i.e., signature) of a lease agreement.

(2) | A property is classified as occupied upon commencement (i.e., start date) of a lease agreement, which can occur contemporaneously with or subsequent to execution (i.e., signature).

(3) | A property is classified as stabilized once it has been renovated and then initially leased or available for rent for a period greater than 90 days.

(4) | Represents 31 markets in 19 states.

Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include our ability to identify and acquire properties; our pace of property acquisitions; the time and cost required to gain access to the properties and then to renovate and lease a newly acquired property at acceptable rental rates; occupancy levels; rates of tenant turnover; the length of vacancy in properties between tenant leases; our expense ratios; our ability to raise capital; and our capital structure.
Property Acquisitions
Since our formation, we have rapidly but systematically grown our portfolio of single-family homes. Our ability to identify and acquire single-family homes that meet our investment criteria is impacted by home prices in our target markets, the inventory of properties available-for-sale through our acquisition channels, competition for our target assets and our available capital. We expect that our level of acquisition activity will fluctuate based on the number of suitable investments and the level of capital available to invest. During the quarter ended September 30, 2015, our total portfolio increased by 886 homes, including 590 homes acquired through trustee acquisitions and 296 homes acquired through broker acquisitions.
Prior to December 10, 2014, we paid an acquisition and renovation fee to AH LLC equal to 5% of all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the initial acquisition, repair and renovation of our single-family properties for its services in identifying, evaluating, acquiring and overseeing the renovation of our properties. On December 10, 2014, AH LLC ceased providing acquisition and renovation services for us, we stopped paying AH LLC an acquisition and renovation fee and we hired all of AH LLC’s acquisition and renovation personnel necessary for our operations. No termination or other fee was paid to AH LLC in connection with the termination of AH LLC providing such services. Although we anticipate the internalization of AH LLC’s acquisition and renovation personnel to be cash flow positive to the Company, we expect a larger proportion of the internalized cost structure to be expensed in accordance with GAAP, compared to the 5% acquisition and renovation fee previously paid to AH LLC, which has been primarily capitalized related to asset acquisitions in accordance with GAAP and included in the cost basis of our single-family properties.
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Property Operations
The acquisition of properties involves expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including property inspections, closing costs, liens, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes and homeowner association (“HOA”) fees, when applicable. In addition, we typically incur costs between $5,000 and $25,000 to renovate a home to prepare it for rental. Renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, carpeting, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing hardware and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved in initially accessing our homes to prepare them for rental can impact our financial performance and varies among properties based on several factors, including the source of acquisition channel, whether the property is located in a judicial or non-judicial foreclosure state, if applicable, and whether or not the home is occupied at the time of acquisition. This process of finalizing the acquisition and gaining initial access to the home can range from immediate access to multiple months and, on average, takes approximately 20 to 30 days. Additionally, after gaining access to the home, the time to renovate a property can vary significantly among properties and is most impacted by the age and condition of the property. On average, it takes approximately 50 to 60 days to complete the renovation process after gaining initial access to the home. Our operating results are also impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property, which can vary greatly among properties, and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory. On average, it takes approximately 20 to 30 days to lease a property after completing the renovation process. Lastly, our operating results are impacted by the length of stay of our tenants and the amount of time it takes to prepare and re-lease a property after a tenant vacates. This process, which we refer to as “turnover,” is impacted by numerous factors, including the condition of the home upon move-out of the previous tenant, and by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory at the time of the turnover. On average, it takes approximately 50 to 60 days to complete the turnover process.
Revenue
Our revenue is derived primarily from rents collected under lease agreements with tenants for our single-family properties. These include short-term leases that we enter into directly with our tenants, which typically have a term of one year. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality and tenant defaults, and the amount of time it takes to renovate and re-lease properties when tenants vacate. We generally do not offer free rent or other concessions in connection with leasing our properties. Additionally, our ability to collect revenues and related operating results are impacted by the credit worthiness and quality of our tenants. On average, our tenants have household incomes ranging from $70,000 to $100,000 and primarily consist of families with approximately two adults and one or more children.
In addition to rental revenues, we receive fees and other reimbursements, referred to as “tenant charge-backs”, from our tenants, which are primarily designed to recover costs for certain items, such as utilities, damages and maintenance. In accordance with GAAP, these fees and tenant charge-backs are presented gross in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
We expect that the overall occupancy of our portfolio will continue to increase as the proportion of recently acquired properties declines relative to the size of our entire portfolio. Nevertheless, in the near term, our ability to drive revenue growth will depend in large part on our ability to efficiently renovate and lease newly acquired properties, maintain occupancy in the rest of our portfolio and acquire additional properties, both leased and vacant.
Over the longer term and as our total portfolio occupancy stabilizes, our ability to maintain and grow revenues will become more dependent on our ability to retain tenants and increase rental rates. We believe that our platform will allow us to achieve strong tenant retention and lease renewal rates at our properties. Based on 7,235 and 4,939 leases that expired during the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, we experienced tenant renewal rates of 74.4% and 77.5%, respectively, at an average rental rate increase on non-month-to-month leases of 3.3% and 4.2%, respectively. Including the impact of 922 and 684 early terminated tenants during the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, we experienced tenant retention rates of 66.0% and 68.4%, respectively. Based on 20,129 and 11,262 leases that expired during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, we experienced tenant renewal rates of 76.5% and 79.8%, respectively, at an average rental rate increase on non-month-to-month leases of 3.0% and 3.4%, respectively. Including the impact of 2,581 and 1,792 early terminated tenants during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, we experienced tenant retention rates of 67.8% and 70.3%, respectively. To date, our leasing efforts have been primarily focused on increasing our overall portfolio occupancy rather than raising rental rates. We believe that there will be significant opportunity to optimize rental rates in the future as our total portfolio occupancy stabilizes.
Expenses
We monitor the following categories of expenses that we believe most significantly affect our results of operations.
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Property Operating Expenses
Once a property is available for lease, which we refer to as “rent-ready,” we incur ongoing property-related expenses, primarily HOA fees (when applicable); property taxes; insurance; marketing expenses; repairs and maintenance; and turnover costs, which may not be subject to our control.
Property Management Expenses
As we now internally manage our entire portfolio of single-family properties through our proprietary property management platform, we incur costs such as salary expenses for property management personnel, lease expenses for property management offices and technology expenses for maintaining the property management platform. As part of developing our property management platform, we have made significant investments in our infrastructure, systems and technology. We believe that these investments will enable the costs of our property management platform to become more efficient over time and as our overall portfolio grows in size.
Seasonality
We believe that our business and related operating results will be impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. In particular, we have experienced higher levels of tenant move-outs during the summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Further, our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets for expenses such as HVAC repairs, turn costs and landscaping expenses during the summer season.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense primarily consists of payroll and personnel costs, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expenses, audit and tax fees, state taxes, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions.
Results of Operations
As we have rapidly grown our portfolio and have many properties in the early stages of operations, we distinguish our portfolio of initially leased homes between Same-Home properties and Non-Same-Home properties in evaluating our operating performance. We classify a property as Same-Home if it has been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to the beginning of the earliest period presented under comparison, which allows the performance of these properties to be compared between periods. A property is considered stabilized once it has been renovated and then initially leased or available for rent for a period greater than 90 days. All other properties that have been initially leased, whether or not currently leased, are classified as Non-Same-Home.
One of the primary financial measures we use in evaluating the operating performance of our initially leased, whether or not currently leased, single-family properties is core net operating income (“Initially Leased Property Core NOI”), which we define as rents and fees from single-family properties, net of bad debt expense, less property operating expenses for leased single-family properties, excluding expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs and bad debt expense. We use Initially Leased Property Core NOI as a primary financial measure as it reflects the economic operating performance of our properties that have been initially leased, without the impact of certain tenant reimbursed operating expenses that are presented gross in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP.
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Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2015, to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2014
The following table presents a summary of Initially Leased Property Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home properties and total properties for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2015
| Same-Home Properties (1) |  | % of Revenue |  | Non-Same- Home Properties |  | % of Revenue |  | Total Portfolio |  | % of Revenue
Rents from single-family properties | $ | 84,612 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,203 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 148,815 |  |  |  |
Fees from single-family properties | 1,206 |  |  |  |  |  | 940 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,146 |  |  |  |
Bad debt | (1,301 | ) |  |  |  |  | (919 | ) |  |  |  |  | (2,220 | ) |  |  |
Core revenues from single-family properties | 84,517 |  |  |  |  |  | 64,224 |  |  |  |  |  | 148,741 |  |  |  |
Leased property operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property tax expense | 14,649 |  |  | 17.3 | % |  | 13,142 |  |  | 20.5 | % |  | 27,791 |  |  | 18.7 | %
HOA fees, net of tenant charge-backs | 1,828 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1,292 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 3,120 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Maintenance and turnover costs, net of tenant charge-backs | 9,724 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 5,683 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 15,407 |  |  | 10.4 | %
Insurance | 1,127 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 852 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 1,979 |  |  | 1.3 | %
Property management expenses | 7,550 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 5,734 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 13,284 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Core property operating expenses | 34,878 |  |  | 41.3 | % |  | 26,703 |  |  | 41.6 | % |  | 61,581 |  |  | 41.4 | %
Initially Leased Property Core NOI | $ | 49,639 |  |  | 58.7 | % |  | $ | 37,521 |  |  | 58.4 | % |  | $ | 87,160 |  |  | 58.6 | %

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2014
| Same-Home Properties (1) |  | % of Revenue |  | Non-Same- Home Properties |  | % of Revenue |  | Total Portfolio |  | % of Revenue
Rents from single-family properties | $ | 81,292 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,918 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 104,210 |  |  |  |
Fees from single-family properties | 754 |  |  |  |  |  | 775 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,529 |  |  |  |
Bad debt | (1,677 | ) |  |  |  |  | (367 | ) |  |  |  |  | (2,044 | ) |  |  |
Core revenues from single-family properties | 80,369 |  |  |  |  |  | 23,326 |  |  |  |  |  | 103,695 |  |  |  |
Leased property operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property tax expense | 13,721 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 3,536 |  |  | 15.2 | % |  | 17,257 |  |  | 16.6 | %
HOA fees, net of tenant charge-backs | 1,739 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 563 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 2,302 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Maintenance and turnover costs, net of tenant charge-backs | 10,936 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 1,889 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 12,825 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Insurance | 1,437 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 504 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1,941 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Property management expenses | 7,698 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 2,234 |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 9,932 |  |  | 9.6 | %
Core property operating expenses | 35,531 |  |  | 44.2 | % |  | 8,726 |  |  | 37.4 | % |  | 44,257 |  |  | 42.7 | %
Initially Leased Property Core NOI | $ | 44,838 |  |  | 55.8 | % |  | $ | 14,600 |  |  | 62.6 | % |  | $ | 59,438 |  |  | 57.3 | %

(1) | Includes 20,963 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to July 1, 2014.

A reconciliation of Initially Leased Property Core NOI to net loss as determined in accordance with GAAP is located at the end of this Item 2— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Core Revenues from Single-Family Properties
Same-Home Properties
Core property revenues from Same-Home properties for the three months ended September 30, 2015, increased $4.1 million, or 5.2%, to $84.5 million from $80.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014. This rise was primarily attributable to higher average monthly rental rates, which increased to $1,438 per month as of September 30, 2015, compared to $1,407 per month as of September 30, 2014, and to higher average occupancy levels, which increased to 94.6% during the third quarter of 2015 from 93.1% during the third quarter of 2014.
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Non-Same Home Properties
Core property revenues from Non-Same-Home properties were $64.2 million and $23.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of leased Non-Same-Home properties, which rose to 15,218 leased properties for the three months ended September 30, 2015, from 5,070 leased properties for the three months ended September 30, 2014.
Core Property Operating Expenses
Core property operating expenses consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs associated with properties that have been initially leased, whether or not they are currently leased.
Same-Home Properties
Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties for the three months ended September 30, 2015, decreased $0.6 million, or 1.8%, to $34.9 million from $35.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014. Same-Home core property operating expenses as a percentage of total Same-Home core revenues from single-family properties decreased to 41.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2015, from 44.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2014. This decrease was primarily attributable to lower maintenance and turnover costs, net of tenant charge-backs, and a reduction in property management expenses, as well as to higher core revenues from Same-Home properties.
Non-Same-Home Properties
Core property operating expenses from Non-Same-Home properties were $26.7 million and $8.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of initially leased Non-Same-Home properties, which rose to 19,500 initially leased properties for the three months ended September 30, 2015, from 8,936 initially leased properties for the three months ended September 30, 2014.
Vacant Property Operating Expenses and Other
Vacant property operating expenses and other, which primarily consist of direct property operating expenses and property management costs associated with properties that have been renovated, but not initially leased, were $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015, which included $1.3 million of vacant property operating expenses and $1.2 million of other miscellaneous costs, compared to $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, which included $2.8 million of vacant property operating expenses and $1.1 million of other miscellaneous costs. This reduction was primarily attributable to a decrease in the average number of initially rent ready vacant properties for the third quarter of 2015, compared to the third quarter of 2014.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense, which primarily consists of payroll and personnel costs, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, state taxes, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions, was $6.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015, compared to $5.3 million for the same period in 2014. This rise was primarily related to incremental headcount increases associated with the growth of the business. Annualized general and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2015, was 0.35% of total quarter-end assets, compared to annualized general and administrative expense of 0.38% of total quarter-end assets for the same period in 2014.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $23.9 million and $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily due to a rise in aggregate borrowings to $2.6 billion at September 30, 2015, from $1.1 billion at September 30, 2014.
Acquisition Fees and Costs Expensed
All costs of our internal acquisition function are expensed in accordance with GAAP. For the three months ended September 30, 2015, acquisition fees and costs expensed included $4.1 million of costs associated with purchases of single-family properties and $0.1 million of transaction costs related to recent portfolio and bulk transactions. For the three months ended September 30, 2014, acquisition fees and costs expensed included $14.5 million of acquisition fees and related costs associated with single-family properties acquired with in-place leases and the acquisition of Beazer Rental Homes and $0.1 million of transaction costs incurred from pursuing unsuccessful single-family property acquisitions.
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Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over 5 to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense was $67.8 million and $44.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was attributable to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.
Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015, to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014
The following table presents a summary of Initially Leased Property Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home properties and total properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
| Same-Home Properties (1) |  | % of Revenue |  | Non-Same- Home Properties |  | % of Revenue |  | Total Portfolio |  | % of Revenue
Rents from single-family properties | $ | 160,154 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 247,159 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 407,313 |  |  |  |
Fees from single-family properties | 2,083 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,598 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,681 |  |  |  |
Bad debt | (1,887 | ) |  |  |  |  | (3,118 | ) |  |  |  |  | (5,005 | ) |  |  |
Core revenues from single-family properties | 160,350 |  |  |  |  |  | 247,639 |  |  |  |  |  | 407,989 |  |  |  |
Leased property operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property tax expense | 27,607 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | 45,422 |  |  | 18.3 | % |  | 73,029 |  |  | 17.9 | %
HOA fees, net of tenant charge-backs | 3,757 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 5,032 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 8,789 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Maintenance and turnover costs, net of tenant charge-backs | 15,809 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 21,103 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 36,912 |  |  | 9.0 | %
Insurance | 2,371 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 3,246 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 5,617 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Property management expenses | 14,083 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 21,785 |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 35,868 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Core property operating expenses | 63,627 |  |  | 39.7 | % |  | 96,588 |  |  | 39.0 | % |  | 160,215 |  |  | 39.3 | %
Initially Leased Property Core NOI | $ | 96,723 |  |  | 60.3 | % |  | $ | 151,051 |  |  | 61.0 | % |  | $ | 247,774 |  |  | 60.7 | %

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014
| Same-Home Properties (1) |  | % of Revenue |  | Non-Same- Home Properties |  | % of Revenue |  | Total Portfolio |  | % of Revenue
Rents from single-family properties | $ | 154,267 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 112,575 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 266,842 |  |  |  |
Fees from single-family properties | 1,458 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,318 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,776 |  |  |  |
Bad debt | (2,894 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,535 | ) |  |  |  |  | (4,429 | ) |  |  |
Core revenues from single-family properties | 152,831 |  |  |  |  |  | 114,358 |  |  |  |  |  | 267,189 |  |  |  |
Leased property operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property tax expense | 25,699 |  |  | 16.8 | % |  | 18,799 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | 44,498 |  |  | 16.7 | %
HOA fees, net of tenant charge-backs | 3,503 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2,012 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 5,515 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Maintenance and turnover costs, net of tenant charge-backs | 16,638 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | 9,350 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 25,988 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Insurance | 2,908 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2,031 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 4,939 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Property management expenses | 13,779 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | 8,690 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 22,469 |  |  | 8.4 | %
Core property operating expenses | 62,527 |  |  | 40.9 | % |  | 40,882 |  |  | 35.7 | % |  | 103,409 |  |  | 38.7 | %
Initially Leased Property Core NOI | $ | 90,304 |  |  | 59.1 | % |  | $ | 73,476 |  |  | 64.3 | % |  | $ | 163,780 |  |  | 61.3 | %

(1) | Includes 13,440 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2014.

A reconciliation of Initially Leased Property Core NOI to net loss as determined in accordance with GAAP is located at the end of this Item 2— Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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Core Revenues from Single-Family Properties
Same-Home Properties
Core property revenues from Same-Home properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, increased $7.6 million, or 4.9%, to $160.4 million from $152.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This rise was primarily attributable to higher average monthly rental rates, which increased to $1,435 per month as of September 30, 2015, compared to $1,409 per month as of September 30, 2014, and to higher average occupancy levels, which increased to 93.4% during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 from 92.9% during the nine months ended September 30, 2014.
Non-Same Home Properties
Core property revenues from Non-Same-Home properties were $247.6 million and $114.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of leased Non-Same-Home properties, which rose to 19,754 leased properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, from 9,275 leased properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2014.
Core Property Operating Expenses
Core property operating expenses consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs associated with properties that have been initially leased, whether or not they are currently leased.
Same-Home Properties
Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, increased $1.1 million, or 1.8%, to $63.6 million from $62.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014. However, Same-Home core property operating expenses as a percentage of total Same-Home core revenues from single-family properties decreased to 39.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, from 40.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This decrease was primarily attributable to lower maintenance and turnover costs, net of charge-backs, as well as to higher core revenues from Same-Home properties.
Non-Same-Home Properties
Core property operating expenses from Non-Same-Home properties were $96.6 million and $40.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of initially leased Non-Same-Home properties, which rose to 21,195 initially leased properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, from 9,706 initially leased properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2014.
Vacant Property Operating Expenses and Other
Vacant property operating expenses and other, which primarily consist of direct property operating expenses and property management costs associated with properties that have been renovated, but not initially leased, were $13.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, which included $10.3 million of vacant property operating expenses and $2.7 million of other miscellaneous costs, compared to $18.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, which included $15.8 million of vacant property operating expenses and $3.0 million of other miscellaneous costs. This reduction was primarily attributable to a decrease in the average number of initially rent ready vacant properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense, which primarily consists of payroll and personnel costs, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, state taxes, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions, was $18.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, compared to $16.1 million for the same period in 2014. This rise was primarily related to incremental headcount increases associated with the growth of the business. Annualized general and administrative expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, was 0.35% of total quarter-end assets, compared to annualized general and administrative expense of 0.39% of total quarter-end assets for the same period in 2014.
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Interest Expense
Interest expense was $61.5 million and $10.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was primarily due to a rise in aggregate borrowings to $2.6 billion at September 30, 2015, from $1.1 billion at September 30, 2014.
Acquisition Fees and Costs Expensed
All costs of our internal acquisition function are expensed in accordance with GAAP. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, acquisition fees and costs expensed included $13.3 million of costs associated with purchases of single-family properties and $1.0 million of transaction costs related to recent portfolio and bulk transactions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, acquisition fees and costs expensed included $15.6 million of acquisition fees and related costs associated with single-family properties acquired with in-place leases and the acquisition of Beazer Rental Homes and $0.3 million of transaction costs incurred in pursuing unsuccessful single-family property acquisitions.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over 5 to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense was $180.7 million and $118.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This increase was attributable to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our critical accounting policies are included in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. There have been no significant changes to our policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see “Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies.”
Income Taxes
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which commenced with our taxable year ended December 31, 2012. We believe that we have operated, and continue to operate, in such a manner as to satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT. Accordingly, we will not be subject to federal income tax, provided that we qualify as a REIT and our distributions to our shareholders equal or exceed our REIT taxable income.
However, qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code, including tests related to the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will continue to be organized or be able to operate in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal and state income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate tax rates, and we may be ineligible to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent tax years. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state or local income and capital taxes and U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income, if any. Our taxable REIT subsidiary will be subject to federal, state and local taxes on its income at regular corporate rates. The tax years from 2012 through 2014 remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.
ASC 740-10 Income Taxes requires recognition of deferred tax assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained, based solely on its technical merits, with the taxing authority having full authority of all relevant information. The measurement of a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that meets the “more likely than not” threshold is based on a cumulative probability model under which the largest amount of tax benefit recognized is the amount with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all the relevant information. As of September 30, 2015, there were no deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits recorded. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity and capital resources as of September 30, 2015, included cash and cash equivalents of $238.4 million. Additionally, as of September 30, 2015, we did not have any borrowings outstanding under our credit facility. However, our credit facility provides for maximum borrowings of up to $800.0 million.
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make distributions to our shareholders and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the acquisition, renovation and maintenance of our properties, HOA fees (as applicable), real estate taxes, non-recurring capital expenditures, interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, general and administrative expenses, payment of quarterly dividends on our preferred shares, and payment of distributions to our Class A common shareholders.
We seek to satisfy our liquidity needs through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, issuances of debt and equity securities (including OP units), asset-backed securitizations, property dispositions and joint venture transactions. We have financed our operations and acquisitions to date through the issuance of equity securities, borrowings under our credit facility and asset-backed securitizations. Going forward, we expect to meet our operating liquidity requirements generally through cash on hand and cash provided by operations. We believe our rental income, net of operating expenses and recurring capital expenditures, will generally provide cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and dividend distributions. However, our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets might not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing alternatives.
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. We intend to pay quarterly dividends to our shareholders, which in the aggregate exceed our net taxable income in the relevant year.
Cash Flows
Our cash flows provided by operating activities depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our properties, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our tenants and the level of property operating expenses, property management operating expenses and general and administrative expenses.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, net cash provided by operating activities was $155.9 million, which included inflows of $193.0 million from noncash adjustments to net loss and $0.5 million from other changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by outflows of a net loss of $36.6 million. Net cash used for investing activities was $743.9 million, which primarily consisted of cash outflows of $555.0 million related to the acquisition of properties and $125.2 million of initial renovation costs to prepare our properties for rental. These costs typically include paint, flooring, appliances, landscaping and other improvements. Net cash provided by financing activities was $717.6 million, which primarily consisted of cash inflows of $1.0 billion in proceeds from our securitization transactions in March 2015 and September 2015, partially offset by net repayments of borrowings under our credit facility of $207.0 million. Net cash provided by total operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, was $129.6 million.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, net cash provided by operating activities was $131.7 million, which included inflows of $132.1 million from noncash adjustments to net loss and $22.7 million from other changes in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by outflows of a net loss of $23.1 million. Net cash used for investing activities was $1.3 billion, which primarily consisted of cash outflows of $951.9 million related to the acquisition of properties and $136.2 million of initial renovation costs to prepare our properties for rental. These costs typically include paint, flooring, appliances, landscaping and other improvements. Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.1 billion, which primarily consisted of cash inflows of $968.6 million in proceeds from our securitization transactions in May 2014 and September 2014, partially offset by net repayments of borrowings under our credit facility of $293.0 million. Net cash used for total operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2014, was $45.1 million.
Credit Facility
In March 2013, the Company entered into a $500.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility with a financial institution, which was subsequently amended in September 2013 to, among other things, expand our borrowing capacity to $800.0 million and extend the repayment period to September 30, 2018. Borrowings under the credit facility are available through March 7, 2016, which may be extended for an additional year, subject to the satisfaction of certain financial covenant tests. Upon expiration of the credit facility period, any outstanding borrowings will convert to a term loan through September 30, 2018. All borrowings under the credit
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facility bear interest at 30 day LIBOR plus 2.75% until March 2017, and thereafter at 30 day LIBOR plus 3.125%. The credit facility is secured by our Operating Partnership’s membership interests in entities that own certain of our single-family properties and requires that we maintain certain financial covenants. As of September 30, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all loan covenants. The Company had no borrowings outstanding under the credit facility as of September 30, 2015, compared to $207.0 million in total outstanding borrowings under the credit facility at December 31, 2014.
Asset-Backed Securitizations
March 2015 Securitization
In March 2015, we completed a private securitization transaction (the “2015-SFR1 securitization”), in which a newly-formed special purpose entity (the “Borrower”) entered into a loan with a third-party lender for $552.8 million represented by a promissory note. The Borrower under the loan is wholly owned by another special purpose entity (the “Equity Owner”) and the Equity Owner is wholly owned by the Operating Partnership. The loan is a fixed-rate loan with a 30 year term, maturity date of April 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.14%. The loan, which requires monthly payments of interest together with principal payments representing one-twelfth of one percent of the original principal amount, has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. The note was immediately transferred by the third-party lender to a subsidiary of the Company and then to a REMIC trust in exchange for eight classes of single-family rental pass-through certificates representing all the beneficial ownership interests in the loan and the trust. Upon receipt of the certificates, a subsidiary of the Company sold the certificates to investors for gross proceeds of $552.8 million, before issuance costs of $13.3 million. Proceeds from this transaction were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. The loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a pool of 4,661 single-family residential properties transferred to the Borrower from the Company’s portfolio of properties. The Company consolidates, at historical cost basis, the 4,661 homes placed as collateral for the note. The principal balance outstanding on the note was $550.5 million as of September 30, 2015, and was included in asset-backed securitizations within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The 4,661 collateral homes had a net book value of $741.5 million as of September 30, 2015 (see Note 6).
September 2015 Securitization
In September 2015, we completed a private securitization transaction (the “2015-SFR2 securitization”), which was structured substantially similar to the 2015-SFR1 securitization. The principal differences from the 2015-SFR1 securitization are: (1) the loan is a fixed-rate loan for $477.7 million with a 30 year term, maturity date of October 9, 2045, and a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.36%, (2) the loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,125 single-family residential properties owned by the borrower, a subsidiary of the Company, and (3) the loan has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. Upon receipt of the certificates, a subsidiary of the Company sold the certificates to investors for gross proceeds of $477.7 million, before issuance costs of $11.3 million. Proceeds from this transaction were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes. The loan is secured by first priority mortgages on a pool of 4,125 single-family residential properties transferred to the Borrower from the Company’s portfolio of properties. The Company consolidates, at historical cost basis, the 4,125 homes placed as collateral for the note. The principal balance outstanding on the note was $477.7 million as of September 30, 2015, and was included in asset-backed securitizations within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The 4,125 collateral homes had a net book value of $686.8 million as of September 30, 2015 (see Note 6).
Share Repurchase Program
On September 21, 2015, the Company announced that our Board of Trustees approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. We repurchased 3.4 million of our Class A common shares at a weighted-average price of $15.76 per share and a total price of $53.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, in accordance with the program. As of September 30, 2015, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of $246.3 million under the program (see Note 8).
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no obligations, assets or liabilities that would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.
Non-GAAP Measures
Initially Leased Property Core NOI
Initially Leased Property Core NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. The Company defines Initially Leased Property Core NOI as rents and fees from single-family properties, net of bad debt expense, less property operating expenses for leased single-family properties, excluding expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs and bad debt expense. The Company considers
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Initially Leased Property Core NOI to be a meaningful financial measure because we believe it is helpful to investors in understanding the operating performance of our properties that have been initially leased, without the impact of certain tenant reimbursed operating expenses that are presented gross in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. It should be considered only as a supplement to net loss as a measure of our performance. Initially Leased Property Core NOI should not be used as a measure of the Company’s liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund the Company’s cash needs, including its ability to pay dividends or make distributions. Initially Leased Property Core NOI also should not be used as a supplement to or substitute for net loss or net cash flows from operating activities (as computed in accordance with GAAP).
The following is a reconciliation of Initially Leased Property Core NOI to net loss as determined in accordance with GAAP for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited)
Net loss | $ | (19,938 | ) |  | $ | (12,796 | ) |  | $ | (36,601 | ) |  | $ | (23,100 | )
Remeasurement of preferred shares | 3,000 |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 2,300 |  |  | 2,348 |
Remeasurement of Series E units | 525 |  |  | (3,588 | ) |  | (3,456 | ) |  | 4,112 |
Depreciation and amortization | 67,800 |  |  | 44,855 |  |  | 180,685 |  |  | 118,311 |
Acquisition fees and costs expensed | 4,153 |  |  | 14,550 |  |  | 14,297 |  |  | 15,921 |
Noncash share-based compensation expense | 913 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 1,895 |
Interest expense | 23,866 |  |  | 5,112 |  |  | 61,539 |  |  | 10,502 |
General and administrative expense | 6,090 |  |  | 5,291 |  |  | 18,497 |  |  | 16,068 |
Property operating expenses for vacant single-family properties and other | 2,522 |  |  | 3,885 |  |  | 12,950 |  |  | 18,770 |
Other revenues | (1,771 | ) |  | (372 | ) |  | (4,780 | ) |  | (1,047 | )
Initially Leased Property NOI | $ | 87,160 |  |  | $ | 59,438 |  |  | $ | 247,774 |  |  | $ | 163,780 |
Tenant charge-backs | 19,881 |  |  | 4,282 |  |  | 40,215 |  |  | 9,310 |
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs | (19,881 | ) |  | (4,282 | ) |  | (40,215 | ) |  | (9,310 | )
Bad debt expense excluded from operating expenses | 2,220 |  |  | 2,044 |  |  | 5,005 |  |  | 4,429 |
Bad debt expense included in revenues | (2,220 | ) |  | (2,044 | ) |  | (5,005 | ) |  | (4,429 | )
Initially Leased Property Core NOI | $ | 87,160 |  |  | $ | 59,438 |  |  | $ | 247,774 |  |  | $ | 163,780 |

FFO / Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
Funds from operations (“FFO”) attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we calculate in accordance with the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), which defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Core funds from operations (“Core FFO”) attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (a) acquisition fees and costs expensed incurred with recent business combinations and the acquisition of individual properties, (b) noncash share-based compensation expense and (c) noncash fair value adjustments associated with remeasuring our Series E units liability and preferred shares derivative liability to fair value.
We present FFO attributable to common share and unit holders, as well as on a per FFO share and unit basis, because we consider this metric to be an important measure of the performance of real estate companies, as do many analysts in evaluating our Company. We believe that FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a helpful measure of a REIT’s performance since this metric excludes depreciation, which is included in computing net income and assumes the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time. We believe that real estate values fluctuate due to market conditions and in response to inflation. We also believe that Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders, as well as on a per FFO share and unit basis, are helpful to investors as supplemental measures of the operating performance of our Company as they allow investors to compare our operating performance to prior reporting periods without the effect of certain items that, by nature, are not comparable from period to period. FFO attributable to common share and unit holders and Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders are not a substitute for net cash flow provided by operating activities or net loss per share, as determined in accordance with GAAP, as a measure of our liquidity, operating performance or ability to pay dividends. These metrics also are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund future cash needs. Because other REITs may not compute these measures in the same manner, they may not be comparable among REITs.
26

The following is a reconciliation of net loss attributable to common shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, to FFO attributable to common share and unit holders and Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 (amounts in thousands, except share and per share data):

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited) |  | (Unaudited)
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (28,616 | ) |  | $ | (21,747 | ) |  | $ | (64,103 | ) |  | $ | (47,673 | )
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership | 3,123 |  |  | 3,583 |  |  | 10,853 |  |  | 11,438 |
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets | 66,218 |  |  | 43,153 |  |  | 174,288 |  |  | 113,773 |
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders | $ | 40,725 |  |  | $ | 24,989 |  |  | $ | 121,038 |  |  | $ | 77,538 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition fees and costs expensed | 4,153 |  |  | 14,550 |  |  | 14,297 |  |  | 15,921 |
Noncash share-based compensation expense | 913 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,343 |  |  | 1,895 |
Remeasurement of Series E units | 525 |  |  | (3,588 | ) |  | (3,456 | ) |  | 4,112 |
Remeasurement of preferred shares | 3,000 |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 2,300 |  |  | 2,348 |
Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders | $ | 49,316 |  |  | $ | 38,452 |  |  | $ | 136,522 |  |  | $ | 101,814 |
Weighted-average number of FFO shares and units (1) | 265,691,012 |  |  | 256,170,943 |  |  | 265,737,484 |  |  | 244,874,904 |
Per FFO share and unit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

(1) | Includes weighted-average common shares outstanding and assumes full conversion of all Operating Partnership units outstanding, including Class A units, which totaled 14,440,670 at September 30, 2015, and 13,787,292 at September 30, 2014, as well as 31,085,974 Series C units, 4,375,000 Series D units and 4,375,000 Series E units at September 30, 2015 and 2014.

27

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
The primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under our credit facility. In addition, decreases in interest rates may lead to additional competition for the acquisition of single-family homes, which may lead to future acquisitions being more costly and resulting in lower yields on single-family homes targeted for acquisition. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to acquire single-family homes with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.
As of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the total outstanding balance of our variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our credit facility of zero and $207.0 million, respectively, and 2014-SFR1 securitization of $475.0 million and $478.6 million, respectively. All borrowings under our credit facility bear interest at 30 day LIBOR plus 2.75% until March 2017, and thereafter at 30 day LIBOR plus 3.125%, while borrowings under the 2014-SFR1 securitization bear interest at a duration-weighted blended interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.54%. Assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing variable-rate debt, the following table illustrates the effect of a 100 basis point increase or decrease in the LIBOR rate on our projected annual interest expense as of September 30, 2015, and December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

| September 30, 2015 |  | December 31, 2014
Impact to future earnings due to variable rate debt, before the effect of capitalization: |  |  |  |  |
Rate increase of 1% (1) | $ | (4,750 | ) |  | $ | (6,856 | )
Rate decrease of 1% (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 331 |

(1) | Calculation of additional projected annual interest expense as a result of a 100 basis point increase reflects the potential impact of our interest rate cap agreement as of September 30, 2015.

(2) | Calculation of projected decrease in annual interest expense as a result of a 100 basis point decrease is reflective of any LIBOR floors or minimum interest rates stated in the agreements of respective borrowings.

These analyses do not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we would consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file and submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in accordance with SEC guidelines and that such information is communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures in reaching that level of reasonable assurance.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2015, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
28

PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company currently is not subject to any material litigation nor, to management’s knowledge, is any material litigation currently threatened against the Company other than routine litigation and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to our risk factors from those disclosed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table summarizes the Company’s repurchases of our outstanding Class A common shares during the three months ended September 30, 2015 (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2015 to July 31, 2015 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
August 1, 2015 to August 31, 2015 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015 |  | 3,407,046 |  |  | 15.76 |  |  | 3,407,046 |  |  | 246,321 |
Total |  | 3,407,046 |  |  | $ | 15.76 |  |  | 3,407,046 |  |  | $ | 246,321 |

On September 21, 2015, the Company announced that our Board of Trustees approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. We repurchased and retired 3.4 million of our Class A common shares during the three months ended September 30, 2015, in accordance with the program. As of September 30, 2015, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of $246.3 million under the program.
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference and are listed in the attached Exhibit Index which is incorporated herein by reference.
29

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT
/s/ Diana M. Laing
Diana M. Laing
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal financial officer and duly authorized accounting officer)
Date: November 6, 2015

30

Exhibit Index

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Document
2.1‡ |  | Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated December 28, 2012, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Homes 4 Rent Properties One, LLC and American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.2‡ |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated January 30, 2013, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Homes 4 Rent Properties One, LLC and American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.3‡ |  | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, dated March 18, 2013, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Homes 4 Rent Properties One, LLC and American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.4‡ |  | Contribution Agreement, dated February 25, 2013, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, LLC, American Homes 4 Rent, American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. and AH4R Properties Holdings, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.5‡ |  | Contribution Agreement, dated May 28, 2013, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, LLC, American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.6‡ |  | Contribution Agreement, dated June 11, 2013, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, American Homes 4 Rent, LLC, Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation, American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., American Homes 4 Rent I, LLC and American Homes 4 Rent TRS, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.6 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
2.7‡ |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 1, 2014, by and among American Homes 4 Rent, AMH Portfolio One, LLC, Beazer Pre-Owned Rental Homes, Inc. and KKR Fund Holdings L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 7, 2014.)
3.1 |  | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed June 25, 2013.)
3.2 |  | First Articles of Amendment to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed July 19, 2013.)
3.3 |  | Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.000% Series A Participating Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-191015) filed October 25, 2013.)
3.4 |  | Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.000% Series B Participating Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-192592) filed December 27, 2013.)
3.5 |  | Articles Supplementary for American Homes 4 Rent 5.500% Series C Participating Preferred Shares (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-195575) filed May 1, 2014.)
3.6 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of American Homes 4 Rent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration Number 333-189103) filed July 19, 2013.)
10.1‡ |  | Loan Agreement dated as of September 22, 2015 between AMH 2015-2 Borrower, LLC, as Borrower and Goldman Sachs Mortgage Company, as Lender (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 23, 2015.)
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Filed herewith.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350. Filed herewith.

Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Document
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

‡ | The schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted from this filing. The Company will furnish supplementally a copy of any such omitted schedules or exhibits to the SEC upon request.

Exhibit 31.1
Certification Pursuant to
Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Amended
I, David P. Singelyn, certify that:

1. | I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of American Homes 4 Rent;

2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of trustees (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ David P. Singelyn
David P. Singelyn
Chief Executive Officer
November 6, 2015

Exhibit 31.2
Certification Pursuant to
Rules 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Amended
I, Diana M. Laing, certify that:

1. | I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of American Homes 4 Rent;

2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. | The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of trustees (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ Diana M. Laing
Diana M. Laing
Chief Financial Officer
November 6, 2015

Exhibit 32.1
Certification Pursuant to
18 U.S.C. Section 1350
In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of American Homes 4 Rent (the “Company”) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2015, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), David P. Singelyn, as Chief Executive Officer and Diana M. Laing, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ David P. Singelyn
David P. Singelyn
Chief Executive Officer

/s/ Diana M. Laing
Diana M. Laing
Chief Financial Officer

November 6, 2015
This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of §18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
A signed original of this written statement required by §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to the Company, and will be retained and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.