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Shareholders' Equity / Partners' Capital | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Equity [Abstract] |
Shareholders' Equity / Partners' Capital | Shareholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital When the Company issues common or preferred shares, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of units of partnership interest of a corresponding class to AH4R, with the Operating Partnership receiving the net proceeds from the share issuances. Class A Common Shares / Units Class A units represent voting equity interests in the Operating Partnership. Holders of Class A units in the Operating Partnership have the right to redeem the units for cash or, at the election of the Company, exchange the units for AH4R’s Class A common shares on a one-for-one basis. AH4R owned 85.9% and 85.2% of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During the third quarter of 2020, the Company issued 14,950,000 Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value per share, in an underwritten public offering, raising net proceeds of $411.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and before offering costs of approximately $0.2 million. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering (i) to repay indebtedness the Company had incurred under its revolving credit facility (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with its business strategy and (iv) for general corporate purposes. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the issuance. At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program During the second quarter of 2020, the Company extended its at-the-market common share offering program under which we can issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate gross sales offering price of $500.0 million (the “At-the-Market Program”). The At-the-Market Program also provides that we may enter into forward contracts for our Class A common shares with forward sellers and forward purchasers. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the At- the-Market Program (i) to repay indebtedness the Company has incurred or expects to incur under its revolving credit facility, (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, (iii) to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy and (iv) for working capital and general corporate purposes, including repurchases of the Company’s securities, acquisitions of additional properties, capital expenditures and the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of properties in the Company’s portfolio. The Company may suspend or terminate the At-the-Market Program at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 86,130 Class A common shares under the At-the-Market Program, raising $2.4 million in gross proceeds before commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2020, 86,130 shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $497.6 million remained available for future share issuances. Share Repurchase Program During the first quarter of 2018, the Company’s board of trustees re-authorized our existing share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase and retire any of our shares. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased and retired 1.8 million of our Class A common shares on a settlement date basis, in accordance with the program, at a weighted-average price of $19.36 per share and a total price of $34.9 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program. Class B Common Shares Former American Homes 4 Rent, LLC (“AH LLC”) members received 635,075 Class B common shares in connection with their contributions of properties and funds to the Company. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the proceeds and properties contributed in the transaction. Each Class B common share generally entitles the holder to 50 votes on all matters that the holders of Class A common shares are entitled to vote. The issuance of Class B common shares to former AH LLC members allows former AH LLC members a voting right associated with their investment in the Company no greater than if they had solely received Class A common shares. Additionally, when the voting interest from Class A common shares and Class B common shares are added together, a shareholder is limited to a 30% total voting interest. Each Class B common share has the same economic interest as a Class A common share. Perpetual Preferred Shares / Units As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had the following series of perpetual preferred shares outstanding (in thousands, except share data):
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Series |  | Issuance Date |  | Earliest Redemption Date |  | Dividend Rate |  | Outstanding Shares |  | Current Liquidation Value |  | Outstanding Shares |  | Current Liquidation Value
Series D perpetual preferred shares |  | 5/24/2016 |  | 5/24/2021 |  | 6.500 | % |  | 10,750,000 |  |  | $ | 268,750 |  |  | 10,750,000 |  |  | $ | 268,750 |
Series E perpetual preferred shares |  | 6/29/2016 |  | 6/29/2021 |  | 6.350 | % |  | 9,200,000 |  |  | 230,000 |  |  | 9,200,000 |  |  | 230,000 |
Series F perpetual preferred shares |  | 4/24/2017 |  | 4/24/2022 |  | 5.875 | % |  | 6,200,000 |  |  | 155,000 |  |  | 6,200,000 |  |  | 155,000 |
Series G perpetual preferred shares |  | 7/17/2017 |  | 7/17/2022 |  | 5.875 | % |  | 4,600,000 |  |  | 115,000 |  |  | 4,600,000 |  |  | 115,000 |
Series H perpetual preferred shares |  | 9/19/2018 |  | 9/19/2023 |  | 6.250 | % |  | 4,600,000 |  |  | 115,000 |  |  | 4,600,000 |  |  | 115,000 |
Total preferred shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 35,350,000 |  |  | $ | 883,750 |  |  | 35,350,000 |  |  | $ | 883,750 |
Perpetual preferred shares represent non-voting preferred equity interests in the Company and entitle holders to a cumulative annual cash dividend, based on the respective dividend rate in the table above, which is applied to the liquidation preference at issuance of $25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of corresponding perpetual preferred units for the given class to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuances. The Company may, at its option, redeem the perpetual preferred shares for cash, in whole or in part, from time to time, at any time on or after the earliest redemption date shown in the table above or within 120 days after the occurrence of a change in control at a redemption price equal to the $25.00 per share liquidation preference, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued 4,600,000 6.25% Series H cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $115.0 million before offering costs of approximately $4.4 million, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of the same class of perpetual preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance. Participating Preferred Shares / Units The Series C participating preferred shares represented non-voting preferred equity interests in the Company and entitled holders to a cumulative annual cash dividend equal to 5.5% of an initial liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding participating preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance. On April 5, 2018, the Company redeemed all 7,600,000 shares of the outstanding 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares through a conversion of those participating preferred shares into Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value, in accordance with the conversion terms in the Articles Supplementary. This resulted in 10,848,827 Class A common shares issued from the conversion, based on a conversion ratio of 1.4275 Class A common shares issued per Series C participating preferred share. The Operating Partnership also redeemed its corresponding Series C participating preferred units through a conversion into Class A units on April 5, 2018. The conversion ratio was calculated by dividing (i) the initial liquidation preference on the Series C participating preferred shares, as adjusted by an amount equal to 50% of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets (adjusted for a maximum 9.0% internal rate of return), plus unaccrued dividends by (ii) the one-day volume weighted-average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s Class A common shares on March 29, 2018, the date the Company delivered the required notice of redemption. As a result of the redemption, the Company recorded a $32.2 million allocation of income to the Series C participating preferred shareholders in the second quarter of 2018, which represents the initial liquidation value of the Series C participating preferred shares in excess of the original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares as of the redemption date. The original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares was net of the initial bifurcated home price appreciation derivative liability and offering costs. Exchangeable Senior Notes In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Operating Partnership elected the cash settlement option for settlement of the previously held exchangeable senior notes, which resulted in an aggregate payment of $135.1 million to the holders of the notes at maturity on November 15, 2018. $115.0 million of the total $135.1 million settlement consideration was allocated to the extinguishment of the liability component based on the fair value of the liability component immediately prior to extinguishment, which was equal to the carrying amount of the liability component. The remaining $20.1 million of settlement consideration was allocated to the reacquisition of the equity component and recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and a reduction to general partner’s common capital within the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Distributions As a REIT, we generally are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. AH4R had an NOL for U.S. federal income tax purposes of an estimated $60.2 million as of December 31, 2020 and approximately $189.1 million as of December 31, 2019. We intend to use our NOL (to the extent available) to reduce our REIT taxable income and will distribute approximately all of our remaining REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). No distributions can be paid on our Class A and Class B common shares unless we have first paid all cumulative distributions on our Series D, Series E, Series F, Series G and Series H perpetual preferred shares. The distribution preference of our Series D, Series E, Series F, Series G and Series H perpetual preferred shares could limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our Class A and Class B common shares. The Company’s board of trustees declared the following distributions during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions, and the board of trustees declared an equivalent amount of distributions on the corresponding Operating Partnership units.
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Class A and Class B common shares | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |
5.500% Series C participating preferred shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.34 |
6.500% Series D perpetual preferred shares | 1.63 |  |  | 1.63 |  |  | 1.63 |
6.350% Series E perpetual preferred shares | 1.59 |  |  | 1.59 |  |  | 1.59 |
5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares | 1.47 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.47 |
5.875% Series G perpetual preferred shares | 1.47 |  |  | 1.47 |  |  | 1.47 |
6.250% Series H perpetual preferred shares | 1.56 |  |  | 1.56 |  |  | 0.44 |
Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interests held by former AH LLC members in units in the Operating Partnership. Former AH LLC members owned 51,129,990 and 51,429,990, or approximately 13.9% and 14.6%, of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Noncontrolling interest also includes interests held by non-affiliates in Class A units in the Operating Partnership. Non-affiliate Class A unitholders owned 596,990, or approximately 0.2% of the total 368,383,440 and 352,769,654 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table summarizes the income or loss allocated to noncontrolling interests as reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income allocated to Class A units | $ | 14,455 |  |  | $ | 15,221 |  |  | $ | 4,424 |
Net loss allocated to noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (259) |
Total noncontrolling interest | $ | 14,455 |  |  | $ | 15,221 |  |  | $ | 4,165 |
Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of capital consisted solely of the outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018. Income and loss allocated to the Operating Partnership’s noncontrolling interest is reflected in noncontrolling interest within the Operating Partnership’s consolidated statements of operations. The Operating Partnership units owned by former AH LLC members and non-affiliates that are reflected as noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are reflected as limited partner capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(e)(1)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120397183&loc=d3e187085-122770 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2208762 + Details
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