Share-Based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Note 11. Share-Based Compensation

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s employees are compensated through the Operating Partnership, including share-based compensation. When the Company issues Class A common shares under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of Class A units to AH4R and non-management members of our board of trustees.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Human Capital and Compensation Committee granted restricted share units (“RSUs”) to employees that vest over a three-year service period. RSUs granted to non-management trustees vest over a one-year service period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Human Capital and Compensation Committee granted performance-based restricted share units (“PSUs”) to certain executives that cliff vest at the end of a three-year service period. The performance conditions of the PSUs are measured over a three-year performance period beginning January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2023. A portion of the PSUs are based on (i) the achievement of relative total shareholder return compared to a specified peer group (the “TSR Awards”), and a portion are based on (ii) average annual growth in core funds from operations per share (the “Core FFO Awards”). The number of PSUs that may ultimately vest range from zero to 200% of the number of PSUs granted based on the level of achievement of these performance conditions. For the TSR Awards, grant date fair value was determined using a multifactor Monte Carlo model and the resulting compensation cost is amortized over the service period regardless of whether the performance condition is achieved. For the Core FFO Awards, fair value is based on the market value on the date of grant and compensation cost is recognized based on the probable achievement of the performance condition at each reporting period.

The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021	2020
Options outstanding at beginning of period	1,090,300	1,529,800
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(60,000)	(83,600)
Forfeited	—	(1,600)
Options outstanding at end of period	1,030,300	1,444,600
Options exercisable at end of period	992,800	1,296,750

The following table summarizes RSU activity under the Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021	2020
RSUs outstanding at beginning of period	651,537	599,109
Awarded	453,560	422,285
Vested	(164,203)	(181,213)
Forfeited	(12,399)	(19,010)
RSUs outstanding at end of period	928,495	821,171

The following table summarizes PSU activity under the Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021	2020
PSUs outstanding at beginning of period	—	—
Awarded	92,319	—
Vested	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
PSUs outstanding at end of period	92,319	—

The Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense relating to corporate administrative employees is included in general and administrative expense and the noncash share-based compensation expense relating to centralized and field property management employees is included in property management expenses. Noncash share-based compensation expense relating to employees involved in the purchases of single-family properties, including newly constructed properties from third-party builders, the development of single-family properties, or the disposal of certain properties or portfolios of properties is included in acquisition and other transaction costs. The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s noncash share-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
General and administrative expense	$	4,342	$	1,369
Property management expenses	999		439
Acquisition and other transaction costs	2,769		—
Total noncash share-based compensation expense	$	8,110	$	1,808