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Debt
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Debt Debt
All of the Company’s indebtedness is debt of the Operating Partnership. AMH is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The following table presents the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):
Outstanding Principal Balance
Interest Rate (1)
Maturity DateDecember 31, 2023December 31, 2022
AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization (2)
4.42 %October 9, 2024$461,498 $468,138 
AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization4.40 %December 9, 2024477,064 482,964 
AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization (3)
4.14 %April 9, 2045502,299 508,672 
AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization (4)
4.36 %October 9, 2045436,297 441,854 
Total asset-backed securitizations1,877,158 1,901,628 
2028 unsecured senior notes (5)
4.08 %February 15, 2028500,000 500,000 
2029 unsecured senior notes4.90 %February 15, 2029400,000 400,000 
2031 unsecured senior notes (6)
2.46 %July 15, 2031450,000 450,000 
2032 unsecured senior notes3.63 %April 15, 2032600,000 600,000 
2051 unsecured senior notes3.38 %July 15, 2051300,000 300,000 
2052 unsecured senior notes4.30 %April 15, 2052300,000 300,000 
Revolving credit facility (7)
6.38 %April 15, 202690,000 130,000 
Total debt4,517,158 4,581,628 
Unamortized discounts on unsecured senior notes(32,981)(36,099)
Deferred financing costs, net (8)
(22,530)(29,531)
Total debt per balance sheet$4,461,647 $4,515,998 
(1)Interest rates are rounded and as of December 31, 2023. Unless otherwise stated, interest rates are fixed percentages.
(2)The Company has provided notice to the lender of its intent to payoff the AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization during the first quarter of 2024. See Note 15. Subsequent Events for further information.
(3)The AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. If the securitization is not repaid by this date, the duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate will increase by a minimum of 3.00%
(4)The AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. If the securitization is not repaid by this date, the duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate will increase by a minimum of 3.00%
(5)The stated interest rate on the 2028 unsecured senior notes is 4.25%, which was hedged to yield an interest rate of 4.08%.
(6)The stated interest rate on the 2031 unsecured senior notes is 2.38%, which was hedged to yield an interest rate of 2.46%.
(7)The revolving credit facility provides for a borrowing capacity of up to $1.25 billion and the maturity date includes two six-month extension periods, see Revolving Credit Facility below. The Company had approximately $2.7 million and $4.0 million committed to outstanding letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company amended its revolving credit facility in connection with the transition from the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to the SOFR. The revolving credit facility bears interest at SOFR, as adjusted for the Company’s SOFR spread, plus 0.90% as of December 31, 2023.
(8)Deferred financing costs relate to our asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes. Amortization of deferred financing costs related to our asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes was $7.0 million, $6.8 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization.

Debt Maturities

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s principal debt balances on a fully extended basis as of December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):
Debt Maturities
2024$948,864 
202510,302 
2026100,302 
202710,302 
2028510,302 
Thereafter2,937,086 
Total debt$4,517,158 
Encumbered Properties

The following table displays the number of properties pledged as collateral for the Company’s asset-backed securitization loans and the aggregate net book values as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands, except property data):
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Number of PropertiesNet Book ValueNumber of PropertiesNet Book Value
AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization4,517 $533,238 4,530 $550,581 
AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization4,558 581,021 4,563 598,189 
AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization4,684 579,274 4,691 596,236 
AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization4,162 539,659 4,168 554,608 
Total encumbered properties17,921 $2,233,192 17,952 $2,299,614 

Asset-backed Securitizations

The Company completed multiple asset-backed securitizations, all of which have certain general characteristics in common. The asset-backed securitization transactions resulted in newly-formed special purpose entities (the “Borrowers”), which entered into loans with third-party lenders. The Borrowers are each wholly owned by respective special purpose entities (the “Equity Owners”), which are wholly owned by the Operating Partnership. The loans were represented by promissory notes that were immediately transferred by the third-party lenders to subsidiaries of the Company and then to Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”) trusts in exchange for single-family rental pass-through certificates representing the beneficial ownership interests in the respective loans and trusts. Upon receipt of the certificates, the subsidiaries sold the certificates to investors. The principal amount of each class of certificates corresponds to the corresponding principal amount of the loan components with an additional class to hold the residual REMIC interest. The loans require monthly payments of interest together with principal payments representing one-twelfth of one percent of the original principal amount of the loans.

The loans are secured by first priority mortgages on pools of single-family residential properties transferred to the Borrowers from the Company’s portfolio of properties. The Borrowers’ homes were substantially similar to the other properties owned by the Company and were leased to tenants underwritten on substantially the same basis as the tenants in the Company’s other properties. During the duration of the loans, the Borrowers’ properties may not generally be transferred, sold or otherwise securitized and the Company can substitute properties if a property owned by the Borrowers becomes a disqualified property under the terms of the loan or voluntarily with properties eligible for substitution, in limited circumstances, subject to the terms, conditions and limitations provided in the loan agreements. The loans are also secured by a security interest in all of the Borrowers’ personal property and a pledge of all of the assets of the Equity Owners, including a security interest in their membership interests in the Borrowers. The Company provides a limited guaranty (i) for certain losses arising out of designated acts of intentional misconduct and (ii) for the principal amount of the loans and all other obligations under the loan agreements in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings.

The Company accounted for the transfers of the notes from its subsidiaries to the trusts as sales under ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, with no resulting gain or loss as the notes were both originated by the third-party lenders and immediately transferred at the same fair market value. The Company also evaluated and did not identify any variable interests in the trusts. Accordingly, the Company consolidates, at historical cost basis, the homes placed as collateral for the notes, and the principal balances outstanding on the notes are included in asset-backed securitizations, net within the consolidated balance sheets.

The loan agreements provide that the Borrowers maintain covenants typical for securitization transactions including maintaining certain reserve accounts and a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.20 to 1.00. The loan agreements define the debt service coverage ratio as of any determination date as a ratio in which the numerator is the net cash flow divided by the aggregate debt service for the 12-month period following the date of determination.

AMH 2014-SFR2 Securitization

The AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization completed during the third quarter of 2014 is a fixed-rate loan for $513.3 million with a 10-year term maturing on October 9, 2024 and has a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.42%. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,487 single-family residential properties. In addition to the single-family rental pass-through certificates sold to third parties, the Company acquired all of the Class F certificates, which bear no interest, for $25.7
million. The Company evaluated the purchased Class F certificates as a variable interest in the trust and concluded that the Class F certificates will not absorb a majority of the trust’s expected losses or receive a majority of the trust’s expected residual returns. The Company also concluded that the Class F certificates do not provide the Company with an ability to direct activities that could impact the trust’s economic performance. The Company does not consolidate the trust and the $25.7 million of purchased Class F certificates are reflected as asset-backed securitization certificates in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and as amounts due from affiliates in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets. Gross proceeds to the Company from the transaction, after purchase of the Class F certificates, were $487.7 million, before issuance costs of $12.9 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

AMH 2014-SFR3 Securitization

The AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization completed during the fourth quarter of 2014 is a fixed-rate loan for $528.4 million with a 10-year term maturing on December 9, 2024 and has a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.40%. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,503 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $528.4 million, before issuance costs of $12.9 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

AMH 2015-SFR1 Securitization

The AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization completed during the first quarter of 2015 is a fixed-rate loan for $552.8 million with a 30-year term maturing on April 9, 2045 and has a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.14%. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a pool of 4,661 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower and has an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $552.8 million, before issuance costs of $13.3 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

AMH 2015-SFR2 Securitization

The AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization completed during the third quarter of 2015 is a fixed-rate loan for $477.7 million with a 30-year term maturing on October 9, 2045 and has a duration-adjusted weighted-average interest rate of 4.36%. The loan was originally secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,125 single-family residential properties owned by the Borrower and has an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025. Gross proceeds from the transaction were $477.7 million, before issuance costs of $11.3 million, and were used to pay down the outstanding balance on the credit facility and for general corporate purposes.

Unsecured Senior Notes

During the second quarter of 2022, the Operating Partnership issued $600.0 million of 3.625% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of April 15, 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) and $300.0 million of 4.300% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of April 15, 2052 (the “2052 Notes” and, together with the 2032 Notes, the “2032 and 2052 Notes”). Interest on the 2032 and 2052 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, which commenced on October 15, 2022. The Operating Partnership received aggregate net proceeds of $870.3 million from these issuances, after underwriting fees of approximately $6.5 million and a $23.2 million discount, and before offering costs of approximately $1.7 million. The Operating Partnership used net proceeds from this offering to repay amounts outstanding on its revolving credit facility, for the redemption of its Series F perpetual preferred shares and for general corporate purposes. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2032 and 2052 Notes in whole at any time or in part from time to time at the applicable redemption price specified in the indentures with respect to the 2032 and 2052 Notes. If the 2032 Notes are redeemed on or after January 15, 2032 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. If the 2052 Notes are redeemed on or after October 15, 2051 (six months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date.

During the third quarter of 2021, the Operating Partnership issued $450.0 million of 2.375% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of July 15, 2031 (the “2031 Notes”) and $300.0 million of 3.375% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of July 15, 2051 (the “2051 Notes” and, together with the 2031 Notes, the “2031 and 2051 Notes”). Interest on the 2031 and 2051 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, which commenced on January 15, 2022. The Operating Partnership received aggregate net proceeds of $731.6 million from these issuances, after underwriting fees of approximately $5.6 million and a
$12.8 million discount, and before offering costs of $1.4 million. The Operating Partnership used the net proceeds from this offering to repay amounts outstanding on its revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, property acquisitions and developments, the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of existing properties in the Operating Partnership’s portfolio, other capital expenditures, the redemption of its preferred shares, the repayment of outstanding indebtedness, working capital and other general purposes. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2031 and 2051 Notes in whole at any time or in part from time to time at the applicable redemption price specified in the indentures with respect to the 2031 and 2051 Notes. If the 2031 Notes are redeemed on or after April 15, 2031 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. If the 2051 Notes are redeemed on or after January 15, 2051 (six months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. Including the effect of a cash flow hedging instrument settled during the second quarter of 2021 (see Note 12. Fair Value), the 2031 Notes yield an effective interest rate of 2.46%.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Operating Partnership issued $400.0 million of 4.90% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, which commenced on August 15, 2019. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $395.3 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $2.6 million and a $2.1 million discount, and before offering costs of $1.0 million. The Operating Partnership used the net proceeds from this issuance to repay amounts outstanding on our revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2029 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the indenture with respect to the 2029 Notes. If the 2029 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2028 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date.

During the first quarter of 2018, the Operating Partnership issued $500.0 million of 4.25% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2028 (the “2028 Notes”). Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, which commenced on August 15, 2018. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $494.0 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $3.2 million and a $2.8 million discount, and before offering costs of $1.9 million. The net proceeds from this issuance were used for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, acquisitions of additional properties, the repayment of outstanding indebtedness, capital expenditures, the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of our properties, working capital and other general purposes, including repurchases of securities. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2028 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the indenture with respect to the 2028 Notes. If the 2028 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2027 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. Including the effect of a cash flow hedging instrument settled during the first quarter of 2018, the 2028 Notes yield an effective interest rate of 4.08%.

The 2028 Notes, 2029 Notes, 2031 Notes, 2032 Notes, 2051 Notes and 2052 Notes are the Operating Partnership’s unsecured and unsubordinated obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The indentures require that we maintain certain financial covenants.

Revolving Credit Facility

During the second quarter of 2021, the Company closed a $1.25 billion revolving credit facility, amending and restating its previous $800 million revolving credit agreement. The amended and restated revolving credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) provides for expanded borrowing capacity, reflects a more favorable pricing grid based on current market conditions, and includes a sustainability component based upon third-party performance measures through which overall pricing can further improve if the Company meets certain targets. The interest rate on the Revolving Credit Facility was either the LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 0.725% to 1.45% or a base rate (determined according to the greater of a prime rate, federal funds rate plus 0.5% or the daily LIBOR plus 1.0%) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.45%. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company amended its Revolving Credit Facility in connection with the transition from the LIBOR to the SOFR. The interest rate under the amended Revolving Credit Facility is either the SOFR plus a 0.1% spread adjustment and a margin ranging from 0.725% to 1.45% or a base rate (determined according to the greater of a prime rate, federal funds rate plus 0.5% or the daily SOFR plus 1.1%) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.45%. In each case the actual margin was determined based on the Company’s credit ratings in effect from time to time. The amended Revolving Credit Facility matures on April 15, 2025, with two six-month extension options at the Company’s election if
certain conditions are met. In addition, the Company is required to pay a facility fee of an amount ranging from 0.125% to 0.30% of the aggregate amount of the revolving commitments, which fee is also based on the Company’s credit rating.

Interest Expense

The following table summarizes our (i) gross interest cost, which includes fees on our credit facilities and amortization of deferred financing costs and the discounts on unsecured senior notes, and (ii) capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (amounts in thousands):
 For the Years Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Gross interest cost$195,430 $186,956 $148,689 
Capitalized interest(55,232)(52,085)(33,796)
Interest expense$140,198 $134,871 $114,893