10-Q 1 bxpandbplp10-q20190331.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2019

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 1-13087 (Boston Properties, Inc.)
Commission File Number: 0-50209 (Boston Properties Limited Partnership)

BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
(Exact name of Registrants as specified in its charter)

Boston Properties, Inc. | Delaware | 04-2473675
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
Boston Properties Limited Partnership | Delaware | 04-3372948
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Prudential Center, 800 Boylston Street, Suite 1900, Boston, Massachusetts 02199-8103
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(617) 236-3300
(Registrants’ telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Boston Properties, Inc.: Yes x No ¨ Boston Properties Limited Partnership: Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Boston Properties, Inc.: Yes x No ¨ Boston Properties Limited Partnership: Yes x No ¨

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Boston Properties, Inc.:
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨ Emerging growth company ¨
Boston Properties Limited Partnership:
Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer x Smaller reporting company ¨ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Boston Properties, Inc. ¨ Boston Properties Limited Partnership ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Boston Properties, Inc.: Yes ¨ No x Boston Properties Limited Partnership: Yes ¨ No x

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Registrant | Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Boston Properties, Inc. | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | BXP | New York Stock Exchange
Boston Properties, Inc. | Depository Shares Each Representing 1/100th of a share of 5.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share | BXP PRB | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Boston Properties, Inc. | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | 154,519,867
(Registrant) | (Class) | (Outstanding on May 2, 2019)

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EXPLANATORY NOTE
This report combines the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 of Boston Properties, Inc. and Boston Properties Limited Partnership. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “BXP” mean Boston Properties, Inc., a Delaware corporation and real estate investment trust (“REIT”), and references to “BPLP” and the “Operating Partnership” mean Boston Properties Limited Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership. BPLP is the entity through which BXP conducts substantially all of its business and owns, either directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of its assets. BXP is the sole general partner and also a limited partner of BPLP. As the sole general partner of BPLP, BXP has exclusive control of BPLP’s day-to-day management. Therefore, unless stated otherwise or the context requires, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” mean collectively BXP, BPLP and those entities/subsidiaries consolidated by BXP.
As of March 31, 2019, BXP owned an approximate 89.5% ownership interest in BPLP. The remaining approximate 10.5% interest was owned by limited partners. The other limited partners of BPLP are (1) persons who contributed their direct or indirect interests in properties to BPLP in exchange for common units or preferred units of limited partnership interest in BPLP and/or (2) recipients of long term incentive plan units of BPLP pursuant to BXP’s Stock Option and Incentive Plans. Under the limited partnership agreement of BPLP, unitholders may present their common units of BPLP for redemption at any time (subject to restrictions agreed upon at the time of issuance of the units that may restrict such right for a period of time, generally one year from issuance). Upon presentation of a common unit for redemption, BPLP must redeem the unit for cash equal to the then value of a share of BXP’s common stock. In lieu of a cash redemption by BPLP, however, BXP may elect to acquire any common units so tendered by issuing shares of BXP common stock in exchange for the common units. If BXP so elects, its common stock will be exchanged for common units on a one-for-one basis. This one-for-one exchange ratio is subject to specified adjustments to prevent dilution. BXP generally expects that it will elect to issue its common stock in connection with each such presentation for redemption rather than having BPLP pay cash. With each such exchange or redemption, BXP’s percentage ownership in BPLP will increase. In addition, whenever BXP issues shares of its common stock other than to acquire common units of BPLP, BXP must contribute any net proceeds it receives to BPLP and BPLP must issue to BXP an equivalent number of common units of BPLP. This structure is commonly referred to as an umbrella partnership REIT, or UPREIT.
The Company believes that combining the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q of BXP and BPLP into this single report provides the following benefits:

• | enhances investors’ understanding of BXP and BPLP by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

• | eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more concise and readable presentation because a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both BXP and BPLP; and

• | creates time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

The Company believes it is important to understand the few differences between BXP and BPLP in the context of how BXP and BPLP operate as a consolidated company. The financial results of BPLP are consolidated into the financial statements of BXP. BXP does not have any other significant assets, liabilities or operations, other than its investment in BPLP, nor does it have employees of its own. BPLP, not BXP, generally executes all significant business relationships other than transactions involving the securities of BXP. BPLP holds substantially all of the assets of BXP, including ownership interests in joint ventures. BPLP conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from equity offerings by BXP, which are contributed to the capital of BPLP in exchange for common or preferred units of partnership in BPLP, as applicable, BPLP generates all remaining capital required by the Company’s business. These sources include working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its credit facilities, the issuance of secured and unsecured debt and equity securities and proceeds received from the disposition of certain properties and interests in joint ventures.
Shareholders’ equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of BXP and BPLP. The limited partners of BPLP are accounted for as partners’ capital in BPLP’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in BXP’s financial statements. The noncontrolling interests in BPLP’s financial statements include the interests of unaffiliated partners in various consolidated partnerships. The noncontrolling interests in BXP’s financial statements include the same

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noncontrolling interests at BPLP’s level and limited partners of BPLP. The differences between shareholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from differences in the equity issued at BXP and BPLP levels.
In addition, the consolidated financial statements of BXP and BPLP differ in total real estate assets resulting from previously applied acquisition accounting by BXP for the issuance of common stock in connection with non-sponsor redemptions of common units of BPLP. This accounting resulted in a step-up of the real estate assets at BXP. This resulted in a difference between the net real estate of BXP as compared to BPLP of approximately $297.4 million, or 1.8% at March 31, 2019 and a corresponding difference in depreciation expense, impairments losses and gains on sales of real estate upon the sale of certain properties having an allocation of the real estate step-up. The acquisition accounting was nullified on a prospective basis beginning in 2009 as a result of the Company’s adoption of a new accounting standard requiring any future redemptions to be accounted for solely as an equity transaction.
To help investors better understand the key differences between BXP and BPLP, certain information for BXP and BPLP in this report has been separated, as set forth below:

• | Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited), which includes the following specific disclosures for BXP and BPLP:

•Note 3. Real Estate;
•Note 8. Stockholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital;
•Note 9. Earnings Per Share / Common Unit; and
•Note 11. Segment Information

• | Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes information specific to each entity, where applicable; and

• | Item 2. Liquidity and Capital Resources includes separate reconciliations of amounts to each entity’s financial statements, where applicable.

This report also includes separate Part I - Item 4. Controls and Procedures and Part II - Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds sections for each of BXP and BPLP, as well as separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for each of BXP and BPLP.

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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC. AND BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
FORM 10-Q
for the quarter ended March 31, 2019
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|  | Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 1
Boston Properties, Inc. |
| a) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 1
| b) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 3
| c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 4
| d) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 5
| e) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 6
Boston Properties Limited Partnership |
| a) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 8
| b) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 10
| c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 11
| d) Consolidated Statements of Capital and Noncontrolling Interests for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 12
| e) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 13
Boston Properties, Inc. and Boston Properties Limited Partnership |
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 15
ITEM 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 41
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 75
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 75
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 77
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 77
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 77
ITEM 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 78
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 78
ITEM 5. | Other Information | 78
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 79
SIGNATURES | 80

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1—Financial Statements.

BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
|  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands, except for share and par value amounts)
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Real estate, at cost (amounts related to variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of $7,511,727 and $7,481,015 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | $ | 21,741,265 |  |  | $ | 21,649,896 |
Right of use assets - finance leases (amount related to VIEs of $21,000 at March 31, 2019) |  | 187,292 |  |  | — |
Right of use assets - operating leases |  | 151,166 |  |  | — |
Less: accumulated depreciation (amounts related to VIEs of $(999,691) and $(965,500) at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | (4,962,959 | ) |  | (4,897,777 | )
Total real estate |  | 17,116,764 |  |  | 16,752,119 |
Cash and cash equivalents (amounts related to VIEs of $254,299 and $296,806 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 360,091 |  |  | 543,359 |
Cash held in escrows |  | 72,207 |  |  | 95,832 |
Investments in securities |  | 32,052 |  |  | 28,198 |
Tenant and other receivables (amounts related to VIEs of $15,782 and $15,519 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 92,462 |  |  | 86,629 |
Note receivable |  | 19,593 |  |  | 19,468 |
Related party note receivable |  | 80,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
Accrued rental income (amounts related to VIEs of $280,952 and $272,466 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 954,063 |  |  | 934,896 |
Deferred charges, net (amounts related to VIEs of $254,172 and $263,402 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 666,320 |  |  | 678,724 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets (amounts related to VIEs of $56,027 and $26,513 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 131,472 |  |  | 80,943 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 976,580 |  |  | 956,309 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,501,604 |  |  | $ | 20,256,477 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net (amounts related to VIEs of $2,926,760 and $2,929,326 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  | $ | 2,964,572 |
Unsecured senior notes, net |  | 7,547,043 |  |  | 7,544,697 |
Unsecured line of credit |  | — |  |  | — |
Unsecured term loan, net |  | 498,607 |  |  | 498,488 |
Lease liabilities - finance leases (amount related to VIEs of $20,067 at March 31, 2019) |  | 173,123 |  |  | — |
Lease liabilities - operating leases |  | 199,653 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (amounts related to VIEs of $79,984 and $75,786 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 328,885 |  |  | 276,645 |
Dividends and distributions payable |  | 165,352 |  |  | 165,114 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 89,171 |  |  | 89,267 |
Other liabilities (amounts related to VIEs of $182,729 and $200,344 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 369,575 |  |  | 503,726 |
Total liabilities |  | 12,331,317 |  |  | 12,042,509 |
Commitments and contingencies |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity: |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity attributable to Boston Properties, Inc.: |  |  |  |

1

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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
|  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands, except for share and par value amounts)
Excess stock, $0.01 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized; |  |  |  |
5.25% Series B cumulative redeemable preferred stock, $0.01 par value, liquidation preference $2,500 per share, 92,000 shares authorized, 80,000 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | 200,000 |  |  | 200,000 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 154,594,386 and 154,537,378 issued and 154,515,486 and 154,458,478 outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively |  | 1,545 |  |  | 1,545 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 6,414,612 |  |  | 6,407,623 |
Dividends in excess of earnings |  | (728,083 | ) |  | (675,534 | )
Treasury common stock at cost, 78,900 shares at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | (2,722 | ) |  | (2,722 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (48,734 | ) |  | (47,741 | )
Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. |  | 5,836,618 |  |  | 5,883,171 |
Noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership |  | 623,061 |  |  | 619,352 |
Property partnerships |  | 1,710,608 |  |  | 1,711,445 |
Total equity |  | 8,170,287 |  |  | 8,213,968 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 20,501,604 |  |  | $ | 20,256,477 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2

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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Revenue |  |  |
Lease | $ | 679,251 |  |  | $ | — |
Base rent | — |  |  | 519,507 |
Recoveries from tenants | — |  |  | 95,118 |
Parking and other | 24,906 |  |  | 26,134 |
Hotel revenue | 8,938 |  |  | 9,102 |
Development and management services | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Total revenue | 725,767 |  |  | 661,151 |
Expenses |  |  |
Operating |  |  |
Rental | 257,517 |  |  | 240,329 |
Hotel | 7,863 |  |  | 8,073 |
General and administrative | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Transaction costs | 460 |  |  | 21 |
Depreciation and amortization | 164,594 |  |  | 165,797 |
Total expenses | 475,591 |  |  | 452,999 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 213 |  |  | 461 |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 96,397 |
Interest and other income | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | )
Impairment loss | (24,038 | ) |  | — |
Interest expense | (101,009 | ) |  | (90,220 | )
Net income | 131,159 |  |  | 216,312 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (18,830 | ) |  | (17,234 | )
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership | (11,599 | ) |  | (20,432 | )
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. | 100,730 |  |  | 178,646 |
Preferred dividends | (2,625 | ) |  | (2,625 | )
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 98,105 |  |  | $ | 176,021 |
Basic earnings per common share attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 154,525 |  |  | 154,385 |
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |
Weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding | 154,844 |  |  | 154,705 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3

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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income | $ | 131,159 |  |  | $ | 216,312 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |
Effective portion of interest rate contracts | (2,628 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of interest rate contracts (1) | 1,666 |  |  | 1,666 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (962 | ) |  | 1,666 |
Comprehensive income | 130,197 |  |  | 217,978 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (30,429 | ) |  | (37,666 | )
Other comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (31 | ) |  | (299 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. | $ | 99,737 |  |  | $ | 180,013 |

_______________
(1) Amounts reclassified from comprehensive income primarily to interest expense within the Boston Properties, Inc.’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited and in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Preferred Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Dividends in Excess of Earnings |  | Treasury Stock, at cost |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Noncontrolling Interests - Common Units |  | Noncontrolling Interests - Property Partnerships |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  |
Equity, December 31, 2018 | 154,458 |  |  | $ | 1,545 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 6,407,623 |  |  | $ | (675,534 | ) |  | $ | (2,722 | ) |  | $ | (47,741 | ) |  | $ | 619,352 |  |  | $ | 1,711,445 |  |  | $ | 8,213,968 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,864 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (445 | ) |  | (70 | ) |  | (4,379 | )
Redemption of operating partnership units to common stock | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 492 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (492 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Allocated net income for the year | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,599 |  |  | 18,830 |  |  | 131,159 |
Dividends/distributions declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (149,415 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,185 | ) |  | — |  |  | (166,600 | )
Shares issued pursuant to stock purchase plan | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 373 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 373 |
Net activity from stock option and incentive plan | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,469 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,387 |  |  | 4,387 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,128 | ) |  | (24,128 | )
Effective portion of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,359 | ) |  | (269 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,628 | )
Amortization of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 1,666 |
Reallocation of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,065 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,065 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity, March 31, 2019 | 154,515 |  |  | $ | 1,545 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 6,414,612 |  |  | $ | (728,083 | ) |  | $ | (2,722 | ) |  | $ | (48,734 | ) |  | $ | 623,061 |  |  | $ | 1,710,608 |  |  | $ | 8,170,287 |
Equity, December 31, 2017 | 154,325 |  |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 6,377,908 |  |  | $ | (712,343 | ) |  | $ | (2,722 | ) |  | $ | (50,429 | ) |  | $ | 604,739 |  |  | $ | 1,683,760 |  |  | $ | 8,102,456 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,933 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 563 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,496 |
Redemption of operating partnership units to common stock | 24 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 831 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (832 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Allocated net income for the year | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 178,646 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,432 |  |  | 17,234 |  |  | 216,312 |
Dividends/distributions declared | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (126,115 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,351 | ) |  | — |  |  | (140,466 | )
Shares issued pursuant to stock purchase plan | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 429 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 429 |
Net activity from stock option and incentive plan | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (185 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,805 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,620 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,267 |  |  | 15,267 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,690 | ) |  | (30,690 | )
Amortization of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 1,666 |
Reallocation of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,164 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,164 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity, March 31, 2018 | 154,362 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 6,384,147 |  |  | $ | (654,879 | ) |  | $ | (2,722 | ) |  | $ | (49,062 | ) |  | $ | 619,347 |  |  | $ | 1,685,715 |  |  | $ | 8,184,090 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 131,159 |  |  | $ | 216,312 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 164,594 |  |  | 165,797 |
Amortization of right of use assets - operating leases | 605 |  |  | — |
Impairment loss | 24,038 |  |  | — |
Non-cash compensation expense | 15,050 |  |  | 14,772 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | (213 | ) |  | (461 | )
Distributions of net cash flow from operations of unconsolidated joint ventures | 2,650 |  |  | 847 |
(Gains) losses from investments in securities | (2,969 | ) |  | 126 |
Non-cash portion of interest expense | 5,447 |  |  | 5,299 |
Losses (gains) on sales of real estate | 905 |  |  | (96,397 | )
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Tenant and other receivables, net | (14,000 | ) |  | 22,790 |
Note receivable | (125 | ) |  | — |
Accrued rental income, net | (15,570 | ) |  | (26,319 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (68,554 | ) |  | (66,968 | )
Lease liabilities - operating leases | 370 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 258 |  |  | (13,913 | )
Accrued interest payable | (160 | ) |  | 12,399 |
Other liabilities | (17,831 | ) |  | 23,089 |
Tenant leasing costs | (18,420 | ) |  | (31,595 | )
Total adjustments | 76,075 |  |  | 9,466 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 207,234 |  |  | 225,778 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Acquisition of real estate | (43,061 | ) |  | — |
Construction in progress | (85,632 | ) |  | (150,060 | )
Building and other capital improvements | (32,719 | ) |  | (53,550 | )
Tenant improvements | (54,242 | ) |  | (47,157 | )
Proceeds from sales of real estate | 20,019 |  |  | 116,120 |
Capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | (26,995 | ) |  | (48,823 | )
Investments in securities, net | (885 | ) |  | (318 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (223,515 | ) |  | (183,788 | )

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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable | (5,645 | ) |  | (5,333 | )
Borrowings on unsecured line of credit | 50,000 |  |  | 260,000 |
Repayments of unsecured line of credit | (50,000 | ) |  | (190,000 | )
Payments on finance lease obligations | (470 | ) |  | — |
Payments on capital lease obligations | — |  |  | (3 | )
Payments on real estate financing transactions | — |  |  | (444 | )
Deferred financing costs | (186 | ) |  | (16 | )
Net proceeds from equity transactions | 1,792 |  |  | (723 | )
Dividends and distributions | (166,362 | ) |  | (140,288 | )
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 4,387 |  |  | 15,267 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (24,128 | ) |  | (30,690 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (190,612 | ) |  | (92,230 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows | (206,893 | ) |  | (50,240 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, beginning of period | 639,191 |  |  | 505,369 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, end of period | $ | 432,298 |  |  | $ | 455,129 |
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | $ | 543,359 |  |  | $ | 434,767 |
Cash held in escrows, beginning of period | 95,832 |  |  | 70,602 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, beginning of period | $ | 639,191 |  |  | $ | 505,369 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 360,091 |  |  | $ | 294,571 |
Cash held in escrows, end of period | 72,207 |  |  | 160,558 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, end of period | $ | 432,298 |  |  | $ | 455,129 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 107,094 |  |  | $ | 89,412 |
Interest capitalized | $ | 11,813 |  |  | $ | 17,378 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Write-off of fully depreciated real estate | $ | (31,640 | ) |  | $ | (29,609 | )
Additions to real estate included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 49,689 |  |  | $ | 35,245 |
Real estate acquired through finance lease | $ | 122,563 |  |  | $ | — |
Dividends and distributions declared but not paid | $ | 165,352 |  |  | $ | 139,218 |
Conversions of noncontrolling interests to stockholders’ equity | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 832 |
Issuance of restricted securities to employees | $ | 37,428 |  |  | $ | 36,433 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
|  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands, except for unit amounts)
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Real estate, at cost (amounts related to variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of $7,511,727 and $7,481,015 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | $ | 21,345,264 |  |  | $ | 21,251,540 |
Right of use assets - finance leases (amount related to VIEs of $21,000 at March 31, 2019) |  | 187,292 |  |  | — |
Right of use assets - operating leases |  | 151,166 |  |  | — |
Less: accumulated depreciation (amounts related to VIEs of $(999,691) and $(965,500) at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | (4,864,334 | ) |  | (4,800,475 | )
Total real estate |  | 16,819,388 |  |  | 16,451,065 |
Cash and cash equivalents (amounts related to VIEs of $254,299 and $296,806 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 360,091 |  |  | 543,359 |
Cash held in escrows |  | 72,207 |  |  | 95,832 |
Investments in securities |  | 32,052 |  |  | 28,198 |
Tenant and other receivables (amounts related to VIEs of $15,782 and $15,519 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 92,462 |  |  | 86,629 |
Note receivable |  | 19,593 |  |  | 19,468 |
Related party note receivable |  | 80,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
Accrued rental income (amounts related to VIEs of $280,952 and $272,466 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 954,063 |  |  | 934,896 |
Deferred charges, net (amounts related to VIEs of $254,172 and $263,402 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 666,320 |  |  | 678,724 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets (amounts related to VIEs of $56,027 and $26,513 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 131,472 |  |  | 80,943 |
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 976,580 |  |  | 956,309 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,204,228 |  |  | $ | 19,955,423 |
LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Mortgage notes payable, net (amounts related to VIEs of $2,926,760 and $2,929,326 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  | $ | 2,964,572 |
Unsecured senior notes, net |  | 7,547,043 |  |  | 7,544,697 |
Unsecured line of credit |  | — |  |  | — |
Unsecured term loan, net |  | 498,607 |  |  | 498,488 |
Lease liabilities - finance leases (amount related to VIEs of $20,067 at March 31, 2019) |  | 173,123 |  |  | — |
Lease liabilities - operating leases |  | 199,653 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (amounts related to VIEs of $79,984 and $75,786 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 328,885 |  |  | 276,645 |
Distributions payable |  | 165,352 |  |  | 165,114 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 89,171 |  |  | 89,267 |
Other liabilities (amounts related to VIEs of $182,729 and $200,344 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) |  | 369,575 |  |  | 503,726 |
Total liabilities |  | 12,331,317 |  |  | 12,042,509 |
Commitments and contingencies |  | — |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |
Redeemable partnership units—16,844,947 and 16,783,558 common units and 1,187,919 and 991,577 long term incentive units outstanding at redemption value at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively |  | 2,414,240 |  |  | 2,000,591 |

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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
|  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands, except for unit amounts)
Capital: |  |  |  |
5.25% Series B cumulative redeemable preferred units, liquidation preference $2,500 per unit, 80,000 units issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | 193,623 |  |  | 193,623 |
Boston Properties Limited Partnership partners’ capital—1,725,484 and 1,722,336 general partner units and 152,790,002 and 152,736,142 limited partner units outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively |  | 3,603,174 |  |  | 4,054,996 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (48,734 | ) |  | (47,741 | )
Total partners' capital |  | 3,748,063 |  |  | 4,200,878 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships |  | 1,710,608 |  |  | 1,711,445 |
Total capital |  | 5,458,671 |  |  | 5,912,323 |
Total liabilities and capital |  | $ | 20,204,228 |  |  | $ | 19,955,423 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands, except for per unit amounts)
Revenue |  |  |
Lease | $ | 679,251 |  |  | $ | — |
Base rent | — |  |  | 519,507 |
Recoveries from tenants | — |  |  | 95,118 |
Parking and other | 24,906 |  |  | 26,134 |
Hotel revenue | 8,938 |  |  | 9,102 |
Development and management services | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Total revenue | 725,767 |  |  | 661,151 |
Expenses |  |  |
Operating |  |  |
Rental | 257,517 |  |  | 240,329 |
Hotel | 7,863 |  |  | 8,073 |
General and administrative | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Transaction costs | 460 |  |  | 21 |
Depreciation and amortization | 162,682 |  |  | 163,853 |
Total expenses | 473,679 |  |  | 451,055 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 213 |  |  | 461 |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 98,907 |
Interest and other income | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | )
Impairment loss | (22,272 | ) |  | — |
Interest expense | (101,009 | ) |  | (90,220 | )
Net income | 134,837 |  |  | 220,766 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (18,830 | ) |  | (17,234 | )
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership | 116,007 |  |  | 203,532 |
Preferred distributions | (2,625 | ) |  | (2,625 | )
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 113,382 |  |  | $ | 200,907 |
Basic earnings per common unit attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Weighted average number of common units outstanding | 172,131 |  |  | 171,867 |
Diluted earnings per common unit attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Weighted average number of common and common equivalent units outstanding | 172,450 |  |  | 172,187 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income | $ | 134,837 |  |  | $ | 220,766 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |
Effective portion of interest rate contracts | (2,628 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of interest rate contracts (1) | 1,666 |  |  | 1,666 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (962 | ) |  | 1,666 |
Comprehensive income | 133,875 |  |  | 222,432 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (18,974 | ) |  | (17,378 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership | $ | 114,901 |  |  | $ | 205,054 |

_______________
(1) Amounts reclassified from comprehensive income primarily to interest expense within the Boston Properties Limited Partnership's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
(Unaudited and in thousands)

| Units |  | Capital |  |
| General Partner |  | Limited Partner |  | Partners' Capital (General and Limited Partners) |  | Preferred units |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Noncontrolling Interests - Property Partnerships |  | Total Capital |  | Noncontrolling interests - Redeemable Partnership Units
Equity, December 31, 2018 | 1,722 |  |  | 152,736 |  |  | $ | 4,054,996 |  |  | $ | 193,623 |  |  | $ | (47,741 | ) |  | $ | 1,711,445 |  |  | $ | 5,912,323 |  |  | $ | 2,000,591 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,864 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (70 | ) |  | (3,934 | ) |  | (445 | )
Contributions | 2 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 4,820 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,820 |  |  | 34,400 |
Allocated net income for the year | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101,783 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,830 |  |  | 123,238 |  |  | 11,599 |
Distributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (146,790 | ) |  | (2,625 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (149,415 | ) |  | (17,185 | )
Unearned compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,388 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,388 | ) |  | (20,990 | )
Conversion of redeemable partnership units | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 492 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 492 |  |  | (492 | )
Adjustment to reflect redeemable partnership units at redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (406,875 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (406,875 | ) |  | 406,875 |
Effective portion of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,359 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,359 | ) |  | (269 | )
Amortization of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 156 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,387 |  |  | 4,387 |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,128 | ) |  | (24,128 | ) |  | — |
Equity, March 31, 2019 | 1,725 |  |  | 152,790 |  |  | $ | 3,603,174 |  |  | $ | 193,623 |  |  | $ | (48,734 | ) |  | $ | 1,710,608 |  |  | $ | 5,458,671 |  |  | $ | 2,414,240 |
Equity, December 31, 2017 | 1,720 |  |  | 152,606 |  |  | $ | 3,664,436 |  |  | $ | 193,623 |  |  | $ | (50,429 | ) |  | $ | 1,683,760 |  |  | $ | 5,491,390 |  |  | $ | 2,292,263 |
Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,933 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,933 |  |  | 563 |
Contributions | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 34,258 |
Allocated net income for the year | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180,475 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,234 |  |  | 200,334 |  |  | 20,432 |
Distributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (123,490 | ) |  | (2,625 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (126,115 | ) |  | (14,351 | )
Unearned compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,208 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,208 | ) |  | (20,453 | )
Conversion of redeemable partnership units | 1 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 832 |  |  | (832 | )
Adjustment to reflect redeemable partnership units at redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115,432 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115,432 |  |  | (115,432 | )
Effective portion of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of interest rate contracts | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 155 |
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,267 |  |  | 15,267 |  |  | — |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,690 | ) |  | (30,690 | ) |  | — |
Equity, March 31, 2018 | 1,722 |  |  | 152,640 |  |  | $ | 3,842,862 |  |  | $ | 193,623 |  |  | $ | (49,062 | ) |  | $ | 1,685,715 |  |  | $ | 5,673,138 |  |  | $ | 2,196,603 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 134,837 |  |  | $ | 220,766 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 162,682 |  |  | 163,853 |
Amortization of right of use assets - operating leases | 605 |  |  | — |
Impairment loss | 22,272 |  |  | — |
Non-cash compensation expense | 15,050 |  |  | 14,772 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | (213 | ) |  | (461 | )
Distributions of net cash flow from operations of unconsolidated joint ventures | 2,650 |  |  | 847 |
(Gains) losses from investments in securities | (2,969 | ) |  | 126 |
Non-cash portion of interest expense | 5,447 |  |  | 5,299 |
Losses (gains) on sales of real estate | 905 |  |  | (98,907 | )
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Tenant and other receivables, net | (14,000 | ) |  | 22,790 |
Note receivable | (125 | ) |  | — |
Accrued rental income, net | (15,570 | ) |  | (26,319 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (68,554 | ) |  | (66,968 | )
Lease liabilities - operating leases | 370 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 258 |  |  | (13,913 | )
Accrued interest payable | (160 | ) |  | 12,399 |
Other liabilities | (17,831 | ) |  | 23,089 |
Tenant leasing costs | (18,420 | ) |  | (31,595 | )
Total adjustments | 72,397 |  |  | 5,012 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 207,234 |  |  | 225,778 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Acquisition of real estate | (43,061 | ) |  | — |
Construction in progress | (85,632 | ) |  | (150,060 | )
Building and other capital improvements | (32,719 | ) |  | (53,550 | )
Tenant improvements | (54,242 | ) |  | (47,157 | )
Proceeds from sales of real estate | 20,019 |  |  | 116,120 |
Capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures | (26,995 | ) |  | (48,823 | )
Investments in securities, net | (885 | ) |  | (318 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (223,515 | ) |  | (183,788 | )

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BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
| For the three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Repayments of mortgage notes payable | (5,645 | ) |  | (5,333 | )
Borrowings on unsecured line of credit | 50,000 |  |  | 260,000 |
Repayments of unsecured line of credit | (50,000 | ) |  | (190,000 | )
Payments on finance lease obligations | (470 | ) |  | — |
Payments on capital lease obligations | — |  |  | (3 | )
Payments on real estate financing transaction | — |  |  | (444 | )
Deferred financing costs | (186 | ) |  | (16 | )
Net proceeds from equity transactions | 1,792 |  |  | (723 | )
Distributions | (166,362 | ) |  | (140,288 | )
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 4,387 |  |  | 15,267 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (24,128 | ) |  | (30,690 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (190,612 | ) |  | (92,230 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows | (206,893 | ) |  | (50,240 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, beginning of period | 639,191 |  |  | 505,369 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, end of period | $ | 432,298 |  |  | $ | 455,129 |
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | $ | 543,359 |  |  | $ | 434,767 |
Cash held in escrows, beginning of period | 95,832 |  |  | 70,602 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, beginning of period | $ | 639,191 |  |  | $ | 505,369 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 360,091 |  |  | $ | 294,571 |
Cash held in escrows, end of period | 72,207 |  |  | 160,558 |
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows, end of period | $ | 432,298 |  |  | $ | 455,129 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 107,094 |  |  | $ | 89,412 |
Interest capitalized | $ | 11,813 |  |  | $ | 17,378 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Write-off of fully depreciated real estate | $ | (31,640 | ) |  | $ | (29,609 | )
Additions to real estate included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 49,689 |  |  | $ | 35,245 |
Real estate acquired through finance lease | $ | 122,563 |  |  | $ | — |
Distributions declared but not paid | $ | 165,352 |  |  | $ | 139,218 |
Conversions of redeemable partnership units to partners’ capital | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 832 |
Issuance of restricted securities to employees | $ | 37,428 |  |  | $ | 36,433 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC. AND BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Organization
Boston Properties, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is a fully integrated, self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Boston Properties, Inc. is the sole general partner of Boston Properties Limited Partnership, its operating partnership, and at March 31, 2019 owned an approximate 89.5% (89.7% at December 31, 2018) general and limited partnership interest in Boston Properties Limited Partnership. Unless stated otherwise or the context requires, the “Company” refers to Boston Properties, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Boston Properties Limited Partnership, and its consolidated subsidiaries. Partnership interests in Boston Properties Limited Partnership include:

• | common units of partnership interest (also referred to as “OP Units”),

• | long term incentive units of partnership interest (also referred to as “LTIP Units”), and

• | preferred units of partnership interest (also referred to as “Preferred Units”).

Unless specifically noted otherwise, all references to OP Units exclude units held by Boston Properties, Inc. A holder of an OP Unit may present such OP Unit to Boston Properties Limited Partnership for redemption at any time (subject to restrictions agreed upon at the time of issuance of OP Units to particular holders that may restrict such redemption right for a period of time, generally one year from issuance). Upon presentation of an OP Unit for redemption, Boston Properties Limited Partnership is obligated to redeem the OP Unit for cash equal to the value of a share of common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. (“Common Stock”). In lieu of a cash redemption, Boston Properties, Inc. may elect to acquire the OP Unit for one share of Common Stock. Because the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at all times equals the number of OP Units that Boston Properties, Inc. owns, one share of Common Stock is generally the economic equivalent of one OP Unit, and the quarterly distribution that may be paid to the holder of an OP Unit equals the quarterly dividend that may be paid to the holder of a share of Common Stock.
The Company uses LTIP Units as a form of equity-based award for annual long-term incentive equity compensation. The Company has also issued LTIP Units to employees in the form of (1) 2012 outperformance plan awards (“2012 OPP Units”) and (2) 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 multi-year, long-term incentive program awards (also referred to as “MYLTIP Units”), each of which, upon the satisfaction of certain performance and vesting conditions, is convertible into one OP Unit. The three-year measurement periods for the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units expired on February 6, 2015, February 4, 2016, February 3, 2017, February 4, 2018 and February 9, 2019, respectively, and Boston Properties, Inc.’s total stockholder return (“TSR”) was sufficient for employees to earn and therefore become eligible to vest in a portion of the awards. Unless and until they are earned, the rights, preferences and privileges of the 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units differ from other LTIP Units granted to employees (including the 2012 OPP Units, the 2013 MYLTIP Units, the 2014 MYLTIP Units, the 2015 MYLTIP Units and the 2016 MYLTIP Units, which have been earned). Therefore, unless specifically noted otherwise, all references to LTIP Units exclude the 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units. LTIP Units (including the earned 2012 OPP Units, the 2013 MYLTIP Units, the 2014 MYLTIP Units, the 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units), whether vested or not, will receive the same quarterly per unit distributions as OP Units, which equal per share dividends on Common Stock (See Notes 7, 8 and 10).
At March 31, 2019, there was one series of Preferred Units outstanding (i.e., Series B Preferred Units). The Series B Preferred Units were issued to Boston Properties, Inc. on March 27, 2013 in connection with the issuance of 80,000 shares (8,000,000 depositary shares each representing 1/100th of a share) of 5.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). Boston Properties, Inc. contributed the net proceeds from the offering to Boston Properties Limited Partnership in exchange for 80,000 Series B Preferred Units having terms and preferences generally mirroring those of the Series B Preferred Stock (See Note 8).
Properties
At March 31, 2019, the Company owned or had interests in a portfolio of 196 commercial real estate properties (the “Properties”) aggregating approximately 51.4 million net rentable square feet of primarily Class A office properties, including eleven properties under construction/redevelopment totaling approximately 5.3 million net rentable square feet. At March 31, 2019, the Properties consisted of:
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• | 177 office properties (including nine properties under construction/redevelopment);

• | twelve retail properties;

• | six residential properties (including two properties under construction); and

• | one hotel.

The Company considers Class A office properties to be well-located buildings that are professionally managed and maintained, attract high-quality tenants and command upper-tier rental rates, and that are modern structures or have been modernized to compete with newer buildings.
2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Boston Properties, Inc. does not have any other significant assets, liabilities or operations, other than its investment in Boston Properties Limited Partnership, nor does it have employees of its own. Boston Properties Limited Partnership, not Boston Properties, Inc., generally executes all significant business relationships other than transactions involving securities of Boston Properties, Inc. All majority-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures over which the Company has financial and operating control and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary are included in the consolidated financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company accounts for all other unconsolidated joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, the Company’s share of the earnings of these joint ventures and companies is included in consolidated net income.
The accompanying interim financial statements are unaudited; however, the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring matters) necessary for a fair statement of the financial statements for these interim periods have been included. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be obtained for other interim periods or for the full fiscal year. The year-end consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosure required by GAAP. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report in the Company’s Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company follows the authoritative guidance for fair value measurements when valuing its financial instruments for disclosure purposes. Boston Properties Limited Partnership determines the fair value of its unsecured senior notes using market prices. The inputs used in determining the fair value of Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s unsecured senior notes is categorized at a Level 1 basis (as defined in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”)) due to the fact that it uses quoted market rates to value these instruments. However, the inputs used in determining the fair value could be categorized at a Level 2 basis (as defined in ASC 820) if trading volumes are low. The Company determines the fair value of its related party note receivable, note receivable and mortgage notes payable using discounted cash flow analysis by discounting the spread between the future contractual interest payments and hypothetical future interest payments on note receivables / mortgage debt based on current market rates for similar securities. In determining the current market rates, the Company adds its estimates of market spreads to the quoted yields on federal government treasury securities with similar maturity dates to its debt. The inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company’s related party note receivable, note receivable, and mortgage notes payable are categorized at a Level 3 basis (as defined in ASC 820) due to the fact that the Company considers the rates used in the valuation techniques to be unobservable inputs. To the extent that there are outstanding borrowings under the unsecured line of credit or unsecured term loan, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow methodology in order to estimate the fair value. To the extent that credit spreads have changed since the origination, the net present value of the difference between future contractual interest payments and future interest payments based on the Company’s estimate of a current market rate would represent the difference between the book value and the fair value. The Company’s estimate of a current market rate is based upon the rate, considering current market conditions and Boston Properties Limited Partnership's specific credit profile, at which it estimates it could obtain similar borrowings. To the extent there are outstanding borrowings, this current market rate is estimated and therefore would be primarily based upon a Level 3 input.
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Because the Company’s valuations of its financial instruments are based on these types of estimates, the actual fair values of its financial instruments may differ materially if the Company’s estimates do not prove to be accurate, and the Company’s estimated fair values for these instruments as of the end of the applicable reporting period are not necessarily indicative of estimated or actual fair values in future reporting periods. The following table presents the aggregate carrying value of the Company’s related party note receivable, note receivable, mortgage notes payable, net, unsecured senior notes, net, unsecured line of credit and unsecured term loan, net and the Company’s corresponding estimate of fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Carrying Amount |  |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  |  |  | Estimated Fair Value
Related party note receivable | $ | 80,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,060 |  |  | $ | 80,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,000 |
Note receivable | 19,593 |  |  |  |  | 17,723 |  |  | 19,468 |  |  |  |  | 19,468 |
| $ | 99,593 |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,783 |  |  | $ | 99,468 |  |  |  |  | $ | 99,468 |
Mortgage notes payable, net | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,948,057 |  |  | $ | 2,964,572 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,903,925 |
Unsecured senior notes, net | 7,547,043 |  |  |  |  | 7,584,456 |  |  | 7,544,697 |  |  |  |  | 7,469,338 |
Unsecured line of credit | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Unsecured term loan, net | 498,607 |  |  |  |  | 500,728 |  |  | 498,488 |  |  |  |  | 500,783 |
Total | $ | 11,005,558 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,033,241 |  |  | $ | 11,007,757 |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,874,046 |

Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)
Consolidated VIEs are those for which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has a controlling financial interest in the VIE, which is defined by the entity having both of the following characteristics: (1) the power to direct the activities that, when taken together, most significantly impact the VIE’s performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive the returns from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary for seven of the ten entities that are VIEs.
Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
As of March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. has identified seven consolidated VIEs, including Boston Properties Limited Partnership. Excluding Boston Properties Limited Partnership, the VIEs consisted of the following six in-service properties: 767 Fifth Avenue (the General Motors Building), Times Square Tower, 601 Lexington Avenue, Atlantic Wharf Office Building, 100 Federal Street and Salesforce Tower (See Note 12).
The Company consolidates these VIEs because it is the primary beneficiary. The third parties’ interests in these consolidated entities (i.e., excluding Boston Properties Limited Partnership's interest) are reflected as noncontrolling interest in property partnerships in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements (See Note 7).
In addition, Boston Properties, Inc.’s only significant asset is its investment in Boston Properties Limited Partnership and, consequently, substantially all of Boston Properties, Inc.’s assets and liabilities are the assets and liabilities of Boston Properties Limited Partnership.
Variable Interest Entities Not Consolidated
The Company has determined that its 7750 Wisconsin Avenue LLC and Office Tower Developer LLC joint ventures, which own 7750 Wisconsin Avenue and 100 Causeway Street (which is the office component of The Hub on Causeway mixed-use development project), respectively, are VIEs. The Company also determined that the landlord entity for its Platform 16 ground lease is a VIE. The Company does not consolidate these entities as the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that, when taken together, most significantly impact the VIE’s performance and, therefore, the Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary.
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New Accounting Pronouncements
New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
Leases
On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02” or "Topic 842"). For information pertaining to the Company's adoption and disclosures with respect to leases, see Note 4.
3. Real Estate
Boston Properties, Inc.
Real estate consisted of the following at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Land | $ | 5,061,532 |  |  | $ | 5,072,568 |
Right of use assets - finance leases | 187,292 |  |  | — |
Right of use assets - operating leases | 151,166 |  |  | — |
Land held for future development (1) | 258,221 |  |  | 200,498 |
Buildings and improvements | 13,286,605 |  |  | 13,356,751 |
Tenant improvements | 2,444,358 |  |  | 2,396,932 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 43,080 |  |  | 44,351 |
Construction in progress | 647,469 |  |  | 578,796 |
Total | 22,079,723 |  |  | 21,649,896 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (4,962,959 | ) |  | (4,897,777 | )
| $ | 17,116,764 |  |  | $ | 16,752,119 |

_______________

(1) | Includes pre-development costs.

Boston Properties Limited Partnership
Real estate consisted of the following at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Land | $ | 4,961,028 |  |  | $ | 4,971,475 |
Right of use assets - finance leases | 187,292 |  |  | — |
Right of use assets - operating leases | 151,166 |  |  | — |
Land held for future development (1) | 258,221 |  |  | 200,498 |
Buildings and improvements | 12,991,108 |  |  | 13,059,488 |
Tenant improvements | 2,444,358 |  |  | 2,396,932 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 43,080 |  |  | 44,351 |
Construction in progress | 647,469 |  |  | 578,796 |
Total | 21,683,722 |  |  | 21,251,540 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (4,864,334 | ) |  | (4,800,475 | )
| $ | 16,819,388 |  |  | $ | 16,451,065 |

_______________

(1) | Includes pre-development costs.

Development
On February 14, 2019, the Company announced that it had entered into a 15-year lease with Google, LLC for approximately 362,000 net rentable square feet of Class A office space in a build-to-suit development project to be located at the Company’s 325 Main Street property at Kendall Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 325 Main Street currently consists of an approximately 115,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property that will be demolished and developed into an approximately 400,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property, including
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approximately 38,000 net rentable square feet of retail space. There can be no assurance that the project will commence.
Ground Lease
On January 24, 2019, the ground lessor under the Company's 65-year ground lease for land totaling approximately 5.6 acres at Platform 16 located in San Jose, California, which will support approximately 1.1 million square feet of commercial office space, made available for lease to the Company the remaining land parcels. As a result, the Company recognized the remaining portion of the right of use finance lease asset and finance lease liability. The ground lease provides the Company with the right to purchase the land during a 12-month period commencing February 1, 2020 at a purchase price of approximately $134.8 million. The Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise the option to purchase the land and as a result, the Company has concluded that the lease should be accounted for as a finance lease. As a result, the Company recorded an approximately $122.6 million right of use asset - finance lease and a lease liability - finance lease on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance lease assets and liabilities are accounted for at the lower of fair market value or the present value of future lease payments. The finance lease is for land only. Therefore, the Company will not depreciate the right of use asset - finance lease because land is assumed to have an indefinite life.
As of January 24, 2019, the lease payments from the finance lease are as follows (in thousands):

Period from January 24, 2019 through December 31, 2019 | $ | 17,918 |
2020 | 109,460 |
Total expected minimum lease payments | 127,378 |
Interest portion | (4,815 | )
Present value of expected net lease payments | $ | 122,563 |

Acquisitions
On January 10, 2019, the Company acquired land parcels at its Carnegie Center property located in Princeton, New Jersey for a gross purchase price of approximately $51.5 million, which includes an aggregate of approximately $8.6 million of additional amounts that are payable in the future to the seller upon the development or sale of each of the parcels. The land parcels could support approximately 1.7 million square feet of development.
Dispositions
On January 24, 2019, the Company completed the sale of its 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard property located in Rockville, Maryland for a gross sales price of approximately $22.7 million. Net cash proceeds totaled approximately $21.4 million, resulting in a loss on sale of real estate totaling approximately $0.6 million. The Company recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $3.1 million for Boston Properties, Inc. and approximately $1.5 million for Boston Properties Limited Partnership during the year ended December 31, 2018. 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard is an approximately 179,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property. 2600 Tower Oaks contributed approximately $(0.2) million of net loss to the Company for the period from January 1, 2019 through January 23, 2019 and contributed approximately $(0.2) million of net loss to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
At March 31, 2019, the Company evaluated the expected hold period of its One Tower Center property and based on a shorter than expected hold period, the Company reduced the carrying value of the property to its estimated fair value at March 31, 2019 and recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $24.0 million for Boston Properties, Inc. and approximately $22.3 million for Boston Properties Limited Partnership. The Company’s estimated fair value was based on a pending offer from a third party to acquire the property and the subsequent execution of a purchase and sale agreement on April 18, 2019 for a gross sale price of approximately $38.0 million (See Note 12). One Tower Center is an approximately 410,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property located in East Brunswick, New Jersey.
4. Leases
General Adoption
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2016-02, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract
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(i.e., lessees and lessors). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease for accounting purposes is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the lessee. This classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to the prior guidance in ASC 840 -“Leases” (“Topic 840”). ASU 2016-02 requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to Topic 840 for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU 2016-02 supersedes previous leasing standards.
On July 30, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements” (“ASU 2018-11”), that (1) simplifies transition requirements for both lessees and lessors by adding an option that permits an organization to apply the transition provisions of the new standard at its adoption date instead of at the earliest comparative period presented in its financial statements and (2) allows lessors to elect, as a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component and, instead, to account for those components as a single component if the nonlease components otherwise would be accounted for under the revenue guidance (ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASC 606")) that was adopted on January 1, 2018, and both of the following are met:
(1) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease component(s) and associated lease components are the same; and
(2) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease.
If the nonlease component or components associated with the lease component are the predominant component of the combined component, an entity is required to account for the combined component in accordance with ASC 606.
The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 and ASU 2018-11 effective January 1, 2019. For purposes of transition, the Company elected the practical expedient package, which has been applied consistently to all of its leases but did not elect the hindsight practical expedient. The practical expedient package did not require the Company to reassess the following: (i) whether an expired or existing contract meets the definition of a lease; (ii) the lease classification at the adoption date for existing leases; and (iii) whether costs previously capitalized as initial direct costs would continue to be amortized. This allows the Company to continue to account for its ground leases as operating leases. However, as of January 1, 2019, any new or modified ground leases may be classified as financing leases unless they meet certain conditions. The Company also elected to apply the transition provisions as of the adoption date, January 1, 2019, and not change its comparative statements. The Company recorded an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings related to initial direct costs that, as of January 1, 2019, had not started to amortize and are no longer allowed to be capitalized in accordance with ASU 2016-02, totaling approximately $3.9 million to Dividends in Excess of Earnings of Boston Properties, Inc. and Partners' Capital of Boston Properties Limited Partnership, approximately $0.4 million to Noncontrolling interests - Common Units of Boston Properties, Inc. and Noncontrolling Interest - Redeemable Partnership Units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership and $70,000 to Noncontrolling Interests - Property Partnerships of Boston Properties, Inc. and Noncontrolling Interests in Property Partnerships of Boston Properties Limited Partnership on the corresponding Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company made the policy election, when it is the lessee, to not apply the revenue recognition requirements of Topic 842 to short term leases. This policy election is made by class of underlying assets and as described below, the Company considers real estate to be a class of underlying assets, and will not be further delineating it into specific uses of the real estate asset as the risk profiles are similar in nature. The Company will recognize the lease payments in net income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Lease payments from operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases. The cumulative difference between lease revenue recognized under this method and the contractual lease payment terms is recorded as deferred rent receivable on our consolidated balance sheets. The Company reviews its trade accounts receivable, including its straight-line rent receivable, related to base rents, straight-line rent, expense reimbursements and other revenues for collectability. The Company analyzes its accounts receivable, customer credit worthiness and current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the collectability of the lessee’s total accounts receivable balance on a lease by lease basis. In addition, tenants in bankruptcy are analyzed and considerations are made in connection with the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims. If a lessee’s accounts receivable balance
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is considered uncollectible the Company will write-off the receivable balances associated with the lease to Lease revenue and cease to recognize lease income, including straight-line rent unless cash is received. If the Company subsequently determines that it is probable it will collect substantially all the remaining lessee’s lease payments under the lease term, the Company will then reinstate the straight-line balance adjusting for the amount related to the period when the lease payments were considered not probable. The Company’s reported net earnings are directly affected by management’s estimate of the collectability of its trade accounts receivable.
In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842” (“ASU 2018-01”), which provides an optional transition practical expedient to not evaluate, under Topic 842, existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under the leases guidance in Topic 840. An entity that elects this practical expedient should evaluate new or modified land easements under Topic 842 beginning at the date that the entity adopts Topic 842. An entity that does not elect this practical expedient should evaluate all existing or expired land easements in connection with the adoption of the new lease requirements in Topic 842 to assess whether they meet the definition of a lease. The effective date and transition requirements for ASU 2018-01 are the same as the effective date and transition requirements in ASU 2016-02. The Company adopted ASU 2018-01 on January 1, 2019.
Lessee
For leases in which the Company is the lessee, (generally ground leases), on January 1, 2019, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and a lease liability of approximately $151.8 million and $199.3 million, respectively. The leases liability was equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments in accordance with Topic ASC 840. In addition, the Company did not know the rate implicit in any of its ground leases which were classified as operating leases, and accordingly used the Company's incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") to determine the net present value of the minimum lease payments.
In order to determine the IBR, the Company utilized a market-based approach to estimate the incremental borrowing rate for each individual lease. The approach required significant judgment. Therefore, the Company utilized different data sets to estimate base IBRs via an analysis of the following weighted-components:

• | The interpolated rates from yields on outstanding U.S. Treasury issuances for up to 30 years and for years 31 and beyond, longer term publicly traded educational institution debt issued by high credit quality educational institutions with maturity dates up to 2116,

• | Observable mortgage rates spread over U.S. Treasury issuances, and

• | Unlevered property yields and discount rates.

The Company then applied adjustments to account for considerations related to term and interpolated the IBR.
The Company has four non-cancelable ground lease obligations, which were classified as operating leases, with various initial term expiration dates through 2114. The Company recognizes ground rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective ground lease agreements. None of the amounts disclosed below for these ground leases contain variable payments, extension options or residual value guarantees. One of the ground leases does have an extension option. However, lease payments for this ground lease are based on fair market value and as such have not been included in the analysis below.
The Company has four finance lease obligations with various initial term expiration dates through 2036.
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The following tables provide quantitative information for the Company's operating and finance leases as of March 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended March 31, 2019
Lease costs |
Operating lease costs | $ | 3,677 |
Finance lease costs |
Amortization of right of use asset (1) | $ | 16 |
Interest on lease liabilities (2) | $ | 12 |
| March 31, 2019
Other information |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |
Operating leases | 52 |
Finance leases | 5 |
Weighted-average discount rate |
Operating leases | 5.7 | %
Finance leases | 4.1 | %

_______________

(1) | The finance leases relate to either land, building or assets that remain in development. The Company's policy is not to depreciate finance lease assets related to land because it is assumed to have an indefinite life. For assets under development, depreciation may commence once the asset is placed in-service and depreciation would be recognized in accordance with the Company's policy.

(2) | Three of the finance leases relate to assets under development and as such the entire interest amount was capitalized.

The following table provides a maturity analysis for the Company's future contractual minimum lease payments to be made by the Company as of December 31, 2018, under non-cancelable ground leases which expire on various dates through 2114:

Years Ending December 31, | (in thousands)
2019 | $ | 11,425 |
2020 | 18,425 |
2021 | 25,310 |
2022 | 8,894 |
2023 | 9,084 |
Thereafter | 567,232 |

The following table provides a maturity analysis for the Company's future minimum lease payments, as of December 31, 2018, related to the four capital leases, through 2036:

Years Ending December 31, | (in thousands)
2019 | $ | 1,441 |
2020 | 12,682 |
2021 | 2,123 |
2022 | 1,253 |
2023 | 944 |
Thereafter | 73,241 |
Total expected minimum lease payments | 91,684 |
Interest portion | (27,497 | )
Present value of expected net minimum lease payments | $ | 64,187 |

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The following table provides a maturity analysis for the Company's lease liabilities related to its operating and finance leases as of March 31, 2019 (in thousands):

| Operating |  | Finance (1)
April 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019 | $ | 7,317 |  |  | $ | 4,401 |
2020 | 17,488 |  |  | 122,070 |
2021 | 25,403 |  |  | 2,130 |
2022 | 11,376 |  |  | 1,121 |
2023 | 9,084 |  |  | 944 |
Thereafter | 567,232 |  |  | 73,241 |
Total lease payments | 637,900 |  |  | 203,907 |
Less: interest portion | (438,247 | ) |  | (30,784 | )
Present value of lease payments | $ | 199,653 |  |  | $ | 173,123 |

_______________

(1) | Finance lease payments in 2020 and 2024 include approximately $119.8 million and $38.7 million, respectively, related to purchase options that the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise.

Lessor
The Company leases primarily Class A office, retail and residential space to tenants. These leases may contain extension and termination options, that are predominately at the sole discretion of the tenant. In a few instances, the leases also contain purchase options, which would be exercisable at fair market value. Also, certain of the Company's leases include rental payments that are based on a percentage of the tenant sales in excess of contractual amounts.
ASU 2018-11 provides lessors a practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component if certain criteria stated above are met for each class of underlying assets. The guidance in Topic 842 defines "underlying asset" as "an asset that is the subject of a lease for which a right to use that asset has been conveyed to a lessee. The underlying asset could be a physically distinct portion of a single asset." Based on the above guidance, t he Company considers real estate assets as a class of underlying assets and will not be further delineating it into specific uses of the real estate asset as the risk profiles are similar in nature.
Lease components are elements of an arrangement that provide the customer with the right to use an identified asset. Nonlease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the leased asset and revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 606. The Company considers common area maintenance (CAM) and service income associated with tenant work orders to be nonlease components because they represent delivery of a separate service but are not considered a cost of securing the identified asset. In the case of the Company's business, the identified asset would be the leased real estate (office, retail or residential).
The Company assessed and concluded that the timing and pattern of transfer for nonlease components and the associated lease component are the same. The Company determined that the predominate component was the lease component and as such its leases will continue to qualify as operating leases and the Company has made a policy election to account for and present the lease component and the nonlease component as a single component in the revenue section of the Consolidated Statements of Operations labeled Lease. Prior to the adoption of Topic 842, nonlease components had been included within Recoveries from Tenants Revenue, Parking and Other Revenue and Development and Management Services Revenue on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In addition, under ASU 2016-02, lessors will only capitalize incremental direct leasing costs. As a result, starting January 1, 2019, the Company no longer capitalizes non-incremental legal costs and internal leasing wages. These costs are expensed as incurred. The expensing of these items is included within General and Administrative Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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The following table summarizes the components of lease revenue recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 included within the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands):

Lease Revenue | Three months ended March 31, 2019
Fixed Contractual Payments | $ | 553,986 |
Variable lease payments | 125,265 |
| $ | 679,251 |

The Company's properties are leased to tenants under operating leases with initial term expiration dates ranging from 2019 to 2049.
The future contractual minimum lease payments to be received (excluding operating expense reimbursements) by the Company as of December 31, 2018, under non-cancelable operating leases which expire on various dates through 2049:

Years Ending December 31, | (in thousands)
2019 | $ | 2,088,171 |
2020 | 2,106,963 |
2021 | 2,015,031 |
2022 | 1,838,699 |
2023 | 1,736,636 |
Thereafter | 12,295,464 |

The future contractual lease payments to be received (excluding operating expense reimbursements) by the Company as of March 31, 2019, under non-cancelable operating leases which expire on various dates through 2049:

| (in thousands)
April 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019 | $ | 1,573,871 |
2020 | 2,147,464 |
2021 | 2,076,969 |
2022 | 1,910,362 |
2023 | 1,811,936 |
Thereafter | 12,821,229 |

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5. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
The investments in unconsolidated joint ventures consist of the following at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

|  |  |  | Nominal % Ownership |  | Carrying Value of Investment (1)
Entity |  | Properties |  |  | March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
Square 407 Limited Partnership |  | Market Square North |  | 50.0 | % |  | $ | (5,948 | ) |  | $ | (6,424 | )
The Metropolitan Square Associates LLC |  | Metropolitan Square |  | 20.0 | % |  | 3,146 |  |  | 2,644 |
BP/CRF 901 New York Avenue LLC |  | 901 New York Avenue |  | 25.0 | % | (2) | (13,215 | ) |  | (13,640 | )
WP Project Developer LLC |  | Wisconsin Place Land and Infrastructure |  | 33.3 | % | (3) | 37,821 |  |  | 38,214 |
Annapolis Junction NFM LLC |  | Annapolis Junction |  | 50.0 | % | (4) | 25,284 |  |  | 25,268 |
540 Madison Venture LLC |  | 540 Madison Avenue |  | 60.0 | % |  | 66,452 |  |  | 66,391 |
500 North Capitol Venture LLC |  | 500 North Capitol Street, NW |  | 30.0 | % |  | (4,781 | ) |  | (5,026 | )
501 K Street LLC |  | 1001 6th Street |  | 50.0 | % | (5) | 42,500 |  |  | 42,557 |
Podium Developer LLC |  | The Hub on Causeway - Podium |  | 50.0 | % |  | 69,849 |  |  | 69,302 |
Residential Tower Developer LLC |  | The Hub on Causeway - Residential |  | 50.0 | % |  | 47,795 |  |  | 47,505 |
Hotel Tower Developer LLC |  | The Hub on Causeway - Hotel Air Rights |  | 50.0 | % |  | 3,343 |  |  | 3,022 |
Office Tower Developer LLC |  | 100 Causeway Street |  | 50.0 | % | (6) | 46,881 |  |  | 23,804 |
1265 Main Office JV LLC |  | 1265 Main Street |  | 50.0 | % |  | 4,030 |  |  | 3,918 |
BNY Tower Holdings LLC |  | Dock 72 |  | 50.0 | % |  | 83,291 |  |  | 82,520 |
CA-Colorado Center Limited Partnership |  | Colorado Center |  | 50.0 | % |  | 252,762 |  |  | 253,495 |
7750 Wisconsin Avenue LLC |  | 7750 Wisconsin Avenue |  | 50.0 | % | (6) | 70,147 |  |  | 69,724 |
BP-M 3HB Venture LLC |  | 3 Hudson Boulevard |  | 25.0 | % |  | 47,480 |  |  | 46,993 |
SMBP Venture LP |  | Santa Monica Business Park |  | 55.0 | % |  | 175,799 |  |  | 180,952 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 952,636 |  |  | $ | 931,219 |

_______________

(1) | Investments with deficit balances aggregating approximately $23.9 million and $25.1 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, have been reflected within Other Liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) | The Company’s economic ownership has increased based on the achievement of certain return thresholds.

(3) | The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary that owns Wisconsin Place Office also owns a 33.3% interest in the joint venture entity that owns the land, parking garage and infrastructure of the project.

(4) | The joint venture owns three in-service buildings and two undeveloped land parcels.

(5) | Under the joint venture agreement for this land parcel, the partner will be entitled to up to two additional payments from the venture based on increases in total entitled square footage of the project above 520,000 square feet and achieving certain project returns at stabilization.

(6) | This entity is a VIE (See Note 2).

Certain of the Company’s unconsolidated joint venture agreements provide that, at certain specified times, each partner has the right to initiate a purchase or sale of its interest in the joint ventures. With limited exceptions, under these provisions, the Company is not compelled to purchase the interest of its outside joint venture partners. Under certain of the Company’s joint venture agreements, if certain return thresholds are achieved, the partners will be entitled to an additional promoted interest or payments.
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The combined summarized balance sheets of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures are as follows:

| March 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| (in thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |
Real estate and development in process, net (1) | $ | 3,660,439 |  |  | $ | 3,545,906 |
Other assets | 534,534 |  |  | 543,512 |
Total assets | $ | 4,194,973 |  |  | $ | 4,089,418 |
LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS’/PARTNERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Mortgage and notes payable, net | $ | 2,074,473 |  |  | $ | 2,017,609 |
Other liabilities (2) | 604,280 |  |  | 582,006 |
Members’/Partners’ equity | 1,516,220 |  |  | 1,489,803 |
Total liabilities and members’/partners’ equity | $ | 4,194,973 |  |  | $ | 4,089,418 |
Company’s share of equity | $ | 642,564 |  |  | $ | 622,498 |
Basis differentials (3) | 310,072 |  |  | 308,721 |
Carrying value of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (4) | $ | 952,636 |  |  | $ | 931,219 |

_______________

(1) | At March 31, 2019, this amount includes right of use assets - finance leases and right of use assets - operating leases totaling approximately $248.9 million and $12.7 million, respectively.

(2) | At March 31, 2019, this amount includes lease liabilities - finance leases and lease liabilities - operating leases totaling approximately $393.9 million and $17.2 million, respectively.

(3) | This amount represents the aggregate difference between the Company’s historical cost basis and the basis reflected at the joint venture level, which is typically amortized over the life of the related assets and liabilities. Basis differentials result from impairments of investments, acquisitions through joint ventures with no change in control and upon the transfer of assets that were previously owned by the Company into a joint venture. In addition, certain acquisition, transaction and other costs may not be reflected in the net assets at the joint venture level. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there was an aggregate basis differential of approximately $315.3 million and $316.7 million, respectively, between the carrying value of the Company’s investment in the joint venture that owns Colorado Center and the joint venture’s basis in the assets and liabilities, which differential (excluding land) shall be amortized over the remaining lives of the related assets and liabilities.

(4) | Investments with deficit balances aggregating approximately $23.9 million and $25.1 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, have been reflected within Other Liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The combined summarized statements of operations of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures are as follows:

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Total revenue (1) | $ | 82,955 |  |  | $ | 56,486 |
Expenses |  |  |
Operating | 30,499 |  |  | 22,849 |
Depreciation and amortization | 28,646 |  |  | 14,725 |
Total expenses | 59,145 |  |  | 37,574 |
Other expense |  |  |
Interest expense | 20,757 |  |  | 14,424 |
Net income | $ | 3,053 |  |  | $ | 4,488 |
Company’s share of net income | $ | 1,584 |  |  | $ | 1,826 |
Basis differential (2) | (1,371 | ) |  | (1,365 | )
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 461 |

_______________

(1) | Includes straight-line rent adjustments of approximately $5.8 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(2) | Includes straight-line rent adjustments of approximately $0.5 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Also includes net above-/below-market rent adjustments of approximately $0.4 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

On January 24, 2019, a joint venture in which the Company has a 50% interest extended the loan collateralized by its Annapolis Junction Building Six property. At the time of the extension, the outstanding balance of the loan totaled approximately $13.0 million and was scheduled to mature on November 17, 2019, with one, one-year extension option, subject to certain conditions. The extended loan has a total commitment amount of approximately $14.3 million, bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum and matures on November 17, 2020. Annapolis Junction Building Six is a Class A office property with approximately 119,000 net rentable square feet located in Annapolis, Maryland.
6. Commitments and Contingencies
General
In the normal course of business, the Company guarantees its performance of services or indemnifies third parties against its negligence. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company guarantees to certain tenants the obligations of its subsidiaries for the payment of tenant improvement allowances and brokerage commissions in connection with their leases and limited costs arising from delays in delivery of their premises.
The Company has letter of credit and performance obligations related to lender and development requirements that total approximately $7.7 million.
Certain of the Company’s joint venture agreements include provisions whereby, at certain specified times, each partner has the right to initiate a purchase or sale of its interest in the joint ventures. With limited exception, under these provisions, the Company is not compelled to purchase the interest of its outside joint venture partners. From time to time, under certain of the Company’s joint venture agreements, if certain return thresholds are achieved, either the Company or its partners will be entitled to an additional promoted interest or payments. See also Note 7.
From time to time, the Company (or ventures in which the Company has an ownership interest) has agreed, and may in the future agree, to (1) guarantee portions of the principal, interest and other amounts in connection with their borrowings, (2) provide customary environmental indemnifications and nonrecourse carve-outs (e.g., guarantees against fraud, misrepresentation and bankruptcy) in connection with their borrowings and (3) provide guarantees to lenders, tenants and other third parties for the completion of development projects. The Company
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has agreements with its outside partners whereby the partners agree to reimburse the joint venture for their share of any payments made under the guarantee. In some cases, the Company earns a fee from the applicable joint venture for providing the guarantee.
In connection with the refinancing of 767 Fifth Avenue’s (the General Motors Building) secured loan by the Company’s consolidated joint venture entity, 767 Venture, LLC, the Company guaranteed the consolidated entity’s obligation to fund various reserves for tenant improvement costs and allowances, leasing commissions and free rent obligations in lieu of cash deposits. As of March 31, 2019, the maximum funding obligation under the guarantee was approximately $110.5 million. The Company earns a fee from the joint venture for providing the guarantee and has an agreement with the outside partners to reimburse the joint venture for their share of any payments made under the guarantee. As of March 31, 2019, no amounts related to the guarantee are recorded as liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Pursuant to the lease agreement with Marriott, the Company has guaranteed the completion of the office building and parking garage on behalf of its 7750 Wisconsin Avenue joint venture and has also agreed to provide any financing guaranty that may be required with respect to third-party construction financing. The Company earns fees from the joint venture for providing the guarantees and any amounts the Company pays under the guarantee(s) will be deemed to be capital contributions by the Company to the joint venture. The Company has also agreed to fund construction costs through capital contributions to the joint venture in the event of unavailability or insufficiency of third-party construction financing. In addition, the Company has guaranteed to Marriott, as hotel manager, the completion of a hotel being developed by an affiliate of The Bernstein Companies (the Company's partner in the 7750 Wisconsin Avenue joint venture) adjacent to the office property, for which the Company earns a fee from the affiliate of The Bernstein Companies. In addition, the Company entered into agreements with affiliates of The Bernstein Companies whereby the Company could be required to act as a mezzanine and/or mortgage lender and finance the construction of the hotel property. To secure such financing arrangements, affiliates of The Bernstein Companies are required to provide certain security, which varies depending on the specific loan, by pledges of their equity interest in the office property, a fee mortgage on the hotel property, or both. As of March 31, 2019, no amounts related to the contingent aspect of any of the guarantees are recorded as liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In connection with the sale and development of the Company's 6595 Springfield Center Drive development project, the Company has guaranteed the completion of the project and the payment of certain cost overruns in accordance with the development management agreement with the buyer. Although the project has been sold and the lease with the federal government tenant has been assigned to the buyer, pursuant to the terms of the Federal Government lease, the Federal Government tenant is not obligated to release the prior owner/landlord from such landlord’s obligations under the lease until completion of the construction. As a result, the entity which previously owned the land remains liable to the Federal Government tenant for the completion of the construction obligations under the lease. The buyer is obligated to fund the balance of the costs to meet such construction obligations, subject to the Company’s obligation to fund cost overruns (if any), as noted above. An affiliate of the buyer has provided a guaranty of the obligations of the buyer to fund such construction costs and the buyer has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to require the construction lender to provide certain remedies to the Company in the event the buyer does not fund such construction obligations. As of March 31, 2019, no amounts related to the contingent aspect of the guarantee are recorded as a liability in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In 2009, the Company filed a general unsecured creditor’s claim against Lehman Brothers, Inc. for approximately $45.3 million related to its rejection of a lease at 399 Park Avenue in New York City. On January 10, 2014, the trustee for the liquidation of the business of Lehman Brothers allowed the Company’s claim in the amount of approximately $45.2 million. During 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Company received distributions of approximately $7.7 million, $8.1 million, $1.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The Company has a remaining claim of approximately $27.2 million. The Company will continue to evaluate whether to attempt to sell the remaining claim or wait until the trustee distributes proceeds from the Lehman Brothers estate. Given the inherent uncertainties in bankruptcy proceedings, there can be no assurance as to the timing or amount of additional proceeds, if any, that the Company may ultimately realize on the remaining claim, whether by sale to a third party or by one or more distributions from the trustee. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any estimated recoveries associated with this gain contingency within its Consolidated Financial Statements at March 31, 2019.
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Insurance
The Company’s property insurance program per occurrence limits are $1.0 billion for its portfolio insurance program, including coverage for acts of terrorism other than nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological terrorism (“Terrorism Coverage”). The Company also carries $250 million of Terrorism Coverage for 601 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York (“601 Lexington Avenue”) in excess of the $1.0 billion of coverage in the Company’s property insurance program. Certain properties, including the General Motors Building located at 767 Fifth Avenue in New York, New York (“767 Fifth Avenue”), are currently insured in separate insurance programs. The property insurance program per occurrence limits for 767 Fifth Avenue are $1.625 billion, including Terrorism Coverage. The Company also currently carries nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological terrorism insurance coverage for acts of terrorism certified under the Federal Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (as amended, “TRIA”) (“NBCR Coverage”), which is provided by IXP as a direct insurer, for the properties in the Company's portfolio, including 767 Fifth Avenue, but excluding certain other properties owned in joint ventures with third parties or which the Company manages. The per occurrence limit for NBCR Coverage is $1.0 billion. Under TRIA, after the payment of the required deductible and coinsurance, the NBCR Coverage provided by IXP is backstopped by the Federal Government if the aggregate industry insured losses resulting from a certified act of terrorism exceed a “program trigger.” In 2019, the program trigger is $180 million and the coinsurance is 19%, however, both will increase in subsequent years pursuant to TRIA. If the Federal Government pays out for a loss under TRIA, it is mandatory that the Federal Government recoup the full amount of the loss from insurers offering TRIA coverage after the payment of the loss pursuant to a formula in TRIA. The Company may elect to terminate the NBCR Coverage if the Federal Government seeks recoupment for losses paid under TRIA, if TRIA is not extended after its expiration on December 31, 2020, if there is a change in its portfolio or for any other reason. The Company intends to continue to monitor the scope, nature and cost of available terrorism insurance.
The Company also currently carries earthquake insurance on its properties located in areas known to be subject to earthquakes. In addition, this insurance is subject to a deductible in the amount of 3% of the value of the affected property. Specifically, the Company currently carries earthquake insurance which covers its San Francisco and Los Angeles regions with a $240 million per occurrence limit, and a $240 million annual aggregate limit, $20 million of which is provided by IXP, as a direct insurer. The amount of the Company’s earthquake insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover losses from earthquakes. In addition, the amount of earthquake coverage could impact the Company’s ability to finance properties subject to earthquake risk. The Company may discontinue earthquake insurance or change the structure of its earthquake insurance program on some or all of its properties in the future if the premiums exceed the Company’s estimation of the value of the coverage.
IXP, a captive insurance company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, acts as a direct insurer with respect to a portion of the Company’s earthquake insurance coverage for its Greater San Francisco and Los Angeles properties and the Company’s NBCR Coverage. Insofar as the Company owns IXP, it is responsible for its liquidity and capital resources, and the accounts of IXP are part of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In particular, if a loss occurs which is covered by the Company’s NBCR Coverage but is less than the applicable program trigger under TRIA, IXP would be responsible for the full amount of the loss without any backstop by the Federal Government. IXP would also be responsible for any recoupment charges by the Federal Government in the event losses are paid out and its insurance policy is maintained after the payout by the Federal Government. If the Company experiences a loss and IXP is required to pay under its insurance policy, the Company would ultimately record the loss to the extent of the required payment. Therefore, insurance coverage provided by IXP should not be considered as the equivalent of third-party insurance, but rather as a modified form of self-insurance. In addition, Boston Properties Limited Partnership has issued a guarantee to cover liabilities of IXP in the amount of $20.0 million.
The mortgages on the Company’s properties typically contain requirements concerning the financial ratings of the insurers who provide policies covering the property. The Company provides the lenders on a regular basis with the identity of the insurance companies in the Company’s insurance programs. The ratings of some of the Company’s insurers are below the rating requirements in some of the Company’s loan agreements and the lenders for these loans could attempt to claim that an event of default has occurred under the loan. The Company believes it could obtain insurance with insurers which satisfy the rating requirements. Additionally, in the future, the Company’s ability to obtain debt financing secured by individual properties, or the terms of such financing, may be adversely affected if lenders generally insist on ratings for insurers or amounts of insurance which are difficult to obtain or which result in a commercially unreasonable premium. There can be no assurance that a deficiency in the financial ratings of one or more of the Company’s insurers will not have a material adverse effect on the Company.
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The Company continues to monitor the state of the insurance market in general, and the scope and costs of coverage for acts of terrorism and California earthquake risk in particular, but the Company cannot anticipate what coverage will be available on commercially reasonable terms in future policy years. There are other types of losses, such as from wars, for which the Company cannot obtain insurance at all or at a reasonable cost. With respect to such losses and losses from acts of terrorism, earthquakes or other catastrophic events, if the Company experiences a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy limits, the Company could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties, as well as the anticipated future revenues from those properties. Depending on the specific circumstances of each affected property, it is possible that the Company could be liable for mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the property. Any such loss could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition and results of operations.
7. Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests relate to the interests in Boston Properties Limited Partnership not owned by Boston Properties, Inc. and interests in consolidated property partnerships not wholly-owned by the Company. As of March 31, 2019, the noncontrolling interests in Boston Properties Limited Partnership consisted of 16,844,947 OP Units, 1,187,919 LTIP Units (including 118,067 2012 OPP Units, 68,659 2013 MYLTIP Units, 23,100 2014 MYLTIP Units, 28,724 2015 MYLTIP Units and 98,706 2016 MYLTIP Units), 394,921 2017 MYLTIP Units, 336,195 2018 MYLTIP Units and 220,734 2019 MYLTIP Units held by parties other than Boston Properties, Inc.
Noncontrolling Interest—Common Units
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, 14,129 OP Units were presented by the holders for redemption (including 12,929 OP Units issued upon conversion of LTIP Units, 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units and 2014 MYLTIP Units) and were redeemed by Boston Properties, Inc. in exchange for an equal number of shares of Common Stock.
At March 31, 2019, Boston Properties Limited Partnership had outstanding 394,921 2017 MYLTIP Units, 336,195 2018 MYLTIP Units and 220,734 2019 MYLTIP Units. Prior to the applicable measurement date (February 6, 2020 for the 2017 MYLTIP Units, February 5, 2021 for the 2018 MYLTIP Units and February 4, 2022 for the 2019 MYLTIP Units), holders of MYLTIP Units will be entitled to receive per unit distributions equal to one-tenth (10%) of the regular quarterly distributions payable on an OP Unit, but will not be entitled to receive any special distributions. After the measurement date, the number of MYLTIP Units, both vested and unvested, that MYLTIP award recipients have earned, if any, based on the establishment of a performance pool, will be entitled to receive distributions in an amount per unit equal to distributions, both regular and special, payable on an OP Unit.
On February 9, 2019, the measurement period for the Company’s 2016 MYLTIP awards ended and, based on Boston Properties, Inc.’s relative TSR performance, the final awards were determined to be 69.5% of target or an aggregate of approximately $13.6 million (after giving effect to voluntary employee separations). As a result, an aggregate of 364,980 2016 MYLTIP Units that had been previously granted were automatically forfeited.
The following table presents Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s distributions on the OP Units and LTIP Units (including the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units and 2015 MYLTIP Units and, after the February 9, 2019 measurement date, the 2016 MYLTIP Units) and its distributions on the 2016 MYLTIP Units (prior to the February 9, 2019 measurement date), 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units (after the February 5, 2019 issuance date) paid in 2019:

Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Distributions per OP Unit and LTIP Unit |  | Distributions per MYLTIP Unit
March 29, 2019 |  | April 30, 2019 |  |  | $0.95 |  |  |  | $0.095 |
December 31, 2018 |  | January 30, 2019 |  |  | $0.95 |  |  |  | $0.095 |

The following table presents Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s distributions on the OP Units and LTIP Units (including the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units and, after the February 4, 2018 measurement date, the 2015 MYLTIP Units) and its distributions on the 2015 MYLTIP Units (prior to the February 4, 2018 measurement date), 2016 MYLTIP Units, 2017 MYLTIP Units and 2018 MYLTIP Units (after the February 6, 2018 issuance date) that occurred during the first quarter of 2018:
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Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Distributions per OP Unit and LTIP Unit |  | Distributions per MYLTIP Unit
March 29, 2018 |  | April 30, 2018 |  |  | $0.80 |  |  |  | $0.080 |
December 31, 2017 |  | January 30, 2018 |  |  | $0.80 |  |  |  | $0.080 |

A holder of an OP Unit may present the OP Unit to Boston Properties Limited Partnership for redemption at any time (subject to restrictions agreed upon at the time of issuance of OP Units to particular holders that may restrict such redemption right for a period of time, generally one year from issuance). Upon presentation of an OP Unit for redemption, Boston Properties Limited Partnership must redeem the OP Unit for cash equal to the then value of a share of common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. Boston Properties, Inc. may, in its sole discretion, elect to assume and satisfy the redemption obligation by paying either cash or issuing one share of Common Stock. The value of the OP Units not owned by Boston Properties, Inc. and LTIP Units (including the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units), assuming that all conditions had been met for the conversion thereof, had all of such units been redeemed at March 31, 2019 was approximately $2.4 billion based on the last reported price of a share of Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange of $133.88 per share on March 29, 2019.
Noncontrolling Interests—Property Partnerships
The noncontrolling interests in property partnerships consist of the outside equity interests in ventures that are consolidated with the financial results of the Company because the Company exercises control over the entities that own the properties. The equity interests in these ventures that are not owned by the Company, totaling approximately $1.7 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, are included in Noncontrolling Interests—Property Partnerships in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
On May 12, 2016, the partners in the Company’s consolidated entity that owns Salesforce Tower located in San Francisco, California amended the venture agreement. Under the original venture agreement, if the Company elects to fund the construction of Salesforce Tower without a construction loan (or a construction loan of less than 50% of project costs) and the venture has commenced vertical construction of the project, then the partner’s capital funding obligation shall be limited, in which event the Company shall fund up to 2.5% of the total project costs (i.e., 50% of the partner’s 5% interest in the venture) in the form of a loan to the partner. This loan would bear interest at the then prevailing market interest rates for construction loans. Under the amended agreement, the partners have agreed to structure this funding by the Company as preferred equity rather than a loan. The preferred equity contributed by the Company earns a preferred return equal to LIBOR plus 3.00% per annum and is payable to the Company out of any distributions to which the partner would otherwise be entitled until such preferred equity and preferred return have been repaid to the Company. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had contributed an aggregate of approximately $22.6 million of preferred equity to the venture. Also, under the joint venture agreement, (a) from and after the stabilization date, the partner has the right to cause the Company to purchase all (but not less than all) of the partner’s interest and (b) from and after the third anniversary of the stabilization date, the Company has the right to acquire all (but not less than all) of the partner’s interest, in each case at an agreed upon purchase price or appraised value. In addition, if certain threshold returns are achieved the partner will be entitled to receive an additional promoted interest with respect to cash flow distributions. The term stabilization date is defined in the agreement to generally mean the first date after completion upon which Salesforce Tower is (1) at least 90% leased and (2) 50% occupied by tenants that are paying rent.
On January 18, 2019, the Company and its partner amended the venture agreement. Per the amendment, the partner exercised its right to cause the Company to purchase on April 1, 2019 its 5% ownership interest and promoted profits interest in the venture for cash totaling approximately $210.9 million, which amount shall be reduced by approximately $24.1 million, consisting of the repayment of the Company's preferred equity and preferred return as provided for in the venture agreement. As part of the original agreement, the partner was required to contribute 5% of the equity and was entitled to receive an additional promoted payment based on the success of the property (See Note 12).
8. Stockholders’ Equity / Partners’ Capital
As of March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. had 154,515,486 shares of Common Stock outstanding.
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As of March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. owned 1,725,484 general partnership units and 152,790,002 limited partnership units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership.
On June 2, 2017, Boston Properties, Inc. renewed its “at the market” (“ATM”) stock offering program through which it may sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $600.0 million of its common stock through sales agents over a three-year period. This program replaced the Company’s prior $600.0 million ATM stock offering program that was scheduled to expire on June 3, 2017. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from any offering for general business purposes, which may include investment opportunities and debt reduction. No shares of common stock have been issued under this ATM stock offering program.
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. issued 14,129 shares of Common Stock in connection with the redemption of an equal number of redeemable OP Units from limited partners.
The following table presents Boston Properties, Inc.’s dividends per share and Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s distributions per OP Unit and LTIP Unit paid in 2019 and occurred during the first quarter of 2018:

Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Dividend (Per Share) |  |  | Distribution (Per Unit) |
March 29, 2019 |  | April 30, 2019 |  |  | $0.95 |  |  |  | $0.95 |
December 31, 2018 |  | January 30, 2019 |  |  | $0.95 |  |  |  | $0.95 |
March 29, 2018 |  | April 30, 2018 |  |  | $0.80 |  |  |  | $0.80 |
December 31, 2017 |  | January 30, 2018 |  |  | $0.80 |  |  |  | $0.80 |

Preferred Stock
As of March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. had 80,000 shares (8,000,000 depositary shares each representing 1/100th of a share) outstanding of its 5.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock with a liquidation preference of $2,500.00 per share ($25.00 per depositary share). Boston Properties, Inc. pays cumulative cash dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock at a rate of 5.25% per annum of the $2,500.00 liquidation preference per share. Boston Properties, Inc. did not have the right to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock prior to March 27, 2018, except in certain circumstances relating to the preservation of Boston Properties, Inc.’s REIT status. On and after March 27, 2018, Boston Properties, Inc., at its option, may redeem the Series B Preferred Stock for a cash redemption price of $2,500.00 per share ($25.00 per depositary share), plus all accrued and unpaid dividends. The Series B Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the holders, has no maturity date and is not convertible into any other security of Boston Properties, Inc. or its affiliates.
The following table presents Boston Properties Inc.’s dividends per share on its outstanding Series B Preferred Stock paid during 2019 and occurred during the first quarter of 2018:

Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Dividend (Per Share) |
May 3, 2019 |  | May 15, 2019 |  |  | $32.8125 |
February 4, 2019 |  | February 15, 2019 |  |  | $32.8125 |
May 4, 2018 |  | May 15, 2018 |  |  | $32.8125 |
February 2, 2018 |  | February 15, 2018 |  |  | $32.8125 |

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9. Earnings Per Share / Common Unit
Boston Properties, Inc.
The following table provides a reconciliation of both the net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and the number of common shares used in the computation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”), which is calculated by dividing net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are also participating securities. As such, unvested restricted common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. and Boston Properties Limited Partnership's LTIP Units, 2012 OPP Units and MYLTIP Units are considered participating securities. Participating securities are included in the computation of basic EPS of Boston Properties, Inc. using the two-class method. Participating securities are included in the computation of diluted EPS of Boston Properties, Inc. using the if-converted method if the impact is dilutive. Because the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units required, and the 2017-2019 MYLTIP Units require, Boston Properties, Inc. to outperform absolute and relative return thresholds, unless such thresholds have been met by the end of the applicable reporting period, Boston Properties, Inc. excludes such units from the diluted EPS calculation. Other potentially dilutive common shares, including stock options, restricted stock and other securities of Boston Properties Limited Partnership that are exchangeable for Boston Properties, Inc.’s Common Stock, and the related impact on earnings, are considered when calculating diluted EPS.

| Three months ended March 31, 2019
| Income (Numerator) |  | Shares (Denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
| (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Basic Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 98,105 |  |  | 154,525 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | — |
Diluted Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 98,105 |  |  | 154,844 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |
| Three months ended March 31, 2018
| Income (Numerator) |  | Shares (Denominator) |  | Per Share Amount
| (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Basic Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 176,021 |  |  | 154,385 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |
Allocation of undistributed earnings to participating securities | (127 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 175,894 |  |  | 154,385 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |
Diluted Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 175,894 |  |  | 154,705 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |

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Boston Properties Limited Partnership
The following table provides a reconciliation of both the net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders and the number of common units used in the computation of basic earnings per common unit, which is calculated by dividing net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders by the weighted-average number of common units outstanding during the period. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are also participating securities. As such, unvested restricted common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. and Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s LTIP Units, 2012 OPP Units and MYLTIP Units are considered participating securities. Participating securities are included in the computation of basic earnings per common unit using the two-class method. Participating securities are included in the computation of diluted earnings per common unit using the if-converted method if the impact is dilutive. Because the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units required, and the 2017-2019 MYLTIP Units require, Boston Properties, Inc. to outperform absolute and relative return thresholds, unless such thresholds have been met by the end of the applicable reporting period, Boston Properties Limited Partnership excludes such units from the diluted earnings per common unit calculation. Other potentially dilutive common units and the related impact on earnings are considered when calculating diluted earnings per common unit. Included in the number of units (the denominator) below are approximately 17,606,000 and 17,482,000 redeemable common units for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

| Three months ended March 31, 2019
| Income (Numerator) |  | Units (Denominator) |  | Per Unit Amount
| (in thousands, except for per unit amounts)
Basic Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 113,382 |  |  | 172,131 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | — |
Diluted Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 113,382 |  |  | 172,450 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |

| Three months ended March 31, 2018
| Income (Numerator) |  | Units (Denominator) |  | Per Unit Amount
| (in thousands, except for per unit amounts)
Basic Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 200,907 |  |  | 171,867 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Allocation of undistributed earnings to participating securities | (141 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 200,766 |  |  | 171,867 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |
Diluted Earnings: |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 200,766 |  |  | 172,187 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |

10. Stock Option and Incentive Plan
On February 5, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc.’s Compensation Committee approved the 2019 MYLTIP awards under Boston Properties, Inc.’s 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan") to certain officers and employees of Boston Properties, Inc. The 2019 MYLTIP awards utilize Boston Properties, Inc.’s TSR over a three-year measurement period, on an annualized, compounded basis, as the performance metric. Earned awards will be based on Boston Properties, Inc.’s TSR relative to the Nareit Office Index adjusted to include Vornado Realty Trust. Earned awards will range from zero to a maximum of 220,734 LTIP Units depending on Boston Properties, Inc.’s TSR relative to the Nareit Office Index adjusted to include Vornado Realty Trust, with a target of approximately 110,367 LTIP Units and linear interpolation between zero and maximum. Earned awards (if any) will vest 50% on February 4, 2022 and 50% on February 4, 2023, based on continued employment. Vesting will be accelerated in the event of a change in control, termination of employment by Boston Properties, Inc. without cause, or termination of employment by the award recipient for good reason, death, disability or retirement. If there is a change of control prior to February 4, 2022, earned awards will be calculated based on TSR performance up to the date of the change of control. The 2019 MYLTIP awards are in the form of LTIP Units issued on the grant date which (i) are subject to forfeiture to the extent awards are not earned and (ii) prior to the performance measurement date are only entitled to one-tenth (10%) of the regular quarterly distributions payable on common partnership units. Under ASC 718 "Compensation - Stock Compensation", the 2019 MYLTIP awards have an aggregate value of approximately $13.5 million, which amount will generally be amortized into earnings over the four-year plan period under the graded vesting method.
On February 9, 2019, the measurement period for the Company’s 2016 MYLTIP awards ended and, based on Boston Properties, Inc.’s relative TSR performance, the final awards were determined to be 69.5% of target or an aggregate of approximately $13.6 million (after giving effect to voluntary employee separations). As a result, an aggregate of 364,980 2016 MYLTIP Units that had been previously granted were automatically forfeited.
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. issued 23,083 shares of restricted common stock and Boston Properties Limited Partnership issued 172,166 LTIP Units and 220,734 2019 MYLTIP Units to employees under the 2012 Plan. Employees paid $0.01 per share of restricted common stock and $0.25 per LTIP Unit and 2019 MYLTIP Unit. When issued, LTIP Units are not economically equivalent in value to a share of Common Stock, but over time can increase in value to one-for-one parity with Common Stock if there is sufficient appreciation in the value of the Company’s assets. The aggregate value of the LTIP Units is included in noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A substantial majority of the grants of restricted common stock and LTIP Units to employees vest in four equal annual installments. Restricted common stock is measured at fair value on the date of grant based on the number of shares granted and the closing price of Boston Properties, Inc.’s Common Stock on the date of grant as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange. Such value is recognized as an expense ratably over the corresponding employee service period. The shares of restricted common stock granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 were valued at approximately $3.0 million ($131.23 per share weighted-average). The LTIP Units granted were valued at approximately $20.9 million
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(approximately $121.41 per unit weighted-average fair value) using a Monte Carlo simulation method model. The per unit fair values of the LTIP Units granted were estimated on the dates of grant and for a substantial majority of such units were valued using the following assumptions: an expected life of 5.7 years, a risk-free interest rate of 2.68% and an expected price volatility of 27.0%. Because the 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units, 2016 MYLTIP Units, 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units are subject to both a service condition and a market condition, the Company recognizes the related compensation expense under the graded vesting attribution method. Under the graded vesting attribution method, each portion of the award that vests at a different date is accounted for as a separate award and recognized over the period appropriate to that portion so that the compensation cost for each portion should be recognized in full by the time that portion vests. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur on its awards of stock-based compensation. Dividends paid on both vested and unvested shares of restricted stock are charged directly to Dividends in Excess of Earnings in Boston Properties, Inc.’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and Partners’ Capital in Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Aggregate stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted stock, non-qualified stock options, LTIP Units, 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units, 2016 MYLTIP Units, 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units was approximately $14.8 million and $14.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At March 31, 2019, there was (1) an aggregate of approximately $38.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock, LTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units and (2) an aggregate of approximately $22.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested 2017 MYLTIP Units, 2018 MYLTIP Units and 2019 MYLTIP Units that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.9 years.
11. Segment Information
The following tables present reconciliations of Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. Common Shareholders to the Company's share of Net Operating Income and Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership Common Unitholders to the Company's share of Net Operating Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
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Boston Properties, Inc.

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 98,105 |  |  | $ | 176,021 |
Add: |  |  |
Preferred dividends | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership | 11,599 |  |  | 20,432 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Interest expense | 101,009 |  |  | 90,220 |
Impairment loss | 24,038 |  |  | — |
Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 25,349 |  |  | 16,060 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 164,594 |  |  | 165,797 |
Transaction costs | 460 |  |  | 21 |
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
General and administrative expense | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |
Less: |  |  |
Net operating income attributable to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 47,085 |  |  | 45,909 |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | )
Interest and other income | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 96,397 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 213 |  |  | 461 |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Development and management services revenue | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |
Company's share of Net Operating Income | $ | 425,979 |  |  | $ | 371,610 |

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Boston Properties Limited Partnership

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 113,382 |  |  | $ | 200,907 |
Add: |  |  |
Preferred distributions | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Interest expense | 101,009 |  |  | 90,220 |
Impairment loss | 22,272 |  |  | — |
Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 25,349 |  |  | 16,060 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 162,682 |  |  | 163,853 |
Transaction costs | 460 |  |  | 21 |
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
General and administrative expense | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |
Less: |  |  |
Net operating income attributable to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 47,085 |  |  | 45,909 |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | )
Interest and other income | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 98,907 |
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 213 |  |  | 461 |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |
Development and management services revenue | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |
Company's share of Net Operating Income | $ | 425,979 |  |  | $ | 371,610 |

Net operating income (“NOI”) is a non-GAAP financial measure equal to net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders, as applicable, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, plus (1) preferred dividends/distributions, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, interest expense, impairment loss, depreciation and amortization expense, transaction costs, payroll and related costs from management services contracts and corporate general and administrative expense less (2) gains (losses) from investments in securities, interest and other income, (losses) gains on sales of real estate, income from unconsolidated joint ventures, direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts and development and management services revenue. The Company believes NOI is useful to investors as a performance measure and believes it provides useful information to investors regarding the Company's results of operations and financial condition because, when compared across periods, it reflects the impact on operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs and acquisition and development activity on an unleveraged basis, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders. For example, interest expense is not necessarily linked to the operating performance of a real estate asset and is often incurred at the corporate level as opposed to the property level. Similarly, interest expense may be incurred at the property level even though the financing proceeds may be used at the corporate level (e.g., used for other investment activity). In addition, depreciation and amortization expense, because of historical cost accounting and useful life estimates, may distort operating performance measures at the property level. NOI presented by the Company may not be comparable to NOI reported by other REITs or real estate companies that define NOI differently.
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The Company's internal reporting utilizes its share of NOI, which includes its share of NOI from consolidated and unconsolidated joint ventures, which is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated as the consolidated amount, plus the Company's share of the amount from the Company's unconsolidated joint ventures (calculated based upon the Company’s percentage ownership interest and, in some cases, after priority allocations), minus the Company’s partners’ share of the amount from the Company's consolidated joint ventures (calculated based upon the partners’ percentage ownership interests and, in some cases, after priority allocations and their share of fees due to the Company). Management utilizes its share of NOI in assessing its performance as the Company has several significant joint ventures and in some cases, the Company exercises significant influence over, but does not control, the joint venture, in which case GAAP requires that the Company account for the joint venture entity using the equity method of accounting and the Company does not consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. In other cases, GAAP requires that the Company consolidate the venture even though the Company's partner(s) owns a significant percentage interest. As a result, the presentations of the Company’s share of NOI should not be considered a substitute for, and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to, the Company's financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.
Asset information by segment is not reported because the Company does not use this measure to assess performance. Therefore, depreciation and amortization expense is not allocated among segments. Preferred dividends/distributions, interest expense, impairment loss, depreciation and amortization expense, transaction costs, payroll and related costs from management services contracts, corporate general and administrative expense, gains (losses) from investments in securities, interest and other income, (losses) gains on sales of real estate, direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts and development and management services revenue are not included in NOI and are provided as reconciling items to the Company's reconciliations of its share of NOI to net income attributable to common shareholders/unitholders.
The Company’s segments are based on the Company’s method of internal reporting which classifies its operations by geographic area. The Company’s segments by geographic area are Boston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Washington, DC. The Company also presents information for each segment by property type including Office, Residential and Hotel.
The Company has modified the presentation of its geographic area classification for all periods presented to include the Los Angeles geographic area to align with its method of internal reporting. The Company has expanded its presence in the Los Angeles geographic area with its equity method investment in Santa Monica Business Park located in Santa Monica, California. The Company now has equity interests in a portfolio of 27 office and retail properties in the Los Angeles geographic area aggregating approximately 2.3 million net rentable square feet, all of which are owned through investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company is now presenting the Los Angeles geographic area as a reportable segment to align with its method of internal reporting given the increased significance as a result of commencing a full reporting period of ownership of the Santa Monica Business Park portfolio. The inclusion of the Los Angeles geographic area has also resulted in a change in the reported measure of segment profit or loss from NOI to the Company's share of NOI. This change has been reflected in all periods presented and the impact of the change can been seen within the tables below. The Company has not presented rental revenue and rental expenses for properties owned through investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, including those in the Los Angeles geographic area, as the Company accounts for these properties using the equity method of accounting.
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Information by geographic area (dollars in thousands):
For the three months ended March 31, 2019:

| Boston |  | Los Angeles |  | New York |  | San Francisco |  | Washington, DC |  | Total
Rental Revenue: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | $ | 217,411 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 258,631 |  |  | $ | 124,055 |  |  | $ | 96,345 |  |  | $ | 696,442 |
Residential | 2,701 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,014 |  |  | 7,715 |
Hotel | 8,938 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,938 |
Total | 229,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 258,631 |  |  | 124,055 |  |  | 101,359 |  |  | 713,095 |
% of Grand Totals | 32.12 | % |  | — | % |  | 36.27 | % |  | 17.40 | % |  | 14.21 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Rental Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | 79,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 96,971 |  |  | 41,125 |  |  | 36,147 |  |  | 253,743 |
Residential | 1,206 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,568 |  |  | 3,774 |
Hotel | 7,863 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,863 |
Total | 88,569 |  |  | — |  |  | 96,971 |  |  | 41,125 |  |  | 38,715 |  |  | 265,380 |
% of Grand Totals | 33.37 | % |  | — | % |  | 36.54 | % |  | 15.50 | % |  | 14.59 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Net operating income | $ | 140,481 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 161,660 |  |  | $ | 82,930 |  |  | $ | 62,644 |  |  | $ | 447,715 |
% of Grand Totals | 31.38 | % |  | — | % |  | 36.11 | % |  | 18.52 | % |  | 13.99 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Less: Net operating income attributable to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (9,373 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,264 | ) |  | (448 | ) |  | — |  |  | (47,085 | )
Add: Company's share of net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 772 |  |  | 15,708 |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,083 |  |  | 25,349 |
Company's share of net operating income | $ | 131,880 |  |  | $ | 15,708 |  |  | $ | 126,182 |  |  | $ | 82,482 |  |  | $ | 69,727 |  |  | $ | 425,979 |
% of Grand Totals | 30.96 | % |  | 3.69 | % |  | 29.62 | % |  | 19.36 | % |  | 16.37 | % |  | 100.00 | %

_______________

(1) | Rental Revenue is equal to total Revenue per the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations, less Development and Management Services Revenue and Direct Reimbursements of Payroll and Related Costs from Management Services Contracts Revenue per the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2018:

| Boston |  | Los Angeles |  | New York |  | San Francisco |  | Washington, DC |  | Total
Rental Revenue: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | $ | 204,997 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 242,398 |  |  | $ | 89,893 |  |  | $ | 99,312 |  |  | $ | 636,600 |
Residential | 1,152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,007 |  |  | 4,159 |
Hotel | 9,102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,102 |
Total | 215,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 242,398 |  |  | 89,893 |  |  | 102,319 |  |  | 649,861 |
% of Grand Totals | 33.12 | % |  | — | % |  | 37.31 | % |  | 13.83 | % |  | 15.74 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Rental Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | 80,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,762 |  |  | 27,628 |  |  | 36,343 |  |  | 238,057 |
Residential | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | 2,272 |
Hotel | 8,073 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,073 |
Total | 88,911 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,762 |  |  | 27,628 |  |  | 38,101 |  |  | 248,402 |
% of Grand Totals | 35.79 | % |  | — | % |  | 37.75 | % |  | 11.12 | % |  | 15.34 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Net operating income | $ | 126,340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 148,636 |  |  | $ | 62,265 |  |  | $ | 64,218 |  |  | $ | 401,459 |
% of Grand Totals | 31.47 | % |  | — | % |  | 37.02 | % |  | 15.51 | % |  | 16.00 | % |  | 100.00 | %
Less: Net operating income attributable to noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | (8,129 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,946 | ) |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | (45,909 | )
Add: Company's share of net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures | 534 |  |  | 7,074 |  |  | 1,661 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,791 |  |  | 16,060 |
Company's share of net operating income | $ | 118,745 |  |  | $ | 7,074 |  |  | $ | 112,351 |  |  | $ | 62,431 |  |  | $ | 71,009 |  |  | $ | 371,610 |
% of Grand Totals | 31.96 | % |  | 1.90 | % |  | 30.23 | % |  | 16.80 | % |  | 19.11 | % |  | 100.00 | %

_______________

(1) | Rental Revenue is equal to total Revenue per the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations, less Development and Management Services Revenue and Direct Reimbursements of Payroll and Related Costs from Management Services Contracts Revenue per the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

12. Subsequent Events
On April 1, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of its partner's 5% ownership interest and promoted profits interest in the consolidated entity that owns Salesforce Tower located in San Francisco, California for cash totaling approximately $210.9 million, which amount was reduced by approximately $24.1 million, consisting of the repayment of the Company's preferred equity and preferred return in the venture. The partner was entitled to receive an additional promoted payment based on the success of the property. Salesforce Tower is an approximately 1,421,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property (See Note 7).
On April 18, 2019, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its One Tower Center property located in East Brunswick, New Jersey for a gross sale price of approximately $38.0 million. One Tower Center is an approximately 410,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property. The closing is subject to customary closing conditions and termination rights for transactions of this type. There can be no assurance that the sale will be completed on the terms currently contemplated or at all (See Note 3).
On April 26, 2019, a joint venture in which the Company has a 50% interest obtained construction financing with a total commitment of $255.0 million collateralized by its 7750 Wisconsin Avenue development project located in Bethesda, Maryland. The construction financing bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% per annum and matures on April 26, 2023, with two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. There have been no amounts drawn under the loan to date. 7750 Wisconsin Avenue is a 734,000 net rentable square foot build-to-suit Class A office project and below-grade parking garage.
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ITEM 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report.
These Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, including the documents incorporated by reference, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and are including this statement for purposes of complying with those safe harbor provisions. Such statements are contained principally, but not only, under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We caution investors that any such forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and on assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. When used, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “budget,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “project,” “should,” “will” and similar expressions which do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected by the forward-looking statements. We caution you that, while forward-looking statements reflect our good-faith beliefs when we make them, they are not guarantees of future performance and are impacted by actual events when they occur after we make such statements. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends.
Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

• | if there is a negative change in the economy, including, but not limited to, a reversal of current job growth trends and an increase in unemployment, it could have a negative effect on the following, among other things:

• | the fundamentals of our business, including overall market occupancy, tenant space utilization and rental rates;

• | the financial condition of our tenants, many of which are financial, legal, media/telecommunication, technology and other professional firms, our lenders, counterparties to our derivative financial instruments and institutions that hold our cash balances and short-term investments, which may expose us to increased risks of default by these parties; and

• | the value of our real estate assets, which may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain or maintain debt financing secured by our properties or on an unsecured basis;

• | volatile or adverse global economic and political conditions, and dislocations in the credit markets could adversely affect our access to cost-effective capital and have a resulting material adverse effect on our business opportunities, results of operations and financial condition;

• | general risks affecting the real estate industry (including, without limitation, the inability to enter into or renew leases, tenant space utilization, dependence on tenants’ financial condition, and competition from other developers, owners and operators of real estate);

• | failure to manage effectively our growth and expansion into new markets and sub-markets or to integrate acquisitions and developments successfully;

• | the ability of our joint venture partners to satisfy their obligations;

• | risks and uncertainties affecting property development and construction (including, without limitation, construction delays, increased construction costs, cost overruns, inability to obtain necessary permits, tenant accounting considerations that may result in negotiated lease provisions that limit a tenant’s liability during construction, and public opposition to such activities);

• | risks associated with the availability and terms of financing and the use of debt to fund acquisitions and developments or refinance existing indebtedness, including the impact of higher interest rates on the cost and/or availability of financing;

• | risks associated with forward interest rate contracts and the effectiveness of such arrangements;

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• | risks associated with downturns in the national and local economies, increases in interest rates, and volatility in the securities markets;

• | risks associated with actual or threatened terrorist attacks;

• | costs of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar laws;

• | potential liability for uninsured losses and environmental contamination;

• | risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems, which support our operations and our buildings;

• | risks associated with BXP’s potential failure to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

• | possible adverse changes in tax and environmental laws;

• | the impact of newly adopted accounting principles on our accounting policies and on period-to-period comparisons of financial results;

• | risks associated with possible state and local tax audits;

• | risks associated with our dependence on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed; and

• | the other risk factors identified in our most recently filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K, including those described under the caption “Risk Factors.”

The risks set forth above are not exhaustive. Other sections of this report may include additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. Investors should also refer to our most recent Annual Reports on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for future periods and Current Reports on Form 8-K as we file them with the SEC, and to other materials we may furnish to the public from time to time through Current Reports on Form 8-K or otherwise, for a discussion of risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update any forward-looking statements to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, future events, or otherwise, and you should not rely upon these forward-looking statements after the date of this report.
Overview
BXP is the largest publicly-traded real estate investment trust (REIT) (based on market capitalization) that develops, owns and manages primarily Class A office properties in the U.S., concentrated in five markets - Boston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Washington, DC. BXP is a fully integrated real estate company, organized as a REIT. BPLP is the entity through which BXP conducts substantially all of its business and owns (either directly or through subsidiaries) substantially all of its assets. We generate revenue and cash primarily by leasing Class A office space to our tenants. When making leasing decisions, we consider, among other things, the creditworthiness of the tenant, the length of the lease, the rental rate to be paid at inception and throughout the lease term, the costs of tenant improvements and other landlord concessions, anticipated operating expenses and real estate taxes, current and anticipated vacancy, current and expected future demand for the space, the impact of any expansion rights and general economic factors.
Our core strategy has always been to develop, acquire and manage properties in supply-constrained markets with high barriers-to-entry and to focus on executing long-term leases with financially strong tenants. Our tenant base is diverse across market sectors and the average lease term for our in-service office leases was approximately 7.6 years as of March 31, 2019, including leases signed by our unconsolidated joint ventures. Historically, these factors have minimized our exposure in weaker economic cycles and enhanced revenues as market conditions improve. To be successful in any leasing environment, we believe we must consider all aspects of the tenant-landlord relationship. In this regard, we believe that our competitive advantage is based on the following attributes:
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• | our understanding of tenants’ short- and long-term space utilization and amenity needs in the local markets;

• | our reputation as a premier developer, owner and manager of primarily Class A office properties;

• | our financial strength and our ability to maintain high building standards;

• | our focus on developing and operating in a sustainable and responsible manner; and

• | our relationships with local brokers.

Outlook
Macroeconomic conditions remain stable and overall favorable for our Company in the first quarter of 2019. Initial U.S. GDP growth estimates for the first quarter were 3.2%, surpassing prior estimates. Job creation remains steady as the U.S. economy created approximately 540,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2019 and the unemployment rate remained near 50-year lows at 3.8%. The Federal Reserve has indicated it will not raise interest rates for the foreseeable future. As a result, the 10-year Treasury rate has been steady at approximately 2.5%.
These conditions and trends in our particular markets and the continued success of our development and leasing efforts leaves us optimistic for our industry generally and our Company in particular. As a leading developer, owner and manager of marquee Class A office properties in the U.S., our priorities remain focused on the following:

• | ensuring tenant satisfaction;

• | leasing available space in our in-service and development properties, as well as proactively focusing on sizable future lease expirations;

• | completing the construction of our development properties;

• | continuing and completing the redevelopment and repositioning of several key properties to increase future revenue and asset values over the long-term;

• | maintaining discipline in our underwriting of investment opportunities by (1) seeking significant pre-leasing commitments before beginning new construction, and (2) targeting acquisition activity in non-stabilized assets near innovation centers where we see favorable prospects for overall growth and our operational expertise can create value;

• | managing our near-term debt maturities and maintaining our conservative balance sheet; and

• | actively managing our operations in a sustainable and responsible manner.

The overall occupancy of our in-service office and retail properties was 92.9% at March 31, 2019, an increase of 150 basis points from 91.4% at December 31, 2018. During the first quarter, we signed leases across our portfolio totaling approximately 1.5 million square feet, and we commenced revenue recognition on approximately 1.6 million square feet of leases in second generation space. Of these second generation leases, approximately 1.3 million square feet had been vacant for less than one year and, in the aggregate, they represent an increase in net rental obligations (gross rent less operating expenses) of approximately 9.4% over the prior leases.
Our investment strategy remains unchanged. We will continue to invest primarily in higher-yielding new development opportunities with significant pre-leasing commitments. Other than possible acquisitions of “value-add” assets that require lease-up or repositioning, and acquisitions that are otherwise consistent with our long-term strategy, development remains our core strategy and focus in this current economic environment.
As of March 31, 2019, our construction/redevelopment pipeline consisted of 11 projects that, when completed, we expect will total approximately 5.3 million net rentable square feet. Our share of the estimated total cost for these projects is approximately $2.7 billion, of which approximately $1.5 billion of equity remains to be invested as of March 31, 2019. Approximately 78% of the commercial space in these development projects was pre-leased as of May 2, 2019.
We also expect to commence development in 2019 on additional development projects that we expect will support approximately 869,000 square feet upon completion.
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We expect to commence development at 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, a 469,000 square foot Class A office building located in the central business district (“CBD”) of Washington, DC. The building is 66% pre-leased and will be an estimated $360 million investment.
Also in 2019, we plan to begin the redevelopment of 325 Main Street in Kendall Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts following the announcement, in the first quarter of 2019, of the execution of a long-term lease agreement with Google. The current 115,000 square foot building will be replaced with a new 400,000 square foot office tower. Total incremental project costs are estimated to be approximately $415 million. As part of the local zoning requirements, we also plan to develop, at a later date, a residential building of at least 200,000 square feet with 25% of the units designated for affordable housing.
As we continue to focus on our strategy of developing and acquiring assets to enhance our long-term growth, we also continually review our portfolio to identify properties as potential sales candidates because they may either no longer fit within our portfolio strategy or they could attract premium pricing in the current market environment. For example, during the first quarter of 2019, we completed the sale of 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard, a 179,000 square foot property in Rockville, Maryland, for a gross sale price of approximately $23 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2019, we also entered into an agreement to sell One Tower Center, a 410,000 square foot office property in East Brunswick, New Jersey for a gross sale price of $38 million. This non-core property was 39% leased as of March 31, 2019, is geographically isolated from our other assets and had no synergies with the remainder of the portfolio. In addition, during the first quarter of 2019, we and our partners have commenced marketing activities for the sale of 540 Madison Avenue, a 284,000 square foot office property located in Midtown Manhattan. We own a 60% interest in the joint venture that owns 540 Madison Avenue. We expect to continue to sell select non-core assets in 2019, subject to market conditions.
A brief overview of each of our markets follows:
Boston
The leasing market in the greater Boston region remains active and strong. The Boston CBD sub-market continues to be driven by demand from traditional financial and professional services tenants, a strong flow of new and expanding technology and life science companies and an ongoing trend of urbanization. During the first quarter of 2019, approximately 485,000 square feet of leases commenced in the Boston region. Of these leases, approximately 350,000 square feet had been vacant for less than one year and represent an increase in net rental obligations (gross rent less operating expenses) of approximately 12% over the prior leases.
Our approximately 1.6 million square foot in-service office portfolio in Cambridge is dominated by large users, is approximately 97% leased and continues to generate strong rental rates. We are also actively working to meet tenant demand through increasing density and redevelopment. For example, we entered into a lease with Google to extend and expand 450,000 square feet of lease space for 15 years and to construct a new 400,000 square foot office tower at 325 Main Street co-terminus with their extension. In the aggregate, Google will lease more than 800,000 square feet on a long-term basis.
In the suburban Waltham/Lexington sub-market, we continue to experience significant demand within our existing tenant base and from other tenants in the market, particularly from technology and life-science companies, seeking space to accommodate their expanding workforces.
The primary challenge we have in our Boston portfolio is the lack of available space to meet tenant demand. As a result, we are focused on future lease expirations and, subsequent to the first quarter of 2019, we signed an early renewal for 545,000 square feet with our tenant Bank of America at 100 Federal Street and are working on additional renewals that are expected to result in increases in future rents. Rents in Boston, Cambridge and the suburban Waltham/Lexington market have continued to experience strong increases in rental rates along with declines in concessions.
Los Angeles
The market in Los Angeles (“LA”), particularly in West LA, remains strong. Our Colorado Center complex, of which we own 50%, is approximately 99% leased.
Our 21-building Santa Monica Business Park, of which we own 55%, is approximately 93% leased. We believe both properties provide us with ample opportunity for future growth, as a majority of the current leases are at below-market rents.
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We will continue to explore opportunities to increase our presence in the LA market by seeking investments where our financial, operational, redevelopment and development expertise provide the opportunity to achieve accretive returns.
New York
During the first quarter of 2019, we increased CBD occupancy 270 basis points to 94.5% from 91.8%, as of December 31, 2018, and approximately 775,000 square feet of leases commenced in the New York region. This included approximately 250,000 square feet of leases at our 399 Park Avenue property which is now approximately 93% leased, including leases with future commencement dates.
While rental growth rates in New York remain muted due to increased supply, leasing activity remains strong due to ongoing demand for high quality office space, particularly in midtown Manhattan. We continue to expect modest rent growth in most of our New York submarkets and stable tenant improvement allowances.
San Francisco
The San Francisco CBD leasing market remains healthy and among the strongest markets in the U.S. with market absorption at historic highs. With no new uncommitted development projects anticipated in the San Francisco CBD through 2023, combined with low vacancy and few available large blocks of sublease space, tenants have few options, which has created a supply and demand imbalance. We expect these fundamentals to continue. During the first quarter of 2019, approximately 380,000 square feet of leases commenced in the San Francisco region. Of these leases, approximately 162,000 square feet had been vacant for less than one year and represent an increase in net rental obligations (gross rent less operating expenses) of 51% over the prior leases.
Washington, DC
Market conditions in the Washington, DC CBD have not changed in any meaningful way over the past few quarters. In the Washington, DC region, our focus remains on (1) matching development sites with tenants to begin development with significant pre-leasing commitments, (2) expanding our development potential in Reston, Virginia and (3) divesting of non-core assets.
Leasing activity in Washington, DC CBD remains very competitive primarily because there has been an increase in supply without a corresponding increase in demand. We are reasonably well-leased in the District with modest near-term exposure and we have reduced our exposure to the Washington, DC CBD market significantly over the past few years through dispositions of non-core assets.
Conversely, we continue to see strong tenant demand in our Reston, Virginia portfolio. In Reston, we continued development of Reston Gateway, our mixed-use development project, which will consist of an aggregate of approximately 4.5 million net rentable square feet. The initial phase is approximately 1.1 million net rentable square feet of which approximately 80% is pre-leased to Fannie Mae. Our Reston, Virginia in-service portfolio was approximately 95% leased as of March 31, 2019 and continues to be the strongest submarket in the region.
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The table below details the leasing activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2019
|  | (Square Feet)
Vacant space available at the beginning of the period |  | 3,859,897 |
Property dispositions/properties taken out of service |  | (85,019 | )
Leases expiring or terminated during the period |  | 1,274,106 |
Total space available for lease |  | 5,048,984 |
1 st generation leases |  | 244,430 |
2 nd generation leases with new tenants |  | 883,922 |
2 nd generation lease renewals |  | 738,267 |
Total space leased (1) |  | 1,866,619 |
Vacant space available for lease at the end of the period |  | 3,182,365 |
Leases executed during the period, in square feet (2) |  | 1,522,346 |
Second generation leasing information: (3) |  |
Leases commencing during the period, in square feet |  | 1,622,189 |
Weighted Average Lease Term |  | 122 Months |
Weighted Average Free Rent Period |  | 111 Days |
Total Transaction Costs Per Square Foot (4) |  |  | $79.40 |
Increase in Gross Rents (5) |  | 6.15 | %
Increase in Net Rents (6) |  | 9.35 | %

___________________________

(1) | Represents leases for which rental revenue recognition has commenced in accordance with GAAP during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

(2) | Represents leases executed during the three months ended March 31, 2019 for which we either (1) commenced rental revenue recognition in such period or (2) will commence rental revenue recognition in subsequent periods, in accordance with GAAP, and includes leases at properties currently under development. The total square feet of leases executed and recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2019 is 151,075.

(3) | Second generation leases are defined as leases for space that had previously been leased by us. Of the 1,622,189 square feet of second generation leases that commenced during the three months ended March 31, 2019, leases for 1,471,114 square feet were signed in prior periods.

(4) | Total transaction costs include tenant improvements and leasing commissions, but exclude free rent concessions and other inducements in accordance with GAAP.

(5) | Represents the increase in gross rent (base rent plus expense reimbursements) on the new versus expired leases on the 1,293,772 square feet of second generation leases that had been occupied within the prior 12 months for the three months ended March 31, 2019; excludes leases that management considers temporary because the tenant is not expected to occupy the space on a long-term basis.

(6) | Represents the increase in net rent (gross rent less operating expenses) on the new versus expired leases on the 1,293,772 square feet of second generation leases that had been occupied within the prior 12 months for the three months ended March 31, 2019; excludes leases that management considers temporary because the tenant is not expected to occupy the space on a long-term basis.

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Transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2019 included the following:
Development activities

• | On February 14, 2019, we announced that we had entered into a 15-year lease with Google, LLC for approximately 362,000 net rentable square feet of Class A office space in a build-to-suit development project to be located at our 325 Main Street property at Kendall Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 325 Main Street currently consists of an approximately 115,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property that will be demolished and developed into an approximately 400,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property, including approximately 38,000 net rentable square feet of retail space. There can be no assurance that the project will commence.

• | On January 24, 2019, the ground lessor under our 65-year ground lease for land totaling approximately 5.6 acres at Platform 16 located in San Jose, California, which will support approximately 1.1 million square feet of commercial office space, made available for lease to us the remaining land parcels.

Acquisitions and Disposition activities

• | On January 10, 2019, we acquired land parcels at our Carnegie Center property located in Princeton, New Jersey for a gross purchase price of approximately $51.5 million, which includes an aggregate of approximately $8.6 million of additional amounts that are payable in the future to the seller upon the development or sale of each of the parcels. The land parcels could support approximately 1.7 million square feet of development.

• | On January 24, 2019, we completed the sale of our 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard property located in Rockville, Maryland for a gross sales price of approximately $22.7 million. Net cash proceeds totaled approximately $21.4 million, resulting in a loss on sale of real estate totaling approximately $0.6 million. We recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $3.1 million for BXP and approximately $1.5 million for BPLP during the year ended December 31, 2018. 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard is an approximately 179,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property.

Capital markets activities

• | On January 24, 2019, a joint venture in which we have a 50% interest extended the loan collateralized by its Annapolis Junction Building Six property. At the time of the extension, the outstanding balance of the loan totaled approximately $13.0 million and was scheduled to mature on November 17, 2019, with one, one-year extension option, subject to certain conditions. The extended loan has a total commitment amount of approximately $14.3 million, bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum and matures on November 17, 2020. Annapolis Junction Building Six is a Class A office property with approximately 119,000 net rentable square feet located in Annapolis, Maryland.

Transactions completed subsequent to March 31, 2019 included the following:

• | On April 1, 2019, we completed the acquisition of our partner's 5% ownership interest and promoted profits interest in the consolidated entity that owns Salesforce Tower located in San Francisco, California for cash totaling approximately $210.9 million, which amount was reduced by approximately $24.1 million, consisting of the repayment of our preferred equity and preferred return in the venture. The partner was entitled to receive an additional promoted payment based on the success of the property. Salesforce Tower is an approximately 1,421,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property (See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

• | At March 31, 2019, we evaluated the expected hold period of our One Tower Center property and based on a shorter than expected hold period, we reduced the carrying value of the property to our estimated fair value at March 31, 2019 and recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $24.0 million for BXP and approximately $22.3 million for BPLP. Our estimated fair value was based on a pending offer from a third party to acquire the property and the subsequent execution of a purchase and sale agreement on April 18, 2019 for a gross sale price of approximately $38.0 million (See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). One Tower Center is an approximately 410,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property located in East Brunswick, New Jersey.

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• | On April 26, 2019, a joint venture in which we have a 50% interest obtained construction financing with a total commitment of $255.0 million collateralized by its 7750 Wisconsin Avenue development project located in Bethesda, Maryland. The construction financing bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.25% per annum and matures on April 26, 2023, with two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. There have been no amounts drawn under the loan to date. 7750 Wisconsin Avenue is a 734,000 net rentable square foot build-to-suit Class A office project and below-grade parking garage.

Critical Accounting Policies
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discuss our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Certain accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, as they require management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made and changes in accounting estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience and current economic conditions. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and assumptions including those related to revenue, impairment of long-lived assets and the allowance for doubtful accounts. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 contains a discussion of our critical accounting policies, except for our policies established following the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") ASU 2016-02, ASU 2018-01 and ASU 2018-11. The adoption of each of the above pronouncements is discussed in Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Management discusses and reviews our critical accounting policies and management’s judgments and estimates with BXP’s Audit Committee.
Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders decreased approximately $77.9 million and $87.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, respectively, as detailed in the following tables and for the reasons discussed below under the heading “Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2019 to the three months ended March 31, 2018” within “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
The following are reconciliations of n et income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders to net operating income and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders to net operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
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Boston Properties, Inc.

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands)
Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. Common Shareholders |  | $ | 98,105 |  |  | $ | 176,021 |  |  | $ | (77,916 | ) |  | (44.27 | )%
Preferred dividends |  | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. |  | 100,730 |  |  | 178,646 |  |  | (77,916 | ) |  | (43.61 | )%
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership |  | 11,599 |  |  | 20,432 |  |  | (8,833 | ) |  | (43.23 | )%
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships |  | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |  |  | 1,596 |  |  | 9.26 | %
Net Income |  | 131,159 |  |  | 216,312 |  |  | (85,153 | ) |  | (39.37 | )%
Other Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 101,009 |  |  | 90,220 |  |  | 10,789 |  |  | 11.96 | %
Impairment loss |  | 24,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,038 |  |  | 100.00 | %
Other Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities |  | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | ) |  | 3,095 |  |  | 2,456.35 | %
Interest and other income |  | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |  |  | 2,105 |  |  | 127.73 | %
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate |  | (905 | ) |  | 96,397 |  |  | (97,302 | ) |  | (100.94 | )%
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 213 |  |  | 461 |  |  | (248 | ) |  | (53.80 | )%
Other Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 164,594 |  |  | 165,797 |  |  | (1,203 | ) |  | (0.73 | )%
Transaction costs |  | 460 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 2,090.48 | %
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts |  | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 17.68 | %
General and administrative expense |  | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |  |  | 5,868 |  |  | 16.35 | %
Other Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts |  | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 17.68 | %
Development and management services revenue |  | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |  |  | 872 |  |  | 10.37 | %
Net Operating Income |  | $ | 447,715 |  |  | $ | 401,459 |  |  | $ | 46,256 |  |  | 11.52 | %

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Boston Properties Limited Partnership

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase/ (Decrease) |  | % Change
|  | (in thousands)
Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership Common Unitholders |  | $ | 113,382 |  |  | $ | 200,907 |  |  | $ | (87,525 | ) |  | (43.56 | )%
Preferred distributions |  | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Net Income Attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership |  | 116,007 |  |  | 203,532 |  |  | (87,525 | ) |  | (43.00 | )%
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships |  | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |  |  | 1,596 |  |  | 9.26 | %
Net Income |  | 134,837 |  |  | 220,766 |  |  | (85,929 | ) |  | (38.92 | )%
Other Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 101,009 |  |  | 90,220 |  |  | 10,789 |  |  | 11.96 | %
Impairment loss |  | 22,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,272 |  |  | 100.00 | %
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) from investments in securities |  | 2,969 |  |  | (126 | ) |  | 3,095 |  |  | 2,456.35 | %
Interest and other income |  | 3,753 |  |  | 1,648 |  |  | 2,105 |  |  | 127.73 | %
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate |  | (905 | ) |  | 98,907 |  |  | (99,812 | ) |  | (100.92 | )%
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures |  | 213 |  |  | 461 |  |  | (248 | ) |  | (53.80 | )%
Other Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  | 162,682 |  |  | 163,853 |  |  | (1,171 | ) |  | (0.71 | )%
Transaction costs |  | 460 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 2,090.48 | %
Payroll and related costs from management services contracts |  | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 17.68 | %
General and administrative expense |  | 41,762 |  |  | 35,894 |  |  | 5,868 |  |  | 16.35 | %
Other Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts |  | 3,395 |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 17.68 | %
Development and management services revenue |  | 9,277 |  |  | 8,405 |  |  | 872 |  |  | 10.37 | %
Net Operating Income |  | $ | 447,715 |  |  | $ | 401,459 |  |  | $ | 46,256 |  |  | 11.52 | %

At March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, we owned or had interests in a portfolio of 196 and 179 commercial real estate properties, respectively (in each case, the “Total Property Portfolio”). As a result of changes within our Total Property Portfolio, the financial data presented below shows significant changes in revenue and expenses from period-to-period. Accordingly, we do not believe that our period-to-period financial data with respect to the Total Property Portfolio provides a complete picture of our performance. Therefore, the comparison of operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 show separately the changes attributable to the properties that were owned by us and in-service throughout each period compared (the “Same Property Portfolio”) and the changes attributable to the properties included in the Placed In-Service, Acquired, Development or Redevelopment or Sold Portfolios.
In our analysis of operating results, particularly to make comparisons of net operating income between periods meaningful, it is important to provide information for properties that were in-service and owned by us throughout each period presented. We refer to properties acquired or placed in-service prior to the beginning of the earliest period presented and owned by us and in-service through the end of the latest period presented as our Same Property Portfolio. The Same Property Portfolio therefore excludes properties placed in-service, acquired or in development or redevelopment after the beginning of the earliest period presented or disposed of prior to the end of the latest period presented.
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Net operating income (“NOI”) is a non-GAAP financial measure equal to net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders, as applicable, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, plus (1) preferred dividends/distributions, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, interest expense, impairment loss, depreciation and amortization expense, transaction costs, payroll and related costs from management services contracts and corporate general and administrative expense less (2) gains (losses) from investments in securities, interest and other income, (losses) gains on sales of real estate, income from unconsolidated joint ventures, direct reimbursements of payroll and related costs from management services contracts and development and management services revenue. We use NOI internally as a performance measure and believe it provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations and financial condition because, when compared across periods, it reflects the impact on operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs and acquisition and development activity on an unleveraged basis, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders. For example, interest expense is not necessarily linked to the operating performance of a real estate asset and is often incurred at the corporate level as opposed to the property level. Similarly, interest expense may be incurred at the property level even though the financing proceeds may be used at the corporate level (e.g., used for other investment activity). In addition, depreciation and amortization expense, because of historical cost accounting and useful life estimates, may distort operating performance measures at the property level. NOI presented by us may not be comparable to NOI reported by other REITs or real estate companies that define NOI differently.
We believe that, in order to facilitate a clear understanding of our operating results, NOI should be examined in conjunction with net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders as presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements. NOI should not be considered as a substitute for net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders or net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders (determined in accordance with GAAP) or any other GAAP financial measures and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to our financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
The gains on sales of real estate, impairment losses and depreciation expense may differ between BXP and BPLP as a result of previously applied acquisition accounting by BXP for the issuance of common stock in connection with non-sponsor OP Unit redemptions by BPLP. This accounting resulted in a step-up of the real estate assets at BXP that was allocated to certain properties. The difference between the real estate assets of BXP as compared to BPLP for certain properties having an allocation of the real estate step-up will result in a corresponding difference in impairment losses and in the gains on sales of real estate and depreciation expense when those properties are sold. For additional information see the Explanatory Note that follows the cover page of this Form 10-Q.
Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2019 to the three months ended March 31, 2018.
The table below shows selected operating information for the Same Property Portfolio and the Total Property Portfolio. The Same Property Portfolio consists of 145 properties totaling approximately 38.9 million net rentable square feet of space, excluding unconsolidated joint ventures. The Same Property Portfolio includes properties acquired or fully placed in-service on or prior to January 1, 2018 and owned and in-service through March 31, 2019. The Total Property Portfolio includes the effects of the other properties either placed in-service, acquired or in development or redevelopment after January 1, 2018 or disposed of on or prior to March 31, 2019. This table includes a reconciliation from the Same Property Portfolio to the Total Property Portfolio by also providing information for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 with respect to the properties that were placed in-service, acquired, in development or redevelopment or sold. There were no properties acquired between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019.
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| Same Property Portfolio |  | Properties Placed In-Service Portfolio |  | Properties in Development or Redevelopment Portfolio |  | Properties Sold Portfolio |  | Total Property Portfolio
(dollars in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase/(Decrease) |  | % Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase/(Decrease) |  | % Change
Rental Revenue: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease Revenue (Excluding Termination Income) | $ | 633,948 |  |  | $ | 598,594 |  |  | $ | 35,354 |  |  | 5.91 | % |  | $ | 29,571 |  |  | $ | 3,710 |  |  | $ | 867 |  |  | $ | 839 |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 6,119 |  |  | $ | 664,733 |  |  | $ | 609,262 |  |  | $ | 55,471 |  |  | 9.10 | %
Termination Income | 7,132 |  |  | 825 |  |  | 6,307 |  |  | 764.48 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (196 | ) |  | 532 |  |  | 6,936 |  |  | 1,362 |  |  | 5,574 |  |  | 409.25 | %
Lease Revenue | 641,080 |  |  | 599,419 |  |  | 41,661 |  |  | 6.95 | % |  | 29,571 |  |  | 3,710 |  |  | 867 |  |  | 844 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 6,651 |  |  | 671,669 |  |  | 610,624 |  |  | 61,045 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Parking and Other Income | 24,530 |  |  | 25,661 |  |  | (1,131 | ) |  | (4.41 | )% |  | 229 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 24,773 |  |  | 25,975 |  |  | (1,202 | ) |  | (4.63 | )%
Total Rental Revenue (1) | 665,610 |  |  | 625,080 |  |  | 40,530 |  |  | 6.48 | % |  | 29,800 |  |  | 3,733 |  |  | 873 |  |  | 863 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 6,923 |  |  | 696,442 |  |  | 636,599 |  |  | 59,843 |  |  | 9.40 | %
Real Estate Operating Expenses | 239,952 |  |  | 232,014 |  |  | 7,938 |  |  | 3.42 | % |  | 13,043 |  |  | 2,563 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 3,085 |  |  | 253,743 |  |  | 238,056 |  |  | 15,687 |  |  | 6.59 | %
Net Operating Income (Loss), excluding residential and hotel | 425,658 |  |  | 393,066 |  |  | 32,592 |  |  | 8.29 | % |  | 16,757 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 469 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 3,838 |  |  | 442,699 |  |  | 398,543 |  |  | 44,156 |  |  | 11.08 | %
Residential Net Operating Income (Loss) (2) | 2,350 |  |  | 2,492 |  |  | (142 | ) |  | (5.70 | )% |  | 1,591 |  |  | (605 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,941 |  |  | 1,887 |  |  | 2,054 |  |  | 108.85 | %
Hotel Net Operating Income (2) | 1,075 |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 4.47 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 4.47 | %
Net Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 429,083 |  |  | $ | 396,587 |  |  | $ | 32,496 |  |  | 8.19 | % |  | $ | 18,348 |  |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | 3,838 |  |  | $ | 447,715 |  |  | $ | 401,459 |  |  | $ | 46,256 |  |  | 11.52 | %

_______________

(1) | Rental Revenue is equal to Revenue less Development and Management Services Revenue and Direct Reimbursements of Payroll and Related Costs from Management Services Revenue per the Consolidated Statements of Operations excluding the residential and hotel revenue that is noted below. Upon the adoption of ASU-2016-02 “Leases” on January 1, 2019, service income from tenants is included in Lease revenue. Prior to adoption, these amounts were included in the line item for Development and Management Services Revenue. We use Rental Revenue internally as a performance measure and in calculating other non-GAAP financial measures (e.g., NOI), which provides investors with information regarding our performance that is not immediately apparent from the comparable non-GAAP measures and allows investors to compare operating performance between periods.

(2) | For a detailed discussion of NOI, including the reasons management believes NOI is useful to investors, see page 51. Residential Net Operating Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is comprised of Residential Revenue of $7,715 and $4,159, less Residential Expenses of $3,774 and $2,272, respectively. Hotel Net Operating Income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is comprised of Hotel Revenue of $8,938 and $9,102 less Hotel Expenses of $7,863 and $8,073, respectively, per the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Same Property Portfolio
Lease Revenue (Excluding Termination Income)
Lease revenue from the Same Property Portfolio increased by approximately $35.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily the result of increases in revenue from our leases and the reclassification of service income from tenants and other income of approximately $30.6 million and $4.8 million, respectively. Lease revenue from our leases increased approximately $30.6 million as a result of our average revenue per square foot increasing by approximately $3.46, which contributed approximately $27.6 million, and an approximately $3.0 million increase due to our average occupancy increasing from 91.6% to 92.1%.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02. As a result of the adoption, there were certain nonlease components (service income from tenants, overtime HVAC, late fees and other items) that were reclassified on a prospective basis from the Development and Management Services revenue and Parking and Other Income line items of our Consolidated Statements of Operations. As a result, Lease revenue increased by approximately $4.8 million and Development and Management Services revenue and Parking and Other Income decreased by approximately $3.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively for the three months ended March 31, 2019 (See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Termination Income
Termination income increased by approximately $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018.
Termination income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 related to 13 tenants across the Same Property Portfolio and totaled approximately $7.1 million, of which approximately $4.9 million is from two tenants that terminated leases early at 399 Park Avenue in New York City.
Termination income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 related to 16 tenants across the Same Property Portfolio and totaled approximately $0.8 million.
Parking and Other Income
Parking and other income decreased by approximately $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, which was primarily due to the prospective reclassification of approximately $1.8 million of certain nonlease components that were described above (See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Real Estate Operating Expenses
Real estate operating expenses from the Same Property Portfolio increased by approximately $7.9 million, or 3.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due primarily to increases in (1) real estate taxes of approximately $6.2 million, or 5.5% and (2) other real estate operating expenses of approximately $1.7 million, or 1.5%. The increase in real estate taxes was primarily experienced in the New York CBD properties.
Properties Placed In-Service Portfolio
The table below lists the properties placed in-service or partially placed in-service from January 1, 2018 through March 31, 2019. Rental revenue and real estate operating expenses increased by approximately $29.7 million and $11.9 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.
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|  | Quarter Initially Placed In-Service |  | Quarter Fully Placed In-Service |  |  |  | Rental Revenue |  | Real Estate Operating Expenses
Name |  |  |  | Square Feet |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands)
Office |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
191 Spring Street |  | Fourth Quarter, 2017 |  | Fourth Quarter, 2018 |  | 170,997 |  |  | $ | 1,823 |  |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 896 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 203 |
Salesforce Tower |  | Fourth Quarter, 2017 |  | Fourth Quarter, 2018 |  | 1,420,682 |  |  | 27,977 |  |  | 2,806 |  |  | 25,171 |  |  | 12,452 |  |  | 2,175 |  |  | 10,277 |
Total Office |  |  |  |  |  | 1,591,679 |  |  | 29,800 |  |  | 3,733 |  |  | 26,067 |  |  | 13,043 |  |  | 2,563 |  |  | 10,480 |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Signature at Reston |  | First Quarter, 2018 |  | Second Quarter, 2018 |  | 517,783 |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 791 |
Proto Kendall Square |  | Second Quarter, 2018 |  | Third Quarter, 2018 |  | 166,717 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 660 |  |  | — |  |  | 660 |
Total Residential |  |  |  |  |  | 684,500 |  |  | 3,728 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 3,647 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 1,451 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2,276,179 |  |  | $ | 33,528 |  |  | $ | 3,814 |  |  | $ | 29,714 |  |  | $ | 15,180 |  |  | $ | 3,249 |  |  | $ | 11,931 |

Properties in Development or Redevelopment Portfolio
The table below lists the property that was in development or redevelopment between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. Rental revenue and real estate operating expenses increased by approximately $10,000 and $0.2 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.

|  |  |  |  |  | Rental Revenue |  | Real Estate Operating Expenses
Name |  | Date commenced development / redevelopment |  | Square Feet |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands)
One Five Nine East 53rd Street (1) |  | August 19, 2016 |  | 220,000 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 165 |

___________

(1) | This is the low-rise portion of 601 Lexington Avenue in New York City. Rental revenue includes approximately $5,000 of termination income for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Properties Sold Portfolio
The table below lists the properties we sold between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. Rental revenue and real estate operating expenses from our Properties Sold Portfolio decreased by approximately $6.8 million and $2.9 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Rental Revenue |  | Real Estate Operating Expenses
Name |  | Date Sold |  | Property Type |  | Square Feet |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (dollars in thousands)
500 E Street, S.W. |  | January 9, 2018 |  | Office |  | 262,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | (270 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | (129 | )
91 Hartwell Avenue |  | May 24, 2018 |  | Office |  | 119,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 763 |  |  | (763 | ) |  | — |  |  | 383 |  |  | (383 | )
Quorum Office Park |  | September 27, 2018 |  | Office |  | 268,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | (1,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | 557 |  |  | (557 | )
1333 New Hampshire Avenue (1) |  | November 30, 2018 |  | Office |  | 315,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,009 |  |  | (4,009 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,461 |  |  | (1,461 | )
Tower Oaks |  | December 20, 2018 |  | Land |  | N/A |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |  |  | (106 | ) |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | (54 | )
2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard (2) |  | January 24, 2019 |  | Office |  | 179,000 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 678 |  |  | (519 | ) |  | 189 |  |  | 501 |  |  | (312 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | 1,143,000 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 6,923 |  |  | $ | (6,764 | ) |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 3,085 |  |  | $ | (2,896 | )

___________

(1) | Rental revenue includes approximately $0.5 million of termination income for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

(2) | Rental revenue includes approximately $(0.2) million of termination income for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Residential Net Operating Income
Net operating income for our residential same properties decreased by approximately $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018.
The following reflects our occupancy and rate information for The Lofts at Atlantic Wharf and The Avant at Reston Town Center for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

|  | The Lofts at Atlantic Wharf |  | The Avant at Reston Town Center
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Percentage Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Percentage Change
Average Monthly Rental Rate (1) |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 4,116 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 2,347 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Average Rental Rate Per Occupied Square Foot |  | $ | 4.86 |  |  | $ | 4.61 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | $ | 2.57 |  |  | $ | 2.58 |  |  | (0.4 | )%
Average Physical Occupancy (2) |  | 94.6 | % |  | 92.3 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 90.3 | % |  | 94.1 | % |  | (4.0 | )%
Average Economic Occupancy (3) |  | 95.0 | % |  | 91.2 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 89.3 | % |  | 93.1 | % |  | (4.1 | )%

___________

(1) | Average Monthly Rental Rates are calculated by us as the average of the quotients obtained by dividing (A) rental revenue as determined in accordance with GAAP by (B) the number of occupied units for each month within the applicable fiscal period.

(2) | Average Physical Occupancy is defined as (1) the average number of occupied units divided by (2) the total number of units, expressed as a percentage.

(3) | Average Economic Occupancy is defined as (1) total possible revenue less vacancy loss divided by (2) total possible revenue, expressed as a percentage. Total possible revenue is determined by valuing average occupied units at contract rates and average vacant units at Market Rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current Market Rents. By measuring vacant units at their Market Rents, Average Economic Occupancy takes into account the fact that units of different sizes and locations within a residential property have different economic impacts on a residential property's total possible gross revenue. Market Rents used by us in calculating Average Economic Occupancy are based on the current market rates set by the managers of our residential properties based on their experience in renting their residential property’s units and publicly available market data. Trends in market rents for a region as reported by others could vary. Market Rents for a period are based on the average Market Rents during that period and do not reflect any impact for cash concessions.

Hotel Net Operating Income
Net operating income for the Boston Marriott Cambridge hotel property increased by approximately $46,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018.
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The following reflects our occupancy and rate information for the Boston Marriott Cambridge hotel for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Percentage Change
Occupancy |  | 80.2 | % |  | 81.0 | % |  | (1.0 | )%
Average daily rate |  | $ | 221.39 |  |  | $ | 218.84 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Revenue per available room, REVPAR |  | $ | 177.63 |  |  | $ | 177.34 |  |  | 0.2 | %

Operating Revenue and Expense Items
Development and Management Services Revenue
Development and management services revenue increased by an aggregate of approximately $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018. Development revenue increased by approximately $1.9 million while management services revenue decreased by approximately $1.0 million. The increase in development revenue is primarily related to an increase in development fees earned from our Washington, DC region and an increase in fees associated with tenant improvement projects in our Boston region.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02. As a result of the adoption, there were certain nonlease components (service income from tenants) that were reclassified on a prospective basis from this line item of our Consolidated Statements of Operations to Lease revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, management service revenue included $2.5 million of service income from tenants. Excluding this reclassification, management services revenue would have increased by approximately $1.5 million due primarily to property and asset management fees we earned from our Santa Monica Business Park unconsolidated joint venture, which we acquired on July 19, 2018.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense increased by approximately $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due to compensation expense and other general and administrative expenses increasing by approximately $5.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The increase in compensation expense was related to (1) an approximately $3.1 million increase in the value of the deferred compensation plan, (2) an approximately $2.1 million increase related to a decrease in capitalized wages, which includes the effect of no longer being able to capitalize internal and external legal costs and internal leasing wages, and (3) an approximately $0.2 million increase related to other compensation expenses. The decrease in capitalized wages is shown as an increase to general and administrative expense as some of these costs are capitalized and included in real estate assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (see below). The increase in other general and administrative expenses was primarily related to an increase in professional fees and taxes.
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02 and therefore as a lessor we can only capitalize incremental direct leasing costs. As a result, we are no longer able to capitalize internal and external legal costs and internal leasing wages; instead, we are required to expense these and other non-incremental costs as incurred (See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
As of January 1, 2019, wages directly related to the development of rental properties are capitalized and included in real estate assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and they are amortized over the useful lives of the applicable asset or lease term. Capitalized wages for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $2.9 million and $4.5 million, respectively. These costs are not included in the general and administrative expenses discussed above.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs increased by approximately $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018. The increase was primarily related to the disposition of assets and costs related to the potential formation of new and pending joint ventures. In general, transaction costs relating to the formation of new and pending joint ventures and the pursuit of other transactions are expensed as incurred.
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Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation expense may differ between BXP and BPLP as a result of previously applied acquisition accounting by BXP for the issuance of common stock in connection with non-sponsor OP Unit redemptions by BPLP. This accounting resulted in a step-up of the real estate assets at BXP that was allocated to certain properties. The difference between the real estate assets of BXP as compared to BPLP for certain properties having an allocation of the real estate step-up will result in a corresponding difference in depreciation expense. For additional information, see the Explanatory Note that follows the cover page of this Form 10-Q.
Boston Properties, Inc.
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by approximately $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.

|  | Depreciation and Amortization Expense for the three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  | (in thousands)
Same Property Portfolio |  | $ | 153,926 |  |  | $ | 162,795 |  |  | $ | (8,869 | )
Properties Placed in-Service Portfolio |  | 10,509 |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 9,030 |
Properties Sold Portfolio |  | 159 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | (1,364 | )
|  | $ | 164,594 |  |  | $ | 165,797 |  |  | $ | (1,203 | )

Boston Properties Limited Partnership
Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by approximately $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.

|  | Depreciation and Amortization Expense for the three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  | (in thousands)
Same Property Portfolio |  | $ | 152,014 |  |  | $ | 160,851 |  |  | $ | (8,837 | )
Properties Placed in-Service Portfolio |  | 10,509 |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 9,030 |
Properties Sold Portfolio |  | 159 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | (1,364 | )
|  | $ | 162,682 |  |  | $ | 163,853 |  |  | $ | (1,171 | )

Direct Reimbursements of Payroll and Related Costs From Management Services Contracts and Payroll and Related Costs From Management Service Contracts
ASU 2016-08 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations” updated the principal versus agent considerations and as a result we determined that amounts reimbursed for payroll and related costs received from third parties in connection with management services contracts should be reflected on a gross basis instead of on a net basis, as we have determined that we are the principal under these arrangements. It is anticipated that these two financial statement line items will offset each other.
Other Income and Expense Items
Income from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Income from unconsolidated joint ventures decreased by approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due primarily to our share of net losses from our Santa Monica Business Park joint venture, partially offset by our shere of net income from our Colorado Center joint venture. The acquisition of a 55% ownership interest in Santa Monica Business Park in Santa Monica, California on July 19, 2018 resulted in an approximately $2.5 million decrease to our net income from the joint venture. This decrease was primarily related to interest expense and depreciation and amortization expense. The decrease was partially offset
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by an approximately $2.0 million increase in our share of net income from our joint venture that owns Colorado Center in Santa Monica, California. The increase in our share of net income was due to an increase in lease revenue resulting from an increase in occupancy at the property.
(Losses) Gains on Sales of Real Estate
The gains on sales of real estate may differ between BXP and BPLP as a result of previously applied acquisition accounting by BXP for the issuance of common stock in connection with non-sponsor OP Unit redemptions by BPLP. This accounting resulted in a step-up of the real estate assets at BXP that was allocated to certain properties. The difference between the real estate assets of BXP as compared to BPLP for certain properties having an allocation of the real estate step-up will result in a corresponding difference in the gains on sales of real estate when those properties are sold. For additional information, see the Explanatory Note that follows the cover page of this Form 10-Q.
Boston Properties, Inc.
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate decreased by approximately $97.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below (dollars in millions).

Name |  | Date Sold |  | Property Type |  | Square Feet |  | Sale Price |  | Cash Proceeds |  | (Losses) Gains on Sale of Real Estate |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard |  | January 24, 2019 |  | Office |  | 179,000 |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  | $ | 21.4 |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) | (1)
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
500 E Street, S.W. |  | January 9, 2018 |  | Office |  | 262,000 |  | $ | 118.6 |  |  | $ | 116.1 |  |  | $ | 96.4 |  |

___________

(1) | Excludes approximately $0.3 million of losses on sales of real estate recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 related to loss amounts from sales of real estate occurring in prior years.

Boston Properties Limited Partnership
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate decreased by approximately $99.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below (dollars in millions).

Name |  | Date Sold |  | Property Type |  | Square Feet |  | Sale Price |  | Cash Proceeds |  | (Losses) Gains on Sale of Real Estate |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard |  | January 24, 2019 |  | Office |  | 179,000 |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  | $ | 21.4 |  |  | $ | (0.6 | ) | (1)
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
500 E Street, S.W. |  | January 9, 2018 |  | Office |  | 262,000 |  | $ | 118.6 |  |  | $ | 116.1 |  |  | $ | 98.9 |  |

___________

(1) | Excludes approximately $0.3 million of losses on sales of real estate recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019 related to loss amounts from sales of real estate occurring in prior years.

Interest and Other Income
Interest and other income increased by approximately $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, due primarily to an increase in interest rates.
Gains (Losses) from Investments in Securities
Gains (losses) from investments in securities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 related to investments that we have made to reduce our market risk relating to a deferred compensation plan that we maintain for BXP’s officers. Under this deferred compensation plan, each officer who is eligible to participate is permitted to defer a portion of the officer’s current income on a pre-tax basis and receive a tax-deferred return on these deferrals based on the performance of specific investments selected by the officer. In order to reduce our market risk relating
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to this plan, we typically acquire, in a separate account that is not restricted as to its use, similar or identical investments as those selected by each officer. This enables us to generally match our liabilities to BXP’s officers under the deferred compensation plan with equivalent assets and thereby limit our market risk. The performance of these investments is recorded as gains (losses) from investments in securities. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, we recognized gains (losses) of approximately $3.0 million and $(0.1) million, respectively, on these investments. By comparison, our general and administrative expense increased (decreased) by approximately $3.0 million and $(0.1) million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of increases (decreases) in our liability under our deferred compensation plan that were associated with the performance of the specific investments selected by officers of BXP participating in the plan.
Impairment Loss
The impairment loss may differ between BXP and BPLP as a result of previously applied acquisition accounting by BXP for the issuance of common stock in connection with non-sponsor OP Unit redemptions by BPLP. This accounting resulted in a step-up of the real estate assets at BXP that was allocated to certain properties. The difference between the real estate assets of BXP as compared to BPLP for certain properties having an allocation of the real estate step-up will result in a corresponding difference in the gains on sales of real estate when those properties are sold. For additional information, see the Explanatory Note that follows the cover page of this Form 10-Q.
At March 31, 2019, we evaluated the expected hold period of our One Tower Center property and based on a shorter than expected hold period, we reduced the carrying value of the property to our estimated fair value at March 31, 2019 and recognized an impairment loss totaling approximately $24.0 million for BXP and approximately $22.3 million for BPLP. Our estimated fair value was based on a pending offer from a third party to acquire the property and the subsequent execution of a purchase and sale agreement on April 18, 2019 for a gross sale price of approximately $38.0 million (See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). One Tower Center is an approximately 410,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property located in East Brunswick, New Jersey.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased by approximately $10.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.

Component |  | Change in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to March 31, 2018
|  | (in thousands)
Increases to interest expense due to: |  |
Issuance of $1 billion in aggregate principal of 4.500% senior notes due 2028 on November 28, 2018 |  | $ | 11,321 |
Decrease in capitalized interest related to development projects |  | 6,482 |
Utilization of the 2017 Credit Facility |  | 3,458 |
Increase in interest due to finance leases |  | 917 |
Total increases to interest expense |  | 22,178 |
Decreases to interest expense due to: |  |
Redemption of $700 million in aggregate principal of 5.875% senior notes due 2019 on December 13, 2018 |  | (10,295 | )
Increase in capitalized interest related to development projects that had finance leases |  | (917 | )
Other interest expense (excluding senior notes) |  | (177 | )
Total decreases to interest expense |  | (11,389 | )
Total change in interest expense |  | $ | 10,789 |

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Interest expense directly related to the development of rental properties is capitalized and included in real estate assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized over the useful lives of the real estate or lease term. As portions of properties are placed in-service, we cease capitalizing interest on these portions and interest is then expensed. Interest capitalized for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was approximately $11.8 million and $17.4 million, respectively. These costs are not included in the interest expense referenced above.
At March 31, 2019, our outstanding variable rate debt consisted of BPLP’s $2.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the "2017 Credit Facility"), which consists of the $500.0 million delayed draw term loan facility (the "Delayed Draw Facility") and $1.5 billion revolving line of credit (the "Revolving Facility"). The Delayed Draw Facility had $500.0 million outstanding at March 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019, the Revolving Facility did not have any borrowings outstanding. For a summary of our consolidated debt as of March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 refer to the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization—Debt Financing” within “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships increased by approximately $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018, as detailed below.

Property |  | Noncontrolling Interests in Property Partnerships for the three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
|  | (in thousands)
Salesforce Tower (1) |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | (164 | ) |  | $ | 280 |
767 Fifth Avenue (the General Motors Building) |  | 2,298 |  |  | 462 |  |  | 1,836 |
Times Square Tower |  | 6,892 |  |  | 6,901 |  |  | (9 | )
601 Lexington Avenue |  | 4,664 |  |  | 6,327 |  |  | (1,663 | )
100 Federal Street |  | 2,555 |  |  | 1,398 |  |  | 1,157 |
Atlantic Wharf Office |  | 2,305 |  |  | 2,310 |  |  | (5 | )
|  | $ | 18,830 |  |  | $ | 17,234 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |

___________

(1) | See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Noncontrolling Interest—Common Units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership
For BXP, noncontrolling interest–common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership decreased by approximately $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due primarily to a decrease in allocable income, which was the result of recognizing a greater gain on sales of real estate amount during 2018 partially offset by an increase in the noncontrolling interest’s ownership percentage. Due to our UPREIT ownership structure, there is no corresponding line item on BPLP’s financial statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
General
Our principal liquidity needs for the next twelve months and beyond are to:

• | fund normal recurring expenses;

• | meet debt service and principal repayment obligations, including balloon payments on maturing debt;

• | fund development/redevelopment costs;

• | fund capital expenditures, including major renovations, tenant improvements and leasing costs;

• | fund planned and possible acquisitions of properties, either directly or indirectly through the acquisition of equity interests therein,

• | fund dividend requirements on BXP’s Series B Preferred Stock; and

• | make the minimum distribution required to enable BXP to maintain its REIT qualification under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

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We expect to satisfy these needs using one or more of the following:

• | cash flow from operations;

• | distribution of cash flows from joint ventures;

• | cash and cash equivalent balances;

• | BPLP’s 2017 Credit Facility and other short-term bridge facilities;

• | construction loans;

• | long-term secured and unsecured indebtedness (including unsecured exchangeable indebtedness);

• | sales of real estate; and

• | issuances of BXP equity securities and/or additional preferred or common units of partnership interest in BPLP.

We draw on multiple financing sources to fund our long-term capital needs. Our current consolidated development properties are expected to be primarily funded with our available cash balances, construction loans and BPLP’s Revolving Facility, while our unconsolidated development projects are expected to be primarily funded with construction loans. We use BPLP’s Revolving Facility primarily as a bridge facility to fund acquisition opportunities, refinance outstanding indebtedness and meet short-term development and working capital needs. Although we may seek to fund our development projects with construction loans, which may require guarantees by BPLP, the financing for each particular project ultimately depends on several factors, including, among others, the project’s size and duration, the extent of pre-leasing and our available cash and access to cost effective capital at the given time.
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The following table presents information on properties under construction and redevelopment as of March 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Financings |  |  |  |  |
Construction Properties |  | Estimated Stabilization Date |  | Location |  | # of Buildings |  | Estimated Square Feet |  | Investment to Date (1)(2)(3) |  | Estimated Total Investment (1)(2) |  | Total Available (1) |  | Outstanding at 3/31/2019 (1) |  | Estimated Future Equity Requirement (1)(2)(4) |  | Percentage Leased (5) |
Office |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Hub on Causeway - Podium (50% ownership) |  | Q4 2019 |  | Boston, MA |  | 1 |  |  | 385,000 |  |  | $ | 128,118 |  |  | $ | 141,870 |  |  | $ | 102,300 |  |  | $ | 70,007 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 88 | % |
145 Broadway |  | Q4 2019 |  | Cambridge, MA |  | 1 |  |  | 485,000 |  |  | 259,016 |  |  | 366,400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,384 |  |  | 98 | % |
Dock 72 (50% ownership) |  | Q3 2021 |  | Brooklyn, NY |  | 1 |  |  | 670,000 |  |  | 165,880 |  |  | 243,150 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | 71,448 |  |  | 23,718 |  |  | 33 | % |
17Fifty Presidents Street |  | Q3 2020 |  | Reston, VA |  | 1 |  |  | 276,000 |  |  | 56,941 |  |  | 142,900 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,959 |  |  | 100 | % |
20 CityPoint |  | Q1 2021 |  | Waltham, MA |  | 1 |  |  | 211,000 |  |  | 67,305 |  |  | 97,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,695 |  |  | 63 | % |
100 Causeway Street (50% ownership) |  | Q3 2022 |  | Boston, MA |  | 1 |  |  | 627,000 |  |  | 67,453 |  |  | 267,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199,847 |  |  | 70 | % |
7750 Wisconsin Avenue (Marriott International Headquarters) (50% ownership) |  | Q3 2022 |  | Bethesda, MD |  | 1 |  |  | 734,000 |  |  | 60,268 |  |  | 198,900 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 138,632 |  |  | 100 | % | (6)
Reston Gateway |  | Q4 2023 |  | Reston, VA |  | 2 |  |  | 1,062,000 |  |  | 50,218 |  |  | 715,300 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 665,082 |  |  | 80 | % |
Total Office Properties under Construction |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4,450,000 |  |  | 855,199 |  |  | 2,172,820 |  |  | 227,300 |  |  | 141,455 |  |  | 1,250,317 |  |  | 78 | % |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Hub on Causeway - Residential (440 units) (50% ownership) |  | Q4 2021 |  | Boston, MA |  | 1 |  |  | 320,000 |  |  | 95,129 |  |  | 153,500 |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | 31,750 |  |  | 121 |  |  | N/A |  |
MacArthur Station Residences (402 units) |  | Q4 2021 |  | Oakland, CA |  | 1 |  |  | 324,000 |  |  | 84,271 |  |  | 263,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179,329 |  |  | N/A |  | (7)
Total Residential Properties under Construction |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 644,000 |  |  | 179,400 |  |  | 417,100 |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | 31,750 |  |  | 179,450 |  |  | N/A |  |
Redevelopment Properties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One Five Nine East 53rd Street (55% ownership) |  | Q4 2019 |  | New York, NY |  | — |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | 107,915 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,085 |  |  | 90 | % | (8)
Total Properties under Redevelopment |  | — |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | 107,915 |  |  | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,085 |  |  | 90 | % |
Total Properties under Construction and Redevelopment |  | 11 |  |  | 5,314,000 |  |  | $ | 1,142,514 |  |  | $ | 2,739,920 |  |  | $ | 317,300 |  |  | $ | 173,205 |  |  | $ | 1,471,852 |  |  | 78 | % | (9)

___________

(1) | Represents our share.

(2) | Investment to Date, Estimated Total Investment and Estimated Future Equity Requirement all include our share of acquisition expenses, as applicable, and reflect our share of the estimated net revenue/expenses that we expect to incur prior to stabilization of the project, including any amounts actually received or paid through March 31, 2019.

(3) | Includes approximately $109.8 million of unpaid but accrued construction costs and leasing commissions.

(4) | Excludes approximately $109.8 million of unpaid but accrued construction costs and leasing commissions.

(5) | Represents percentage leased as of May 2, 2019, including leases with future commencement dates.

(6) | See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(7) | This development is subject to a 99-year ground lease (including extension options) with an option to purchase in the future.

(8) | The low-rise portion of 601 Lexington Avenue.

(9) | Percentage leased excludes residential units.

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Contractual rental revenue, recoveries from tenants, other income from operations, available cash balances, mortgage financings and draws on BPLP’s Revolving Facility are the principal sources of capital that we use to fund operating expenses, debt service, maintenance and repositioning capital expenditures, tenant improvements and the minimum distribution required to enable BXP to maintain its REIT qualification. We seek to maximize income from our existing properties by maintaining quality standards for our properties that promote high occupancy rates and permit increases in rental rates while reducing tenant turnover and controlling operating expenses. Our sources of revenue also include third-party fees generated by our property management, leasing and development and construction businesses, as well as the sale of assets from time to time. We believe our revenue, together with our cash balances and proceeds from financing activities, will continue to provide the funds necessary for our short-term liquidity needs, including our properties under development and redevelopment.
Material adverse changes in one or more sources of capital may adversely affect our net cash flows. In turn, these changes could adversely affect our ability to fund operating expenses, dividends and distributions, debt service payments, maintenance and repositioning capital expenditures and tenant improvements. In addition, a material adverse change in the cash provided by our operations may affect our ability to comply with the financial covenants under BPLP’s 2017 Credit Facility and unsecured senior notes.
Our primary uses of capital will be the completion of our current and committed development and redevelopment projects. As of March 31, 2019, our share of the remaining development and redevelopment costs that we expect to fund through 2023 is approximately $1.3 billion, net of the approximately $255 million construction loan secured by the 7750 Wisconsin Avenue (Marriott International Headquarters) development project located in Bethesda, Maryland, which closed on April 26, 2019. In addition, we have secured an anchor tenant and plan to commence development in late 2019 at 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, an approximately 469,000 square foot project with an estimated total investment of approximately $360 million, and have announced a lease with Google, subject to certain conditions, to expand within Kendall Center, replacing an existing 115,000 net rentable square foot building with an approximately 400,000 net rentable square foot, modern Class A office building.
As of May 2, 2019, we have approximately $261 million of cash and cash equivalents, of which approximately $97 million is attributable to our consolidated joint venture partners, and approximately $1.2 billion available under BPLP's Revolving Facility. We believe that our strong liquidity, including the availability under BPLP’s Revolving Facility, and proceeds from debt financings and asset sales will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our remaining capital requirements on existing development and redevelopment projects, fund pending new developments and still be able to act opportunistically on attractive investment opportunities. During the first quarter of 2019, we extended the loan collateralized by Annapolis Junction Building Six, a joint venture in which we own a 50% interest, for one year at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.00%. Excluding our unconsolidated joint venture assets, we have no debt maturing in 2019.
We also have not sold any shares under BXP's $600.0 million at the market (ATM) program.
We may seek to enhance our liquidity to provide sufficient capacity to meet our debt obligations and to fund our remaining capital requirements on existing development/redevelopment projects, our foreseeable potential development activity and pursue additional attractive investment opportunities. Depending on interest rates and overall conditions in the debt markets, we may decide to access the debt markets in advance of the need for the funds. Doing so may result in us carrying additional cash and cash equivalents pending BPLP’s use of the proceeds, and it would be dilutive to our earnings by increasing our net interest expense.
REIT Tax Distribution Considerations
Dividend
BXP as a REIT is subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that BXP currently distribute at least 90% of its annual taxable income (excluding capital gains and with certain other adjustments). Our policy is for BXP to distribute at least 100% of its taxable income, including capital gains, to avoid paying federal tax. On September 18, 2018, the Board of Directors of BXP increased our regular quarterly dividend from $0.80 per common share to $0.95 per common share, or 18.75%, beginning with the third quarter of 2018. Common and LTIP unitholders of limited partnership interest in BPLP, received the same total distribution per unit.
BXP’s Board of Directors will continue to evaluate BXP’s dividend rate in light of our actual and projected taxable income, liquidity requirements and other circumstances, and there can be no assurance that the future dividends declared by its Board of Directors will not differ materially.
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Sales
To the extent that we sell assets at a gain and cannot efficiently use the proceeds in a tax deferred manner for either our development activities or attractive acquisitions, BXP would, at the appropriate time, decide whether it is better to declare a special dividend, adopt a stock repurchase program, reduce indebtedness or retain the cash for future investment opportunities. Such a decision will depend on many factors including, among others, the timing, availability and terms of development and acquisition opportunities, our then-current and anticipated leverage, the cost and availability of capital from other sources, the price of BXP’s common stock and REIT distribution requirements. At a minimum, we expect that BXP would distribute at least that amount of proceeds necessary for BXP to avoid paying corporate level tax on the applicable gains realized from any asset sales.
From time to time in selected cases, whether due to a change in use, structuring issues to comply with applicable REIT regulations or other reasons, we may sell an asset that is held by a taxable REIT subsidiary ("TRS"). Such a sale by a TRS would be subject to federal and local taxes.
Cash Flow Summary
The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below.
Cash and cash equivalents and cash held in escrows aggregated approximately $432.3 million and $455.1 million at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, representing a decrease of approximately $22.8 million. The following table sets forth changes in cash flows:

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease)
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 207,234 |  |  | $ | 225,778 |  |  | $ | (18,544 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (223,515 | ) |  | (183,788 | ) |  | (39,727 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (190,612 | ) |  | (92,230 | ) |  | (98,382 | )

Our principal source of cash flow is related to the operation of our properties. The average term of our in-place tenant leases, including our unconsolidated joint ventures, is approximately 7.6 years with occupancy rates historically in the range of 90% to 94%. Our properties generate a relatively consistent stream of cash flow that provides us with resources to pay operating expenses, debt service and fund regular quarterly dividend and distribution payment requirements. In addition, over the past several years, we have raised capital through the sale of some of our properties, secured and unsecured borrowings, and equity offerings of BXP.
Cash is used in investing activities to fund acquisitions, development, net investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and maintenance and repositioning capital expenditures. We selectively invest in new projects that enable us to take advantage of our development, leasing, financing and property management skills and invest in existing buildings to enhance or maintain their market position. Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 consisted primarily of the acquisition of real estate, development projects, building and tenant improvements and capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures, partially offset by the proceeds from the sale or real estate. Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 consisted primarily of development projects, building and tenant improvements and capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures, partially offset by the proceeds from sales or real estate, as detailed below:
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| Three months ended March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Acquisition of real estate (1) | $ | (43,061 | ) |  | $ | — |
Construction in progress (2) | (85,632 | ) |  | (150,060 | )
Building and other capital improvements | (32,719 | ) |  | (53,550 | )
Tenant improvements | (54,242 | ) |  | (47,157 | )
Proceeds from sales of real estate (3) | 20,019 |  |  | 116,120 |
Capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures (4) | (26,995 | ) |  | (48,823 | )
Investments in securities, net | (885 | ) |  | (318 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (223,515 | ) |  | $ | (183,788 | )

___________

(1) | On January 10, 2019, we acquired land parcels at our Carnegie Center property located in Princeton, New Jersey for a gross purchase price of approximately $51.5 million, which includes an aggregate of approximately $8.6 million of additional amounts that are payable in the future to the seller upon the development or sale of each of the parcels. The land parcels will support approximately 1.7 million square feet of development.

(2) | Construction in progress for the three months ended March 31, 2019 includes ongoing expenditures associated with Salesforce Tower, which was placed in-service during the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, we incurred costs associated with our continued development/redevelopment of One Five Nine East 53rd Street, 145 Broadway, 20 CityPoint, 17Fifty Presidents Street, Reston Gateway and MacArthur Station Residences.

Construction in progress for the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes ongoing expenditures associated with 191 Spring Street, Salesforce Tower and Signature at Reston, which were partially placed in-service during the three months ended March 31, 2018. In addition, we incurred costs associated with our continued development/redevelopment of One Five Nine East 53rd Street, 145 Broadway, 20 CityPoint, 17Fifty Presidents Street, 6595 Springfield Center Drive, and MacArthur Station Residences and Proto Kendall Square residential projects.

(3) | On January 24, 2019, we completed the sale of our 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard property located in Rockville, Maryland for a gross sales price of approximately $22.7 million. Net cash proceeds totaled approximately $21.4 million, resulting in a loss on sale of real estate totaling approximately $0.6 million. 2600 Tower Oaks Boulevard is an approximately 179,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property.

On January 9, 2018, we completed the sale of our 500 E Street, S.W. property located in Washington, DC for a net contract sale price of approximately $118.6 million. Net cash proceeds totaled approximately $116.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of real estate totaling approximately $96.4 million for BXP and approximately $98.9 million for BPLP. 500 E Street, S.W. is an approximately 262,000 net rentable square foot Class A office property.

(4) | Capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures for the three months ended March 31, 2019 consisted primarily of cash contributions of approximately $23.3 million to our 100 Causeway Street joint venture.

Capital contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures for the three months ended March 31, 2018 consisted primarily of cash contributions of approximately $45.6 million to our 7750 Wisconsin Avenue joint venture.
Cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019 totaled approximately $190.6 million. This consisted primarily of the payment of our regular dividends and distributions to our shareholders and unitholders. Future debt payments are discussed below under the heading “Capitalization—Debt Financing.”
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Capitalization
The following table presents Consolidated Market Capitalization and BXP’s Share of Market Capitalization, as well as the corresponding ratios of Consolidated Debt to Consolidated Market Capitalization and BXP’s Share of Debt to BXP’s Share of Market Capitalization (in thousands except for percentages):

|  | March 31, 2019 |
|  | Shares / Units Outstanding |  | Common Stock Equivalent |  | Equivalent Value (1) |
Common Stock |  | 154,515 |  |  | 154,515 |  |  | $ | 20,686,468 |  |
Common Operating Partnership Units |  | 18,033 |  |  | 18,033 |  |  | 2,414,258 |  | (2)
5.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (callable on and after March 27, 2018) |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |  |
Total Equity |  |  |  | 172,548 |  |  | $ | 23,300,726 |  |
Consolidated Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,005,558 |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BXP’s share of unconsolidated joint venture debt (3) |  |  |  |  |  | 919,217 |  |
Subtract: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partners’ share of Consolidated Debt (4) |  |  |  |  |  | (1,203,572 | ) |
BXP’s Share of Debt |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,721,203 |  |
Consolidated Market Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,306,284 |  |
BXP’s Share of Market Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,021,929 |  |
Consolidated Debt/Consolidated Market Capitalization |  |  |  |  |  | 32.08 | % |
BXP’s Share of Debt/BXP’s Share of Market Capitalization |  |  |  | 31.51 | % |

_______________

(1) | Except for the Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, which is valued at the liquidation preference of $2,500.00 per share, values are based on the closing price per share of BXP’s Common Stock on March 29, 2019 of $133.88.

(2) | Includes long-term incentive plan units (including 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units), but excludes MYLTIP Units granted between 2017 and 2019.

(3) | See page 71 for additional information.

(4) | See page 70 for additional information.

Consolidated Debt to Consolidated Market Capitalization Ratio is a measure of leverage commonly used by analysts in the REIT sector. We present this measure as a percentage and it is calculated by dividing (A) our consolidated debt by (B) our consolidated market capitalization, which is the market value of our outstanding equity securities plus our consolidated debt. Consolidated market capitalization is the sum of:
(1) our consolidated debt; plus
(2) the product of (x) the closing price per share of BXP common stock on March 29, 2019, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, multiplied by (y) the sum of:

(i) | the number of outstanding shares of common stock of BXP,

(ii) | the number of outstanding OP Units in BPLP (excluding OP Units held by BXP),

(iii) | the number of OP Units issuable upon conversion of all outstanding LTIP Units, assuming all conditions have been met for the conversion of the LTIP Units, and

(iv) | the number of OP Units issuable upon conversion of 2012 OPP Units, 2013 MYLTIP Units, 2014 MYLTIP Units, 2015 MYLTIP Units and 2016 MYLTIP Units that were issued in the form of LTIP Units; plus

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(3) the aggregate liquidation preference ($2,500 per share) of the outstanding shares of BXP’s 5.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock.
The calculation of consolidated market capitalization does not include LTIP Units issued in the form of MYLTIP Awards unless and until certain performance thresholds are achieved and they are earned. Because their three-year performance periods have not yet ended, 2017, 2018 and 2019 MYLTIP Units are not included in this calculation as of March 31, 2019.
We also present BXP’s Share of Market Capitalization, which is calculated in the same manner, except that BXP’s Share of Debt is utilized instead of our consolidated debt in both the numerator and the denominator. BXP’s Share of Debt is defined as our consolidated debt plus our share of debt from our unconsolidated joint ventures (calculated based upon our ownership percentage), minus our partners’ share of debt from our consolidated joint ventures (calculated based upon the partners’ percentage ownership interests adjusted for basis differentials). Management believes that BXP’s Share of Debt provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition because it includes our share of debt from unconsolidated joint ventures and excludes our partners’ share of debt from consolidated joint ventures, in each case presented on the same basis. We have several significant joint ventures and presenting various measures of financial condition in this manner can help investors better understand our financial condition and/or results of operations after taking into account our economic interest in these joint ventures. We caution investors that the ownership percentages used in calculating BXP’s Share of Debt may not completely and accurately depict all of the legal and economic implications of holding an interest in a consolidated or unconsolidated joint venture. For example, in addition to partners’ interests in profits and capital, venture agreements vary in the allocation of rights regarding decision making (both for routine and major decisions), distributions, transferability of interests, financing and guarantees, liquidations and other matters. Moreover, in some cases we exercise significant influence over, but do not control, the joint venture in which case GAAP requires that we account for the joint venture entity using the equity method of accounting and we do not consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. In other cases, GAAP requires that we consolidate the venture even though our partner(s) owns a significant percentage interest. As a result, management believes that the presentation of BXP’s Share of a financial measure should not be considered a substitute for, and should only be considered with and as a supplement to our financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.
We present these supplemental ratios because our degree of leverage could affect our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, development or other general corporate purposes and because different investors and lenders consider one or both of these ratios. Investors should understand that these ratios are, in part, a function of the market price of the common stock of BXP and as such will fluctuate with changes in such price, and they do not necessarily reflect our capacity to incur additional debt to finance our activities or our ability to manage our existing debt obligations. However, for a company like BXP, whose assets are primarily income-producing real estate, these ratios may provide investors with an alternate indication of leverage, so long as they are evaluated along with the ratio of indebtedness to other measures of asset value used by financial analysts and other financial ratios, as well as the various components of our outstanding indebtedness.
For a discussion of our unconsolidated joint venture indebtedness, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization—Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements—Joint Venture Indebtedness” within “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and for a discussion of our consolidated joint venture indebtedness see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capitalization—Mortgage Notes Payable, Net” within “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Debt Financing
As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $11.0 billion of outstanding consolidated indebtedness, representing approximately 32.08% of our Consolidated Market Capitalization as calculated above consisting of approximately (1) $7.5 billion (net of discount and deferred financing fees) in publicly traded unsecured senior notes having a GAAP weighted-average interest rate of 4.04% per annum and maturities in 2020 through 2028; (2) $3.0 billion (net of deferred financing fees) of property-specific mortgage debt having a GAAP weighted-average interest rate of 3.94% per annum and weighted-average term of 7.0 years and (3) $498.6 million (net of deferred financing fees) outstanding under BPLP's 2017 Credit Facility that matures on April 24, 2022.
The table below summarizes the aggregate carrying value of our mortgage notes payable and BPLP’s unsecured senior notes, line of credit and term loan as well as Consolidated Debt Financing Statistics at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018.
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| March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| (dollars in thousands)
Debt Summary: |  |  |
Balance |  |  |
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable, net | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  | $ | 2,974,930 |
Unsecured senior notes, net of discount | 7,547,043 |  |  | 7,249,383 |
Unsecured line of credit | — |  |  | 115,000 |
Unsecured term loan, net | 498,607 |  |  | — |
Consolidated Debt | 11,005,558 |  |  | 10,339,313 |
Add: |  |  |
BXP’s share of unconsolidated joint venture debt, net (1) | 919,217 |  |  | 622,207 |
Subtract: |  |  |
Partners’ share of consolidated mortgage notes payable, net (2) | (1,203,572 | ) |  | (1,208,154 | )
BXP’s Share of Debt | $ | 10,721,203 |  |  | $ | 9,753,366 |
| March 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Consolidated Debt Financing Statistics: |  |  |
Percent of total debt: |  |  |
Fixed rate | 95.47 | % |  | 98.89 | %
Variable rate | 4.53 | % |  | 1.11 | %
Total | 100.00 | % |  | 100.00 | %
GAAP Weighted-average interest rate at end of period: |  |  |
Fixed rate | 4.01 | % |  | 4.09 | %
Variable rate | 3.49 | % |  | 2.73 | %
Total | 3.99 | % |  | 4.08 | %
Coupon/Stated Weighted-average interest rate at end of period: |  |  |
Fixed rate | 3.91 | % |  | 3.98 | %
Variable rate | 3.40 | % |  | 2.62 | %
Total | 3.88 | % |  | 3.97 | %
Weighted-average maturity at end of period (in years): |  |  |
Fixed rate | 5.9 |  |  | 6.1 |
Variable rate | 3.1 |  |  | 4.1 |
Total | 5.7 |  |  | 6.1 |

_______________

(1) | See page 71 for additional information.

(2) | See page 70 for additional information.

Credit Facility
On April 24, 2017, BPLP entered into the 2017 Credit Facility. Among other things, the 2017 Credit Facility (1) increased the total commitment of Revolving Facility from $1.0 billion to $1.5 billion, (2) extended the maturity date from July 26, 2018 to April 24, 2022, (3) reduced the per annum variable interest rates, and (4) added a $500.0 million Delayed Draw Facility that permits BPLP to draw until the first anniversary of the closing date. Based on BPLP’s March 31, 2019 credit rating, (1) the applicable Eurocurrency margins for the Revolving Facility and Delayed Draw Facility are 82.5 basis points and 90 basis points, respectively, and (2) the facility fee on the Revolving Facility commitment is 0.125% per annum.
On April 24, 2018, BPLP exercised its option to draw $500.0 million on its Delayed Draw Facility. The Delayed Draw Facility bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 0.90% per annum based on BPLP's March 31, 2019 rating and matures on April 24, 2022.
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As of March 31, 2019, BPLP had $500.0 million of borrowings outstanding under its Delayed Draw Facility, no borrowings under its Revolving Facility and outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $0.2 million outstanding with the ability to borrow approximately $1.5 billion under the Revolving Facility. As of May 2, 2019, BPLP had $500.0 million of borrowings outstanding under its Delayed Draw Facility, $255 million of borrowings under its Revolving Facility and outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately $0.2 million outstanding with the ability to borrow approximately $1.2 billion under the Revolving Facility.
Unsecured Senior Notes, Net
The following summarizes the unsecured senior notes outstanding as of March 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

| Coupon/Stated Rate |  | Effective Rate (1) |  | Principal Amount |  | Maturity Date (2)
10 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 5.625 | % |  | 5.708 | % |  | $ | 700,000 |  |  | November 15, 2020
10 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 4.125 | % |  | 4.289 | % |  | 850,000 |  |  | May 15, 2021
11 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 3.850 | % |  | 3.954 | % |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | February 1, 2023
10.5 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 3.125 | % |  | 3.279 | % |  | 500,000 |  |  | September 1, 2023
10.5 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 3.800 | % |  | 3.916 | % |  | 700,000 |  |  | February 1, 2024
7 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 3.200 | % |  | 3.350 | % |  | 850,000 |  |  | January 15, 2025
10 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 3.650 | % |  | 3.766 | % |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | February 1, 2026
10 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 2.750 | % |  | 3.495 | % |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | October 1, 2026
10 Year Unsecured Senior Notes | 4.500 | % |  | 4.628 | % |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | December 1, 2028
Total principal |  |  |  |  | 7,600,000 |  |  |
Net unamortized discount |  |  |  |  | (17,979 | ) |  |
Deferred financing costs, net |  |  |  |  | (34,978 | ) |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,547,043 |  |  |

_______________

(1) | Yield on issuance date including the effects of discounts on the notes, settlements of interest rate contracts and the amortization of financing costs.

(2) | No principal amounts are due prior to maturity.

The indenture relating to the unsecured senior notes contains certain financial restrictions and requirements, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 50%, (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and (4) an unencumbered asset value of not less than 150% of unsecured debt. At March 31, 2019, BPLP was in compliance with each of these financial restrictions and requirements.
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Mortgage Notes Payable, Net
The following represents the outstanding principal balances due under the mortgage notes payable at March 31, 2019:

Properties |  | Stated Interest Rate |  | GAAP Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Principal Amount |  | Deferred Financing Costs, Net |  | Carrying Amount |  | Carrying Amount (partners’ share) |  |  |  | Maturity Date
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Wholly-owned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New Dominion Tech Park, Bldg. One |  | 7.69 | % |  | 7.84 | % |  | $ | 28,205 |  |  | $ | (149 | ) |  | $ | 28,056 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  |  | January 15, 2021
University Place |  | 6.94 | % |  | 6.99 | % |  | 5,121 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 5,092 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  |  | August 1, 2021
|  |  |  |  |  | 33,326 |  |  | (178 | ) |  | 33,148 |  |  | N/A |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated Joint Ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
767 Fifth Avenue (the General Motors Building) |  | 3.43 | % |  | 3.64 | % |  | 2,300,000 |  |  | (28,592 | ) |  | 2,271,408 |  |  | $ | 908,664 |  |  | (2)(3)(4) |  | June 9, 2027
601 Lexington Avenue |  | 4.75 | % |  | 4.79 | % |  | 656,356 |  |  | (1,004 | ) |  | 655,352 |  |  | 294,908 |  |  | (5) |  | April 10, 2022
|  |  |  |  |  | 2,956,356 |  |  | (29,596 | ) |  | 2,926,760 |  |  | 1,203,572 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,989,682 |  |  | $ | (29,774 | ) |  | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  | $ | 1,203,572 |  |  |  |  |

_______________

(1) | GAAP interest rate differs from the stated interest rate due to the inclusion of the amortization of financing charges and the effects of hedging transactions (if any).

(2) | The mortgage loan requires interest only payments with a balloon payment due at maturity.

(3) | This property is owned by a consolidated entity in which we have a 60% interest. The partners' share of the carrying amount has been adjusted for basis differentials.

(4) | In connection with the refinancing of the loan, we guaranteed the consolidated entity’s obligation to fund various reserves for tenant improvement costs and allowances, leasing commissions and free rent obligations in lieu of cash deposits. As of March 31, 2019, the maximum funding obligation under the guarantee was approximately $110.5 million. We earn a fee from the joint venture for providing the guarantee and have an agreement with our partners to reimburse the joint venture for their share of any payments made under the guarantee (See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

(5) | This property is owned by a consolidated entity in which we have a 55% interest.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements—Joint Venture Indebtedness
We have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures with our effective ownership interests ranging from 20% to 60%. Thirteen of these ventures have mortgage indebtedness. We exercise significant influence over, but do not control, these entities and therefore they are presently accounted for using the equity method of accounting. See also Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At March 31, 2019, the aggregate carrying amount of debt, including both our and our partners’ share, incurred by these ventures was approximately $2.1 billion (of which our proportionate share is approximately $919.2 million). The table below summarizes the outstanding debt of these joint venture properties at March 31, 2019. In addition to other guarantees specifically noted in the table, we have agreed to customary environmental indemnifications and nonrecourse carve-outs (e.g., guarantees against fraud, misrepresentation and bankruptcy) as well as the completion of development projects on certain of the loans.
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Properties |  | Venture Ownership % |  | Stated Interest Rate |  | GAAP Interest Rate (1) |  | Stated Principal Amount |  | Deferred Financing Costs, Net |  | Carrying Amount |  | Carrying Amount (Our Share) |  |  |  | Maturity Date
|  | (dollars in thousands)
540 Madison Avenue |  | 60 | % |  | 3.61 | % |  | 3.72 | % |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | $ | (557 | ) |  | $ | 119,443 |  |  | $ | 71,666 |  |  | (2)(3) |  | June 5, 2023
Santa Monica Business Park |  | 55 | % |  | 4.06 | % |  | 4.24 | % |  | 300,000 |  |  | (3,309 | ) |  | 296,691 |  |  | 163,180 |  |  | (2)(4) |  | July 19, 2025
Market Square North |  | 50 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  | 4.91 | % |  | 118,090 |  |  | (126 | ) |  | 117,964 |  |  | 58,982 |  |  |  |  | October 1, 2020
Annapolis Junction Building Six |  | 50 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.95 | % |  | 12,941 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | 12,890 |  |  | 6,445 |  |  | (5) |  | November 17, 2020
Annapolis Junction Building Seven and Eight |  | 50 | % |  | 4.86 | % |  | 5.14 | % |  | 35,282 |  |  | (69 | ) |  | 35,213 |  |  | 17,607 |  |  | (6) |  | December 7, 2019
1265 Main Street |  | 50 | % |  | 3.77 | % |  | 3.84 | % |  | 38,760 |  |  | (354 | ) |  | 38,406 |  |  | 19,203 |  |  |  |  | January 1, 2032
Colorado Center |  | 50 | % |  | 3.56 | % |  | 3.58 | % |  | 550,000 |  |  | (860 | ) |  | 549,140 |  |  | 274,570 |  |  | (2) |  | August 9, 2027
Dock 72 |  | 50 | % |  | 4.74 | % |  | 5.88 | % |  | 142,897 |  |  | (5,960 | ) |  | 136,937 |  |  | 68,468 |  |  | (2)(7) |  | December 18, 2020
The Hub on Causeway - Podium |  | 50 | % |  | 4.75 | % |  | 5.22 | % |  | 140,013 |  |  | (2,344 | ) |  | 137,669 |  |  | 68,835 |  |  | (2)(8) |  | September 6, 2021
The Hub on Causeway - Residential |  | 50 | % |  | 4.49 | % |  | 4.77 | % |  | 63,499 |  |  | (1,572 | ) |  | 61,927 |  |  | 30,963 |  |  | (2)(9) |  | April 19, 2022
500 North Capitol Street, NW |  | 30 | % |  | 4.15 | % |  | 4.20 | % |  | 105,000 |  |  | (247 | ) |  | 104,753 |  |  | 31,426 |  |  | (2) |  | June 6, 2023
901 New York Avenue |  | 25 | % |  | 3.61 | % |  | 3.69 | % |  | 225,000 |  |  | (1,027 | ) |  | 223,973 |  |  | 55,993 |  |  |  |  | January 5, 2025
3 Hudson Boulevard |  | 25 | % |  | 6.01 | % |  | 6.09 | % |  | 80,000 |  |  | (273 | ) |  | 79,727 |  |  | 19,932 |  |  | (2)(10) |  | July 13, 2023
Metropolitan Square |  | 20 | % |  | 5.75 | % |  | 5.81 | % |  | 159,847 |  |  | (107 | ) |  | 159,740 |  |  | 31,947 |  |  |  |  | May 5, 2020
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,091,329 |  |  | $ | (16,856 | ) |  | $ | 2,074,473 |  |  | $ | 919,217 |  |  |  |  |

_______________

(1) | GAAP interest rate differs from the stated interest rate due to the inclusion of the amortization of financing charges, which includes mortgage recording fees.

(2) | The loan requires interest only payments with a balloon payment due at maturity.

(3) | The mortgage loan bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.10% per annum.

(4) | The loan bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.28% per annum and matures on July 19, 2025. A subsidiary of the joint venture entered into interest rate swap contracts with notional amounts aggregating $300.0 million through April 1, 2025, resulting in a fixed rate of approximately 4.063% per annum through the expiration of the interest rate swap contracts.

(5) | The loan bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum and matures on November 17, 2020.

(6) | The loan bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.35% per annum and matures on December 7, 2019, with three, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions.

(7) | The construction financing bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum and matures on December 18, 2020, with two, one-year extension option, subject to certain conditions.

(8) | The construction financing bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum and matures on September 6, 2021, with two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions. In connection with the construction financing, we obtained the right to complete the construction of the garage underneath the project being developed by an affiliate of our joint venture partner and obtain funding from the garage construction lender. We agreed to guarantee completion of the garage to the construction lender and an affiliate of our partner agreed to reimburse us for our partner’s share of any payments under the guarantee.

(9) | The construction financing bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.00% per annum and matures on April 19, 2022, with two, one-year extension options, subject to certain conditions.

(10) | We provided $80.0 million of mortgage financing to the joint venture. The loan bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR plus 3.50% per annum and matures on July 13, 2023, with extension options, subject to certain

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conditions. The loan has been reflected as Related Party Note Receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
State and Local Tax Matters
Because BXP is organized and qualifies as a REIT, it is generally not subject to federal income taxes, but it is subject to certain state and local taxes. In the normal course of business, BXP, BPLP and certain entities through which we own real estate either have undergone, or are currently undergoing, tax audits or other inquiries. Although we believe that we have substantial arguments in favor of our positions in the ongoing audits, in some instances there is no controlling precedent or interpretive guidance on the specific point at issue. Collectively, tax deficiency notices received to date from the jurisdictions conducting the ongoing audits have not been material. However, there can be no assurance that future audits will not occur with increased frequency or that the ultimate result of such audits will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Insurance
For information concerning our insurance program, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Funds from Operations
Pursuant to the revised definition of Funds from Operations adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), we calculate Funds from Operations, or “FFO,” for each of BXP and BPLP by adjusting net income (loss) attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income (loss) attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders (computed in accordance with GAAP), respectively, for gains (or losses) from sales of properties, impairment losses on depreciable real estate consolidated on our balance sheet, impairment losses on our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures driven by a measurable decrease in the fair value of depreciable real estate held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and our share of real estate-related depreciation and amortization. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure, but we believe the presentation of FFO, combined with the presentation of required GAAP financial measures, has improved the understanding of operating results of REITs among the investing public and has helped make comparisons of REIT operating results more meaningful. Management generally considers FFO to be useful measures for understanding and comparing our operating results because, by excluding gains and losses related to sales of previously depreciated operating real estate assets, impairment losses and real estate asset depreciation and amortization (which can differ across owners of similar assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates), FFO can help investors compare the operating performance of a company's real estate across reporting periods and to the operating performance of other companies.
Our computation of FFO may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs or real estate companies that do not define the term in accordance with the current Nareit definition or that interpret the current Nareit definition differently. We believe that in order to facilitate a clear understanding of our operating results, FFO should be examined in conjunction with net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders and net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership as presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements. FFO should not be considered as a substitute for net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders or net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders (determined in accordance with GAAP) or any other GAAP financial measures and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to our financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
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Boston Properties, Inc.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders to FFO attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 98,105 |  |  | $ | 176,021 |
Add: |  |  |
Preferred dividends | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership | 11,599 |  |  | 20,432 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Net Income | 131,159 |  |  | 216,312 |
Add: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 164,594 |  |  | 165,797 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships’ share of depreciation and amortization | (18,002 | ) |  | (18,221 | )
BXP’s share of depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures | 15,470 |  |  | 9,444 |
Corporate-related depreciation and amortization | (395 | ) |  | (405 | )
Impairment loss | 24,038 |  |  | — |
Less: |  |  |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 96,397 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Preferred dividends | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Funds from Operations (FFO) attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders (including Boston Properties, Inc.) (“Basic FFO”) | 296,314 |  |  | 256,671 |
Less: |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s share of funds from operations | 30,307 |  |  | 26,108 |
FFO attributable to Boston Properties, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 266,007 |  |  | $ | 230,563 |
Boston Properties, Inc.’s percentage share of Funds from Operations—basic | 89.77 | % |  | 89.83 | %
Weighted-average shares outstanding—basic | 154,525 |  |  | 154,385 |

Reconciliation to Diluted Funds from Operations:

| Three months ended March 31, 2019 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018
Income (Numerator) |  | Shares (Denominator) |  | Income (Numerator) |  | Shares (Denominator)
| (in thousands)
Basic FFO | $ | 296,314 |  |  | 172,131 |  |  | $ | 256,671 |  |  | 171,867 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |
Diluted FFO | 296,314 |  |  | 172,450 |  |  | 256,671 |  |  | 172,187 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncontrolling interest—common units of Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s share of diluted FFO | 30,251 |  |  | 17,606 |  |  | 26,060 |  |  | 17,482 |
Boston Properties, Inc.’s share of Diluted FFO (1) | $ | 266,063 |  |  | 154,844 |  |  | $ | 230,611 |  |  | 154,705 |

_______________

(1) | BXP’s share of diluted FFO was 89.79% and 89.85% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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Boston Properties Limited Partnership
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders to FFO attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

| Three months ended March 31,
2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands)
Net income attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders | $ | 113,382 |  |  | $ | 200,907 |
Add: |  |  |
Preferred distributions | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Net Income | 134,837 |  |  | 220,766 |
Add: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 162,682 |  |  | 163,853 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships’ share of depreciation and amortization | (18,002 | ) |  | (18,221 | )
BPLP’s share of depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures | 15,470 |  |  | 9,444 |
Corporate-related depreciation and amortization | (395 | ) |  | (405 | )
Impairment loss | 22,272 |  |  | — |
Less: |  |  |
(Losses) gains on sales of real estate | (905 | ) |  | 98,907 |
Noncontrolling interests in property partnerships | 18,830 |  |  | 17,234 |
Preferred distributions | 2,625 |  |  | 2,625 |
Funds from Operations (FFO) attributable to Boston Properties Limited Partnership common unitholders (“Basic FFO”) (1) | $ | 296,314 |  |  | $ | 256,671 |
Weighted-average units outstanding—basic | 172,131 |  |  | 171,867 |

_______________

(1) | Our calculation includes OP Units and vested LTIP Units (including vested 2012 OPP Units, vested 2013 MYLTIP Units, vested 2014 MYLTIP Units, vested 2015 MYLTIP Units and vested 2016 MYLTIP Units).

Reconciliation to Diluted Funds from Operations:

| Three months ended March 31, 2019 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018
Income (Numerator) |  | Units (Denominator) |  | Income (Numerator) |  | Units (Denominator)
| (in thousands)
Basic FFO | $ | 296,314 |  |  | 172,131 |  |  | $ | 256,671 |  |  | 171,867 |
Effect of Dilutive Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock Based Compensation | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |
Diluted FFO | $ | 296,314 |  |  | 172,450 |  |  | $ | 256,671 |  |  | 172,187 |

Contractual Obligations
We have various service contracts with vendors related to our property management. In addition, we have certain other contracts we enter into in the ordinary course of business that may extend beyond one year. These contracts include terms that provide for cancellation with insignificant or no cancellation penalties. Contract terms are generally between three and five years.
During the first quarter of 2019, we paid approximately $72.7 million to fund tenant-related obligations, including tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
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In addition, we and our unconsolidated joint venture partners incurred approximately $85 million of new tenant-related obligations associated with approximately 1.5 million square feet of second generation leases, or approximately $56 per square foot. We signed no leases at our development properties. The tenant-related obligations for the development properties are included within the projects’ “Estimated Total Investment” referred to in “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” and “Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
ITEM 3—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
The following table presents the aggregate carrying value of our mortgage notes payable, net, unsecured senior notes, net, unsecured line of credit, unsecured term loan, net and our corresponding estimate of fair value as of March 31, 2019. Approximately $10.5 billion of these borrowings bore interest at fixed rates and therefore the fair value of these instruments is affected by changes in the market interest rates. As of March 31, 2019, the weighted-average interest rate on our variable rate debt was LIBOR plus 0.90%, or 3.40% per annum. The following table presents our aggregate fixed rate debt obligations with corresponding weighted-average interest rates sorted by maturity date and our aggregate variable rate debt obligations sorted by maturity date.
The table below does not include our unconsolidated joint venture debt. For a discussion concerning our unconsolidated joint venture debt, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Capitalization—Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements—Joint Venture Indebtedness.”

| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024+ |  | Total |  | Estimated Fair Value
| (dollars in thousands) Mortgage debt, net
Fixed Rate | $ | 11,080 |  |  | $ | 16,841 |  |  | $ | 36,346 |  |  | $ | 611,132 |  |  | $ | (3,494 | ) |  | $ | 2,288,003 |  |  | $ | 2,959,908 |  |  | $ | 2,948,057 |
Average Interest Rate | 5.39 | % |  | 5.55 | % |  | 6.61 | % |  | 4.79 | % |  | — |  |  | 3.64 | % |  | 3.94 | % |  |
Variable Rate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Unsecured debt, net
Fixed Rate | $ | (7,060 | ) |  | $ | 690,595 |  |  | $ | 841,899 |  |  | $ | (7,634 | ) |  | $ | 1,493,454 |  |  | $ | 4,535,789 |  |  | $ | 7,547,043 |  |  | $ | 7,584,456 |
Average Interest Rate | — |  |  | 5.71 | % |  | 4.29 | % |  | — |  |  | 3.73 | % |  | 3.84 | % |  | 4.04 | % |  |
Variable Rate | $ | (341 | ) |  | $ | (451 | ) |  | $ | (451 | ) |  | $ | 499,850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 498,607 |  |  | $ | 500,728 |
| $ | 3,679 |  |  | $ | 706,985 |  |  | $ | 877,794 |  |  | $ | 1,103,348 |  |  | $ | 1,489,960 |  |  | $ | 6,823,792 |  |  | $ | 11,005,558 |  |  | $ | 11,033,241 |

At March 31, 2019, the weighted-average coupon/stated rates on the fixed rate debt stated above was 3.91% per annum. At March 31, 2019, our outstanding variable rate debt based on LIBOR totaled approximately $500.0 million. At March 31, 2019, the coupon/stated rate on our variable rate debt was approximately 3.40%. If market interest rates on our variable rate debt had been 100 basis points greater, total interest expense would have increased approximately $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The fair value amounts were determined solely by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our financial instruments. Due to the uncertainty of specific actions we may undertake to minimize possible effects of market interest rate increases, this analysis assumes no changes in our financial structure.
ITEM 4—Controls and Procedures.
Boston Properties, Inc.
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, our management, with the participation of Boston Properties, Inc.’s Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, Boston Properties, Inc.’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
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(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. No change in Boston Properties, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during the first quarter of our fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Boston Properties, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting.
Boston Properties Limited Partnership
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, the management of Boston Properties, Inc., the sole general partner of Boston Properties Limited Partnership, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Boston Properties, Inc. concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. No change in its internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during the first quarter of our fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1—Legal Proceedings.
We are subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters are generally covered by insurance. Management believes that the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
ITEM 1A—Risk Factors.
Except to the extent updated below or previously updated or to the extent additional factual information disclosed elsewhere in these Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q relates to such risk factors (including, without limitation, the matters discussed in Part I, “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”), there were no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
ITEM 2—Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Boston Properties, Inc.

(a) | During the three months ended March 31, 2019, Boston Properties, Inc. issued an aggregate of 14,129 shares of common stock in exchange for 14,129 common units of limited partnership held by certain limited partners of Boston Properties Limited Partnership. Of these shares, 1,200 shares were issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We relied on the exemption under Section 4(a)(2) based upon factual representations received from the limited partner who received the common shares.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Period | (a) Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased |  | (b) Average Price Paid per Common Share | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased
January 1, 2019 - January 31, 2019 | 6,411 |  | (1) | $ | 119.07 |  | N/A | N/A
February 1, 2019 - February 28, 2019 | 1,283 |  | (2)(4) | $ | 119.58 |  | N/A | N/A
March 1, 2019 - March 31, 2019 | 19 |  | (3)(4) | $ | 0.01 |  | N/A | N/A
Total | 7,713 |  |  | $ | 118.86 |  | N/A | N/A

___________

(1) | Represents shares of common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. surrendered on January 15, 2019 by employees to Boston Properties, Inc. to satisfy such employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted common stock.

(2) | Includes 114 shares of restricted common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. repurchased in connection with the termination of a certain employee’s employment with Boston Properties, Inc. and 1,169 shares of common stock surrendered by employees to Boston Properties, Inc. to satisfy such employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted common stock.

(3) | Represents shares of restricted common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. repurchased in connection with the termination of certain employees’ employment with Boston Properties, Inc.

(4) | Under the terms of the applicable restricted stock award agreements, the shares were repurchased by Boston Properties, Inc. at a price of $0.01 per share, which was the amount originally paid by such employees for such shares.

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Boston Properties Limited Partnership

(a) | Each time Boston Properties, Inc. issues shares of stock (other than in exchange for common units when such common units are presented for redemption), it contributes the proceeds of such issuance to Boston Properties Limited Partnership in return for an equivalent number of partnership units with rights and preferences analogous to the shares issued. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, in connection with issuances of common stock by Boston Properties, Inc. pursuant to issuances to employees of restricted common stock and exercises of non-qualified stock options under the Boston Properties, Inc. 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan and pursuant to issuances under the Boston Properties, Inc. 1999 Non-Qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan, Boston Properties Limited Partnership issued an aggregate of approximately 50,592 common units to Boston Properties, Inc. in exchange for approximately $2.67 million, the aggregate proceeds of such common stock issuances to Boston Properties, Inc. Such units were issued in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(b) | Not Applicable.

(c) | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Period | (a) Total Number of Units Purchased |  | (b) Average Price Paid per Unit | (c) Total Number of Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Units that May Yet be Purchased
January 1, 2019 - January 31, 2019 | 6,411 |  | (1) | $ | 119.07 |  | N/A | N/A
February 1, 2019 - February 28, 2019 | 380,470 |  | (2)(4) | $ | 0.65 |  | N/A | N/A
March 1, 2019 - March 31, 2019 | 1,838 |  | (3)(4) | $ | 0.25 |  | N/A | N/A
Total | 388,719 |  |  | $ | 2.60 |  | N/A | N/A

___________

(1) | Represents common units previously held by Boston Properties, Inc. that were redeemed in connection with the surrender of shares of restricted Common Stock of Boston Properties, Inc. by employees to Boston Properties, Inc. to satisfy such employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted common stock.

(2) | Includes 364,980 2016 MYLTIP units. The measurement period for such 2016 MYLTIP units ended on February 9, 2019 and Boston Properties, Inc.’s total return to stockholders was sufficient for employees to earn and therefore become eligible to vest in a portion of the 2016 MYLTIP units. Under the terms of the applicable 2016 MYLTIP award agreements, the 364,980 unearned 2016 MYLTIP units were repurchased at a price of $0.25 per 2016 MYLTIP unit, which was the amount originally paid by each employee for the units. Also includes (1) 1,169 common units previously held by Boston Properties, Inc. that were redeemed in connection with the surrender of shares of restricted common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. by employees to Boston Properties, Inc. to satisfy such employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted common stock, (2) 4,466 LTIP units, 620 2016 MYLTIP units, 3,950 2017 MYLTIP units and 5,171 2018 MYLTIP units that were repurchased by Boston Properties Limited Partnership in connection with the termination of a certain employee’s employment with Boston Properties, Inc. and (3) 114 common units previously held by Boston Properties, Inc. that were redeemed in connection with the repurchase of restricted shares of common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. in connection with the termination of a certain employee’s employment with Boston Properties, Inc.

(3) | Includes 1,819 LTIP units that were repurchased by Boston Properties Limited Partnership in connection with the termination of an employee’s employment with Boston Properties, Inc. and 19 common units previously held by Boston Properties, Inc. that were redeemed in connection with the repurchase of restricted shares of common stock of Boston Properties, Inc. in connection with the termination of an employee’s employment with Boston Properties, Inc.

(4) | Under the terms of the applicable restricted stock award agreements, LTIP unit vesting agreements, and MYLTIP award agreements, the shares were repurchased at a price of $0.01 per share and the LTIP units and MYLTIP units were repurchased at a price $0.25 per unit, which was the amount originally paid by such employees for such shares and units.

ITEM 3—Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
ITEM 4—Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
ITEM 5—Other Information.

(a) | None.

(b) | None.

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ITEM 6—Exhibits.

(a) | Exhibits

31.1 |  | — | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties, Inc. (Filed herewith.)
31.2 |  | — | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties, Inc. (Filed herewith.)
31.3 |  | — | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties Limited Partnership. (Filed herewith.)
31.4 |  | — | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties Limited Partnership. (Filed herewith.)
32.1 |  | — | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties, Inc. (Furnished herewith.)
32.2 |  | — | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties, Inc. (Furnished herewith.)
32.3 |  | — | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties Limited Partnership. (Furnished herewith.)
32.4 |  | — | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for Boston Properties Limited Partnership. (Furnished herewith.)
101 |  | — | The following materials from Boston Properties, Inc.’s and Boston Properties Limited Partnership’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Capital and Noncontrolling Interests (vi) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) related notes to these financial statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| BOSTON PROPERTIES, INC.
May 8, 2019 |  | /s/ M ICHAEL R. W ALSH
|  | Michael R. Walsh
|  | Chief Accounting Officer (duly authorized officer and principal accounting officer)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| BOSTON PROPERTIES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
| By: Boston Properties, Inc., its General Partner
May 8, 2019 |  | /s/ M ICHAEL R. W ALSH
|  | Michael R. Walsh
|  | Chief Accounting Officer (duly authorized officer and principal accounting officer)

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