11. INCOME TAXES

[a]	The provision for income taxes differs from the expense that would be obtained by applying the Canadian statutory income tax rate as a result of the following:


	2012			2011			2010

Canadian statutory income tax rate		26.5	%		28.3	%		31.0	%
Manufacturing and processing profits deduction		(0.7	)		(0.8	)		(0.6	)
Foreign rate differentials		(1.5	)		(2.0	)		(4.2	)
Losses not benefited		5.8			11.4			3.3
Utilization of losses previously not benefited		(0.3	)		(10.2	)		(9.4	)
Earnings of equity accounted investees		(1.2	)		(1.6	)		(2.2	)
Investment tax credits		(2.3	)		(1.6	)		(1.3	)
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets [i]		(5.0	)		(6.5	)		(0.3	)
Re-measurement gains		(1.1	)		—			—
Other		(1.7	)		(0.4	)		(0.1	)

Effective income tax rate		18.5	%		16.6	%		16.2	%

[i]

Accounting standards require that the Company assess whether valuation allowances should be established or maintained against its deferred tax assets, based on consideration of all available evidence, using a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The factors the Company uses to assess the likelihood of realization are its history of losses, forecasts of future pre-tax income and tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the deferred tax assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2012

The Company had valuation allowances against its deferred tax assets in the United Kingdom and Germany. These valuation allowances were required based on historical losses and uncertainty as to the timing of when the Company would be able to generate the necessary level of earnings to recover these deferred tax assets. Over the past few years, certain divisions in the United Kingdom have delivered sustained profits. Based on financial forecasts and continued anticipated growth, the Company released a portion of the valuation allowance set up against its deferred tax assets in the United Kingdom. The BDW and ixetic acquisitions in 2012 have allowed the Company to release a portion of the valuation allowance set up against its German deferred tax assets, during the fourth quarter of 2012. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company has released a portion of its valuation allowances in Mexico and China, which were partially offset by a new valuation allowance against all of its deferred tax assets in Brazil. The net effect of all of these valuation allowance releases is $89 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2011

The Company had valuation allowances against all of its deferred tax assets in the United States. The U.S. valuation allowances were required based on historical losses and uncertainty as to the timing of when the Company would be able to generate the necessary level of earnings to recover these deferred tax assets. During 2010 and 2011, the Company’s United States operations delivered sustained profits. Based on financial forecasts and the continued anticipated growth for the U.S. market, the Company released $78 million of the U.S. valuation allowances in the fourth quarter of 2011. As at December 31, 2012, the Company has remaining U.S. valuation allowances of $94 million, relating to deferred tax assets with restrictions on their usability.

[b]	The details of income before income taxes by jurisdiction are as follows:


	2012		2011		2010

Canadian	$	996	$	710	$	497
Foreign		754		507		700

	$	1,750	$	1,217	$	1,197

[c]	The details of the income tax provision (recovery) are as follows:


	2012			2011			2010

Current
Canadian	$	170		$	115		$	73
Foreign		200			163			138

		370			278			211


Deferred
Canadian		(6	)		7			11
Foreign		(40	)		(83	)		(28	)

		(46	)		(76	)		(17	)

	$	324		$	202		$	194

[d]	Deferred income taxes have been provided on temporary differences, which consist of the following:


	2012			2011			2010

Tax depreciation greater (less) than book depreciation	$	13		$	51		$	(13	)
Book amortization less than (in excess of) tax amortization		16			—			(20	)
Liabilities currently not deductible for tax		(29	)		(28	)		(27	)
Net tax losses (benefited) utilized		(11	)		(37	)		48
Change in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets		(89	)		(78	)		(3	)
Net tax credits utilized		53			24			—
Other		1			(8	)		(2	)

	$	(46	)	$	(76	)	$	(17	)

[e]	Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following temporary differences:


	2012			2011

Assets
Tax benefit of loss carryforwards	$	628		$	527
Liabilities currently not deductible for tax		263			219
Tax credit carryforwards		35			73
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges and retirement liabilities		48			51

		974			870
Valuation allowance against tax benefit of loss carryforwards		(504	)		(454	)
Other valuation allowance		(45	)		(103	)

		425			313


Liabilities
Tax depreciation in excess of book depreciation		199			135
Other assets book value in excess of tax value		77			20
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges and retirement liabilities		19			8
Other		30			—

		325			163


Net deferred tax assets	$	100		$	150

The net deferred tax assets are presented on the consolidated balance sheet in the following categories:


	2012			2011

Current deferred tax assets	$	170		$	206
Current deferred tax liabilities		(19	)		(44	)
Long-term deferred tax assets		90			69
Long-term deferred tax liabilities		(141	)		(81	)

	$	100		$	150

[f]	Income taxes paid in cash (net of refunds) were $347 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 [2011 – $304 million; 2010 – $(6) million].

[g]

As at December 31, 2012, the Company had domestic and foreign operating loss carryforwards of $2.08 billion and tax credit carryforwards of $35 million. Approximately $1.11 billion of the operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely. The remaining operating losses and tax credit carryforwards expire between 2013 and 2032.

[h]

As at December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits were $279 million and $252 million, respectively [excluding interest and penalties], of which $240 million and $222 million, respectively, if recognized, would affect the Company’s effective tax rate. The gross unrecognized tax benefits differ from the amount that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate due primarily to the impact of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. A summary of the changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:


	2012			2011

Balance, beginning of year	$	252		$	257
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		68			14
(Reductions)/additions based on tax positions of prior years		(31	)		13
Settlements		(10	)		(12	)
Statute expirations		(5	)		(16	)
Foreign currency translation		5			(4	)

	$	279		$	252

The Company recognizes interest and penalties with respect to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. As at December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company has recorded interest and penalties, on the unrecognized tax benefits, of $49 million and $42 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company recorded a tax expense related to changes in its reserves for interest and penalties of $7 million.

The Company operates in multiple jurisdictions throughout the world, and its tax returns are periodically audited or subject to review by both domestic and foreign tax authorities. During the next twelve months, it is reasonably possible that, as a result of audit settlements, the conclusion of current examinations and the expiration of the statute of limitations in several jurisdictions, the Company may decrease the amount of its gross unrecognized tax benefits [including interest and penalties] by approximately $155 million, of which $140 million, if recognized, would affect its effective tax rate.

The Company considers its significant tax jurisdictions to include Canada, the United States, Austria, Germany and Mexico. The Company remains subject to income tax examination in Germany for years after 2002, Canada for years after 2004, Austria for years after 2005, Mexico for years after 2006, and in the U.S. federal jurisdiction for years after 2007.