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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-40620

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 52-2084569
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6031 Connection Drive, Suite 400 |  |
Irving, Texas |  | 75039
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(214) 880-3500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share | BLDR | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the issuer’s common stock, par value $0.01, outstanding as of April 25, 2025, was 110,514,818.

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC.

Index to Form 10-Q

|  |  |  | Page
|  | PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | 3
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 |  | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024 |  | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Three Months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 |  | 5
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 |  | 6
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 7
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 15
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 19
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 19
|  | PART II — OTHER INFORMATION |  | 21
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 21
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 21
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 21
Item 5. |  | Other Information |  | 21
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 22

2

P ART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

I tem 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

C ONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net sales |  | $ | 3,657,496 |  |  | $ | 3,891,352 |
Cost of sales |  |  | 2,542,255 |  |  |  | 2,591,498 |
Gross margin |  |  | 1,115,241 |  |  |  | 1,299,854 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 930,800 |  |  |  | 926,257 |
Income from operations |  |  | 184,441 |  |  |  | 373,597 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | 64,892 |  |  |  | 48,336 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 119,549 |  |  |  | 325,261 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 23,245 |  |  |  | 66,480 |
Net income |  | $ | 96,304 |  |  | $ | 258,781 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 2.12 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |
Weighted average common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 113,675 |  |  |  | 121,972 |
Diluted |  |  | 114,339 |  |  |  | 123,371 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 115,371 |  |  | $ | 153,624 |
Accounts receivable, less allowances of $44,993 and $41,233, respectively |  |  | 1,251,571 |  |  |  | 1,163,147 |
Other receivables |  |  | 270,218 |  |  |  | 344,342 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 1,348,909 |  |  |  | 1,212,375 |
Contract assets |  |  | 161,946 |  |  |  | 151,095 |
Other current assets |  |  | 132,390 |  |  |  | 116,656 |
Total current assets |  |  | 3,280,405 |  |  |  | 3,141,239 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 2,171,209 |  |  |  | 1,961,731 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net |  |  | 597,125 |  |  |  | 594,301 |
Goodwill |  |  | 3,969,019 |  |  |  | 3,678,504 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,318,297 |  |  |  | 1,103,634 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 111,560 |  |  |  | 103,677 |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,447,615 |  |  | $ | 10,583,086 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,022,022 |  |  | $ | 868,054 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 483,399 |  |  |  | 634,045 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 184,746 |  |  |  | 168,208 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 104,045 |  |  |  | 103,499 |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | 7,244 |  |  |  | 3,470 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 1,801,456 |  |  |  | 1,777,276 |
Noncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 525,677 |  |  |  | 525,213 |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities, discounts and issuance costs |  |  | 4,472,260 |  |  |  | 3,700,643 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 137,528 |  |  |  | 148,167 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 136,534 |  |  |  | 135,317 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 7,073,455 |  |  |  | 6,286,616 |
Commitme nts and contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 300,000 shares authorized; 113,726 and 113,578 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 1,137 |  |  |  | 1,136 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 4,265,403 |  |  |  | 4,271,269 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 107,620 |  |  |  | 24,065 |
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 4,374,160 |  |  |  | 4,296,470 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 11,447,615 |  |  | $ | 10,583,086 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

C ONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 96,304 |  |  | $ | 258,781 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 145,031 |  |  |  | 140,381 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (10,638 | ) |  |  | (8,368 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 14,238 |  |  |  | 16,900 |
Other non-cash adjustments |  |  | (6,774 | ) |  |  | 179 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  |  | 30,599 |  |  |  | 136,636 |
Inventories, net |  |  | (82,503 | ) |  |  | (126,707 | )
Contract assets |  |  | (10,851 | ) |  |  | (7,638 | )
Other current assets |  |  | (15,013 | ) |  |  | (7,048 | )
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | (16,213 | ) |  |  | (16,664 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | 142,891 |  |  |  | 143,616 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | (166,294 | ) |  |  | (222,715 | )
Contract liabilities |  |  | 11,551 |  |  |  | 9,834 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 132,328 |  |  |  | 317,187 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash used for acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | (824,795 | ) |  |  | (58,705 | )
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (99,974 | ) |  |  | (93,212 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 12,713 |  |  |  | 3,567 |
Cash used for equity investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,686 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (912,056 | ) |  |  | (151,036 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings under revolving credit facility |  |  | 1,142,000 |  |  |  | 422,000 |
Repayments under revolving credit facility |  |  | (367,000 | ) |  |  | (886,000 | )
Proceeds from long-term debt and other loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt and other loans |  |  | (754 | ) |  |  | (879 | )
Payments of loan costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,529 | )
Payments of acquisition-related deferred and contingent consideration |  |  | (322 | ) |  |  | (8,900 | )
Tax withholdings on and exercises of equity awards |  |  | (20,102 | ) |  |  | (31,723 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (12,347 | ) |  |  | (16,801 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 741,475 |  |  |  | 465,168 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (38,253 | ) |  |  | 631,319 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 153,624 |  |  |  | 66,156 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 115,371 |  |  | $ | 697,475 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 88,678 |  |  | $ | 51,628 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  |  | 1,856 |  |  |  | 2,747 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued consideration for acquisitions |  | $ | 3,184 |  |  | $ | 279 |
Accrued purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 7,322 |  |  |  | 6,395 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations |  |  | 24,121 |  |  |  | 29,719 |
Amounts accrued related to repurchases of common stock |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | 2,800 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED C ONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O F CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Retained |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 121,857 |  |  | $ | 1,219 |  |  | $ | 4,270,948 |  |  | $ | 460,184 |  |  | $ | 4,732,351 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,900 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,900 |
Repurchase of common stock (1) |  |  | (97 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,599 | ) |  |  | (19,600 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |
Shares withheld for restricted stock units vested |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (31,873 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (31,876 | )
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 258,781 |  |  |  | 258,781 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  | 122,049 |  |  |  | 1,220 |  |  |  | 4,256,122 |  |  |  | 699,366 |  |  |  | 4,956,708 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 113,578 |  |  | $ | 1,136 |  |  | $ | 4,271,269 |  |  | $ | 24,065 |  |  |  | 4,296,470 |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,238 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,238 |
Repurchase of common stock (2) |  |  | (97 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,749 | ) |  |  | (12,750 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 77 |
Shares withheld for restricted stock units vested |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (20,177 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,179 | )
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96,304 |  |  |  | 96,304 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 113,726 |  |  | $ | 1,137 |  |  | $ | 4,265,403 |  |  | $ | 107,620 |  |  | $ | 4,374,160 |

1.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired 0.1 million shares of our common stock for $19.6 million, inclusive of applicable fees and taxes, at an average price of $202.67 per share.
2.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased and retired 0.1 million shares of our common stock for $12.8 million, inclusive of applicable fees and taxes, at an average price of $131.51 per share.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

N OTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation

Builders FirstSource, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed in 1998, is a leading supplier of building materials, manufactured components and construction services to professional contractors, sub-contractors, and consumers. The Company operates approximatel y 595 locations in 43 states across the United States. In this quarterly report, references to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours” or “us” refer to Builders FirstSource, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all recurring adjustments and normal accruals necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the dates and periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected during the remainder of the current year or for any future period. Intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024, is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. This Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024, and the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the more detailed audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2024 (“2024 Form 10-K”). Accounting policies used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with the accounting policies described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Business Combinations

When they meet the requirements under ASC 805, Business Combinations, merger and acquisition transactions are accounted for using the acquisition method, and accordingly the results of operations of the acquiree are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The consideration transferred is allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with any excess recorded as goodwill. Transaction-related costs are expensed in the period the costs are incurred. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding adjustment to goodwill.

Segments

We offer an integrated solution to our customers providing manufacturing, supply, and installation of a full range of structural and related building products. Given the span and depth of our geographical reach, our locations are organized into three geographical divisions (East, Central, and West), which are also our operating segments. All of our operating segments have similar customers, products and services, and distribution methods.

Due to these similarities, along with the similar economic profitability achieved across all our operating segments, we aggregate our three operating segments into one reportable segment in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). Centralized financial and operational oversight, including resource allocation and assessment of performance, is performed by our principal executive officer (“CEO”), whom we have determined to be our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, the primary measures reviewed by our CEO, including revenue, gross margin and income before income taxes, are shown in these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The accounting policies of our reportable segment are consistent with the accounting policies described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

We assess cloud computing arrangements to determine whether the contract meets the definition of a service contract or conveys a software license. When cloud computing arrangements meet the definition of a service contract, we capitalize expenditures for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred. Once the implementation of a cloud computing arrangement is complete and ready for its intended use, the Company amortizes the costs over the expected term of the hosting arrangement using the straight-line method to the same income statement line as the associated cloud operating expenses. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had capitalized costs, net of amortization, of $11.8 million and $9.3 million included in other current assets, respectively. As of

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March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had capitalized costs, net of amortization, of $67.5 million and $52.7 million included in other assets, net. We did no t have any amortization expense related to these costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we amortized $0.3 million for these costs, included in selling, general and administrative expenses within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is equal to net income for all periods presented.

Equity Investments

The Company’s equity investments are accounted for using equity method accounting and are recorded as other assets, net in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not considered significant to the Company.

Reclassifications

The prior period amounts disclosed in Note 3 have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on net income, total assets and liabilities, stockholders’ equity or cashflows as previously reported.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This amendment modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose: (i) specific categories in the rate reconciliation and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold; (ii) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes, as well as individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid net of refunds; (iii) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense, or benefit, disaggregated between domestic and foreign; and (iv) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state and foreign. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), and in January 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date (“ASU 2025-01”). ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statement. ASU 2024-03, as clarified by ASU 2025-01, is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The requirements will be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2. Business Combinations

During the first three months of 2025, we completed the acquisitions of Alpine Lumber Company (“Alpine Lumber”) and O.C. Cluss Lumber Company (“Cluss Lumber”) for a combined total of approximately $828.0 million, net of cash acquired. Alpine Lumber was the largest independently operated supplier of building materials in Colorado and northern New Mexico. Alpine Lumber serves the Colorado Front Range, western Colorado and northern New Mexico through its 21 operating locations, and provides a broad product range, including prefabricated trusses and wall panels, and millwork. Cluss Lumber is a supplier of lumber and building materials to southwestern Pennsylvania, western Maryland and northern West Virginia.

During the first three months of 2024, we completed the acquisitions of Quality Door & Millwork, Inc. (“Quality Door”) and Hanson Truss Components, Inc. (“Hanson Truss”) for a combined total of approximately $59.0 million. Quality Door is a millwork distributor, serving Idaho markets in the Boise and Idaho Falls areas. Hanson Truss produces trusses, serving the areas of Northern California and Western Nevada.

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The acquisitions were funded with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our $1.8 billion revolving credit facility due January 17, 2028 (the “Revolving Facility”). The transactions were accounted for by the acquisition method, and accordingly the results of operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition dates. The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition dates, with the excess of purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired recorded as goodwill.

Pro forma financial information for the acquisitions discussed above for 2025 and 2024 are not presented as these acquisitions did not have a material impact on our results of operations, individually or in the aggregate for each respective period.

The following table summarizes the aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for acquisitions during the periods ended March 31, 2025, and March 31, 2024:

|  | Total Acquisitions |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 2,785 |  |  | $ | — |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 38,058 |  |  |  | 4,546 |
Other receivables |  |  | 6,842 |  |  |  | — |
Inventories |  |  | 54,031 |  |  |  | 1,935 |
Other current assets |  |  | 721 |  |  |  | 5 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 184,104 |  |  |  | 2,857 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 3,386 |  |  |  | 2,888 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 287,951 |  |  |  | 24,089 |
Other assets |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | — |
Total assets |  |  | 577,919 |  |  |  | 36,320 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 11,107 |  |  |  | 702 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 18,189 |  |  |  | 23 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 4,988 |  |  |  | 24 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 3,386 |  |  |  | 2,888 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 37,670 |  |  |  | 3,637 |
Goodwill |  |  | 290,515 |  |  |  | 26,301 |
Total purchase consideration |  |  | 830,764 |  |  |  | 58,984 |
Accrued contingent consideration and purchase price adjustments |  |  | (3,184 | ) |  |  | (279 | )
Less: cash acquired |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  |  | — |
Total cash consideration |  | $ | 824,795 |  |  | $ | 58,705 |

3. Revenue

The following table disaggregates our net sales by product category:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |
|  | (in thousands)
Manufactured products |  | $ | 846,295 |  |  | $ | 979,173 |  |
Windows, doors and millwork |  |  | 922,783 |  |  |  | 1,030,403 |  |
Specialty building products and services |  |  | 914,038 |  |  |  | 902,739 |  |
Lumber and lumber sheet goods |  |  | 974,380 |  |  |  | 979,037 |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 3,657,496 |  |  | $ | 3,891,352 |  |

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As our product alignment continues to be refined, we have reclassified prior periods net sales by product category to conform to current period presentation. The impact to each of the prior periods’ net sales for each product category was less than 1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The timing of revenue recognition, invoicing and cash collection results in accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities. Contract assets include unbilled amounts when the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer, and amounts representing a right to payment from previous performance that is conditional on something other than passage of time, such as retainage. Contract liabilities consist of customer advances and deposits, and deferred revenue.

Through March 31, 2025, and 2024, we recognized as revenue approximately 70% and 75% of the contract liabilities balances outstanding as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

4. Net Income per Common Share

Net income per common share (“EPS”) is calculated in accordance with the Earnings per Share topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, which requires the presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of potential common shares.

The table below presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (in thousands, except per share amounts) |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 96,304 |  |  | $ | 258,781 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic |  |  | 113,675 |  |  |  | 121,972 |
Dilutive effect of options and RSUs |  |  | 664 |  |  |  | 1,399 |
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted |  |  | 114,339 |  |  |  | 123,371 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 2.12 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |
Antidilutive and contingent RSUs excluded from diluted EPS |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 36 |

5. Goodwill

The following table sets forth the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill:

|  | (in thousands) |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 (1) |  | $ | 3,678,504 |
Acquisitions |  |  | 290,515 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 (1) |  | $ | 3,969,019 |

(1) Goodwill is presented net of historical accumulated impairment losses o f $44.6 million.

In 2025, the change in the carrying amount of goodwill is attributable to the acquisitions completed during the period. As of March 31, 2025, no impairment triggering events have occurred. The amount allocated to goodwill is attributable to the assembled workforce, synergies and expected growth from the expanded product and service offerings of acquisitions. The goodwill recognized from the current year acquisitions is expected to be deductible and amortized ratably over a 15-year period for tax purposes.

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6. Intangible Assets

The following table presents intangible assets as of:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |
|  | (in thousands) |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 2,495,529 |  |  | $ | (1,266,197 | ) |  | $ | 2,216,578 |  |  | $ | (1,198,125 | )
Developed technology |  |  | 95,600 |  |  |  | (38,542 | ) |  |  | 95,600 |  |  |  | (35,887 | )
Trade names |  |  | 73,500 |  |  |  | (45,535 | ) |  |  | 64,500 |  |  |  | (43,483 | )
Non-compete agreements |  |  | 13,050 |  |  |  | (9,108 | ) |  |  | 13,050 |  |  |  | (8,599 | )
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 2,677,679 |  |  | $ | (1,359,382 | ) |  | $ | 2,389,728 |  |  | $ | (1,286,094 | )

In connection with the current year acquisitions, we recorded intangible assets of $288.0 million, which includes $279.0 million of customer relationships and $9.0 million of trade names. The weighted average useful life of the current year acquired intangible assets is 11.4 years in total, 11.6 years for customer relationships and 3.0 years for trade names. The fair value of acquired customer relationship intangible assets was primarily estimated by applying the multi-period excess earnings method, which involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions primarily related to forecasted revenue growth rates, gross margin, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rates, and market-participant discount rates. These measures are based on significant Level 3 inputs not observable in the market. Key assumptions developed based on the Company’s historical experience, future projections and comparable market data include future cash flows, long-term growth rates, attrition rates and discount rates.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, and March 31, 2024, we recorded amortization expense in relation to the above-listed intangible assets of $73.3 million and $79.9 million, respectively.

The following table presents the estimated amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ending December 31:

|  | (in thousands) |
2025 (from April 1, 2025) |  | $ | 215,454 |
2026 |  |  | 254,830 |
2027 |  |  | 195,763 |
2028 |  |  | 150,289 |
2029 |  |  | 96,507 |
Thereafter |  |  | 405,454 |
Total future intangible amortization expense |  | $ | 1,318,297 |

7. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Accrued payroll and other employee related expenses |  | $ | 182,311 |  |  | $ | 310,073 |
Self-insurance reserves |  |  | 105,421 |  |  |  | 102,876 |
Accrued business and other taxes |  |  | 81,448 |  |  |  | 72,944 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 30,703 |  |  |  | 55,454 |
Accrued rebates payable |  |  | 19,517 |  |  |  | 35,404 |
Accrued professional service fees |  |  | 14,797 |  |  |  | 16,406 |
Accrued contingent consideration & purchase price adjustments |  |  | 9,261 |  |  |  | 6,974 |
Other |  |  | 39,941 |  |  |  | 33,914 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 483,399 |  |  | $ | 634,045 |

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8. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following as of:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Revolving credit facility (1) |  | $ | 775,000 |  |  | $ | — |
4.25% 2032 notes |  |  | 1,300,000 |  |  |  | 1,300,000 |
6.375% 2034 notes |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
6.375% 2032 notes |  |  | 700,000 |  |  |  | 700,000 |
5.00% 2030 notes |  |  | 550,000 |  |  |  | 550,000 |
Other finance obligations |  |  | 189,858 |  |  |  | 190,312 |
Finance lease obligations |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | 1,078 |
|  |  | 4,515,750 |  |  |  | 3,741,390 |
Unamortized debt discount/premium and debt issuance costs |  |  | (36,246 | ) |  |  | (37,277 | )
|  |  | 4,479,504 |  |  |  | 3,704,113 |
Less: current maturities of long-term debt |  |  | 7,244 |  |  |  | 3,470 |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities, discounts and issuance costs |  | $ | 4,472,260 |  |  | $ | 3,700,643 |

(1)
The weighted average interest rate was 5.4% as of March 31, 2025.

The Company’s Revolving Facility and outstanding senior unsecured notes are discussed in more detail in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Fair Value

As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company does not have any financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We have elected to report the value of our Revolving Facility, 4.25% senior notes due 2032 (the “4.25% 2032 Notes”), 6.375% senior notes due 2034 (the “6.375% 2034 Notes”), 6.375% senior notes due 2032 (the “6.375% 2032 Notes”), and 5.00% senior notes due 2030 (the “5.00% 2030 Notes”), at amortized cost. The fair values of the 4.25% 2032 Notes, 6.375% 2034 Notes, 6.375% 2032 Notes, and 5.00% 2030 Notes, at March 31, 2025, were approximately $1.2 billion, $1.0 billion, $705.3 million, and $528.0 million, respectively, which were determined using Level 2 inputs based on market prices. The carrying value of the Revolving Facility as of March 31, 2025 approximates its fair value, as the rates of the Revolving Facility are comparable to those at which we could currently borrow under similar terms. As such, the fair value of the Revolving Facility was also classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy.

We were not in violation of any covenants or restrictions imposed by any of our debt agreements at March 31, 2025.

9. Employee Stock-Based Compensation

Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Grants

In the first three months of 2025, our board of directors granted 420,500 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees under our 2014 Incentive Plan for which vesting is based solely on continuous employment over the requisite service period. These grants vest over a service period between one and three years. The weighted average grant date fair value for these RSUs was $127.94 per unit, which was based on the closing stock price on the respective grant dates.

Performance, Market and Service Condition Based Restricted Stock Unit Grants

In the first three months of 2025, our board of directors granted 180,000 RSUs to employees under our 2014 Incentive Plan, which cliff vest on the third anniversary of the grant date based on the Company’s level of achievement of performance goals relating to return on invested capital over a three-year period (“performance condition”) and continued employment during the performance period (“service condition”). The total number of shares of common stock that may be earned from the performance condition ranges from zero to 200% of the RSUs granted. The number of shares earned from the performance condition may be further increased or decreased by 10% based on the Company’s total shareholder return relative to a peer group during the performance period (“market condition”). The grant date fair value for these RSUs, with consideration of the market condition, wa s $129.03 per unit, which was determined using the Monte Carlo simulation model, applying the following assumptions:

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Expected volatility (Company) | 44.3%
Expected volatility (peer group median) | 31.5%
Correlation between the Company and peer group median | 0.5
Expected dividend yield | 0.0%
Risk-free rate | 4.0%

The expected volatilities and correlation are based on the historical daily returns of our common stock and the common stocks of the constituents of our peer group over the most recent period equal to the measurement period. The expected dividend yield is based on our history of not paying regular dividends in the past and our current intention to not pay regular dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant and has a term equal to the measurement period.

10. Income Taxes

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective rate for continuing operations is provided below:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |
| 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Statutory federal income tax rate |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal income tax |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 2.5 |
Stock-based compensation windfall benefit |  | (3.0 | ) |  |  | (4.4 | )
Permanent differences and other |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | 1.3 |
|  | 19.4 | % |  |  | 20.4 | %

We base our estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates. In certain cases, we also base our estimate on business plan forecasts and other expectations about future outcomes. Changes in existing tax laws or rates could affect our actual tax results, and future business results may affect the amount of our deferred tax liabilities or the valuation of our deferred tax assets over time. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, particularly with respect to changes in facts and circumstances in future reporting periods, as well as the residential homebuilding industry’s cyclicality and sensitivity to changes in economic conditions, it is possible that actual results could differ from the estimates used in previous analyses. These differences could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

As of March 31, 2025, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $80.7 million under our Revolving Facility that principally support our self-insurance programs.

The Company has a number of known and threatened construction defect legal claims. While these claims are generally covered under the Company’s existing insurance programs to the extent any loss exceeds the deductible, there is a reasonable possibility of loss that is not able to be estimated at this time because (i) many of the proceedings are in the discovery stage, (ii) the outcome of future litigation is uncertain, and/or (iii) the complex nature of the claims. Although the Company cannot estimate a reasonable range of loss based on currently available information, the resolution of these matters could materially affect the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, we are involved in various other claims and lawsuits incidental to the conduct of our business in the ordinary course. We carry insurance coverage in amounts in excess of our self-insured retention that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and that may or may not cover any or all of our liabilities in respect to such claims and lawsuits. Although the ultimate disposition of these other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the outcome of any such claims that are pending or threatened, either individually or on a combined basis, will not materially affect our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, there can be no assurances that future adverse judgments and costs would not be material to our results of operations or liquidity for a particular period.

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12. Significant Segment Expenses

The primary measures reviewed by the CODM, including revenue, gross margin and income before income taxes, are shown in these condensed consolidated financial statements. The CODM uses these measures to assess performance for the reportable segment and to decide how to allocate resources. Gross margin and income before income taxes are driven by the segment’s significant expense items of cost of sales and compensation and benefits, as well as other segment items. Cost of sales is shown in these condensed consolidated financial statements. Compensation and benefits were $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, a nd are reported within selling, general, and administrative expenses in these condensed consolidated financial statements. Other segment items are substantially all the remaining selling, general, and administrative expenses reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as total assets.

13. Subsequent Events

Business Combinations

On April 7, 2025, we completed the acquisition of Truckee-Tahoe Lumber Company, which manufactures trusses and distributes building material products in northwestern Nevada and northern California. The accounting for this business combination has not been completed as of the date of this filing given the proximity of the acquisition date.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our 2024 Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis should also be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report.

Cautionary Statement

Statements in this report and the schedules hereto that are not purely historical facts or that necessarily depend upon future events, including statements about expected market share gains, forecasted financial performance, industry and business outlook or other statements about anticipations, beliefs, expectations, hopes, intentions or strategies for the future, may be forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. In addition, oral statements made by our directors, officers and employees to the investor and analyst communities, media representatives and others, depending upon their nature, may also constitute forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based upon currently available information and the Company’s current assumptions, expectations and projections about future events. Forward-looking statements are by nature inherently uncertain, and actual results or events may differ materially from the results or events described in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control or may be currently unknown to the Company, that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from the events or results described in the forward-looking statements; such risks or uncertainties include those related to the Company’s growth strategies, including acquisitions, organic growth and digital strategies, or the dependence of the Company’s revenues and operating results on, among other things, the homebuilding industry and, to a lesser extent, repair and remodel activity, which in each case is dependent on economic conditions, including inflation, interest rates, consumer confidence, labor and supply shortages, and also lumber and other commodity prices, which may be impacted by changes in tariffs. The Company may not succeed in addressing these and other risks. Further information regarding the risk factors that could affect our financial and other results can be found in the risk factors section of the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Consequently, all forward-looking statements in this report are qualified by the factors, risks and uncertainties contained therein.

COMPANY OVERVIEW

We are a leading supplier and manufacturer of building materials, manufactured components and construction services to professional contractors, sub-contractors and consumers. The Company operates approximately 595 locations in 43 states across the United States, which are internally organized into geographic operating divisions. Due to the similar economic characteristics, categories of products, distribution methods and customers, our operating divisions are aggregated into one reportable segment.

We offer an integrated solution to our customers, providing manufacturing, supply and installation of a full range of structural and related building products. Our manufactured products include our factory-built roof and floor trusses, wall panels, vinyl windows, custom millwork and trim, as well as engineered wood that we design, cut, and assemble for each home. We also assemble interior and exterior doors into pre-hung units. Additionally, we supply our customers with a broad offering of professional-grade building products not manufactured by us, such as dimensional lumber and lumber sheet goods and various window, door and millwork lines, along with a full complement of specialty building products. Our full range of construction-related services includes professional installation, turn-key framing and shell construction that spans our product categories.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Business Combinations

Through March 31, 2025, we have completed the acquisitions of Alpine Lumber and Cluss Lumber for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $828.0 million, net of cash acquired. Among other opportunities, these acquisitions further expand our market footprint and provide additional operations in our value-added product categories. These transactions are described in further detail in Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

Company Shares Repurchases

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased 0.1 million shares at a weighted average price of $131.51 per share, inclusive of applicable fees and taxes, for a total cost of $12.8 million. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased an additional 3.3 million shares at a weighted average price of $118.27 per share, inclusive of applicable fees and taxes, for a total cost of $390.9 million under the August 2024 authorization. On April 30, 2025, the Company’s Board of

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Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, inclusive of the approximately $100.0 million remaining under its prior $1.0 billion share repurchase authorization announced in August 2024.

CURRENT OPERATING CONDITIONS AND OUTLOOK

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, actual U.S. total housing starts were 0.3 million for the first quarter of 2025, a decrease of 1.6% compared to the first quarter of 2024. Actual U.S. single-family starts for the first quarter of 2025 were 0.2 million, a decrease of 5.7% compared to the first quarter of 2024. A composite of third-party sources, including the National Association of Home Builders and John Burns Research and Consulting, are forecasting 1.4 million U.S. total housing starts and 1.0 million U.S single-family housing starts for 2025, which are decreases of 1.3% from 2024.

We believe the housing industry’s long-term outlook is positive and that it remains underbuilt due to growth in the underlying demographics compared to historical new construction levels. However, macroeconomic uncertainty, including fluctuations in interest rates, stock market volatility, impact of changes in tariffs and inflation, may continue to pressure near-term housing industry demand as homes are less affordable for consumers, investors and builders. We believe we are well-positioned to take advantage of the construction activity in our markets and to increase our market share, which may include strategic acquisitions. We will continue to focus on working capital by closely monitoring the credit exposure of our customers, remaining focused on maintaining the right level of inventory and by working with our vendors to improve payment terms. We strive to achieve the appropriate balance of short-term expense control while maintaining the expertise and capacity to grow the business as market conditions change.

SEASONALITY AND OTHER FACTORS

Our first and fourth quarters have historically been, and are generally expected to continue to be, adversely affected by weather causing reduced construction activity during these quarters. In addition, quarterly results historically have reflected, and are expected to continue to reflect, fluctuations from period to period arising from the following:

•
The cyclical nature of the homebuilding industry;
•
General economic conditions in the markets in which we compete;
•
The volatility of lumber prices;
•
The pricing policies of our competitors;
•
Disruptions in our supply chain; and
•
The production schedules of our customers.

The composition and level of working capital typically change during periods of increasing sales as we carry more inventory and receivables. Working capital levels typically increase in the first and second quarters of the year due to higher sales during the peak residential construction season. These increases may result in negative operating cash flows during this peak season, which historically have been financed through available cash and borrowing availability under credit facilities. Generally, collection of receivables and reduction in inventory levels following the peak building and construction season positively impact cash flow.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth the percentage relationship to net sales of certain costs, expenses and income items:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of sales |  |  | 69.5 | % |  |  | 66.6 | %
Gross margin |  |  | 30.5 | % |  |  | 33.4 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 25.4 | % |  |  | 23.8 | %
Income from operations |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 9.6 | %
Interest expense, net |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  | 1.2 | %
Income tax expense |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 1.7 | %
Net income |  |  | 2.7 | % |  |  | 6.7 | %

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Net Sales. Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025, were $3.7 billion, a 6.0% decrease over net sales of $3.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Core organic sales decreased net sales by 8.1%, due to decreases in the multi-family and single-family customer segments, while commodity price deflation and one fewer selling day decreased net sales by another 1.0% and 1.6%, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in net sales from acquisitions of 4.7%.

The following table shows net sales classified by product category:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
| (in millions) |  |  |  |
| Net Sales |  |  | % of Net Sales |  |  | Net Sales |  |  | % of Net Sales |  |  | % Change |
Manufactured products (1) | $ | 846.3 |  |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | $ | 979.2 |  |  |  | 25.2 | % |  |  | (13.6 | )%
Windows, doors and millwork (1) |  | 922.8 |  |  |  | 25.3 | % |  |  | 1,030.4 |  |  |  | 26.4 | % |  |  | (10.4 | )%
Specialty building products and services |  | 914.0 |  |  |  | 25.0 | % |  |  | 902.8 |  |  |  | 23.2 | % |  |  | 1.2 | %
Lumber and lumber sheet goods |  | 974.4 |  |  |  | 26.6 | % |  |  | 979.0 |  |  |  | 25.2 | % |  |  | (0.5 | )%
Net sales | $ | 3,657.5 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,891.4 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | (6.0 | )%

(1)
Manufactured products and windows, doors and millwork are collectively referred to as total value-added products.

We experienced decreased net sales in our manufactured products category primarily due to continued normalization in multi-family. Our windows, doors, and millwork sales declined primarily due to price normalization. For the comparable period, specialty building products and services and lumber and lumber sheet goods sales remained relatively consistent.

Gross Margin. Gross margin decreased $0.2 billion to $1.1 billion. Our gross margin percentage decreased to 30.5% in the first quarter of 2025 from 33.4% in the first quarter of 2024, a 2.9% decrease. This decrease was primarily driven by single-family and multi-family margin normalization, as well as a below-normal starts environment.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $4.5 million, or 0.5%, primarily due to additional operating expenses from additional locations acquired within the last twelve months and our ongoing enterprise resource planning system implementation, partially offset by lower variable compensation due to decreased sales, and lower intangible amortization.

As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to 25.4%, up from 23.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily attributable to reduced operating leverage.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense was $64.9 million in the first quarter of 2025, an increase of $16.6 million from the first quarter of 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher average debt balances.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $23.2 million and $66.5 million in the first quarters of 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease in the tax expense was primarily driven by a decrease in income before income taxes in the current period. Our effective tax rate was 19.4% in the first quarter of 2025, a decrease from 20.4% in the first quarter of 2024, primarily related to favorable permanent and other differences, partially offset by a lower stock-based compensation windfall benefit.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary capital requirements are to fund working capital needs and operating expenses, meet required interest and principal payments, and to fund capital expenditures and potential future growth opportunities. Our capital resources at March 31, 2025, consist of cash on hand and borrowing availability under our Revolving Facility.

Our Revolving Facility is primarily used for working capital, general corporate purposes and funding capital expenditures and growth opportunities. In addition, we may use borrowings under the Revolving Facility to facilitate debt repayment and consolidation and to fund share repurchases. Availability under the Revolving Facility is determined by a borrowing base. Our borrowing base consists of trade accounts receivable, inventory, other receivables, and qualified cash that all meet specific criteria contained within the credit agreement, minus agent specified reserves. Net excess borrowing availability is equal to the maximum borrowing amount minus outstanding borrowings and letters of credit.

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The following table shows our borrowing base and excess availability as of:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (in millions) |
Accounts receivable availability |  | $ | 804.1 |  |  | $ | 721.9 |
Inventory availability |  |  | 1,008.5 |  |  |  | 891.7 |
Other receivables availability |  |  | 70.2 |  |  |  | 51.5 |
Gross availability |  |  | 1,882.8 |  |  |  | 1,665.1 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Agent reserves |  |  | (52.9 | ) |  |  | (39.3 | )
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash in qualified accounts |  |  | 54.2 |  |  |  | 88.5 |
Borrowing base |  |  | 1,884.1 |  |  |  | 1,714.3 |
Aggregate revolving commitments |  |  | 1,800.0 |  |  |  | 1,800.0 |
Maximum borrowing amount (lesser of borrowing base and aggregate revolving commitments) |  |  | 1,800.0 |  |  |  | 1,714.3 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding borrowings |  |  | (775.0 | ) |  |  | — |
Letters of credit |  |  | (80.7 | ) |  |  | (83.3 | )
Net excess borrowing availability on revolving facility |  | $ | 944.3 |  |  | $ | 1,631.0 |

As of March 31, 2025, we had $775.0 million outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Facility, and our net excess borrowing availability was $944.3 million after being reduced by outstanding letters of credit totaling $80.7 million. Excess availability must equal or exceed a minimum specified amount, currently $180.0 million, or we are required to meet a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00 to 1.00. We were not in violation of any covenants or restrictions imposed by any of our debt agreements at March 31, 2025.

Liquidity

Our liquidity at March 31, 2025 was $1.1 billion, which consists of net borrowing availability under the Revolving Facility and cash on hand.

Our level of indebtedness results in significant interest expense and could have the effect of, among other things, reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. From time to time, based on market conditions and other factors and subject to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may repurchase or call our notes, repay, refinance or modify our debt or otherwise enter into transactions regarding our capital structure.

If industry conditions deteriorate or if we pursue additional acquisitions, we may be required to raise additional funds through the sale of capital stock or debt in the public capital markets or in privately negotiated transactions. There can be no assurance that any of these financing options would be available on favorable terms, if at all. Alternatives to help supplement our liquidity position could include, but are not limited to, idling or permanently closing additional facilities, adjusting our headcount in response to current business conditions, attempts to renegotiate leases, managing our working capital and/or divesting of non-core businesses. There are no assurances that these steps would prove successful or materially improve our liquidity position.

Consolidated Cash Flows

Cash provided by operating activities was $132.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $317.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was largely the result of lower net income in the first three months of 2025.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, cash used in investing activities increased $761.0 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to using an additional $766.1 million of cash for acquisitions.

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Cash provided by financing activities was $741.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, which consisted primarily of $775.0 million net borrowings on the Revolving Facility. Cash provided by financing activities was $465.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which consisted primarily of a net $987.5 million received for the issuance of the 6.375% 2034 Notes, offset by $464.0 million in net payments on the Revolving Facility.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Critical accounting policies are those that are both important to the accurate portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results, and require subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

To prepare financial statements that conform to generally accepted accounting principles, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Certain estimates are particularly sensitive due to their significance to the financial statements and the possibility that future events may be significantly different from our expectations.

Refer to Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of our critical accounting estimates and assumptions.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is discussed in Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitati ve Disclosures About Market Risk

We may experience changes in interest expense if changes in our debt occur. Changes in market interest rates could also affect our interest expense. Our 4.25% 2032 Notes, 6.375% 2034 Notes, 6.375% 2032 Notes, and 5.00% 2030 Notes, bear interest at a fixed rate, and therefore our interest expense related to these notes would not be affected by an increase in market interest rates. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility bear interest at either a base rate or SOFR, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. A 1.0% increase in interest rates on the Revolving Facility would result in approximately $7.8 million additional interest expense annually based on our $775.0 million in outstanding borrowings as of March 31, 2025. The Revolving Facility also assesses variable commitment and outstanding letter of credit fees based on quarterly average loan utilization.

We purchase certain materials, including lumber products, which are then sold to customers, as well as used as direct production inputs for our manufactured products that we deliver. Short-term changes in the cost of these materials and the related in-bound freight costs, some of which are subject to significant fluctuations, are sometimes, but not always, passed on to our customers. Delays in our ability to pass on material price increases to our customers can adversely impact our operating results.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls Evaluation and Related CEO and CFO Certifications. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer (“CEO”) and principal financial officer (“CFO”), conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Certifications of our CEO and our CFO, which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), are attached as exhibits to this quarterly report. This “Controls and Procedures” section includes the information concerning the controls evaluation referred to in the certifications, and it should be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls. We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A system of controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Because of the limitations in all such systems, no evaluation can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Furthermore, the design of any system of controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how unlikely. Because of these inherent limitations in a cost-effective system of controls and procedures, misstatements or omissions due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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Scope of the Controls Evaluation. The evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures included a review of their objectives and design, the Company’s implementation of the controls and procedures and the effect of the controls and procedures on the information generated for use in this quarterly report. In the course of the evaluation, we sought to identify whether we had any data errors, control problems or acts of fraud and to confirm that appropriate corrective action, including process improvements, were being undertaken if needed. This type of evaluation is performed on a quarterly basis so that conclusions concerning the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures can be reported in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. Many of the components of our disclosure controls and procedures are also evaluated by our internal audit department, by our legal department and by personnel in our finance organization. The overall goals of these various evaluation activities are to monitor our disclosure controls and procedures on an ongoing basis, and to maintain them as dynamic systems that change as conditions warrant.

Conclusions Regarding Disclosure Controls. Based on the required evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of March 31, 2025, we maintained disclosure controls and procedures that were effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. During the period covered by this report, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company has a number of known and threatened construction defect legal claims. While these claims are generally covered under the Company’s existing insurance programs to the extent any loss exceeds the deductible, there is a reasonable possibility of loss that is not able to be estimated at this time because (i) many of the proceedings are in the discovery stage, (ii) the outcome of future litigation is uncertain, and/or (iii) the complex nature of the claims.

In addition, we are involved in various other claims and lawsuits incidental to the conduct of our business in the ordinary course. We carry insurance coverage in such amounts in excess of our self-insured retention as we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and that may or may not cover any or all of our liabilities in respect of such claims and lawsuits.

Although the ultimate disposition of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the outcome of any such claims that are currently pending or threatened, either individually or on a combined basis, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, there can be no assurances that future adverse judgments and costs would not be material to our results of operations or liquidity for a particular period.

Item 1A. Ri sk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part 1, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our 2024 Form 10-K are not the only risks facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

There were no material changes to the risk factors reported in Part 1, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equi ty Securities and Use of Proceeds

Company Stock Repurchases

The following table provides information with respect to the purchases of our common stock during the first quarter of fiscal year 2025:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share (including applicable fees and taxes) |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1) |
January 1, 2025 — January 31, 2025 |  |  | 16,800 |  |  | $ | 142.93 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 500,000,146 |
February 1, 2025 — February 28, 2025 |  |  | 97,315 |  |  |  | 151.45 |  |  |  | 16,920 |  |  |  | 497,634,582 |
March 1, 2025 — March 31, 2025 |  |  | 122,871 |  |  |  | 128.50 |  |  |  | 80,030 |  |  |  | 487,251,747 |
Total |  |  | 236,986 |  |  | $ | 138.95 |  |  |  | 96,950 |  |  | $ | 487,251,747 |

(1)
On August 6, 2024, the Company announced the board of directors’ approval of a share repurchase authorization in the amount of $1.0 billion.

In the first quarter of 2025, 96,950 shares were repurchased and retired pursuant to share repurchase plans authorized by our board of directors. The remaining 140,036 shares presented in the table above represent stock tendered in order to meet tax withholding requirements for restricted stock units vested. Share repurchases under the program may be made through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, block trades, accelerated share repurchases, trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b-5 or Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act, or any combination of such methods. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of its common stock, and the share repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.

Item 5. Other Information

No ne.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Builders FirstSource, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement of the Company on Form S-1, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2005, File Number 333-122788)
3.2 |  | Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Builders FirstSource, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 4, 2021, File Number 0-51357)
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of Builders FirstSource, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2022, File Number 001-40620)
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by Peter M. Jackson as Chief Executive Officer
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by Pete R. Beckmann as Chief Financial Officer
32.1** |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, signed by Peter M. Jackson as Chief Executive Officer and Pete R. Beckmann as Chief Financial Officer
101* |  | The following financial information from Builders FirstSource, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2025 formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“Inline XBRL”): (i) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and (v) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104* |  | The cover page for the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, has been formatted in Inline XBRL.

* Filed herewith.

** Builders FirstSource, Inc. is furnishing, but not filing, the written statement pursuant to Title 18 United States Code 1350, as added by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Peter M. Jackson, our Chief Executive Officer, and Pete R. Beckmann, our Chief Financial Officer.

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC.
| /s/ PETER M. JACKSON
| Peter M. Jackson
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)

May 1, 2025

| /s/ PETE R. BECKMANN
| Pete R. Beckmann
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

May 1, 2025

| /s/ MATTHEW TRESTER
| Matthew Trester
| Vice President and Controller
| (Principal Accounting Officer)

May 1, 2025

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