10-K 1 rgld-20190630x10k.htm 10-K

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One) |
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019
or
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period From to

Commission File Number 001‑13357

Royal Gold, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | 84‑0835164 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1660 Wynkoop Street, Suite 1000 |
Denver, Colorado (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | 80202 (Zip Code)

(303) 573-1660

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of the Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | RGLD |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non‑affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of Royal Gold common stock on December 31, 2018, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $5,576,392,624. There were 65,559,787 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding as of July 31, 2019.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on November 20, 2019, and to be filed within 120 days after June 30, 2019, are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

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INDEX

|  |  |  | PAGE
PART I. |  |  |  |
ITEM 1. |  | Business |  | 1
ITEM 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 7
ITEM 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 20
ITEM 2. |  | Properties |  | 20
ITEM 3. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 31
ITEM 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosure |  | 31
PART II. |  |  |  |
ITEM 5. |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 31
ITEM 6. |  | Selected Financial Data |  | 32
ITEM 7. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 32
ITEM 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 48
ITEM 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 49
ITEM 9. |  | Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 80
ITEM 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 80
ITEM 9B. |  | Other Information |  | 82
PART III. |  |  |  |
ITEM 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  | 82
ITEM 11. |  | Executive Compensation |  | 82
ITEM 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  | 82
ITEM 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 82
ITEM 14. |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 82
PART IV. |  |  |  |
ITEM 15. |  | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |  | 83
ITEM 16 |  | Form 10-K Summary |  | 83
EXHIBIT INDEX |  | 84
SIGNATURES |  | 90

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This document (including information incorporated herein by reference) contains “forward‑looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which involve a degree of risk and uncertainty due to various factors affecting Royal Gold, Inc. and its subsidiaries. For a discussion of some of these factors, see the discussion in Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this report. In addition, please see our note about forward‑looking statements included in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”), of this report.

Royal Gold does not own, develop, or mine the properties on which it holds stream or royalty interests, except for our interest in the Peak Gold, LLC joint venture (“Peak Gold JV”) as described further in this report. Certain information provided in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, including, without limitation, all reserves, historical production and production estimates, descriptions of properties and developments at properties included herein, has been provided to us by the operators of those properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of, such third‑party information and refers the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Royal Gold, Inc. (“Royal Gold”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”), together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests.

We manage our business under two segments:

Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests—A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of June 30, 2019, we owned seven stream interests, which are on six producing properties and two development stage properties. Our stream interests accounted for approximately 72% and 71% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 respectively. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant proportion of our total revenue.

Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests—Royalties are non‑operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of June 30, 2019, we owned royalty interests on 35 producing properties, 14 development stage properties and 129 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 47 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineralized material and on which operators are engaged in the search for reserves. Royalties accounted for approximately 28% and 29% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests, and except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, we are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs or other operating costs on those properties.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new streams on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through the financing of mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, our analysis of technical, financial, legal and

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other confidential information of particular opportunities, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes.

As discussed in further detail throughout this report, some significant developments to our business during fiscal year 2019 were as follows:

| (1) |  | We settled the long-standing litigation related to the calculation of our royalty at the Voisey’s Bay mine;

| (2) |  | We entered into a silver stream on the Khoemac a u Copper Project, a development stage project, located in Botswana;

| (3) |  | We settled the $370 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.875% convertible senior notes due 2019 (“2019 Notes”) in cash; and

| (4) |  | We increased our calendar year dividend to $1.06 per basic share, which is paid in quarterly installments throughout calendar year 2019. This represents a 6.0% increase compared with the dividend paid during calendar year 2018.

Certain Definitions

Dollar or “$”: Unless we have indicated otherwise, or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K to “$” or “dollar” are to the currency of the United States. We refer to Canadian dollars as C$.

Gold equivalent ounces (GEOs): GEOs are calculated as Royal Gold’s revenue divided by the average gold price for the period.

Gross smelter return (GSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation, less, if applicable, certain contract‑defined costs paid by or charged to the operator.

Metal stream: A purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement.

Mineralized material: That part of a mineral system that has potential economic significance, but is not included in the proven and probable reserve estimates until further drilling and metallurgical work is completed, and until other economic and technical feasibility factors based on such work have been resolved.

Net smelter return (NSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less a proportionate share of incidental transportation, insurance, refining and smelting costs.

Net value royalty (NVR): A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less certain contract‑defined costs.

Probable reserves: Reserves for which quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.

Proven reserves: Reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes, grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling, and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth and mineral content of reserves are well established.

Payable metal: Ounces or pounds of metal in concentrate after deduction of a percentage of metal in concentrate by a third‑party smelter pursuant to smelting contracts.

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Reserve: That part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination.

Royalty: The right to receive a percentage or other denomination of mineral production from a mining operation.

Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms.

Tonne: A unit of weight equal to 2,204.6 pounds or 1,000 kilograms.

Fiscal 2019 Business Developments

Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, for discussion on recent liquidity and capital resource developments.

Acquisition of Silver Stream on Khoemac a u Copper Project

On February 25, 2019, the Company announced that its wholly-owned subsidiary, RGLD Gold AG (“RGLD Gold”), entered into a life of mine purchase and sale agreement with Khoemac a u Copper Mining (Pty.) Limited (“KCM”), a majority-owned subsidiary of Cupric Canyon Capital LP (together with all its subsidiaries including KCM, “Cupric”) for the purchase of silver produced from the Khoemac a u copper-silver project (“Khoemac a u” or the “Project”) located in Botswana and owned by KCM. Cupric Canyon Capital LP is a private company owned by management and funds advised by Global Natural Resource Investments (“GNRI”).

Under the purchase and sale agreement, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, RGLD Gold will make advance payments totaling $212 million toward the purchase of 80% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u until certain delivery thresholds are met (the “Base Silver Stream”). At Cupric’s option and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to an additional $53 million in advance payments for up to the remaining 20% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u (the “Option Silver Stream”). The stream rate will drop to 40% of silver produced from Khoemac a u following delivery to RGLD Gold of 32 million silver ounces under the Base Silver Stream, or to 50% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u following delivery of 40 million silver ounces to RGLD Gold should Cupric exercise the entire Option Silver Stream. RGLD Gold will pay a cash price equal to 20% of the spot silver price for each ounce delivered under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream; however, if Cupric achieves mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), RGLD Gold will pay a higher ongoing cash price under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream for silver ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds.

RGLD Gold’s first advance payment under the Base Silver Stream is expected to occur after $100 million of net new debt and equity funding is spent on Khoemac a u. The $212 million in advance payments to be made under the Base Silver Stream will be made in quarterly installments as project development advances according to the following approximate schedule: Aggregate $60 million in the third and fourth quarters of calendar 2019, $125 million in calendar 2020, and the balance in calendar 2021. RGLD Gold will fund advance payments through cash on hand or cash advances from Royal Gold. Royal Gold will fund any advances made to RGLD Gold largely out of cash flow from operations and amounts available under our revolving credit facility, as required.

Separate from the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream, and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to $25 million available to Cupric toward the end of development of Khoemac a u under a subordinated debt facility. Any amounts drawn by Cupric under the debt facility will carry interest at LIBOR + 11% and have a term of seven years. RGLD Gold will have the right to force repayment of the debt facility upon certain events.

Background on Khoemacau

Khoemac a u is a copper-silver project located in the Kalahari copper belt, in a sparsely populated region of northwestern Botswana in the Kalahari Desert. Khoemac a u is made up of over 4,040 square kilometers of mineral concessions from Cupric’s acquisition of Hana Mining Ltd. in 2013, as well as additional mineral concessions and a plant and associated infrastructure (the “Boseto Mill”) acquired by Cupric out of the receivership of Discovery Metals Inc. in 2015. Cupric

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consolidated the land position and infrastructure and has focused on exploration and development of the Zone 5 orebody within the land package.

Cupric plans to develop Zone 5 as three separate underground mines, each planned to produce approximately 1.2 million tonnes of ore per year over the first five years. Each of the mines is expected to have its own independent ramp access and operate over a strike length of approximately 1,000 meters, extracting ore using conventional sub-level open stoping. Cupric’s plan provides for the ore to be trucked approximately 35 kilometers to the Boseto Mill, which is to be refurbished and enhanced to process approximately 10,000 tonnes of ore per day. Processing will be conventional sulfide flotation via three stage crushing, ball milling and flotation, which Cupric expects will produce a high-quality copper concentrate grading approximately 40% copper for shipment to international smelters. Cupric expects that power will be sourced from an expansion to the existing power grid currently under construction by Botswana Power Corporation, and that existing diesel generation capacity remaining from previous operations will be used as backup power. Water is expected to be supplied from three borefields along with mine dewatering.

On July 18, 2019, Cupric announced financial closing for a total financing package of $650 million for Khoemac a u, including a further $15 million equity investment from funds advised by GNRI, a new $70 million equity investment from Resource Capital Fund Investment VII LP, a new $275 million secured debt facility from Red Kite Mine Finance, and the RGLD Gold purchase and sale agreement and debt facility.

Voisey’s Bay

The royalty on production of nickel, copper, cobalt and other minerals from the Voisey’s Bay mine in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada is directly owned by the Labrador Nickel Royalty Limited Partnership (“LNRLP”), in which the Company’s wholly-owned indirect subsidiary is the general partner and 90% owner. The remaining 10% interest in LNRLP is owned by a subsidiary of Altius Minerals Corporation.

On September 13, 2018, LNRLP entered into an agreement with Vale Canada Limited and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Parties”) to comprehensively settle long-standing litigation related to calculation of the royalty on the sale of all concentrates produced from the Voisey’s Bay mine.

The Parties agreed to a new method for calculating the royalty in respect of concentrates processed at Vale’s Long Harbour Processing Plant (“LHPP”), which became effective for all Voisey’s Bay mine production after April 1, 2018. Under the terms of the settlement, Royal Gold expects the 3% royalty rate will apply to approximately 50% of the gross metal value in the concentrates at the nickel, copper and cobalt prices prevailing at the time of settlement. As those metal prices rise or fall, the percentage of gross metal value in the concentrates applicable to the royalty would correspondingly increase or decrease.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized approximately $11.9 million (which includes the 10% non-controlling interest) in royalty revenue attributable to the Voisey’s Bay royalty. Royalty payments for each quarter are due 45 days after quarter-end. The Company anticipates recognizing revenue for the Voisey’s Bay royalty in the period in which metal production occurs, based on information provided by the operator. If information is not received timely from the operator, the Company may estimate Voisey’s Bay royalty revenue based on available or historical information. Refer to Note 6 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our revenue recognition.

Peak Gold JV

On September 24, 2018, the Company announced that the Peak Gold JV, of which our Royal Alaska, LLC subsidiary owns a 40% interest, completed a Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) on the Peak Gold Project located near Tok, Alaska. The PEA contemplates on a preliminary basis an open pit mining operation with positive economics at base case gold and silver prices. While the Company remains committed to advancing the Peak Gold Project, it will continue to review and evaluate strategic alternatives for its ownership in the project that more closely align with its core business.

Royal Gold also owns two net smelter return royalties on the Peak Gold Project.

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Acquisition of Contango Ore, Inc. Common Stock

On October 3, 2018, the Company purchased the final tranche of Contango Ore, Inc. (“CORE”) common stock (127,188 shares) for $26 per share. As of June 30, 2019, the Company owns 809,744 shares of CORE common stock.

Our Operational Information

Reportable Segments and Financial Information

The Company manages its business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Royal Gold’s long‑lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts are in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of June 30, 2018
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total stream |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total stream
|  | Stream |  | Royalty |  | and royalty |  | Stream |  | Royalty |  |  |  |  | and royalty
|  | interest |  | interest |  | interests, net |  | interest |  | interest |  | Impairments |  | interests, net
Canada |  | $ | 767,749 |  | $ | 200,251 |  | $ | 968,000 |  | $ | 809,500 |  | $ | 214,562 |  | $ | (284) |  | $ | 1,023,778
Dominican Republic |  |  | 451,585 |  |  | — |  |  | 451,585 |  |  | 495,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 495,460
Chile |  |  | 301,507 |  |  | 214,226 |  |  | 515,733 |  |  | 328,331 |  |  | 453,306 |  |  | (239,080) |  |  | 542,557
Africa |  |  | 89,556 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 89,877 |  |  | 104,874 |  |  | 502 |  |  | — |  |  | 105,376
Mexico |  |  | — |  |  | 83,748 |  |  | 83,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,277 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,277
United States |  |  | — |  |  | 163,398 |  |  | 163,398 |  |  | — |  |  | 165,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 165,543
Australia |  |  | — |  |  | 31,944 |  |  | 31,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,254
Rest of world |  |  | 12,038 |  |  | 22,993 |  |  | 35,031 |  |  | 12,039 |  |  | 28,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,872
Total |  | $ | 1,622,435 |  | $ | 716,881 |  | $ | 2,339,316 |  | $ | 1,750,204 |  | $ | 990,277 |  | $ | (239,364) |  | $ | 2,501,117

The Company’s reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance for our fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are shown below (amounts are in thousands):

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales(1) |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion(2) |  | Segment gross profit(3)
Stream interests |  | $ | 305,824 |  | $ | 77,535 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 127,770 |  | $ | 100,519
Royalty interests |  |  | 117,232 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 35,086 |  |  | 78,034
Total |  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 77,535 |  | $ | 4,112 |  | $ | 162,856 |  | $ | 178,553

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales(1) |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion(2) |  | Segment gross profit(3)
Stream interests |  | $ | 324,516 |  | $ | 83,839 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 129,662 |  | $ | 111,015
Royalty interests |  |  | 134,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 33,924 |  |  | 98,334
Total |  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | 83,839 |  | $ | 2,268 |  | $ | 163,586 |  | $ | 209,349

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales(1) |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion(2) |  | Segment gross profit(3)
Stream interests |  | $ | 314,011 |  | $ | 87,265 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 121,530 |  | $ | 105,216
Royalty interests |  |  | 126,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 38,023 |  |  | 87,020
Total |  | $ | 440,814 |  | $ | 87,265 |  | $ | 1,760 |  | $ | 159,553 |  | $ | 192,236

| (1) |  | Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization.

| (2) |  | Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

| (3) |  | Refer to Note 13 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of total segment gross profit to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes.

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Please see “Operations in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions are subject to many risks, which could decrease our revenues,” under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this report for a description of the risks attendant to foreign operations.

Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold and, to a lesser extent, the price of silver and copper, together with the amounts of production from our producing stage stream and royalty interests. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, Royal Gold derived approximately 87% of its revenue from precious metals (including 78% from gold and 9% from silver), 9% from copper and 4% from other minerals. The price of gold, silver, copper and other metals have fluctuated widely in recent years. The marketability and the price of metals are influenced by numerous factors beyond the control of the Company and significant declines in the price of gold, silver or copper could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Competition

The mining industry in general and streaming and royalty segments in particular are very competitive. We compete with other streaming and royalty companies, mine operators, and financial buyers in efforts to acquire existing streaming and royalty interests, and with the lenders, investors, and streaming and royalty companies providing financing to operators of mineral properties in our efforts to create new streaming and royalty interests. Our competitors may be larger than we are and may have greater resources and access to capital than we have. Key competitive factors in the stream and royalty acquisition and financing business include the ability to identify and evaluate potential opportunities, transaction structure and consideration, and access to capital.

Regulation

Operators of the mines that are subject to our stream and royalty interests must comply with numerous environmental, mine safety, land use, waste disposal, remediation and public health laws and regulations promulgated by federal, state, provincial and local governments in the United States, Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico, and other countries where we hold interests. Although we are not responsible as a stream or royalty interest owner for ensuring compliance with these laws and regulations, failure by the operators of the mines on which we have stream and royalty interests to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permits can result in injunctive action, orders to suspend or cease operations, damages and civil and criminal penalties on the operators.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on January 5, 1981. Our executive offices are located at 1660 Wynkoop Street, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado 80202. Our telephone number is (303) 573‑1660.

Available Information

Royal Gold maintains a website at www.royalgold.com. Royal Gold makes available, free of charge, through the Investor Relations section of its website, its Annual Reports on Form 10‑K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q, Current Reports on Form 8‑K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are available from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically. These reports, proxy statements and other information may also be inspected and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1‑800‑SEC‑0330 for further information on the operation of the Public Reference Room. The charters of Royal Gold’s key committees of the Board of Directors and Royal Gold’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are also available on the Company’s website. Any of the foregoing information is available in print to any stockholder who requests it by contacting our Investor Relations Department at (303) 573‑1660. The information on the Company’s website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part hereof or incorporated into this or any of our other filings with the SEC.

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Company Personnel

We currently have 23 employees, 16 located in Denver, Colorado and the remainder located in our Zug, Switzerland, Vancouver, Canada, and Toronto, Canada offices. Our employees are not subject to a labor contract or a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our overall employee relations to be good.

We also retain independent contractors to provide consulting services, relating primarily to geology and mineralization interpretations and also relating to such metallurgical, engineering, environmental, and other technical matters as may be deemed useful in the operation of our business.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The market or trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks. In addition, please see our note about forward-looking statements included in Part II, Item 7, MD&A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please note that additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, operations and stock price.

Risks Related to our Business

Volatility in gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metal prices may have an adverse impact on the value of our stream and royalty interests and may reduce our revenues. Certain contracts governing our stream and royalty interests have features that may amplify the negative effects of a decrease in metals prices.

The profitability of our stream and royalty interests is directly related to the market price of gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals. Our revenue is particularly sensitive to changes in the price of gold, as we derive a majority of our revenue from gold stream and royalty interests. Market prices may fluctuate widely and are affected by numerous factors beyond the control of Royal Gold or any mining company, including metal supply, industrial and jewelry fabrication, investment demand, central banking economic policy, expectations with respect to the rate of inflation, the relative strength of the dollar and other currencies, interest rates, gold purchases, sales and loans by central banks, forward sales by metal producers, global or regional political, trade, economic or banking conditions, and a number of other factors.

Volatility in gold, silver, copper and nickel prices is demonstrated by the annual high and low prices for those metals over the past decade as reported by, in the case of gold and silver, the London Bullion Market Association, and in the case of copper and nickel, the London Metal Exchange:

|  | Gold |  | Silver |  | Copper |  | Nickel
|  | ($/ounce) |  | ($/ounce) |  | ($/pound) |  | ($/pound)
Calendar Year |  |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low
2010 - 2011 |  | $ | 1,895 |  | $ | 1,058 |  | $ | 48.70 |  | $ | 15.14 |  | $ | 4.60 |  | $ | 2.76 |  | $ | 13.17 |  | $ | 7.68
2012 - 2013 |  | $ | 1,792 |  | $ | 1,192 |  | $ | 37.23 |  | $ | 18.61 |  | $ | 3.93 |  | $ | 3.01 |  | $ | 9.90 |  | $ | 5.97
2014 - 2015 |  | $ | 1,385 |  | $ | 1,049 |  | $ | 22.05 |  | $ | 13.71 |  | $ | 3.37 |  | $ | 2.05 |  | $ | 9.62 |  | $ | 3.70
2016 - 2017 |  | $ | 1,366 |  | $ | 1,077 |  | $ | 20.71 |  | $ | 13.58 |  | $ | 3.27 |  | $ | 1.96 |  | $ | 5.82 |  | $ | 3.50
2018 - 2019 |  | $ | 1,355 |  | $ | 1,178 |  | $ | 17.52 |  | $ | 13.97 |  | $ | 3.29 |  | $ | 2.64 |  | $ | 7.14 |  | $ | 4.81
2019 to-date (July 31, 2019) |  | $ | 1,440 |  | $ | 1,270 |  | $ | 16.54 |  | $ | 14.38 |  | $ | 2.98 |  | $ | 2.61 |  | $ | 6.66 |  | $ | 4.74

Declines in market prices could cause an operator to reduce, suspend or terminate production from an operating project or construction work at a development project, which may result in a temporary or permanent reduction or cessation of revenue from those projects, may prevent us from being able to recover the initial investment in our stream and royalty interests, or may otherwise impact our stream and royalty revenue. Under our stream agreements, we purchase metals either at a fixed price per ounce or a specified percentage of the spot price. Our margin between the price at which we can purchase metals pursuant to streaming agreements and the price at which we sell metals in the market will vary as metal prices vary; in the event of metal price declines, we would generate lower cash flow or earnings, or possibly losses. Further,

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our sliding‑scale royalties, such as Cortez, Holt, and other properties, amplify the effect of declines in market prices for metals because when prices fall below price thresholds specified in a sliding‑scale royalty, a lower royalty rate will apply. A price decline may result in a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Metal price fluctuations between the time that decisions about development and construction of a mine are made and the commencement of production can have a material adverse effect on the mine operator’s ability to bring the mine into production according to feasibility studies, technical or reserve reports or mine and other plans, or at all, and can have a material adverse impact on the value of stream and royalty interests on the property.

Where gold and silver are produced as co-products or by‑products at the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests, an operator’s production decisions and the economic cut‑off applied to its reporting of gold and silver reserves and resources may be influenced by changes in the commodity prices of the principal metals produced at the mines.

Moreover, certain agreements governing our royalty interests, such as those relating to our royalty interests in the Robinson and Peñasquito properties, are based on the operator’s concentrate sales to smelters, which include price adjustments between the operator and the smelter based on metals prices determined at a later date, typically three to five months after shipment of concentrate to the smelter. In such cases, our payments from the operator include a component of these later price adjustments, which can result in decreased revenue in later periods if metals prices decline following shipment.

We own passive interests in mining properties, and it is difficult or impossible for us to ensure properties are developed or operated in our best interest.

All of our current revenue is derived from stream and royalty interests on properties owned and operated by third parties. Holders of stream or royalty interests typically have no authority regarding the development or operation of the mineral properties to which their interests relate. Therefore, we typically are not in control of decisions regarding development or operation of any of the properties on which we hold a stream or royalty interest, and we have limited legal rights to influence those decisions.

Our strategy of acquiring and holding stream and royalty interests on properties operated by third parties puts us generally at risk for the decisions of others regarding all development and operating matters, including permitting, feasibility analysis, mine design and operation, processing, plant and equipment matters and temporary or permanent suspension of operations, among others. As a result, our revenue is dependent upon the activities of third parties, which creates the risk that at any time those third parties may: (i) have business interests that are inconsistent with ours, (ii) take action contrary to our interests, policies or objectives, or (iii) be unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations under their agreements with us. At any time, any of the operators of our mining properties may decide to suspend or discontinue operations. Except in limited circumstances, we will not be entitled to material compensation if operations are shut down, suspended or discontinued on a temporary or permanent basis. Although we attempt to secure contractual rights when we create new stream or royalty interests, such as audit or access rights, that will permit us to monitor operators’ compliance with their obligations to us, there can be no assurance that such rights will always be sufficient to ensure such compliance or to affect operations at our stream or royalty properties in ways that would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Our revenues are subject to operational and other risks faced by operators of the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests.

Although we generally are not required to pay capital costs on projects on which we hold stream or royalty interests (except for transactions where we finance mine development or actively fund or participate in exploration), our financial results are indirectly subject to hazards and risks normally associated with developing and operating mining properties where we hold stream and royalty interests. Some of these risks include:

| · |  | insufficient ore reserves;

| · |  | increases in capital or operating costs incurred by operators or third parties that may impact the amount of reserves available to be mined, cause an operator to delay or curtail mining development and operations, or render mining of ore uneconomical and cause an operator to suspend or close operations;

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| · |  | declines in the price of gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals;

| · |  | mine operating and ore processing facility problems;

| · |  | significant permitting, environmental and other regulatory requirements and restrictions and any changes in those regulations or their enforcement;

| · |  | challenges by non‑mining interests, including by local communities, indigenous populations and non‑governmental organizations, to existing permits and mining rights, and to applications for permits and mining rights;

| · |  | community or civil unrest, including protests and blockades;

| · |  | labor shortage of miners, geologists and mining experts, changes in labor laws, increased labor costs, and labor disputes, strikes or work stoppages at mines;

| · |  | unavailability of mining, drilling and related equipment;

| · |  | unanticipated geological conditions or metallurgical characteristics;

| · |  | unanticipated ground or water conditions, including lack of access to sufficient quantities of water for operations;

| · |  | pit wall or tailings dam failures or any underground stability issues;

| · |  | fires, explosions and other industrial accidents;

| · |  | environmental hazards and natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, forest fires, hurricanes or other weather- or climate-related events;

| · |  | injury to persons, property or the environment;

| · |  | the ability of operators to maintain or increase production or to replace reserves as properties are mined;

| · |  | potential increased operating costs arising from climate change initiatives and their impact on energy and other costs in the United States and foreign jurisdictions;

| · |  | uncertain domestic and foreign political and economic environments;

| · |  | economic downturns and operators’ insufficient financing;

| · |  | default by an operator on its obligations to us or its other creditors;

| · |  | insolvency, bankruptcy or other financial difficulty of the operator; and

| · |  | changes in laws or regulations, including changes implemented by new political administrations.

The occurrence of any of the above-mentioned risks or hazards, among others, could result in an interruption, suspension or termination of work at any of the properties in which we hold a stream or royalty interest and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Many of our stream and royalty interests are important to us and any adverse development related to these properties could adversely affect our revenues and financial condition.

Our investments in the Mount Milligan, Andacollo, Pueblo Viejo, Wassa, Rainy River, Peñasquito and Cortez properties generated approximately $322.6 million in revenue in fiscal year 2019, or 76% of our revenue for the period. We expect these properties and others to be important to us in fiscal year 2020 and beyond. Any adverse development affecting the operation of or production from any of these properties could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Any adverse decision made by the operators, such as changes to mine plans, production schedules, metallurgical processes or royalty calculation methodologies, may materially and adversely impact the timing and amount of revenue that we receive.

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Problems concerning the existence, validity, enforceability, terms or geographic extent of our stream and royalty interests could adversely affect our business and revenues, and our interests may similarly be materially and adversely impacted by change of control, bankruptcy or the insolvency of operators.

Defects in or disputes relating to the stream and royalty interests we hold or acquire may prevent us from realizing the anticipated benefits from these interests and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Material changes could also occur that may adversely affect management’s estimate of the carrying value of our stream and royalty interests and could result in impairment charges. While we seek to confirm the existence, validity, enforceability, terms and geographic extent of the stream and royalty interests we acquire, there can be no assurance that disputes or other problems concerning these and other matters or other problems will not arise. Confirming these matters is complex and is subject to the application of the laws of each jurisdiction to the particular circumstances of each parcel of mining property and to the agreement reflecting the stream or royalty interest. Similarly, stream interests and, in many jurisdictions, royalty interests are contractual in nature, rather than interests in land, and therefore may be subject to risks resulting from change of control, bankruptcy or insolvency of operators, and our stream or royalty interests could be materially restricted or set aside through judicial or administrative proceedings. We often do not have the protection of security interests that could help us recover all or part of our investment in a stream or royalty interest in the event of an operator’s bankruptcy or insolvency.

We have limited access to data and information regarding the operation of the properties on which we have stream and royalty interests, which may limit our ability to assess the performance of a stream or royalty interest.

Although certain agreements governing our stream and royalty interests require the operators to provide us with production, operating and other data and information, we do not have the contractual right to receive such data and information for all of our interests. As a result, we may have limited access to data and information about the operations and the properties themselves, which could affect our ability to assess the performance of a stream or royalty interest. This could result in delays in, or reductions of, our cash flow from the amounts that we anticipate based on the stage of development of or production from the properties which could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Stream and royalty interests we acquire, particularly on development stage properties, are subject to the risk that they may not produce anticipated revenues.

The stream and royalty interests we acquire may not produce anticipated revenues. The success of our stream and royalty interest acquisitions is based on our ability to make accurate assumptions regarding, among other things, the valuation, timing and amount of revenues to be derived from our stream and royalty interests, the geological, metallurgical and other technical aspects of the project, and, for development projects, the costs, timing and conduct of development. If an operator does not bring a property into production and operate in accordance with feasibility studies, technical or reserve reports or mine and other plans due to lack of capital, inexperience, unexpected problems, delays, or other factors, then our stream or royalty interest may not yield sufficient revenues to be profitable for us. Furthermore, operators of properties at all stages must obtain and maintain all necessary environmental permits and access to adequate supplies of water, power and other raw materials, as well as financing, necessary to begin or sustain development or production, and there can be no assurance that operators will be able to do so.

The failure of any of our principal properties to produce anticipated revenues on schedule or at all would have a material adverse effect on our asset carrying values or the other benefits we expect to realize from the acquisition of stream and royalty interests, and potentially our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

For example, we experienced an impairment charge of $239.1 million for the Pascua-Lama mining project during our third quarter of fiscal 2018 after Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”), the owner of the project, reclassified the proven and probable reserves for the Chilean portion of the project, to which our royalty interest relates, and, ultimately, suspended further development of the project, in response to sanctions by the Chilean government. See Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for more information.

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Operators may interpret our stream and royalty interests in a manner adverse to us or otherwise may not abide by their contractual obligations, and we could be forced to take legal action to enforce our contractual rights.

Our stream and royalty interests generally are subject to uncertainties and complexities arising from the application of contract and property laws in the jurisdictions where the mining projects are located. Operators and other parties to the agreements governing our stream and royalty interests may interpret our interests in a manner adverse to us or otherwise may not abide by their contractual obligations, and we could be forced to take legal action to enforce our contractual rights. We may or may not be successful in enforcing our contractual rights, and our revenues relating to any challenged stream or royalty interests may be delayed, curtailed or eliminated during the pendency of any such dispute or in the event our position is not upheld, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Disputes could arise challenging, among other things, methods for calculating the stream or royalty interest, various rights of the operator or third parties in or to the stream or royalty interest or the underlying property, the obligations of a current or former operator to make payments on stream and royalty interests, and various defects or ambiguities in the agreement governing a stream or royalty interest.

Potential litigation affecting the properties that we have stream and royalty interests in could have a material adverse effect on us.

Potential litigation may arise between the operators of properties on which we have stream and royalty interests and third parties. For example, Barrick’s Pascua‑Lama mining project has been the subject of litigation by local farmers and indigenous communities alleging that the project’s water management system is not in compliance with environmental permits and that the project has damaged glaciers located in the Pascua‑Lama project area. As a holder of stream and royalty interests, we generally will not have any influence on litigation such as this and generally will not have access to non‑public information concerning such litigation. Any such litigation that results in the reduction, suspension or termination of a project or production from a property, whether temporary or permanent, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We may enter into acquisitions or other material transactions at any time.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new streams and royalties on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through financing mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, analysis of technical, financial, legal and other confidential information, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes. We consider obtaining debt commitments for acquisition financing. In the event that we choose to raise debt capital to finance any acquisition, our leverage may be increased. We also could issue common stock to fund our acquisitions. Issuances of common stock could dilute existing stockholders and may reduce some or all of our per share financial measures.

Any such acquisition could be material to us. All transactions include risks associated with our ability to negotiate acceptable terms with counter-parties. In addition, any such acquisition or other transaction may have other transaction specific risks associated with it, including risks related to the completion of the transaction, the project, its operators, or the jurisdictions in which the project is located, and other risks discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There can be no assurance that any acquisitions completed will ultimately benefit the Company.

In addition, we may consider opportunities to restructure our existing stream or royalty interests where we believe such restructuring would provide a long‑term benefit to the Company, though such restructuring may reduce near‑term revenues or result in the incurrence of transaction‑related costs. We could enter into one or more acquisition or restructuring transactions at any time.

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We may be unable to successfully acquire additional stream or royalty interests at appropriate valuations.

Our future success largely depends upon our ability to continue acquiring stream and royalty interests at appropriate valuations, including through stream, royalty, and corporate acquisitions and other financing transactions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify and complete the acquisition of such stream and royalty interests or businesses that own desirable interests, at reasonable prices or on favorable terms, or, if necessary, that we will have or be able to obtain sufficient financing on reasonable terms to complete such acquisitions. Economic volatility, credit crises, or severe declines in market prices for gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals, could adversely affect our ability to obtain debt or equity financing for acquisitions. In addition, changes to tax rules, accounting policies, or the treatment of stream interests by ratings agencies could make streams, royalties or other investments by the Company less attractive to counterparties. Such changes could adversely affect our ability to acquire new stream or royalty interests.

We have competitors that are engaged in the acquisition of stream and royalty interests and companies holding such interests, including competitors with greater financial resources, and we may not be able to compete successfully against these companies in new acquisitions. We also may experience negative reactions from the financial markets or operators of properties on which we seek stream and royalty interests if we are unable to successfully complete acquisitions of such interests or complete them at satisfactory rates of return. Each of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We depend on our operators for the calculation of deliveries under our stream interests and payment of our royalty interests. We may not be able to detect errors and later payment calculations may call for retroactive adjustments.

The deliveries and payments under our stream and royalty interests are calculated by the operators of the properties on which we have stream and royalty interests based on their reported production. Each operator’s calculation of deliveries and payments is subject to and dependent upon the adequacy and accuracy of its production and accounting functions, and, given the complex nature of mining and ownership of mining interests, errors may occur from time to time in the allocation of production and the various other calculations made by an operator. Any of these errors may render such calculations inaccurate. Certain agreements governing our stream and royalty interests require the operators to provide us with production and operating information that may, depending on the completeness and accuracy of such information, enable us to detect errors in stream deliveries and the calculation of royalty payments. Certain of our royalty interests, however, do not provide us the contractual right to receive production or other information. As a result, our ability to detect payment errors through our stream and royalty monitoring program and its associated internal controls and procedures is limited, and the possibility exists that we will need to make retroactive revenue adjustments. Some contracts governing our stream and royalty interests provide us the right to audit the operational calculations and production data for the associated stream deliveries and royalty payments; however, such audits may occur many months following our recognition of revenue and we may be required to adjust our revenue in later periods, which could require us to restate our financial statements.

Development and operation of mines is very capital intensive and any inability of the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests to meet liquidity needs, obtain financing or operate profitably could have material adverse effects on the value of and revenue from our stream and royalty interests.

If operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests do not have the financial strength or sufficient credit or other financing capability to cover the costs of developing or operating a mine, they may curtail, delay or cease development or operations at a mine site, or enter into bankruptcy proceedings. An operator’s ability to raise and service sufficient capital may be affected by, among other things, macroeconomic conditions, future commodity prices of metals to be mined, or further economic volatility in the United States and global financial markets. If certain of the operators of the properties on which we have stream and royalty interests suffer these material adverse effects, then our stream and royalty interests, including the value of and revenue from them, and the ability of operators to obtain debt or equity financing for the exploration, development and operation of their properties may be materially adversely affected.

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Certain of the agreements governing our stream and royalty interests contain terms that reduce or cap the revenues generated from those interests.

Revenue from some of our stream and royalty interests will stop or decrease after threshold production, delivery or payment milestones are achieved. For example, our gold stream at Pueblo Viejo decreases from 7.5% to 3.75% of Barrick’s interest in gold produced at Pueblo Viejo after 990,000 ounces of gold have been delivered. Similarly, our silver stream at Pueblo Viejo decreases from 75% to 37.50% of Barrick’s interest in silver produced at Pueblo Viejo after 50,000,000 ounces of silver have been delivered. Our stream interests at Andacollo, Wassa, Rainy River and Khoemac a u, and certain of our royalty interests at other properties, are subject to similar limitations, and therefore current production and revenue results from our interests may not be indicative of future results.

Estimates of mineral reserves and other mineralized material by the operators of mines in which we have stream and royalty interests are subject to significant revision.

There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating proven and probable mineral reserves and mineralized material, including many factors beyond our control and the control of the operators of properties in which we have stream and royalty interests. Reserve estimates for our stream and royalty interests are prepared by the operators. We do not participate in the preparation or verification of such reports and have not independently assessed or verified the accuracy of such information.

The estimation of reserves and of other mineralized material is a subjective process, and the accuracy of any such estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Results of drilling, metallurgical testing and production, and the evaluation of mine plans subsequent to the date of any estimate, may result in revisions to such estimates. The volume and grade of reserves actually recovered and rates of production actually achieved may be less than anticipated. Assumptions about gold and other precious metal prices used to calculate reserve estimates are subject to great uncertainty, and such prices have fluctuated widely in the past. Declines in the market price of gold, silver, copper, nickel or other metals also may make recovery of ores previously included in reserves containing relatively lower grades uneconomic. Changes in operating costs and other factors including short‑term operating factors, the processing of new or different ore grades, geotechnical characteristics and metallurgical recovery, may materially and adversely affect reserves.

Mineral resources as reported by some operators do not constitute reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. Due to the uncertainty of mineral resources, there can be no assurance that such resources will be upgraded to reserves as a result of continued exploration and study. It should not be assumed that any part or all of mineral resources on properties where we hold stream and royalty interests will be converted into reserves.

The mineral reserves at producing properties subject to our stream and royalty interests may decline if the operators of those properties are unable to replace the mineral reserves consumed through mining.

An operator’s current mineral reserves may decline as they are consumed in the ordinary course of mining. If current mineral reserves are not replaced as they are mined by the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests, whether through expansion of known deposits, discovery of new mineralized material through exploration, conversion of mineralized material to mineral reserves, or otherwise, the mineral reserves subject to our stream and royalty interests on those properties may decline or be consumed altogether.

Expansion of known deposits of mineralized material and exploration for new mineralized material are highly speculative activities typically requiring extensive programs of drilling and study, at substantial expense, over many years. There can be no assurance that operators of the properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests will make such expenditures, or that such expenditures will result in expansion of existing deposits or discovery of new mineralized material. Further, where mineralized material is discovered, there can be no assurance that such mineralized material can be economically and legally extracted, and, therefore, converted to mineral reserves in sufficient quantities to maintain or increase the operators’ current mineral reserves.

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Failure of operators of properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests to maintain or increase mineral reserves as their current reserves are mined may have a material adverse impact on our asset carrying values and potentially our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Estimates of production by the operators of mines in which we have stream and royalty interests are subject to change, and actual production may vary materially from such estimates.

Production estimates are prepared by the operators of the mining properties to which our stream and royalty interests relate. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating anticipated production attributable to our stream and royalty interests, including many factors beyond our control and the control of the operators. The estimation of anticipated production is a subjective process and the accuracy of any such estimates is a function of the quality of available data, reliability of production history, variability in grade encountered, mechanical or other problems encountered, engineering and geological interpretation, and operator judgment. Results of drilling, metallurgical testing and production, changes in commodity prices, and the evaluation of mine plans subsequent to the date of any estimate may cause actual production to vary materially from such estimates. Actual rates of production may be more or less than estimated by the operators, and deliveries under stream agreements may be received earlier or later than expected, each of which may result in variances from expected revenue from period to period. We do not participate in the preparation or verification of production estimates by our operators and do not independently assess or verify the accuracy of such information.

If title to mining claims, concessions, licenses, leases or other forms of tenure is not properly maintained by the operators, or is successfully challenged by third parties, our stream and royalty interests could be found to be invalid.

Our business is subject to the risk that operators of mining projects and holders of exploration or mining claims, tenements, concessions, licenses or other interests in land and minerals may lose their exploration or mining rights or have their rights to explore and mine properties contested by private parties or the government. Internationally, exploration and mining tenures are subject to loss for many reasons, including expiration, failure of the holder to meet specific legal qualifications, failure to establish a deposit capable of economic extraction, failure to pay maintenance fees or meet expenditure or work requirements, reduction in geographic extent upon passage of time or upon conversion from an exploration tenure to a mining tenure, failure of title, expropriation and similar risks. If title to exploration or mining tenures subject to our stream and royalty interests has not been properly established or is not properly maintained, or is successfully contested, our stream and royalty interests could be adversely affected.

Operations in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions are subject to many risks, which could decrease our revenues.

We derived approximately 92% of our revenues from non-United States sources during fiscal year 2019, compared to approximately 91% in fiscal year 2018 and approximately 92% in fiscal year 2017. Our principal producing stream and royalty interests on properties outside of the United States are located in Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ghana and Mexico. We currently have stream and royalty interests in mines and projects in other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Guatemala, Honduras, Macedonia, Nicaragua, Peru, Spain and Tunisia. Various indigenous peoples may be recognized as sovereign entities and may enforce their own laws and regulations within the United States, Canada and other countries. In addition, future acquisitions may expose us to new jurisdictions. Our activities and those of the operators of properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests are subject to the risks normally associated with conducting business in foreign countries or within the jurisdiction of indigenous peoples that may be recognized as sovereign entities in the United States and elsewhere. These risks may impact or our operators, depending on the jurisdiction, and include such things as:

| · |  | expropriation or nationalization of mining property;

| · |  | seizure of mineral production;

| · |  | exchange and currency controls and fluctuations;

| · |  | limitations on foreign exchange and repatriation of earnings;

| · |  | restrictions on mineral production and price controls;

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| · |  | import and export regulations, including trade sanctions and restrictions on the export of gold, silver, copper, nickel or other metals;

| · |  | changes in legislation and government policies, including changes related to taxation, government royalties, tariffs, imports, exports, duties, currency, foreign ownership, foreign trade, foreign investment and other forms of government take, including any such changes as may be made in response to United States laws or foreign policies;

| · |  | challenges to mining, processing and related permits and licenses, or to applications for permits and licenses, by or on behalf of regulatory authorities, indigenous populations, non‑governmental organizations or other third parties;

| · |  | changes in economic, trade, diplomatic and other relationships between countries, and the effect on global and economic conditions, the stability of global financial markets, and the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets;

| · |  | high rates of inflation;

| · |  | labor practices and disputes;

| · |  | enforcement of unfamiliar or uncertain foreign real estate, mineral tenure, contract, water use, mine safety and environmental laws and policies;

| · |  | renegotiation, nullification or forced modification of existing contracts, licenses, permits, approvals, concessions or the like;

| · |  | war, crime, terrorism, sabotage, blockades and other forms of civil unrest, and uncertain political and economic environments;

| · |  | corruption;

| · |  | exposure to liabilities under anti‑corruption and anti‑money laundering laws, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws and regulations in other jurisdictions to which we, but not necessarily our competitors, may be subject;

| · |  | suspension of the enforcement of creditors’ rights and stockholders’ rights; and

| · |  | loss of access to government-controlled infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, rails, ports, power sources and water supply.

In addition, many of our operators are organized outside of the United States. Our stream and royalty interests may be subject to the application of foreign laws to our operators, and their stockholders, including laws relating to foreign ownership structures, corporate transactions, creditors’ rights, bankruptcy and liquidation. Foreign operations also could be adversely impacted by laws and policies of the United States affecting foreign trade, investment and taxation.

These risks may limit or disrupt operating mines or projects on which we hold stream and royalty interests, restrict the movement of funds, or result in the deprivation of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our business and the mining projects in which we have stream and royalty interest are subject to extraterritorial and domestic anti-bribery laws and labor laws, a breach or violation of which could lead to civil and criminal fines and penalties and other collateral consequences such as reputational harm.

We invest in mining operations in certain jurisdictions that have experienced governmental and private sector corruption and exploitation to some degree. In certain circumstances, compliance with labor and anti-bribery laws and heightened expectations of enforcement authorities from within and outside of these jurisdictions may be in tension with certain local customs and practices. For example, the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other laws with extraterritorial reach, including the U.K. Bribery Act, generally prohibit companies and their agents and intermediaries from making

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improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or other commercial advantage. Because our assets are made up of passive interests in mining operations owned and operated by third parties, we cannot ensure that these operators’ internal control policies and procedures will prevent noncompliance with applicable laws and internal policies, recklessness, exploitation, fraudulent behavior, dishonesty or other inappropriate acts for which they may be deemed responsible. In addition, although we are passive investors in these third party operations, we cannot ensure that enforcement authorities will not deem us to have some culpability as associates to these operations should these circumstances arise.

Opposition from indigenous people may delay or suspend development or operations at the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests, which could decrease our revenues.

Various international and national, state and provincial laws, rules, regulations and other practices relate to the rights of indigenous peoples. Some of the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests are located in areas presently or previously inhabited or used by indigenous peoples. Many of these laws impose obligations on governments to respect the rights of indigenous people. Some mandate that governments consult with indigenous people regarding government actions which may affect them, including actions to approve or grant mining rights or permits. One or more groups of indigenous people may oppose continued operation, further development, or new development of the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests. Such opposition may be directed through legal or administrative proceedings or protests, roadblocks or other forms of public expression, and claims and protests of indigenous peoples may disrupt or delay activities of the operators of the properties. For example, the Pascua‑Lama project has been challenged by Chilean indigenous groups and other third parties. During the fourth calendar quarter of 2013, Barrick suspended construction activities at the Pascua‑Lama project, except for those activities required for environmental and regulatory compliance. Subsequently, in the first calendar quarter of 2018, Barrick reclassified the proven and probable reserves for the Chilean portion of the project, to which our royalty interest relates, and, ultimately, suspended further development of the project, in response to sanctions by the Chilean government.

Changes in mining taxes and royalties payable to governments could decrease our revenues.

Changes in mining and tax laws in any of the United States, Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico or any other country in which we have stream and royalty interests in mines or projects could affect mine development and expansion, significantly increase regulatory obligations and compliance costs with respect to mine development and mine operations, increase the cost of holding mining tenures or impose additional taxes on mining operations, all of which could adversely affect our revenue from such properties. A number of properties where we hold royalty interests are located on United States public lands that are subject to federal mining and other public land laws. In recent years, the United States Congress has considered a number of proposed major revisions to the General Mining Law of 1872, and other laws, which govern the creation, maintenance and possession of mining claims and related activities on public lands in the United States. The United States Congress also has recently considered bills, which if enacted, would impose a royalty payable to the government on hardrock production, increase land holding fees, impose federal reclamation fees and financial assurances, impose additional environmental operating standards and afford greater public involvement and regulatory discretion in the mine permitting process. Such legislation, if enacted, or similar legislation in other countries, could adversely affect the development of new mines and the expansion of existing mines, as well as increase the cost of all mining operations, and could materially and adversely affect mine operators and our revenue.

The mining industry is subject to environmental risks in the United States and in the foreign jurisdictions where mines subject to our interests are located, including risk associated with climate change.

Mining is subject to potential risks and liabilities associated with pollution of the environment and the disposal of waste products occurring as a result of mineral exploration and production. Laws and regulations in the United States and abroad intended to ensure the protection of the environment are constantly changing and evolving in a manner expected to result in stricter standards and enforcement, larger fines and liability, and potentially increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Furthermore, mining may be subject to significant environmental and other permitting requirements regarding the use of raw materials needed for operations, particularly water and power. Concerns regarding climate change have resulted in international, national and local treaties, legislation and initiatives that affect mineral exploration and production, including those intended to reduce industrial emissions and increase energy efficiency. Compliance with all such laws and

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regulations, treaties and initiatives (“Laws”) could increase permitting requirements, result in stricter standards and enforcement, and require significant increases in capital expenditures and operating costs by operators of properties subject to our interests. Further, breach of a Law may result in the imposition of fines and penalties or other adverse impacts on operators and their properties, which may be material. If an operator is forced to incur significant costs to comply with Laws or becomes subject to related restrictions that limit its ability to continue or expand operations, or if an operator were to lose its right to use or access power, water or other raw materials necessary to operate a mine, or if the costs to comply with Laws materially increased the capital or operating costs on the properties where we hold streams and royalties, our revenues could be reduced, delayed or eliminated. These risks are also salient with regard to our development stage properties where permitting may not be complete and/or where new legislation and regulation could lead to delays, interruptions and significant unexpected cost burdens for mine developers and operators.

For example, Argentina passed a federal glacier protection law that could restrict mining activities in areas on or near the country’s glaciers. We have royalties on the Chilean side of the Pascua‑Lama project, which straddles the border between Chile and Argentina and the glacier law could impact some aspects of the design, development and operation of the project. Further, to the extent that we become subject to environmental liabilities for any historic period during which we owned or operated properties, or relative to our current ownership interests in the lease and underlying unpatented mining claims acquired at Cortez or the lease, unpatented mining claims and exploration activities associated with the Peak Gold JV, the satisfaction of any liabilities would reduce funds otherwise available to us and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We are dependent upon information technology systems, which are subject to cyber threats, disruption, damage and failure.

Information systems and other technologies, including those related to our financial and operational management, are an integral part of our business activities. Network and information systems‑related events, such as computer hackings, cyberattacks, ransomware, computer viruses, worms or other destructive or disruptive software, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks, malicious social engineering or other malicious activities, or any combination of the foregoing, or power outages, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other similar events, could result in damage to our property, equipment and data, affect our ability to maintain ongoing operations, and result in significant expenditures to repair or replace the damaged property or information systems, reacquire access to networks and information systems, or to protect them from similar events in the future. In addition, any security breaches, such as misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems (or those of our third party service providers), including information about our company or our employees, third party information in our possession, and other data, could damage our reputation, expose us to legal liability and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy any such security breach. Despite security measures we have implemented and other measures we may implement in the future, and despite the fact that, to date, we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that these events and security breaches will not occur in the future or not have an adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, new and evolving requirements relating to cybersecurity are applicable or may in the future apply to our business, including requirements relating to protection of personally identifiable information. Compliance with such requirements could result in additional or increased compliance costs and exposure to legal liability.

We depend on the services of our President and Chief Executive Officer, management and other key employees.

We believe that our success depends on the continued service of our key executive management personnel. Tony Jensen has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since July 2006; however, in May 2019, the Company announced that Mr. Jensen will retire by the end of the first calendar quarter of 2020. Mr. Jensen’s extensive commercial experience, mine operations background and industry contacts have given us an important competitive advantage. The loss of Mr. Jensen’s services, and the loss of services of other key members of management or other key employees could disrupt the conduct of our business and jeopardize our ability to maintain our competitive position in the industry. From time to time, we may also need to identify and retain additional skilled management and specialized technical personnel to efficiently operate our business. The number of persons skilled in the acquisition, exploration and development of stream and royalty interests is limited and there is competition for such persons. Recruiting and retaining qualified executive management and other key employees is critical to our success and there can be no assurance of such success. If we are not successful

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in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, our ability to execute our business model and growth strategy could be affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. We currently do not have key person life insurance for any of our officers or directors.

Our disclosure controls and internal control over our financial reporting are subject to inherent limitations.

Management has concluded that as of June 30, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were effective. Such controls and procedures, however, may not be adequate to prevent or identify existing or future internal control weaknesses due to inherent limitations therein, which may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, our dependence on operators for the calculation of royalty payments and deliveries under metal streams that translate to our revenues as discussed above in “We depend on our operators for the calculation of deliveries under our stream interests and payment of our royalty interests. We may not be able to detect errors and later payment calculations may call for retroactive adjustments” Given our dependence on third party calculations, there is a risk that material misstatements in our results of operations and financial condition may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by our internal controls over financial reporting and may require us to restate our financial statements.

We have incurred indebtedness in connection with our business and may in the future incur additional indebtedness that could limit cash flow available for our operations, limit our ability to borrow additional funds and, if we were unable to repay our debt when due, would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $780 million available and $220 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt obligations, including the risk that our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required principal and interest payments and the risk that we will be unable to refinance our indebtedness when it becomes due, or that the terms of such refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of our indebtedness. We may seek additional debt or equity financing in the future in connection with financing for acquisitions, strategic transactions and for other purposes.

Indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. For example, it could:

| · |  | require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund acquisitions of stream and royalty interests, working capital, pay dividends and other general corporate purposes;

| · |  | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

| · |  | restrict us from exploiting business opportunities;

| · |  | place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness;

| · |  | require the consent of our existing lenders to incur additional indebtedness; and

| · |  | limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy or other general corporate purposes.

In addition, the agreement governing our revolving credit facility contains, and the agreements that may govern any future indebtedness that we may incur may contain, financial and other restrictive covenants that will limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long‑term best interests. Among other restrictions, the agreement governing our revolving credit facility contains covenants limiting our ability to make certain investments, consummate certain mergers, incur certain debt or liens and dispose of certain assets.

If we are unable to maintain cash reserves or generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds necessary to make required payments, or if we fail to comply with the various covenants and requirements of our revolving credit facility or any indebtedness which we may incur in the future, an event of default could occur that, if not cured or waived, could

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result in the acceleration of all of our debt. Any default under our revolving credit facility or any indebtedness which we may incur in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Our stock price may continue to be volatile and could decline.

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may decline in the future. The high and low sale prices of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market were $87.74 and $60.21 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, $94.39 and $76.15 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 and $102.62 and $70.16 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. The fluctuation of the market price of our common stock has been affected by many factors that are beyond our control, including:

| · |  | market prices of gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals;

| · |  | Central bank interest rates;

| · |  | expectations regarding inflation;

| · |  | ability of operators to service their financial obligations, advance development projects, produce precious metals and develop new reserves;

| · |  | currency values;

| · |  | credit market conditions;

| · |  | general stock market conditions; and

| · |  | global and regional political, trade and economic conditions.

Additional issuances of equity securities by us could dilute our existing stockholders, reduce some or all of our per share financial measures, reduce the trading price of our common stock or impede our ability to raise future capital. Substantial sales of shares may negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

We may issue additional equity in the future in connection with acquisitions, strategic transactions or for other purposes. To the extent we issue additional equity securities, our existing stockholders could be diluted and some or all of our per share financial measures could be reduced. In addition, the shares of common stock that we issue in connection with an acquisition may not be subject to resale restrictions. The market price of our common stock could decline if our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock or are perceived by the market as intending to sell these shares other than in an orderly manner.

We may change our practice of paying dividends.

We have paid a cash dividend on our common stock for each fiscal year beginning in fiscal year 2000. Our board of directors has discretion in determining whether to declare a dividend based on a number of factors, including prevailing gold and other metal prices, economic market conditions, future earnings, cash flows, financial condition, and funding requirements for future opportunities or operations. In addition, there may be corporate law limitations or future contractual restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. If our board of directors declines or is unable to declare dividends in the future or reduces the current dividend level, our stock price could fall, and the success of an investment in our common stock would depend largely upon any future stock price appreciation. We have increased our dividends in prior years. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to do so or that we will pay any dividends at all.

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Certain provisions of Delaware law and, our organizational documents could impede, delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover or takeover attempt of us.

Certain provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders. By default, Delaware law prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any “interested stockholder,” which is generally defined as a stockholder who becomes a beneficial owner of 15% or more of a Delaware corporation’s voting stock, for a period of three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder. Additionally, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could similarly delay, defer or discourage a change in control of us or our management. These provisions could also discourage a proxy contest and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. Such provisions provide for the following, among other things: (i) the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of common stock and preferred stock without stockholder approval, (ii) the ability of our board of directors to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued preferred stock, (iii) a board of directors divided into three classes of directors serving staggered three year terms, (iv) permitting only the chairman of the board of directors, chief executive officer, president or board of directors to call a stockholders’ meeting and (v) requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals and related information. These provisions could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, which may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We do not own or operate the properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, and therefore much of the information disclosed in this Form 10‑K regarding these properties is provided to us by the operators. For example, the operators of certain properties provide us information regarding metals production, estimates of mineral reserves and additional mineralized material and production estimates. A list of our producing and development stage streams and royalties, as well their respective reserves, are summarized in Table 1 “Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Gold Reserves” below within this Item 2. More information is available to the public regarding certain properties in which we have stream or royalty interests, including reports filed with the SEC or with the Canadian securities regulatory agencies available at www.sec.gov or www.sedar.com, respectively.

The Company manages its business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. The description of our principal streams and royalties set forth below includes the location, operator, stream or royalty rate, access and any material current developments at the property. For any reported production amounts discussed below, the Company considers reported production to relate to the amount of metal sales subject to our stream and royalty interests. Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, for discussion on production estimates, historical production and revenue for our principal properties. The map below illustrates the location of our principal producing stage properties.

Principal Producing Properties

The Company considers both historical and future potential revenues to determine which stream and royalty interests in our portfolio are principal to our business. Estimated future potential revenues from producing properties are based on a number of factors, including reserves subject to our stream and royalty interests, production estimates, feasibility studies, technical reports, metal price assumptions, mine life, legal status and other factors and assumptions, any of which could change and could cause the Company to conclude that one or more of such stream and royalty interests are no longer principal to our business. Currently, the Company considers the properties discussed below (listed alphabetically by stream and royalty interest) to be principal to our business.

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Stream Interests

Andacollo (Region IV, Chile)

RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 100% of the gold produced from the Andacollo copper‑gold mine until 900,000 ounces of payable gold have been delivered, and 50% thereafter. The cash purchase price equals 15% of the monthly average gold price for the month preceding the delivery date for all gold purchased. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 193,000 ounces of payable gold have been delivered to RGLD Gold.

Andacollo is an open‑pit mine and milling operation located in central Chile, Region IV in the Coquimbo Province and is operated by Compañía Minera Teck Carmen de Andacollo (“CMCA”), a 90% owned subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”). The Andacollo mine is located in the foothills of the Andes Mountains approximately 1.5 miles southwest of the town of Andacollo. The regional capital of La Serena and the coastal city of Coquimbo are approximately 34 miles northwest of the Andacollo mine by road, and Santiago is approximately 215 miles south by air. Access to the mine is provided by Route 43 (R‑43) south from La Serena to El Peñon. From El Peñon, D‑51 is followed east and eventually curves to the south to Andacollo. Both R‑43 and D‑51 are paved roads.

Stream deliveries from Andacollo were approximately 51,900 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 51,700 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. Teck indicated that they expect grades to continue to gradually decline towards reserve grades in calendar 2019 and future years. Teck continues to study and implement projects that could increase production, including the installation of a sizer to better manage harder ores at depth and increase mill throughput.

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Mount Milligan (British Columbia, Canada)

RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 35% of the payable gold and 18.75% of the payable copper produced from the Mount Milligan copper‑gold mine in British Columbia, Canada, which is operated by an indirect subsidiary of Centerra Gold Inc. (“Centerra”). The cash purchase price for gold is equal to the lesser of $435 per ounce, with no inflation adjustment, or the prevailing market price when purchased. The cash purchase price for copper is 15% of the spot price.

Mount Milligan is an open‑pit mine and is located within the Omenica Mining Division in North Central British Columbia, approximately 96 miles northwest of Prince George, 53 miles north of Fort St. James, and 59 miles west of Mackenzie. The Mount Milligan project is accessible by commercial air carrier to Prince George, British Columbia, then by vehicle from the east via Mackenzie on the Finlay Philip Forest Service Road and the North Philip Forest Service Road, and from the west via Fort St. James on the North Road and Rainbow Forest Service Road. Road travel to the Mount Milligan property site is 482 miles from Prince Rupert and 158 miles from Prince George.

Gold stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 68,500 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 78,000 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. Copper stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 9.1 million pounds of copper during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 10.4 million pounds during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease during the current period reflects the shutdown and lower mill production at Mount Milligan in the March 2018 quarter, which was the result of lower than expected fresh reclaim water volumes in the tailings storage facility that Mount Milligan uses for mill processing operations. Due to the timing of shipments and deliveries of gold and copper, the impact of the shutdown was reflected in our first quarter of fiscal year 2019.

Centerra reported that weather conditions around the Mount Milligan mine, and elsewhere in British Columbia, continue to be exceptionally hot and dry, which has affected precipitation levels as well as water flows, and that water captured from the calendar 2019 spring melt runoff was less than anticipated. Centerra reported that it continues to explore for additional groundwater sources but estimates that if additional sources are not available, and/or dry weather conditions persist in the second half of calendar 2019, it may need to take steps to manage production in the first calendar quarter of 2020 to conserve water resources until the calendar 2020 spring melt.

Despite the dry conditions, Centerra reaffirmed Mount Milligan’s production guidance for the full 2019 calendar year, consisting of 155,000 to 175,000 ounces of payable gold production and 65 to 75 million pounds of payable copper production, and reported that it is continuing to work on a long-term plan to supply water to Mount Milligan after November 2021 and for the remaining mine life.

Pueblo Viejo (Sanchez Ramirez, Dominican Republic)

RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 7.5% of Barrick’s interest in the gold produced from the Pueblo Viejo mine until 990,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, and 3.75% thereafter. The cash purchase price for gold is 30% of the spot price of gold per ounce delivered until 550,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, and 60% thereafter. RGLD Gold also owns the right to purchase 75% of Barrick’s interest in the silver produced from the Pueblo Viejo mine, subject to a fixed silver recovery of 70%, until 50 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 37.5% thereafter. The cash purchase price for silver is 30% of the spot price of silver per ounce delivered until 23.1 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 60% thereafter. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 181,000 gold ounces and 6.2 million silver ounces have been delivered to RGLD Gold.

The Pueblo Viejo mine is located in the province of Sanchez Ramirez, Dominican Republic, approximately 60 miles northwest of Santo Domingo, and is owned by a joint venture in which Barrick holds a 60% interest and is responsible for operations, and in which Newmont Goldcorp Corporation (“Newmont Goldcorp”) holds a 40% interest. Pueblo Viejo is accessed from Santo Domingo by traveling northwest on Autopista Duarte, Highway #1, approximately 48 miles to Piedra Blanca and proceeding east for approximately 14 miles on Highway #17 to the gatehouse for Pueblo Viejo. Both Highway #1 and Highway #17 are paved.

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Gold stream deliveries from Pueblo Viejo were approximately 41,200 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 45,400 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. Silver stream deliveries were approximately 2.0 million ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 1.9 million ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. In calendar 2019, Barrick expects production at Pueblo Viejo to be in line with calendar 2018 production levels, driven by increased throughput and recoveries, offset by declining ore grades.

Barrick indicated that scoping studies and pilot project work are supportive of a plant expansion at the Pueblo Viejo mine that could increase throughput by roughly 50% to 12 million tonnes per year, allowing the mine to maintain average annual gold production of approximately 800,000 ounces after calendar 2022. To achieve this, Barrick is evaluating a flotation concentrator followed by ultra-fine grinding and tank oxidation of the concentrate. Barrick reported that testing to-date indicates that tank oxidation is preferable to the pad pre-oxidation process previously considered. Barrick expects to complete prefeasibility studies for the plant expansion and additional tailings capacity by the end of calendar 2019. According to Barrick, the project has potential to convert roughly seven million ounces of mineralized material to proven and probable reserves.

On May 14, 2018, Barrick reported it signed a 10-year natural gas supply contract with AES Andres DR, S.A. in the Dominican Republic that will enable the conversion of the Quisqueya I power generation facility from heavy fuel oil to natural gas. Barrick anticipates converting the facility from heavy fuel oil to natural gas will reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and power costs at Pueblo Viejo.

Rainy River (Ontario, Canada)

RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 6.50% of the gold produced from the Rainy River project until 230,000 gold ounces have been delivered, and 3.25% thereafter; and 60% of the silver produced from the Rainy River project until 3.1 million silver ounces have been delivered, and 30% thereafter. The cash purchase price for the gold and silver ounces is 25% of the spot price per ounce of gold or silver at the time of delivery. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 24,000 ounces of gold and approximately 235,000 ounces of silver have been delivered to RGLD Gold.

The Rainy River mine is centered within Richardson Township in northwestern Ontario, Canada, and is operated by New Gold Inc. (“New Gold”). The mine is approximately 40 miles northwest of Fort Frances, approximately 100 miles south of Kenora and approximately 260 miles west of Thunder Bay. The mine is easily accessible by a network of secondary all‑weather roads that branch off the well‑maintained Trans‑Canada Highways 11 and 71.

Gold stream deliveries from Rainy River were approximately 16,800 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 6,800 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. Silver stream deliveries were approximately 148,800 ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 85,900 ounces of silver during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The increase resulted from the continued optimization of operations at Rainy River.

On May 1, 2019, New Gold announced that a buildup of excess water in the Tailings Management Area (“TMA”) from snowmelt caused a temporary suspension of milling operations at Rainy River on April 24, 2019. Mining and crushing operations continued and ore was stockpiled during the suspension. On May 6, 2019, New Gold announced that milling operations at Rainy River were restarted on May 3, 2019. New Gold reported the water level in the TMA was lowered to a desirable operational level and pumping into the water management pond continued.

New Gold reported mill throughput for the June 2019 quarter averaged 21,117 tonnes per day and Rainy River averaged a record 24,230 tonnes per day in June 2019, surpassing the target of 24,000 tonnes per day. New Gold expects milled grades to be lower in the second half of calendar 2019 as mining operations shift from Phase 1 to Phase 2 due to the depletion of Phase 1 ore. New Gold also reported a 93% average gold recovery for the June 2019 quarter, a significant improvement over prior quarterly performance. Also during the June 2019 quarter, New Gold advanced a comprehensive mine optimization study that includes the review of alternative open pit and underground mining scenarios with the overall objective of improving the return on investment over the life of mine by reducing open pit waste, overall underground

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development, and sustaining capital. New Gold expects to complete an updated life of mine plan in the December 2019 quarter.

New Gold expects that full year calendar 2019 production will meet annual guidance of between 250,000 and 275,000 gold equivalent ounces.

Wassa (Western Region, Ghana)

RGLD Gold owns the right to purchase 10.50% of the gold produced from the Wassa, Prestea and Bogoso mines, operated by Golden Star, until an aggregate 240,000 ounces from Wassa, Prestea and Bogoso have been delivered. A significant amount of the gold deliveries under the 10.50% gold stream are expected from the Wassa mine. Once the delivery threshold is met, the stream percentage will decrease to 5.5% for the remaining term of the transaction. The cash purchase price for gold is 20% of the spot price of gold per ounce delivered until the threshold is met, and 30% thereafter. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 90,000 aggregate gold ounces have been delivered to RGLD Gold.

The Wassa mine and oxide ore mill are located near the village of Akyempim in the Wassa East District, in the Western Region of Ghana, approximately 50 miles north of Cape Coast and 93 miles west of the capital Accra. The main access to the site is from the east, via the Cape Coast to Twifo‑Praso road, then over the combined road‑rail bridge on the Pra River. There is also an access road from Takoradi in the south via Mpohor. An airport at Takoradi is capable of handling jet aircraft and is serviced by several commercial flights each day.

Stream deliveries from Wassa were approximately 16,600 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to approximately 14,500 ounces of gold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The increase resulted from the ramp up at Wassa underground as Golden Star transitioned from the lower grade open pit to an underground-only mining operation. Golden Star’s reported objective at Wassa underground is to increase the average production rate from approximately 3,500 tonnes per day in calendar 2019 to approximately 4,000 tonnes per day by mid-calendar 2020.

On July 15, 2019, Golden Star announced that drilling at Wassa underground intersected significant gold mineralization 200 meters down plunge to the south of the previously-identified mineralized material and has extended the strike of this underground ore body over 1.7 kilometers, which remains open to the south. Golden Star expects drilling to focus on conversion of mineralized material to reserves at Wassa.

Golden Star reported that the mining rate at Wassa during the first half of calendar 2019 at 3,500 tonnes per day was in line with their expectations and indicated potential to improve production further during the second half of calendar 2019, but cautioned grades are likely to be lower than planned and below the overall reserve grade. As a result, Golden Star expects production in the second half of calendar 2019 to be lower than the first half of calendar 2019 and therefore, lowered their production guidance for calendar 2019 from between 170,000 and 180,000 ounces of gold to between 150,000 and 160,000 ounces of gold.

Royalty Interests

Cortez (Nevada, USA)

Cortez is a series of large open‑pit and underground mines, utilizing mill, roast and heap leach processing, which are operated by Nevada Gold Mines LLC (“NGM”), a joint venture between Barrick and Newmont Goldcorp with respect to their Nevada operations. The operation is located approximately 60 air miles southwest of Elko, Nevada, in Lander County. The site is reached by driving west from Elko on Interstate 80 approximately 46 miles and proceeding south on State Highway 306 approximately 23 miles. Our royalty interest at Cortez applies to the Pipeline and South Pipeline deposits, part of the Gap pit and the Crossroads deposit.

The royalty interests we hold at Cortez include:

| (a) |  | Reserve Claims (“GSR1”). This is a sliding‑scale GSR royalty for all products from an area originally known as the “Reserve Claims,” which includes the majority of the Pipeline and South Pipeline deposits.

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The GSR1 royalty rate is tied to the price of gold and does not include indexing for inflation or deflation. The GSR1 royalty rate is 5.0% at a gold price of $470 per ounce and higher.

| (b) |  | GAS Claims (“GSR2”). This is a sliding‑scale GSR royalty for all products from an area outside of the Reserve Claims, originally known as the “GAS Claims,” which encompasses approximately 50% of the Gap deposit and all of the Crossroads deposit. The GSR2 royalty rate is tied to the gold price, without indexing for inflation or deflation. The GSR2 royalty rate is 5.0% at a gold price of $470 per ounce and higher.

| (c) |  | Reserve and GAS Claims Fixed Royalty (“GSR3”). The GSR3 royalty is a fixed rate GSR royalty of 0.7125% and covers the same cumulative area as is covered by our two sliding‑scale GSR royalties, GSR1 and GSR2, except certain claims that comprise a portion of the Crossroads deposit.

| (d) |  | Net Value Royalty (“NVR1”) and Net Value Royalty (Crossroads) (“NVR1C”). The NVR1 royalty is a fixed royalty of 4.91% NVR that covers the area of the GAS Claims, excluding the majority of the Crossroads deposit. The NVR1C royalty, which covers the majority of the Crossroads deposit, is a fixed royalty of 4.52% NVR.

We also own three other royalties in the Cortez area where there is currently no production and no reserves attributed to these royalty interests.

Production attributable to our royalty interest at Cortez increased approximately 24% during our fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, when compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The increase was a result of production ramping up at the Crossroads deposit, which is subject to our NVR1C, GSR2 and portions of our NVR1 and GSR3 royalty interests. Initial ore production at Crossroads was realized during calendar 2018. In calendar 2019, NGM expects Crossroads expansion stripping to transition to production phase stripping.

Peñasquito (Zacatecas, Mexico)

We own a production payment equivalent to a 2.0% NSR royalty on all metal production from the Peñasquito open‑pit mine, located in the State of Zacatecas, Mexico, and operated by a subsidiary of Newmont Goldcorp. The Peñasquito mine is located approximately 17 miles west of the town of Concepción del Oro, Zacatecas, Mexico. The mine, composed of two main deposits called Peñasco and Chile Colorado, hosts large gold, silver, zinc and lead reserves. The deposits contain both oxide and sulfide material, resulting in heap leach and mill processing. There are two access routes to the site. The first is via a turnoff from Highway 54 onto the State La Pardita road, then onto the Mazapil to Cedros State road. The second access is via the Salaverna by‑pass road from Highway 54 approximately 16 miles south of Concepción del Oro. There is a private airport on site and commercial airports in the cities of Saltillo, Zacatecas and Monterrey.

Gold, silver, lead and zinc production attributable to our royalty interest at Peñasquito decreased approximately 58%, 21%, 4% and 38%, respectively, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, when compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.

On April 29, 2019, Newmont Goldcorp reported a temporary suspension of operations at Peñasquito due to a blockade by a trucking contractor and certain community leaders. Newmont Goldcorp subsequently reported on June 17, 2019 that dialogue with the blockade leaders had started, operations were beginning, and concentrate shipments from the mine and deliveries to the mine resumed. Newmont Goldcorp reported that operations ramped back up in June 2019 and concentrate inventory levels are now back to normal. This suspension resulted in significantly lower sales from Peñasquito during the June quarter as we recognized $1.1 million in royalty revenue at Peñasquito compared to $5.4 million in the prior year June quarter.

Newmont Goldcorp expects that grades for gold, silver and lead will improve during the last half of calendar 2019, zinc grades will remain unchanged, and production from Peñasquito will be 165,000 ounces of gold, 25 million ounces of silver, 180 million pounds of lead, and 245 million pounds of zinc for the period April 18 through December 31, 2019.

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Reserve Information

Table 1 below summarizes proven and probable reserves for gold, silver, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, cobalt and molybdenum that are subject to our stream and royalty interests as of December 31, 2018, as reported to us by the operators of the mines. Properties are currently in production unless noted as development (“DEV”) within the table. The exploration royalties we own do not contain proven and probable reserves as of December 31, 2018. Please refer to pages 28-30 for the footnotes to Table 1.

Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Gold Reserves

As of December 31, 2018(1)

Gold(2)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  | Gold
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Gold |  | Contained
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Ozs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY/METAL STREAM |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (opt) |  | (M)
Bald Mountain |  | 1.75% - 2.5% NSR(7) |  | Kinross |  | United States |  | 18.950 |  | 0.023 |  | 0.436
Cortez GSR1 |  | 0.40 - 5.0% GSR(8) |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 28.337 |  | 0.017 |  | 0.491
Cortez GSR2 |  | 0.40 - 5.0% GSR(8) |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 108.831 |  | 0.032 |  | 3.445
Cortez GSR3 |  | 0.71% GSR |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 46.697 |  | 0.016 |  | 0.753
Cortez NVR1 |  | 4.91% NVR |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 34.701 |  | 0.015 |  | 0.531
Cortez NVR1C |  | 4.52% NVR (9) |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 90.471 |  | 0.035 |  | 3.183
Gold Hill |  | 1.0 - 2.0% NSR(10,11) |  | Kinross |  | United States |  | 4.897 |  | 0.016 |  | 0.080
|  | 0.6 - 0.9% NSR(12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goldstrike (SJ Claims) |  | 0.9% NSR |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 29.729 |  | 0.085 |  | 2.525
Hasbrouck (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | West Kirkland/Clover Nevada |  | United States |  | 35.616 |  | 0.017 |  | 0.588
Leeville |  | 1.8% NSR |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 3.417 |  | 0.288 |  | 0.985
Marigold |  | 2.0% NSR |  | SSR Mining |  | United States |  | 146.720 |  | 0.013 |  | 1.863
Pinson (DEV) |  | 3.0% NSR(13,14) |  | Waterton Precious Metals Fund |  | United States |  | 7.557 |  | 0.064 |  | 0.483
|  | 2.94% NSR(13,15) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relief Canyon (DEV) |  | 3.0% NSR(16) |  | Americas Silver |  | United States |  | 26.204 |  | 0.017 |  | 0.436
Robinson |  | 3.0% NSR |  | KGHM |  | United States |  | 84.310 |  | 0.005 |  | 0.413
Ruby Hill |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Waterton Precious Metals Fund |  | United States |  | 1.726 |  | 0.014 |  | 0.024
Twin Creeks |  | 2.0% GPR |  | Nevada Gold Mines LLC |  | United States |  | 0.876 |  | 0.065 |  | 0.057
Wharf |  | 0.0 - 2.0% GSR(17) |  | Coeur Mining |  | United States |  | 32.850 |  | 0.026 |  | 0.855
Back River - Goose Lake (DEV) |  | 1.95% GSR(18) |  | Sabina Gold & Silver |  | Canada |  | 13.623 |  | 0.184 |  | 2.503
Canadian Malartic |  | 1.0 - 1.5% NSR(19) |  | Agnico Eagle/Yamana |  | Canada |  | 57.843 |  | 0.029 |  | 1.682
Holt |  | 0.00013 x quarterly avg. gold price |  | Kirkland Lake |  | Canada |  | 2.953 |  | 0.124 |  | 0.366
Kutcho Creek (DEV) |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Capstone Mining |  | Canada |  | 11.509 |  | 0.009 |  | 0.100
LaRonde Zone 5 |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Agnico Eagle |  | Canada |  | 10.395 |  | 0.066 |  | 0.681
Mount Milligan |  | 35% of payable gold(20) |  | Centerra Gold |  | Canada |  | 493.353 |  | 0.010 |  | 4.736
Pine Cove |  | 7.5% NPI |  | Anaconda Mining |  | Canada |  | 0.979 |  | 0.037 |  | 0.036
Rainy River |  | 6.5% of gold produced(21) |  | New Gold |  | Canada |  | 136.398 |  | 0.031 |  | 4.185
Schaft Creek (DEV) |  | 3.5% NPI |  | Copper Fox/Teck |  | Canada |  | 1,037.054 |  | 0.006 |  | 5.775
Williams |  | 0.97% NSR |  | Barrick |  | Canada |  | 18.017 |  | 0.059 |  | 1.068
Dolores |  | 3.25% NSR |  | Pan American |  | Mexico |  | 49.053 |  | 0.025 |  | 1.211
Peñasquito |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Mexico |  | 573.654 |  | 0.016 |  | 9.110
Andacollo |  | 100% of payable gold(22) |  | Teck |  | Chile |  | 348.771 |  | 0.003 |  | 1.049
La Fortuna (DEV) |  | 1.4% NSR(23) |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Chile |  | 198.103 |  | 0.013 |  | 2.674
Don Mario |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Orvana |  | Bolivia |  | 2.867 |  | 0.056 |  | 0.160
Don Nicolas |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Compañia Inversora en Minas |  | Argentina |  | 1.327 |  | 0.148 |  | 0.196
Pueblo Viejo |  | 7.5% of payable gold(24) |  | Barrick |  | Dominican Republic |  | 84.593 |  | 0.077 |  | 6.551
El Limon |  | 3.0% NSR |  | B2Gold |  | Nicaragua |  | 0.661 |  | 0.106 |  | 0.070
La India (DEV) |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Condor Gold |  | Nicaragua |  | 7.606 |  | 0.089 |  | 0.675
Mara Rosa (DEV) |  | 2.75% NSR |  | Amarillo Gold |  | Brazil |  | 26.235 |  | 0.041 |  | 1.087
Balcooma (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Consolidated Tin |  | Australia |  | 0.762 |  | 0.002 |  | 0.001
Gwalia Deeps |  | 1.5% NSR |  | St . Barbara |  | Australia |  | 11.550 |  | 0.191 |  | 2.205
Jaguar Nickel (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Washington H. Soul Pattinson |  | Australia |  | 1.323 |  | 0.008 |  | 0.010
King of the Hills |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Red 5 |  | Australia |  | 0.794 |  | 0.112 |  | 0.089
Meekatharra |  | 1.5% NSR(25) |  | Westgold Resources |  | Australia |  | 6.246 |  | 0.074 |  | 0.460
South Laverton |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Saracen |  | Australia |  | 17.207 |  | 0.072 |  | 1.232
Southern Cross |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Shandong Tianye |  | Australia |  | 9.639 |  | 0.099 |  | 0.959
Wembley Durack (DEV) |  | 1.0% NSR |  | Westgold Resources |  | Australia |  | 0.362 |  | 0.055 |  | 0.020
Inata |  | 2.5% GSR |  | Balaji Group |  | Burkina Faso |  | 6.352 |  | 0.054 |  | 0.340
Taparko(26) |  | 2.0% GSR |  | Nord Gold |  | Burkina Faso |  | 6.504 |  | 0.074 |  | 0.483
Prestea |  | 10.5% of payable gold (27) |  | Golden Star Resources |  | Ghana |  | 0.853 |  | 0.372 |  | 0.317
Wassa |  | 10.5% of payable gold (27) |  | Golden Star Resources |  | Ghana |  | 18.606 |  | 0.079 |  | 1.473

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Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Silver Reserves

As of December 31, 2018(1)

Silver(28)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  | RESERVES
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | (3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  | Silver
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Silver |  | Contained
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Ozs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY/METAL STREAM |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (opt) |  | (M)
Gold Hill |  | 1.0 - 2.0% NSR(10,11) |  | Kinross |  | United States |  | 4.897 |  | 0.251 |  | 1.230
|  | 0.6 - 0.9% NSR(12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hasbrouck (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | West Kirkland/Clover Nevada |  | United States |  | 35.616 |  | 0.297 |  | 10.569
Relief Canyon (DEV) |  | 3.0% NSR(16) |  | Americas Silver |  | United States |  | 26.204 |  | 0.042 |  | 1.102
Kutcho Creek (DEV) |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Kutcho Copper |  | Canada |  | 11.509 |  | 1.008 |  | 11.600
Rainy River |  | 60% of silver produced (21) |  | New Gold |  | Canada |  | 136.398 |  | 0.089 |  | 12.115
Schaft Creek (DEV) |  | 3.5% NPI |  | Copper Fox/Teck |  | Canada |  | 1,037.054 |  | 0.050 |  | 51.895
Dolores |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Pan American |  | Mexico |  | 49.053 |  | 0.795 |  | 39.000
Peñasquito |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Mexico |  | 573.654 |  | 0.920 |  | 527.580
Don Mario |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Orvana |  | Bolivia |  | 2.867 |  | 1.158 |  | 3.320
Don Nicolas |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Compañia Inversora en Minas |  | Argentina |  | 1.327 |  | 0.302 |  | 0.401
Pueblo Viejo |  | 75% of payable silver(24) |  | Barrick |  | Dominican Republic |  | 84.593 |  | 0.497 |  | 42.052
La India (DEV) |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Condor Gold |  | Nicaragua |  | 7.606 |  | 0.156 |  | 1.185
Balcooma (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Consolidated Tin |  | Australia |  | 0.762 |  | 0.498 |  | 0.380
Jaguar Nickel (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Washington H. Soul Pattinson |  | Australia |  | 1.323 |  | 2.268 |  | 3.000
Khoemac a u (DEV) |  | 80% of payable silver(29) |  | Cupric Canyon |  | Botswana |  | 33.521 |  | 0.567 |  | 19.011

Operators’ Estimated Proven and Probable Base Metal Reserves

As of December 31, 2018(1)

Copper(30)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Base Metal |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY/METAL STREAM |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (%) |  | (M)
Robinson |  | 3.0% NSR |  | KGHM |  | United States |  | 84.310 |  | 0.41% |  | 692.343
Kutcho Creek (DEV) |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Kutcho Copper |  | Canada |  | 11.509 |  | 2.01% |  | 463.000
Mount Milligan |  | 18.75% of payable copper(20) |  | Centerra Gold |  | Canada |  | 493.353 |  | 0.19% |  | 1,836.000
Schaft Creek (DEV) |  | 3.5% NPI |  | Copper Fox/Teck |  | Canada |  | 1,037.054 |  | 0.27% |  | 5,630.715
Voisey’s Bay |  | 2.7% NVR |  | Vale |  | Canada |  | 34.172 |  | 0.94% |  | 642.427
Don Mario |  | 3.0% NSR |  | Orvana |  | Bolivia |  | 2.867 |  | 1.52% |  | 87.277
La Fortuna (DEV) |  | 1.4% NSR(23) |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Chile |  | 198.103 |  | 0.49% |  | 1,959.099
Balcooma (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Consolidated Tin |  | Australia |  | 0.762 |  | 2.13% |  | 32.466
Jaguar Nickel (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Washington H. Soul Pattinson |  | Australia |  | 1.323 |  | 0.42% |  | 11.023
Las Cruces |  | 1.5% NSR |  | First Quantum |  | Spain |  | 3.417 |  | 4.50% |  | 307.655

Lead(31)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Base Metal |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (%) |  | (M)
Peñasquito |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Mexico |  | 569.145 |  | 0.32% |  | 3,613.200
Balcooma (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Consolidated Tin |  | Australia |  | 0.762 |  | 0.52% |  | 7.879

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Zinc(32)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Base Metal |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (%) |  | (M)
Kutcho Creek (DEV) |  | 2.0% NSR |  | Kutcho Copper |  | Canada |  | 11.509 |  | 3.19% |  | 734.000
Peñasquito |  | 2.0% NSR - Sulfide |  | Newmont Goldcorp |  | Mexico |  | 569.145 |  | 0.70% |  | 7,994.530
El Toqui (DEV) |  | 0.0 - 3.0% NSR(33) |  | Laguna Gold |  | Chile |  | 1.400 |  | 4.70% |  | 131.704
Balcooma (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Consolidated Tin |  | Australia |  | 0.762 |  | 1.92% |  | 29.274
Jaguar Nickel (DEV) |  | 1.5% NSR |  | Washington H. Soul Pattinson |  | Australia |  | 1.323 |  | 6.25% |  | 165.347

Nickel(34)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  |  |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Average |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Base Metal |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | Grade (%) |  | (M)
Voisey’s Bay |  | 2.7% NVR |  | Vale |  | Canada |  | 34.172 |  | 2.12% |  | 1,448.878

Cobalt(35)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Base Metal |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (%) |  | (M)
Voisey’s Bay |  | 2.7% NVR |  | Vale |  | Canada |  | 34.172 |  | 0.12% |  | 85.429

Molybdenum(36)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROVEN + |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | PROBABLE |  | RESERVES(3)(4)(5)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tons of |  | Base Metal |  | Base Metal
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ore |  | Grade |  | Contained Lbs(6)
PROPERTY |  | ROYALTY |  | OPERATOR |  | LOCATION |  | (M) |  | (%) |  | (M)
Schaft Creek (DEV) |  | 3.5% NPI |  | Copper Fox/Teck |  | Canada |  | 1,037.054 |  | 0.02% |  | 373.340

| 1. |  | Reserves have been reported by the operators of record as of December 31, 2018, with the exception of the following properties where reserves have been reported by the operators of record or their predecessors in interest and are unadjusted for production since these dates: La India - January 25, 2019; Don Mario - September 30, 2018; Gwalia Deeps, King of the Hills, Meekatharra, South Laverton and Wembley Durack - June 30, 2018; Relief Canyon - May 24, 2018; Khoemac a u - April 17, 2018; El Toqui - February 28, 2018; Pine Cove, Taparko and Williams - December 31, 2017; Jaguar Nickel - June 30, 2017; Bald Mountain, Gold Hill, Inata, Robinson and Southern Cross - December 31, 2016; Back River - August 15, 2015; Hasbrouck Mountain - June 3, 2015; La Fortuna, Pinson and Ruby Hill - December 31, 2014; Schaft Creek - December 31, 2012; Don Nicolas - December 31, 2011; and Balcooma - June 30, 2011.

| 2. |  | Gold reserves were calculated by the operators at the following per ounce prices: A$1,650 - Meekatharra and King of the Hills; A$1,600 - Southern Cross and South Laverton; $1,600 - Pine Cove; $1,366 - Schaft Creek; A$1,350 - Gwalia Deeps; $1,300 - Dolores, La Fortuna, Mara Rosa and Pinson; $1,275 - Rainy River; $1,250 - Andacollo, Back River, Don Mario, El Limon, Inata, La India, Marigold, Mount Milligan, Prestea, Robinson, Taparko, Wassa and Wharf; $1,230 - Holt; $1,225 - Hasbrouck Mountain; $1,200 - Bald Mountain, Canadian Malartic, Cortez, Gold Hill, Goldstrike, Leeville, Peñasquito, Pueblo Viejo, Twin Creek and Williams; $1,150 - LaRonde Zone 5; and $1,100 - Don Nicolas and Ruby Hill. No gold price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel, Kutcho Creek or Wembley Durack.

| 3. |  | Set forth below are the definitions of proven and probable reserves used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “Reserve” is that part of a mineral deposit which could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination. “Proven (Measured) Reserves” are reserves for which (a) quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling; and (b) the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that the size,

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shape, depth and mineral content of the reserves are well established. “Probable (Indicated) Reserves” are reserves for which the quantity and grade and/or quality are computed from information similar to that used for proven (measured) reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven (measured) reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.

| 4. |  | Royal Gold has disclosed a number of reserve estimates that are provided by operators that are foreign issuers and are not based on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's definitions for proven and probable reserves. For Canadian issuers, definitions of "mineral reserve," "proven mineral reserve," and "probable mineral reserve" conform to the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum definitions of these terms as of the effective date of estimation as required by National Instrument 43-101 of the Canadian Securities Administrators. For Australian issuers, definitions of "mineral reserve," "proven mineral reserve," and "probable mineral reserve" conform with the Australasian Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia, as amended ("JORC Code"). Royal Gold does not reconcile the reserve estimates provided by the operators with definitions of reserves used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

| 5. |  | The reserves reported are either estimates received from the various operators or are based on information provided to Royal Gold or are derived from publicly available information from the operators of the various properties including National Instrument 43-101 or JORC Code reports filed by operators. Royal Gold is not able to reconcile the reserve estimates prepared in reliance on National Instrument 43-101 or JORC Code with definitions of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

| 6. |  | “Contained ounces” or “contained pounds” do not take into account recovery losses in mining and processing the ore.

| 7. |  | NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $375 - 1.75%; >$375 to $400 - 2.0%; >$400 to $425 - 2.25%; >$425 - 2.5%. All price points are stated in 1986 dollars and are subject to adjustment in accordance with a blended index comprised of labor, diesel fuel, industrial commodities and mining machinery.

| 8. |  | GSR1 and GSR2 sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $210 - 0.40%; $210 to $229.99 - 0.50%; $230 to $249.99 - 0.75%; $250 to $269.99 - 1.30%; $270 to $309.99 - 2.25%; $310 to $329.99 - 2.60%; $330 to $349.99 - 3.00%; $350 to $369.99 - 3.40%; $370 to $389.99 - $3.75%; $390 to $409.99 - 4.0%; $410 to $429.99 - 4.25%; $430 to $449.99 - 4.50%; $450 to $469.99 - 4.75%; $470 and higher - 5.00%.

| 9. |  | NVR1C is the Crossroads portion of NVR1.

| 10. |  | The royalty is capped at $10 million. As of June 30, 2019, royalty payments of approximately $6.88 million have been received.

| 11. |  | The 1.0% to 2.0% sliding-scale NSR royalty will pay 2.0% when the price of gold is above $350 per ounce and 1.0% when the price of gold falls to $350 per ounce or below. The 0.6% to 0.9% NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): Below $300 - 0.6%; $300 to $350 - 0.7%; > $350 to $400 - 0.8%; > $400 - 0.9%. The silver royalty rate is based on the price of gold.

| 12. |  | The 0.6% to 0.9% sliding-scale NSR applies to the M-ACE claims. The operator did not break out reserves or resources subject to the M-ACE claims royalty.

| 13. |  | Royalty only applies to Section 29 which currently holds about 95% of the reserves reported for the property.

| 14. |  | A Cordilleran royalty of 5% NSR applies to a portion of Section 28.

| 15. |  | Different Rayrock royalty rates apply to Sections 28, 32 and 33; these rates vary depending on pre-existing royalties. The Rayrock royalties take effect once 200,000 ounces of gold have been produced from open pit mines on the property. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 103,000 ounces have been produced.

| 16. |  | Reserves represent Royal Gold's interest based on our royalty ground covering approximately 69% of the resource footprint by area.

| 17. |  | NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): $0.00 to under $350 - 0.0%; $350 to under $400 - 0.5%; $400 to under $500 - 1.0%; $500 or higher - 2.0%.

| 18. |  | Goose Lake royalty applies to production above 400,000 ounces.

| 19. |  | NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of gold per ounce - royalty rate): $0.00 to $350 - 1.0%; above $350 - 1.5%.

| 20. |  | Centerra Gold will deliver 35% of payable gold produced, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 97%, and 18.75% of payable copper produced, subject to a minimum payable percentage of 95%. The purchase price for gold is equal to the lesser of $435 per ounce delivered or the prevailing market price and the purchase price for copper is 15% of the spot price per metric tonne delivered. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 456,700 ounces of payable gold and 22.1 million pounds of payable copper have been delivered.

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| 21. |  | New Gold will deliver: (a) gold in amounts equal to 6.50% of gold produced until 230,000 ounces have been delivered, and 3.25% of gold produced thereafter, and (b) silver in amounts equal to 60% of silver produced until 3.10 million ounces have been delivered, and 30% of silver produced thereafter, in each case at a purchase price equal to 25% of the spot price per ounce delivered. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 23,600 ounces of payable gold and 234,800 ounces of payable silver have been delivered.

| 22. |  | Teck will deliver gold in amounts equal to 100% of payable gold until 900,000 ounces have been delivered, and 50% of payable gold thereafter, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 89%, at a purchase price equal to 15% of the monthly average gold price for the month preceding the delivery date for each ounce delivered. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 193,000 ounces of payable gold have been delivered.

| 23. |  | The royalty covers approximately 30% of the La Fortuna deposit. Reserves attributable to Royal Gold's royalty represent 3/7 of Newmont Goldcorp's reporting of 70% of the total reserve.

| 24. |  | Barrick will deliver: (a) gold in amounts equal to 7.50% of Barrick’s 60% interest in gold produced until 990,000 ounces have been delivered, and 3.75% of Barrick’s 60% interest in gold produced thereafter, at a purchase price equal to 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered until 550,000 ounces have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price per ounce delivered thereafter; and (b) silver in amounts equal to 75% of Barrick’s 60% interest in silver produced, subject to a minimum silver recovery of 70%, until 50 million ounces have been delivered, and 37.50% of Barrick’s 60% interest in silver produced thereafter, at a purchase price equal to 30% of the spot price per ounce delivered until 23.10 million ounces of silver have been delivered, and 60% of the spot price per ounce delivered thereafter. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 181,000 ounces of payable gold and 6.2 million ounces of payable silver have been delivered.

| 25. |  | At Paddy's Flat an additional royalty of A$10 per ounce applies on production above 50,000 ounces; At Reedy's an additional 1.5% to 2.5% NSR sliding-scale royalty pays at a rate of 1.5% for the first 75,000 ounces produced in any 12-month period and at a rate of 2.5% on production above 75,000 ounces during that 12-month period and a 1.0% NSR royalty applies to the Rand area only. At Yaloginda the royalty is 0.45% NSR.

| 26. |  | There is a 0.75% GSR milling royalty that applies to ore that is mined outside of the defined area of the Taparko-Bouroum project that is processed through the Taparko facilities up to a maximum of 1.1 million tons per year.

| 27. |  | Golden Star will deliver 10.5% of payable gold produced until 240,000 ounces have been delivered from Wassa and Prestea, and 5.5% of gold produced thereafter. The purchase price for gold ounces delivered is 20% of the spot gold price until the threshold has been met, and 30% of the spot gold price thereafter. As of June 30, 2019, approximately 89,600 ounces have been delivered from Wassa and Prestea.

| 28. |  | Silver reserves were calculated by the operators at the following prices per ounce: $25.96 - Schaft Creek; $25.00 - Don Nicolas; $20.00 - Gold Hill; $18.50 - Dolores; $18.00 - Peñasquito; $17.50 - Hasbrouck Mountain; $17.00 - Rainy River; $16.50 - Pueblo Viejo; and $15.00 - Don Mario and Khoemacau. No silver price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek.

| 29. |  | When production commences, Cupric will deliver 80% of payable silver produced, subject to a fixed payable percentage of 90%. At Cupric’s option and subject to various conditions, Royal Gold will have the option to purchase up to an additional 20% of the payable silver. The stream rate will drop by 50% upon the delivery of 32 million ounces of silver at the 80% stream level, and 40 million ounces of silver at the 100% stream level if the option is fully exercised. The purchase price is 20% of the spot price of silver. Depending on the achievement by Cupric of mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), Royal Gold will pay higher ongoing cash payments for ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds.

| 30. |  | Copper reserves were calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: $3.52 -Schaft Creek; $3.00 - Andacollo, La Fortuna and Mount Milligan; $2.95 - Robinson; $2.75 - Las Cruces; $2.76 - Voisey's Bay; and $2.50 - Don Mario. No copper reserve price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek.

| 31. |  | Lead reserve price was calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: $0.95 - Peñasquito. No lead reserve price was reported for Balcooma.

| 32. |  | Zinc reserve price was calculated by the operators at the following prices per pound: 1.15 – Peñasquito; and $0.95 - El Toqui. No zinc reserve price was reported for Balcooma, Jaguar Nickel or Kutcho Creek.

| 33. |  | NSR sliding-scale schedule (price of zinc per pound - royalty rate): Below $0.50 - 0.0%; $0.50 to below $0.55 - 1.0%; $0.55 to below $0.60 - 2.0%; $0.60 or higher - 3.0%

| 34. |  | Nickel reserve price was calculated by the operator at the following price per pound: $5.01 - Voisey's Bay.

| 35. |  | Cobalt reserve price was calculated by the operator at the following price per pound: $24.69 - Voisey's Bay.

| 36. |  | Molybdenum reserve price was calculated by the operator at the following price per pound: $15.30 - Schaft Creek.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Current Stockholders

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “RGLD”. The following table sets forth, for each of the quarterly periods indicated, the range of high and low sales prices, in U.S. dollars, for our common stock on Nasdaq for each quarter since July 1, 2016.

As of July 31, 2019, there were 744 stockholders of record of our common stock.

|  |  |  | Sales Prices
Fiscal Year: |  |  |  | High |  | Low
2019 |  | First Quarter (July, Aug., Sept.—2018) |  | $ | 98.53 |  | $ | 71.91
|  | Second Quarter (Oct., Nov., Dec.—2018) |  | $ | 85.67 |  | $ | 70.16
|  | Third Quarter (Jan., Feb., Mar.—2019) |  | $ | 94.49 |  | $ | 80.72
|  | Fourth Quarter (April, May, June—2019) |  | $ | 102.62 |  | $ | 80.65
2018 |  | First Quarter (July, Aug., Sept.—2017) |  | $ | 94.39 |  | $ | 76.15
|  | Second Quarter (Oct., Nov., Dec.—2017) |  | $ | 90.13 |  | $ | 78.25
|  | Third Quarter (Jan., Feb., Mar.—2018) |  | $ | 90.51 |  | $ | 78.78
|  | Fourth Quarter (April, May, June—2018) |  | $ | 93.50 |  | $ | 85.15

Dividends

We have paid a cash dividend on our common stock for each year beginning in calendar year 2000. Our board of directors has discretion in determining whether to declare a dividend based on a number of factors including prevailing gold and other metal prices, economic market conditions and funding requirements for future opportunities or operations.

For calendar year 2019, our annual dividend is $1.06 per share of common stock. We paid the first payment of $0.265 per share on January 18, 2019, to common stockholders of record at the close of business on January 4, 2019. We paid the second payment of $0.265 per share on April 19, 2019, to common stockholders of record at the close of business on April 5, 2019. We paid the third payment of $0.265 per share on July 19, 2019, to common stockholders of record at the close of business on July 5, 2019. Subject to board approval, we anticipate paying the fourth payment of $0.265 per share on October 18, 2019, to common shareholders of record at the close of business on October 4, 2019.

For calendar year 2018, our annual dividend was $1.00 per share of common stock, paid on a quarterly basis of $0.25 per share. For calendar year 2017, our annual dividend was $0.96 per share of common stock, paid on a quarterly basis of $0.24 per share.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue(1) |  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | 440,814 |  | $ | 359,790 |  | $ | 278,019
Operating income (loss)(2) |  | $ | 140,707 |  | $ | (74,535) |  | $ | 145,942 |  | $ | 4,816 |  | $ | 87,235
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 89,079 |  | $ | (119,351) |  | $ | 92,425 |  | $ | (82,438) |  | $ | 52,678
Net income (loss) available to Royal Gold common stockholders |  | $ | 93,825 |  | $ | (113,134) |  | $ | 101,530 |  | $ | (77,149) |  | $ | 51,965
Net income (loss) per share available to Royal Gold common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55 |  | $ | (1.18) |  | $ | 0.80
Diluted |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55 |  | $ | (1.18) |  | $ | 0.80
Dividends declared per common share(3) |  | $ | 1.05 |  | $ | 0.99 |  | $ | 0.95 |  | $ | 0.91 |  | $ | 0.87

|  | As of June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Stream and royalty interests, net |  | $ | 2,339,316 |  | $ | 2,501,117 |  | $ | 2,892,256 |  | $ | 2,848,087 |  | $ | 2,083,608
Total assets |  | $ | 2,544,151 |  | $ | 2,682,016 |  | $ | 3,094,065 |  | $ | 3,069,729 |  | $ | 2,914,474
Debt |  | $ | 214,554 |  | $ | 351,027 |  | $ | 586,170 |  | $ | 600,685 |  | $ | 313,869
Total liabilities |  | $ | 373,698 |  | $ | 540,747 |  | $ | 773,801 |  | $ | 783,844 |  | $ | 503,981
Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 2,136,681 |  | $ | 2,102,167 |  | $ | 2,275,377 |  | $ | 2,229,016 |  | $ | 2,353,122

| (1) |  | Please refer to Item 7, MD&A, of this report for a discussion of recent developments that contributed to our 8% decrease in revenue during fiscal year 2019 when compared to fiscal year 2018 and the 4% increase in revenue during fiscal year 2018 when compared to fiscal year 2017.

| (2) |  | Please refer to Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for discussion on the impairment recognized at Pascua-Lama, which was attributable for the operating loss during our fiscal year 2018.

| (3) |  | The 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 calendar year dividends were $1.06, $1.00, $0.96, $0.92 and $0.88, respectively, as approved by our board of directors. Please refer to Item 5 of this report for further information on our dividends.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

Royal Gold, Inc. (“Royal Gold”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”), together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests.

We manage our business under two segments:

Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests—A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of June 30, 2019, we owned seven stream interests, which are on six producing properties and two development stage properties. Our stream interests accounted for approximately 72% and 71% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant proportion of our total revenue.

Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests—Royalties are non‑operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of

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June 30, 2019, we owned royalty interests on 35 producing properties, 14 development stage properties and 129 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 47 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineralized material and on which operators are engaged in the search for reserves. Royalties accounted for approximately 28% and 29% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests, and except for our interest in the Peak Gold JV, we are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs or other operating costs on those properties.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new streams and royalties on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through the financing of mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, our analysis of technical, financial, legal and other confidential information of particular opportunities, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes.

Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold and, to a lesser extent, the price of silver and copper, together with the amounts of production from our producing stage stream and royalty interests. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, gold, silver, and copper price averages and percentage of revenue by metal were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year ended
|  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Metal |  | Average Price |  | Percentage of Revenue |  | Average Price |  | Percentage of Revenue |  | Average Price |  | Percentage of Revenue
Gold ($/ounce) |  | $ | 1,263 |  | 78% |  | $ | 1,297 |  | 77% |  | $ | 1,259 |  | 85%
Silver ($/ounce) |  | $ | 15.00 |  | 9% |  | $ | 16.72 |  | 9% |  | $ | 17.88 |  | 8%
Copper ($/pound) |  | $ | 2.79 |  | 9% |  | $ | 3.06 |  | 11% |  | $ | 2.44 |  | 5%
Other |  |  | N/A |  | 4% |  |  | N/A |  | 3% |  |  | N/A |  | 2%

Operators’ Production Estimates by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2019

We received annual production estimates from many of the operators of our producing mines during the first calendar quarter of 2019. In some instances, an operator may revise its original calendar year guidance throughout the year. The following table shows such production estimates for our principal producing properties for calendar 2019 as well as the actual production reported to us by the various operators through June 30, 2019. The estimates and production reports are prepared by the operators. We do not participate in the preparation or calculation of the operators’ estimates or production reports and have not independently assessed or verified, and disclaim all responsibility for, the accuracy of such information. Please refer to Part I, Item 2, Properties, of this report for further discussion on any updates at our principal producing properties.

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Operators’ Estimated and Actual Production by Stream and Royalty Interest for Calendar 2019

Principal Producing Properties

|  | Calendar 2019 Operator’s Production |  | Calendar 2019 Operator’s Production
|  | Estimate(1) |  | Actual(2)
|  | Gold |  | Silver |  | Base Metals |  | Gold |  | Silver |  | Base Metals
Stream/Royalty |  | (oz.) |  | (oz.) |  | (lbs.) |  | (oz.) |  | (oz.) |  | (lbs.)
Stream: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Andacollo(3) |  | 62,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 26,300 |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan(4) |  | 155,000 - 175,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 81,800 |  |  |  |
Copper |  |  |  |  |  | 65 - 75 million |  |  |  |  |  | 31.8 million
Pueblo Viejo(5) |  | 550,000 - 600,000 |  | N/A |  |  |  | 272,000 |  | N/A |  |
Rainy River(6) |  | 245,000 - 270,000 |  | 245,000 - 270,000 |  |  |  | 127,600 |  | 126,500 |  |
Wassa(7) |  | 150,000 - 160,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 80,300 |  |  |  |
Royalty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cortez GSR1 |  | 102,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 62,000 |  |  |  |
Cortez GSR2 |  | 98,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 7,600 |  |  |  |
Cortez GSR3 |  | 199,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 69,600 |  |  |  |
Cortez NVR1 |  | 168,200 |  |  |  |  |  | 58,800 |  |  |  |
Peñasquito(8) |  | 165,000 |  | 25 million |  |  |  | 12,000 |  | 1.7 million |  |
Lead |  |  |  |  |  | 180 million |  |  |  |  |  | 12 million
Zinc |  |  |  |  |  | 245 million |  |  |  |  |  | 25 million

| (1) |  | Production estimates received from our operators are for calendar 2019. There can be no assurance that production estimates received from our operators will be achieved. Please also refer to our cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements following this MD&A, as well as the Risk Factors identified in Part I, Item 1A, of this report for information regarding factors that could affect actual results.

| (2) |  | Actual production figures shown are from our operators and cover the period January 1, 2019 through June 30, 2019, unless otherwise noted in footnotes to this table.

| (3) |  | The estimated and actual production figures shown for Andacollo are contained gold in concentrate.

| (4) |  | The estimated and actual production figures shown for Mount Milligan are payable gold and copper in concentrate.

| (5) |  | The estimated and actual production figures shown for Pueblo Viejo are payable gold in doré and represent Barrick’s 60% interest in Pueblo Viejo. The operator did not provide estimated or actual silver production.

| (6) |  | The estimated and actual production figures shown for Rainy River are produced gold and silver in doré.

| (7) |  | The estimated and actual production figures shown for Wassa is payable gold in doré.

| (8) |  | The estimated and actual gold and silver production figures shown for Peñasquito are payable gold in concentrate and doré. The estimated and actual lead and zinc production figures shown are payable lead and zinc in concentrate. The estimated production figures shown are for the period April 18, 2019 through December 31, 2019, while actual production figures shown are for the period April 18, 2019 through June 30, 2019, per the operator.

Historical Production

The following table discloses historical production for the past three fiscal years for the principal producing properties that are subject to our stream and royalty interests, as reported to us by the operators of the mines. We do not participate in

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the preparation or calculation of the operators’ production reports and have not independently assessed or verified, and disclaim all responsibility for, the accuracy of such information.

Historical Production(1) by Stream and Royalty Interest

Principal Producing Properties

For the Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Stream/Royalty |  | Metal |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stream: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  | Gold |  | 61,700 | oz. |  | 77,700 | oz. |  | 103,400 | oz.
|  | Copper |  | 8.3 | Mlbs. |  | 10.4 | Mlbs. |  | 2.6 | Mlbs.
Andacollo |  | Gold |  | 55,000 | oz. |  | 44,400 | oz. |  | 47,800 | oz.
Pueblo Viejo |  | Gold |  | 41,000 | oz. |  | 49,200 | oz. |  | 50,700 | oz.
|  | Silver |  | 2.1 | Moz. |  | 1.9 | Moz. |  | 1.6 | Moz.
Wassa |  | Gold |  | 17,500 | oz. |  | 12,500 | oz. |  | 10,800 | oz.
Rainy River |  | Gold |  | 15,800 | oz. |  | 6,000 | oz. |  | N/A |
|  | Silver |  | 144,700 | oz. |  | 53,600 | oz. |  | N/A |
Royalty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Peñasquito |  | Gold |  | 158,800 | oz. |  | 375,800 | oz. |  | 556,300 | oz.
|  | Silver |  | 16.4 | Moz. |  | 20.9 | Moz. |  | 20.7 | Moz.
|  | Lead |  | 117.4 | Mlbs. |  | 122.2 | Mlbs. |  | 125.2 | Mlbs.
|  | Zinc |  | 216.2 | Mlbs. |  | 348.5 | Mlbs. |  | 317.8 | Mlbs.
Cortez GSR1 |  | Gold |  | 84,600 | oz. |  | 76,300 | oz. |  | 62,900 | oz.
Cortez GSR2 |  | Gold |  | 12,100 | oz. |  | 1,400 | oz. |  | 1,300 | oz.
Cortez GSR3 |  | Gold |  | 96,700 | oz. |  | 77,700 | oz. |  | 64,200 | oz.
Cortez NVR1 |  | Gold |  | 77,400 | oz. |  | 42,100 | oz. |  | 32,600 | oz.

| (1) |  | Historical production relates to the amount of metal sales, subject to our stream and royalty interests for each fiscal year presented, as reported to us by the operators of the mines, and may differ from stream deliveries and royalty production discussed in Item 2, Properties, or from the operators’ public reporting.

Critical Accounting Policies

Listed below are the accounting policies that the Company believes are critical to its financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported. Please also refer to Note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion on recently adopted and issued accounting pronouncements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

We rely on reserve estimates reported by the operators of the properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the potential impairments of long‑lived assets and the ability to realize income tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions also affect the rate at which we recognize revenue or charge depreciation, depletion and amortization to earnings. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions; however, actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Differences between estimates and actual amounts are adjusted and recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known.

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Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties and Related Depletion

Stream and royalty interests include acquired stream and royalty interests in production, development and exploration stage properties. The costs of acquired stream and royalty interests are capitalized as tangible assets as such interests do not meet the definition of a financial asset under the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) guidance.

Production stage stream and royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the mineral property (as stream sales occur or royalty payments are recognized), which are estimated using proven and probable reserves as provided by the operator. Development stage mineral properties, which are not yet in production, are not depleted until the property begins production. Exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no proven and probable reserves, are not depleted. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to proven and probable reserves, the mineral property is depleted over its life, using proven and probable reserves. Exploration costs are expensed when incurred.

Asset Impairment

We evaluate long‑lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The recoverability of the carrying value of stream and royalty interests in production and development stage mineral properties is evaluated based upon estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from each stream and royalty interest using estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators. We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty interests in exploration stage mineral properties in the event of significant decreases in the price of gold, silver, copper and other metals, and whenever new information regarding the mineral properties is obtained from the operator indicating that production will not likely occur or may be reduced in the future, thus potentially affecting the future recoverability of our stream or royalty interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each property are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each property exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash flows.

Estimates of gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices, and operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves or mineralized material related to our stream or royalty properties are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which may affect the recoverability of our investment in these stream and royalty interests in mineral properties. It is possible that changes could occur to these estimates, which could adversely affect the net cash flows expected to be generated from these stream and royalty interests. Refer to Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for discussion and the results of our impairment assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019.

Revenue

Revenue is recognized pursuant to current guidance in ASC 606. Under current ASC 606 guidance, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below.

Stream Interests

A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency

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of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser.

Royalty Interests

Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurred. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production, comprising our royalty interest, to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable offsite treatment, refining, transportation and, if applicable, mining costs.

Metal Sales

Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between 10 days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales activity in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. Temporary modifications may be made to our metal sales guidelines from time to time as required to meet the needs of the Company. Revenue from gold, silver and copper sales is recognized on the date of the settlement, which is also the date that title to the metal passes to the purchaser.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery.

Exploration Costs

Exploration costs are specific to our Peak Gold JV for exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold project as discussed further in Note 2 of our notes to consolidated financial statements. Exploration costs associated with the exploration and advancement of Peak Gold are expensed when incurred.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the guidance of ASC 740. The Company’s annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates in effect and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax expense, current tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income, both as a whole and in various tax jurisdictions, for purposes of assessing our ability to realize future benefit from our deferred tax assets. Actual income

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taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities.

The Company’s deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts measured by tax laws and regulations. In evaluating the realizability of the deferred tax assets, management considers both positive and negative evidence that may exist, such as earnings history, reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies in each tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance may be established to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is considered more likely than not to be realized through the generation of future taxable income and other tax planning strategies.

The Company’s operations may involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. The Company recognizes potential liabilities and records tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution could result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period which they are determined. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

At June 30, 2019, we had current assets of $154.7 million compared to current liabilities of $33.6 million resulting in working capital of $121.1 million and a current ratio of 5 to 1. This compares to current assets of $125.8 million and current liabilities of $51.4 million at June 30, 2018, resulting in working capital of $74.4 million and a current ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The increase in our current ratio was primarily attributable to an increase in our cash and equivalents, which is discussed further below under “Summary of Cash Flows.”

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, liquidity needs were met from $253.2 million in net cash provided by operating activities and our available cash resources. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had $780 million available and $220 million outstanding under its revolving credit facility. Working capital, combined with available capacity under the Company’s revolving credit facility, resulted in approximately $900 million of total liquidity at June 30, 2019. Refer to Note 5 of our notes to consolidated financial statements and below (“Recent Liquidity and Capital Resource Developments”) for further discussion on our debt.

We believe that our current financial resources and funds generated from operations will be adequate to cover anticipated expenditures for debt service, general and administrative expense costs and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future. Our current financial resources are also available to fund dividends and for acquisitions of stream and royalty interests, including the conditional funding schedule in connection with the Khoemacau silver stream acquisition. Our long-term capital requirements are primarily affected by our ongoing acquisition activities. The Company currently, and generally at any time, has acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review. In the event of one or more substantial stream or royalty interest or other acquisitions, we may seek additional debt or equity financing as necessary.

Please refer to our risk factors included in Part I, Item 1A of this report for a discussion of certain risks that may impact the Company’s liquidity and capital resources.

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Recent Liquidity and Capital Resource Developments

Convertible Senior Notes Due 2019

The 2019 Notes matured on June 15, 2019 and the Company settled the $370 million aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest with its available cash resources, primarily from our available revolving credit facility.

Revolving Credit Facility Amendment

On June 3, 2019, the Company entered into a second amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017. The amendment extended the scheduled maturity date from June 2, 2022 to June 3, 2024 and reduced certain interest rates and fees to be paid by the Company.

Dividend Increase

On November 13, 2018, we announced an increase in our annual dividend for calendar 2019 from $1.00 to $1.06, payable on a quarterly basis of $0.265 per share. The newly declared dividend is 6.0% higher than the dividend paid during calendar 2018. Royal Gold has steadily increased its annual dividend since calendar 2001.

Summary of Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $253.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to $328.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to higher income taxes paid of $47.5 million over the prior period and a decrease in proceeds received from our stream and royalty interests, net of production taxes and cost of sales, of approximately $26.6 million. The increase in cash taxes paid during the current period is primarily attributable to an increase in required estimated tax payments made to various taxing authorities and an increase in prior fiscal year earnings at certain foreign subsidiaries, which corresponding tax payments were made within the current period.

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $328.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared to $266.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to an increase in proceeds received from our stream and royalty interests, net of production taxes and cost of sales, of approximately $23.0 million and a tax refund received from a foreign taxing authority of approximately $21 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $5.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to cash used in investing activities of $10.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease in cash used in investing activities is due to a decrease in acquisitions of stream and royalty interests in mineral properties and purchases of equity securities when compared to the prior fiscal year.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $10.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared to $200.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in cash used in investing activities is due to a decrease in acquisitions of stream and royalty interests in mineral properties when compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities totaled $216.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared to cash used in financing activities of $315.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to a decrease in debt repayments (net of borrowings) when compared to the prior fiscal year.

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Net cash used in financing activities totaled $315.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared to cash used in financing activities of $97.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The increase in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to increased repayment of amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility when compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2019, are as follows:

|  | Payments Due by Period (in thousands)
|  |  |  |  | Less than |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | More than
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  | 1 Year |  | 1 - 3 Years |  | 3 - 5 Years |  | 5 Years
Revolving credit facility(1) |  | $ | 260,023 |  | $ | 446 |  | $ | 22,086 |  | $ | 237,491 |  | $ | —

| (1) |  | Amounts represent principal ($220 million) and estimated interest payments ($40.0 million) assuming no early extinguishment.

For information on our contractual obligations, see Note 5 of the notes to consolidated financial statements. The above table does not include stream commitments as discussed in Note 14 of the notes to consolidated financial statements. The Company believes it will be able to fund all current obligations from net cash provided by operating activities.

Off‑Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off‑balance sheet arrangements.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019, Compared with Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, we recorded net income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $93.8 million, or $1.43 per basic share and $1.43 per diluted share, as compared to a net loss attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $113.1 million, or $1.73 per basic and diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The increase in our earnings per share, when compared to the prior period, was attributable to prior period impairment charges of approximately $239.4 million, primarily on our royalty interest at Pascua-Lama, as discussed further in Note 4 of our notes to consolidated financial statements. The effect of the impairment charges during the prior period was $2.68 per basic share, after taxes. Our current period earnings per share were impacted by a decrease in our revenue and losses on changes in fair value on our equity securities, both discussed further below.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, we recognized total revenue of $423.1 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $305.8 million and royalty revenue of $117.2 million, at an average gold price of $1,263 per ounce, an average silver price of $15.00 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.79 per pound, compared to total revenue of $459.0 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $324.5 million and royalty revenue of $134.5 million, at an average gold price of $1,297 per ounce, an average silver price of $16.72 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.06 per pound, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.

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Revenue and the corresponding production, attributable to our stream and royalty interests, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 is as follows:

Revenue and Reported Production Subject to our Stream and Royalty Interests

Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

(In thousands, except reported production in ozs. and lbs.)

|  |  |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Reported |  |  |  |  | Reported
Stream/Royalty |  | Metal(s) |  | Revenue |  | Production(1) |  | Revenue |  | Production(1)
Stream(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  |  |  | $ | 101,010 |  |  |  |  | $ | 133,534 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 61,700 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 77,700 | oz.
|  | Copper |  |  |  |  | 8.3 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 10.4 | Mlbs.
Pueblo Viejo |  |  |  | $ | 82,844 |  |  |  |  | $ | 95,055 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 41,000 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 49,200 | oz.
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 2.1 | Moz. |  |  |  |  | 1.9 | Moz.
Andacollo |  | Gold |  | $ | 69,264 |  | 55,000 | oz. |  | $ | 57,413 |  | 44,400 | oz.
Rainy River |  |  |  | $ | 22,142 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,710 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 15,800 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 6,000 | oz.
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 144,700 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 53,600 | oz.
Wassa |  | Gold |  | $ | 22,098 |  | 17,500 | oz. |  | $ | 16,151 |  | 12,500 | oz.
Other(3) |  | Gold |  | $ | 8,466 |  | 6,800 | oz. |  | $ | 13,653 |  | 10,500 | oz.
Total stream revenue |  |  |  | $ | 305,824 |  |  |  |  | $ | 324,516 |  |  |
Royalty(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Peñasquito |  |  |  | $ | 13,865 |  |  |  |  | $ | 25,886 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 158,800 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 375,800 | oz.
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 16.4 | Moz. |  |  |  |  | 20.9 | Moz.
|  | Lead |  |  |  |  | 117.4 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 122.2 | Mlbs.
|  | Zinc |  |  |  |  | 216.2 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 348.5 | Mlbs.
Cortez |  | Gold |  | $ | 11,383 |  | 96,700 | oz. |  | $ | 8,155 |  | 77,700 | oz.
Other(3) |  | Various |  | $ | 91,984 |  | N/A |  |  | $ | 100,485 |  | N/A |
Total royalty revenue |  |  |  | $ | 117,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 134,526 |  |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 423,056 |  |  |  |  | $ | 459,042 |  |  |

| (1) |  | Reported production relates to the amount of metal sales, subject to our stream and royalty interests, for the twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting.

| (2) |  | Refer to Item 2, Properties, for further discussion on our principal stream and royalty interests.

| (3) |  | Individually, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 5% of our total revenue for either period.

The decrease in our total revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, resulted primarily from a decrease in our stream revenue and a decrease in the average gold, silver and copper prices. The decrease in our stream revenue was primarily attributable to a decrease in gold and copper sales at Mount Milligan and a decrease in gold sales at Pueblo Viejo. These decreases were partially offset by higher metal sales at Andacollo and Rainy River. The decrease in metal sales at Mount Milligan was anticipated based on previously announced news from Centerra and as reported earlier by the Company.

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Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, as well as gold, silver and copper in inventory as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, for our stream interests were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
Gold Stream |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.)
Mount Milligan |  | 68,500 |  | 61,700 |  | 78,000 |  | 77,700 |  | 7,100 |  | 300
Andacollo |  | 51,900 |  | 55,000 |  | 51,700 |  | 44,400 |  | 4,300 |  | 7,400
Pueblo Viejo |  | 41,200 |  | 41,000 |  | 45,400 |  | 49,200 |  | 9,500 |  | 9,200
Wassa |  | 16,600 |  | 17,500 |  | 14,500 |  | 12,500 |  | 1,500 |  | 2,500
Rainy River |  | 16,800 |  | 15,800 |  | 6,800 |  | 5,900 |  | 1,800 |  | 800
Other |  | 5,700 |  | 6,800 |  | 11,400 |  | 10,500 |  | 400 |  | 1,400
Total |  | 200,700 |  | 197,800 |  | 207,800 |  | 200,200 |  | 24,600 |  | 21,600
|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
Silver Stream |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.)
Pueblo Viejo |  | 2,007,000 |  | 2,071,700 |  | 1,886,737 |  | 1,883,300 |  | 475,600 |  | 540,200
Rainy River |  | 148,900 |  | 144,700 |  | 85,900 |  | 53,600 |  | 36,500 |  | 32,300
Total |  | 2,155,900 |  | 2,216,400 |  | 1,972,637 |  | 1,936,900 |  | 512,100 |  | 572,500
|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
Copper Stream |  | Purchases (Mlbs.) |  | Sales (Mlbs.) |  | Purchases (Mlbs.) |  | Sales (Mlbs.) |  | Inventory (Mlbs.) |  | Inventory (Mlbs.)
Mount Milligan |  | 9.1 |  | 8.3 |  | 10.4 |  | 10.4 |  | 0.8 |  | —

Our royalty revenue decreased during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, primarily due to a decrease in production at Peñasquito and a decrease in the average gold, silver and copper prices. Refer to Part I, Item 2, Properties, for discussion and any updates on our principal producing properties.

Cost of sales decreased to $77.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, from $83.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to decreased gold and copper sales from Mount Milligan and a decrease in gold sales from Pueblo Viejo, partially offset by an increase in gold sales from Rainy River and Andacollo. Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of RGLD Gold’s purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery.

General and administrative expenses decreased to $30.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, from $35.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease during the current period was primarily due to a decrease in legal costs attributable to settlement of the Voisey’s Bay royalty calculation dispute as discussed further in Part I, Item 1, Business.

Production taxes increased to $4.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, from $2.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The increase is primarily due to an increase in mining proceeds tax associated with our Voisey’s Bay royalty, which resulted from increased revenue from the Voisey’s Bay royalty during the current period.

On July 1, 2018, the Company adopted new Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) guidance which impacts how we recognize changes in fair value on our equity securities at each reporting period. As a result of the new ASU guidance, the Company recognized a loss on changes in fair value of equity securities of approximately $6.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019. Refer to Note 2 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further detail. The new guidance could increase our earnings volatility.

Interest and other income decreased to $2.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, from $4.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. In June 2018, Golden Star repaid its $20 million term loan facility with Royal Gold, thus reducing interest income during the current period.

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Interest and other expense decreased to $29.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, from $34.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower interest expense as a result of a decrease in average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility during the current period when compared to the prior period.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, we recognized income tax expense totaling $17.5 million compared with $14.8 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. This resulted in an effective tax rate of 16.4% during the current period, compared with (14.1%) in the prior period. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 was primarily impacted by discrete true-ups related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) partially offset by the implementation of the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) tax regime. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 was impacted by discrete period expense recorded during the December 2017 quarter related to the impacts of the Act, a one-time non-cash functional currency election, partially offset by discrete benefits related to impairment charges.

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018, Compared with Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a net loss attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $113.1 million, or $1.73 per basic share and diluted share, as compared to net income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders of $101.5 million, or $1.55 per basic and diluted share, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in our earnings per share was attributable to impairment charges of approximately $239.4 million primarily on our royalty interest at Pascua-Lama, as discussed further in Note 4 of our notes to consolidated financial statements, during the three months ended March 31, 2018. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in our revenue, which is discussed below. The effect of the impairment charges during the current year, was $2.68 per basic share, after taxes. The decrease in our earnings per share was also attributable to an increase in our income tax expense due to the impacts of the Act and a non-cash functional currency election at certain of our Canadian subsidiaries. The combined effect of the Act and the non-cash functional currency election for income tax purposes was additional income tax expense of approximately $30.7 million and $18.3 million, respectively, or $0.47 and $0.25 per basic share, respectively, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, we recognized total revenue of $459.0 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $324.5 million and royalty revenue of $134.5 million, at an average gold price of $1,297 per ounce, an average silver price of $16.72 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.06 per pound, compared to total revenue of $440.8 million, which is comprised of stream revenue of $314.0 million and royalty revenue of $126.8 million, at an average gold price of $1,259 per ounce, an average silver price of $17.88 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.44 per pound, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

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Revenue and the corresponding production, attributable to our stream and royalty interests, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:

Revenue and Reported Production Subject to our Stream and Royalty Interests

Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands, except reported production in ozs. and lbs.)

|  |  |  | Fiscal Year ended |  | Fiscal Year ended
|  |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Reported |  |  |  |  | Reported
Stream/Royalty |  | Metal(s) |  | Revenue |  | Production(1) |  | Revenue |  | Production(1)
Stream (2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  |  |  | $ | 133,534 |  |  |  |  | $ | 136,736 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 77,700 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 103,400 | oz.
|  | Copper |  |  |  |  | 10.4 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 2.6 | Mlbs.
Pueblo Viejo |  |  |  | $ | 95,055 |  |  |  |  | $ | 91,589 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 49,200 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 50,700 | oz.
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 1.9 | Moz. |  |  |  |  | 1.6 | Moz.
Andacollo |  | Gold |  | $ | 57,413 |  | 44,400 | oz. |  | $ | 60,251 |  | 47,800 | oz.
Wassa |  | Gold |  | $ | 16,151 |  | 23,000 | oz. |  | $ | 13,457 |  | 10,800 | oz.
Rainy River |  |  |  | $ | 8,710 |  |  |  |  | $ | N/A |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 6,000 | oz. |  |  |  |  | N/A |
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 53,600 | oz. |  |  |  |  | N/A |
Other(3) |  |  |  | $ | 13,653 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,978 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 10,500 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 9,600 | oz.
Total stream revenue |  |  |  | $ | 324,516 |  |  |  |  | $ | 314,011 |  |  |
Royalty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Peñasquito |  |  |  | $ | 25,886 |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,687 |  |  |
|  | Gold |  |  |  |  | 375,800 | oz. |  |  |  |  | 556,300 | oz.
|  | Silver |  |  |  |  | 20.9 | Moz. |  |  |  |  | 20.7 | Moz.
|  | Lead |  |  |  |  | 122.2 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 125.2 | Mlbs.
|  | Zinc |  |  |  |  | 348.5 | Mlbs. |  |  |  |  | 317.8 | Mlbs.
Cortez |  | Gold |  | $ | 8,155 |  | 77,700 | oz. |  | $ | 6,504 |  | 64,200 | oz.
Other(3) |  | Various |  | $ | 100,485 |  | N/A |  |  | $ | 93,612 |  | N/A |
Total royalty revenue |  |  |  | $ | 134,526 |  |  |  |  | $ | 126,803 |  |  |
Total revenue |  |  |  | $ | 459,042 |  |  |  |  | $ | 440,814 |  |  |

| (1) |  | Reported production relates to the amount of metal sales, subject to our stream and royalty interests, for the twelve months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting.

| (2) |  | Refer to Item 2, Properties, for further discussion on our principal stream and royalty interests.

| (3) |  | Individually, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 5% of our total revenue for either period.

The increase in our total revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, resulted primarily from an increase in our stream revenue and an increase in the average gold and copper prices. The increase in our stream revenue was primarily attributable to new gold and silver production from our Rainy River stream, an increase in gold sales at Wassa and increased copper sales at Mount Milligan, partially offset by lower gold sales at Mount Milligan and Andacollo. Silver deliveries from Rainy River began during our December 2017 quarter with silver sales beginning in the March 2018 quarter. Copper deliveries from Mount Milligan began during our June 2017 quarter.

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Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, as well as gold, silver and copper in inventory as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, for our stream interests were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Gold Stream |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.)
Mount Milligan |  | 78,000 |  | 77,700 |  | 96,000 |  | 103,400 |  | 300 |  | 100
Andacollo |  | 51,700 |  | 44,400 |  | 47,900 |  | 47,800 |  | 7,400 |  | 100
Pueblo Viejo |  | 45,400 |  | 49,200 |  | 52,600 |  | 50,700 |  | 9,200 |  | 12,900
Wassa |  | 14,500 |  | 12,500 |  | 10,400 |  | 10,800 |  | 2,500 |  | 500
Rainy River |  | 6,800 |  | 5,900 |  | — |  | — |  | 800 |  | —
Other |  | 11,400 |  | 10,500 |  | 9,500 |  | 9,500 |  | 1,400 |  | 500
Total |  | 207,800 |  | 200,200 |  | 216,400 |  | 222,200 |  | 21,600 |  | 14,100
|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Silver Stream |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Purchases (oz.) |  | Sales (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.) |  | Inventory (oz.)
Pueblo Viejo |  | 1,886,737 |  | 1,883,300 |  | 1,776,200 |  | 1,563,100 |  | 540,200 |  | 536,800
Rainy River |  | 85,900 |  | 53,600 |  | — |  | — |  | 32,300 |  | —
Total |  | 1,972,637 |  | 1,936,900 |  | 1,776,200 |  | 1,563,100 |  | 572,500 |  | 536,800
|  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | Fiscal Year Ended |  | As of |  | As of
|  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | June 30, 2017
Copper Stream |  | Purchases (Mlbs.) |  | Sales (Mlbs.) |  | Purchases (Mlbs.) |  | Sales (Mlbs.) |  | Inventory (Mlbs.) |  | Inventory (Mlbs.)
Mount Milligan |  | 10.4 |  | 10.4 |  | 2.6 |  | 2.6 |  | — |  | —

Our royalty revenue increased during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to an increase in the average gold and copper prices and increased gold production at Cortez. Refer to Part I, Item 2, Properties, for discussion and any updates on our principal producing properties.

Cost of sales were approximately $83.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared to $87.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to decreased gold sales from Mount Milligan and Andacollo. Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of RGLD Gold’s purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery.

General and administrative expenses increased to $35.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, from $33.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The increase during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 was primarily due to an increase in legal and litigation costs.

Exploration costs decreased to $8.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, from $12.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. Exploration costs are specific to the exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold JV, as discussed further in Note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense increased to $163.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, from $159.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to increased gold sales from our Wassa gold stream.

Impairment of royalty and stream interests was $239.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018. The impairment of royalty interests was the result of our regular impairment analysis conducted during the three months ended March 31, 2018, and was primarily due to the presence of impairment indicators on our royalty interest at Pascua-Lama. Refer to Note 4 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our impairment analysis and results.

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Interest and other income decreased to $4.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, from $9.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a gain recognized ($3.4 million) on consideration received as part of the termination of our Phoenix Gold Project streaming interest during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in interest and other income was also due to consideration received as part of a legal settlement and termination of a non-principal royalty of approximately $2.8 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest and other expense decreased to $34.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, from $36.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower interest expense as a result of a decrease in amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility. The Company repaid the remaining $250 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility during fiscal year 2018.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, we recognized income tax expense totaling $14.8 million compared with $26.4 million during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. This resulted in an effective tax rate of (14.1%) during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018, compared with 22.2% during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. The increase in the effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 is primarily attributable to the effects of the Act and a non-cash functional currency election at certain of our Canadian subsidiaries.

Forward‑Looking Statements

Cautionary “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: With the exception of historical matters, the matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from projections or estimates contained herein. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding the impact of recently adopted or issued accounting standards; the expected schedule for making advance payments pursuant to the Khoemacau Copper Project stream agreement and the funding of such payments; application of the royalty on production from Voisey’s Bay to a percentage of gross metal value in concentrates; the results of the PEA for the Peak Gold Project and the results of efforts to identify options with respect to the Company’s interests in the Peak Gold Project; expectations concerning the proportion of total revenue to come from stream and royalty interests; estimates pertaining to timing, commencement and volume of production from the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests and comparisons of estimates to actual production; statements related to ongoing developments and expected developments at properties where we hold stream and royalty interests, including declining grades and projects intended to increase production at Andacollo, development of long-term water sources and supply plans at Mount Milligan and obtaining the permits therefor, plant and tailings capacity expansions at Pueblo Viejo, studies to increase return on investment at Rainy River, increases in production and conversion of mineralized material to resources at Wassa, and production ramp-up at Cortez Crossroads; fluctuations in the prices for gold, silver, copper, nickel and other metals; stream and royalty revenue estimates and comparisons of estimates to actual revenue; effective tax rate estimates, including the effect of recently enacted tax reform; the adequacy of financial resources and funds to cover anticipated expenditures for debt service, general and administrative expenses and dividends, as well as costs associated with exploration and business development and capital expenditures; expected delivery dates of gold, silver, copper and other metals; and our expectation that substantially all our revenues will be derived from stream and royalty interests. Words such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “potential,” “intend,” “continue,” “project,” and variations of these words, comparable words and similar expressions generally indicate forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement is made. Do not unduly rely on forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from past results as well as those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others:

| · |  | a low price environment for gold and other metal prices on which our stream and royalty interests are paid or a low price environment for the primary metals mined at properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | the production at or performance of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests, and variation of actual performance from the production estimates and forecasts made by the operators of these properties;

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| · |  | the ability of operators to bring projects into production on schedule or operate in accordance with feasibility studies, including development stage mining properties, mine and mill expansion projects and other development and construction projects;

| · |  | acquisition and maintenance of permits and authorizations, completion of construction and commencement and continuation of production at the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | challenges to mining, processing and related permits and licenses, or to applications for permits and licenses, by or on behalf of indigenous populations, non-governmental organizations, local communities, or other third parties;

| · |  | liquidity or other problems our operators may encounter, including shortfalls in the financing required to complete construction and bring a mine into production;

| · |  | decisions and activities of the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | hazards and risks at the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests that are normally associated with developing and mining properties, including unanticipated grade, continuity and geological, metallurgical, processing or other problems, mine operating and ore processing facility problems, pit wall or tailings dam failures, industrial accidents, environmental hazards and natural catastrophes such as drought, floods, hurricanes or earthquakes and access to sufficient raw materials, water and power;

| · |  | changes in operators’ mining, processing and treatment techniques, which may change the production of minerals subject to our stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | changes in the methodology employed by our operators to calculate our stream and royalty interests, or failure to make such calculations in accordance with the agreements that govern them;

| · |  | changes in project parameters as plans of the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests are refined;

| · |  | accuracy of and decreases in estimates of reserves and mineralization by the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | contests to our stream and royalty interests and title and other defects in the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | adverse effects on market demand for commodities, the availability of financing, and other effects from adverse economic and market conditions;

| · |  | future financial needs of the Company and the operators of properties where we hold stream or royalty interests;

| · |  | federal, state and foreign legislation governing us or the operators of properties where we hold stream and royalty interests;

| · |  | the availability of stream and royalty interests for acquisition or other acquisition opportunities and the availability of debt or equity financing necessary to complete such acquisitions;

| · |  | our ability to make accurate assumptions regarding the valuation, timing and amount of revenue to be derived from our stream and royalty interests when evaluating acquisitions;

| · |  | risks associated with conducting business in foreign countries, including application of foreign laws to contract and other disputes, validity of security interests, governmental consents for granting interests in exploration and exploitation licenses, application and enforcement of real estate, mineral tenure, contract, safety, environmental and permitting laws, currency fluctuations, expropriation of property, repatriation of earnings, taxation, price controls, inflation, import and export regulations, community unrest and labor disputes, endemic health issues, corruption, enforcement and uncertain political and economic environments;

| · |  | changes in laws governing us, the properties where we hold stream and royalty interests or the operators of such properties;

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| · |  | risks associated with issuances of additional common stock or incurrence of indebtedness in connection with acquisitions or otherwise including risks associated with the issuance and conversion of convertible notes;

| · |  | changes in management and key employees; and

| · |  | failure to complete future acquisitions;

as well as other factors described elsewhere in this report and our other reports filed with the SEC. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Future events and actual results could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by or underlying the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements made herein, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our earnings and cash flows are significantly impacted by changes in the market price of gold and other metals. Gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices can fluctuate significantly and are affected by numerous factors, such as demand, production levels, economic policies of central banks, producer hedging, world political and economic events and the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, we reported revenue of $423.1 million, with an average gold price for the period of $1,263 per ounce, an average silver price for the period of $15.00 per ounce and an average copper price of $2.79 per pound. Approximately 78% of our total recognized revenues for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 were attributable to gold sales from our gold producing interests, as shown within the MD&A. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, if the price of gold had averaged 10% higher or lower per ounce, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenue of approximately $34.0 million.

Approximately 9% of our total reported revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 was attributable to silver sales from our silver producing interests. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, if the price of silver had averaged 10% higher or lower per ounce, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenues of approximately $4.0 million.

Approximately 9% of our total reported revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 was attributable to copper sales from our copper producing interests. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, if the price of copper had averaged 10% higher or lower per pound, we would have recorded an increase or decrease in revenues of approximately $4.1 million.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Index to Financial Statements

|  | Page
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM |  | 50
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS |  | 52
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) |  | 53
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY |  | 54
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS |  | 55
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |  | 56

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Royal Gold, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Royal Gold, Inc. (the Company) as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at June 30, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated August 8, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Impairment Assessment of Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties
Description of the Matter | At June 30, 2019, the Company’s stream and royalty interest balance totaled $2.3 billion. As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates its stream and royalty interests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the asset or group of assets may not be recoverable (“triggering events”). Management evaluates various qualitative factors in determining whether or not events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The factors considered include, among others, significant changes in estimates of forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices, significant changes in operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators, which may include operational or legal information that indicates production from mineral interests will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future. Auditing the Company’s impairment assessment involved our subjective judgment because, in determining whether a triggering event occurred, management uses estimates that include, among others, assumptions about forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices and total future production using reserve or other relevant information reported by the operators. Significant uncertainty exists with these assumptions. Further, management’s evaluation of any new information indicating that production will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future requires significant judgment.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process over the impairment assessment. For example, we tested controls over the Company’s process for identifying and evaluating potential impairment triggers and related significant assumptions and judgments. To test the Company’s impairment assessment, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the significant assumptions, judgments and operating data used in the Company’s analysis. Specifically, we compared forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices to available market information, corroborated reserve information to available operator or publicly available information. We involved our specialist and searched for and evaluated other publicly available information that corroborates or contradicts the reserve estimates or indicates that production from mineral interests will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future. We also considered the professional qualifications and objectivity of management’s specialists and the reputation of the third-party operators. Further, we evaluated the reasonableness of changes to estimated proven and probable reserves using our experience with the Company’s stream and royalty interests and industry knowledge.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

Denver, Colorado

August 8, 2019

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

As of June 30,

(In thousands except share data)

|  | 2019 |  | 2018
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and equivalents |  | $ | 119,475 |  | $ | 88,750
Royalty receivables |  |  | 20,733 |  |  | 26,356
Income tax receivable |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | 40
Stream inventory |  |  | 11,380 |  |  | 9,311
Prepaid expenses and other |  |  | 389 |  |  | 1,350
Total current assets |  |  | 154,679 |  |  | 125,807
Stream and royalty interests, net (Note 4) |  |  | 2,339,316 |  |  | 2,501,117
Other assets |  |  | 50,156 |  |  | 55,092
Total assets |  | $ | 2,544,151 |  | $ | 2,682,016
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 2,890 |  | $ | 9,090
Dividends payable |  |  | 17,372 |  |  | 16,375
Income tax payable |  |  | 6,974 |  |  | 18,253
Withholding taxes payable |  |  | 1,094 |  |  | 3,254
Other current liabilities |  |  | 5,280 |  |  | 4,411
Total current liabilities |  |  | 33,610 |  |  | 51,383
Debt (Note 5) |  |  | 214,554 |  |  | 351,027
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 88,961 |  |  | 91,147
Uncertain tax positions |  |  | 36,573 |  |  | 33,394
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  | 13,796
Total liabilities |  |  | 373,698 |  |  | 540,747
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |  |  |  |  |  |
EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; and 0 shares issued |  |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock, $.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; and 65,440,492 and 65,360,041 shares outstanding, respectively |  |  | 655 |  |  | 654
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 2,201,773 |  |  | 2,192,612
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | (1,201)
Accumulated losses |  |  | (65,747) |  |  | (89,898)
Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity |  |  | 2,136,681 |  |  | 2,102,167
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 33,772 |  |  | 39,102
Total equity |  |  | 2,170,453 |  |  | 2,141,269
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 2,544,151 |  | $ | 2,682,016

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

For the Years Ended June 30,

(In thousands except share data)

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue (Note 6) |  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | 440,814
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization) |  |  | 77,535 |  |  | 83,839 |  |  | 87,265
General and administrative |  |  | 30,488 |  |  | 35,464 |  |  | 33,350
Production taxes |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 1,760
Exploration costs |  |  | 7,158 |  |  | 8,946 |  |  | 12,861
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  | 163,056 |  |  | 163,696 |  |  | 159,636
Impairment of royalty interests |  |  | — |  |  | 239,364 |  |  | —
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 282,349 |  |  | 533,577 |  |  | 294,872
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 140,707 |  |  | (74,535) |  |  | 145,942
Fair value changes in equity securities |  |  | (6,800) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Interest and other income |  |  | 2,320 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  | 9,302
Interest and other expense |  |  | (29,650) |  |  | (34,214) |  |  | (36,378)
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 106,577 |  |  | (104,579) |  |  | 118,866
Income tax expense |  |  | (17,498) |  |  | (14,772) |  |  | (26,441)
Net income (loss) |  |  | 89,079 |  |  | (119,351) |  |  | 92,425
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | 6,217 |  |  | 9,105
Net income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders |  | $ | 93,825 |  | $ | (113,134) |  | $ | 101,530
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 89,079 |  | $ | (119,351) |  | $ | 92,425
Adjustments to comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized change in market value of available-for-sale securities |  |  | — |  |  | (2,080) |  |  | 879
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 89,079 |  |  | (121,431) |  |  | 93,304
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | 6,217 |  |  | 9,105
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Royal Gold stockholders |  | $ | 93,825 |  | $ | (115,214) |  | $ | 102,409
Net income (loss) per share available to Royal Gold common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 65,394,627 |  |  | 65,291,855 |  |  | 65,152,782
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 65,505,535 |  |  | 65,291,855 |  |  | 65,277,953
Cash dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 1.05 |  | $ | 0.99 |  | $ | 0.95

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the Years Ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands except share data)

|  | Royal Gold Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Shares |  | Paid-In |  | Comprehensive |  | Accumulated |  | Non-controlling |  | Total
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | Income (Loss) |  | (Losses) Earnings |  | Interests |  | Equity
Balance at June 30, 2016 |  | 65,093,950 |  | $ | 651 |  | $ | 2,179,781 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 48,584 |  | $ | 56,869 |  | $ | 2,285,885
Stock-based compensation and related share issuances |  | 85,577 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8,533 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,534
Non-controlling interest assignment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,518) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,518)
Net income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101,530 |  |  | (9,105) |  |  | 92,425
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 879 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 879
Distributions to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,877) |  |  | (2,877)
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62,064) |  |  | — |  |  | (62,064)
Balance at June 30, 2017 |  | 65,179,527 |  | $ | 652 |  | $ | 2,185,796 |  | $ | 879 |  | $ | 88,050 |  | $ | 44,887 |  | $ | 2,320,264
Stock-based compensation and related share issuances |  | 180,514 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4,236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,238
Distributions from non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,580 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |  |  | 3,012
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (113,134) |  |  | (6,217) |  |  | (119,351)
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,080) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,080)
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (64,814) |  |  | — |  |  | (64,814)
Balance at June 30, 2018 |  | 65,360,041 |  | $ | 654 |  | $ | 2,192,612 |  | $ | (1,201) |  | $ | (89,898) |  | $ | 39,102 |  | $ | 2,141,269
Stock-based compensation and related share issuances |  | 80,451 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,021 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,022
Distributions from (to) non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,140 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (584) |  |  | 3,556
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,825 |  |  | (4,746) |  |  | 89,079
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | (1,201) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (68,473) |  |  | — |  |  | (68,473)
Balance at June 30, 2019 |  | 65,440,492 |  | $ | 655 |  | $ | 2,201,773 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (65,747) |  | $ | 33,772 |  | $ | 2,170,453

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended June 30,

(In thousands)

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 89,079 |  | $ | (119,351) |  | $ | 92,425
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, depletion and amortization |  |  | 163,056 |  |  | 163,696 |  |  | 159,636
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs |  |  | 15,288 |  |  | 15,046 |  |  | 13,825
Non-cash employee stock compensation expense |  |  | 6,617 |  |  | 8,279 |  |  | 9,983
Fair value changes in equity securities |  |  | 6,800 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Deferred tax benefit |  |  | (1,745) |  |  | (32,843) |  |  | 1,556
Impairment of royalty interests |  |  | — |  |  | 239,364 |  |  | —
Other |  |  | (2) |  |  | (197) |  |  | (4,874)
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Royalty receivables |  |  | 5,623 |  |  | 530 |  |  | (6,883)
Stream inventory |  |  | (2,069) |  |  | (1,428) |  |  | 1,606
Income tax receivable |  |  | (2,663) |  |  | 22,130 |  |  | (13,056)
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  | 2,793 |  |  | 2,813 |  |  | (1,691)
Accounts payable |  |  | (6,426) |  |  | 5,173 |  |  | (206)
Income tax payable |  |  | (11,281) |  |  | 12,601 |  |  | 2,475
Withholding taxes payable |  |  | (2,160) |  |  | (171) |  |  | 1,411
Uncertain tax positions |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | 7,767 |  |  | 8,631
Other liabilities |  |  | (12,924) |  |  | 5,415 |  |  | 2,015
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 253,166 |  | $ | 328,824 |  | $ | 266,853
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of stream and royalty interests |  |  | (1,055) |  |  | (11,812) |  |  | (203,721)
Repayment of Golden Star term loan |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | —
Purchase of equity securities |  |  | (3,573) |  |  | (17,869) |  |  | —
Other |  |  | (967) |  |  | (909) |  |  | 3,605
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (5,595) |  | $ | (10,590) |  | $ | (200,116)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of debt |  |  | (370,000) |  |  | (250,000) |  |  | (95,000)
Borrowings from revolving credit facility |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,000
Net payments from issuance of common stock |  |  | (1,595) |  |  | (4,042) |  |  | (2,426)
Common stock dividends |  |  | (67,477) |  |  | (64,118) |  |  | (61,396)
Debt issuance costs |  |  | (1,761) |  |  | (180) |  |  | (3,340)
Contributions from non-controlling interest |  |  | 4,140 |  |  | — |  |  | —
Purchase of additional royalty interest from non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,518)
Other |  |  | (153) |  |  | 3,009 |  |  | (2,843)
Net cash used in financing activities |  | $ | (216,846) |  | $ | (315,331) |  | $ | (97,523)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents |  |  | 30,725 |  |  | 2,903 |  |  | (30,786)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 88,750 |  |  | 85,847 |  |  | 116,633
Cash and equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 119,475 |  | $ | 88,750 |  | $ | 85,847

See Note 10 for supplemental cash flow information.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. THE COMPANY

Royal Gold, Inc. (“Royal Gold”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”), together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We rely on reserve estimates reported by the operators of properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the potential impairments of long‑lived assets and the ability to realize income tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions also affect the rate at which we recognize revenue or charge depreciation, depletion and amortization to earnings. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions; however, actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Differences between estimates and actual amounts are adjusted and recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Royal Gold, Inc., its wholly‑owned subsidiaries and an entity over which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. All intercompany accounts, transactions, income and expenses, and profits or losses have been eliminated on consolidation. The Company follows the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) guidance for identification and reporting for entities over which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. The guidance defines such entities as Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”).

Peak Gold JV

Royal Gold, through its wholly‑owned subsidiary, Royal Alaska, LLC (“Royal Alaska”), and Contango ORE, Inc., through its wholly‑owned subsidiary CORE Alaska, LLC, entered into a limited liability company agreement for the Peak Gold JV, a joint venture for exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project located near Tok, Alaska. The Company has identified the Peak Gold JV as a VIE, with Royal Alaska as the primary beneficiary, due to the legal structure and certain related factors of the limited liability company agreement for the Peak Gold JV. The Company determined that the Peak Gold JV should be fully consolidated at fair value initially. The fair value of the Company’s non‑controlling interest is $45.7 million and is based on the underlying value of the mineral property assigned to the Peak Gold JV, which is recorded as an exploration stage property within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

As of June 30, 2019, and 2018, Royal Alaska held a 40% membership interest in the Peak Gold JV. Royal Alaska acts as the manager of the Peak Gold JV and will be responsible for managing, directing and controlling the overall operations unless Royal Alaska is unanimously removed or resigns that position in the manner provided in the Peak Gold JV limited liability company agreement.

Cash and Equivalents

Cash and equivalents consist of all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash and equivalents were primarily held in cash deposit accounts as of June 30, 2019 and 2018.

Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties and Related Depletion

Stream and royalty interests include acquired stream and royalty interests in production, development and exploration stage properties. The costs of acquired stream and royalty interests are capitalized as tangible assets as such interests do not meet the definition of a financial asset under the ASC guidance.

Production stage stream and royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the mineral property (as stream sales occur or royalty payments are recognized), which are estimated using proven and probable reserves as provided by the operator. Development stage mineral properties, which are not yet in production, are not depleted until the property begins production. Exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no proven and probable reserves, are not depleted. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to proven and probable reserves, the mineral property is depleted over its life, using proven and probable reserves. Exploration costs are expensed when incurred.

Asset Impairment

We evaluate long‑lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The recoverability of the carrying value of stream and royalty interests in production and development stage mineral properties is evaluated based upon estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from each stream and royalty interest using estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators. We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty interests in exploration stage mineral properties in the event of significant decreases in the price of gold, silver, copper and other metals, and whenever new information regarding the mineral properties is obtained from the operator indicating that production will not likely occur or may be reduced in the future, thus potentially affecting the future recoverability of our stream or royalty interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each property are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each property exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash flows.

Estimates of gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices, and operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves or mineralized material related to our stream or royalty properties are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which may affect the recoverability of our investment in these stream and royalty interests in mineral properties. It is possible that changes could occur to these estimates, which could adversely affect the net cash flows expected to be generated from these stream and royalty interests. Refer to Note 4 for discussion and the results of our impairment assessments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Revenue

Revenue is recognized pursuant to current guidance in ASC 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under current ASC 606 guidance, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed in Note 6.

Metal Sales

Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between 10 days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales activity in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. Revenue from gold, silver and copper sales is recognized on the date of the settlement, which is also the date that title to the metal passes to the purchaser.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery.

Production Taxes

Certain royalty payments are subject to production taxes (or mining proceeds taxes), which are recognized at the time of revenue recognition. Production taxes are not income taxes and are included within the costs and expenses section in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Exploration Costs

Exploration costs are specific to the Peak Gold JV for the exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project, as discussed further above under Basis of Consolidation. Costs associated with the Peak Gold JV for the exploration and advancement of the Peak Gold Project are expensed when incurred.

Stock‑Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock‑based compensation in accordance with the guidance of ASC 718. The Company recognizes all share‑based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, stock‑settled stock appreciation rights (“SSARs”), restricted stock and performance shares, in its financial statements based upon their fair values.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the guidance of ASC 740. The Company’s annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates in effect, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax expense, current tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income, both as a whole and in various tax jurisdictions, for purposes of assessing our ability to realize future benefit from our deferred tax assets. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company’s deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts measured by tax laws and regulations. In evaluating the realizability of the deferred tax assets, management considers both positive and negative evidence that may exist, such as earnings history, reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies in each tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance may be established to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is considered more likely than not to be realized through the generation of future taxable income and other tax planning strategies.

The Company’s operations may involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. The Company recognizes potential liabilities and records tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution could result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period which they are determined. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to Royal Gold common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares for the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Diluted earnings (loss) per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts that may require issuance of common shares were converted. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each fiscal year.

Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted

Revenue Recognition

On July 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method of transition. Under this transition approach, we applied ASC 606 to all existing contracts for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue attributable to a contract had not been recognized under legacy revenue guidance. The guidance of ASC 606 was applied to any new contracts entered into on or after July 1, 2018.

ASC 606 supersedes nearly all of the existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP and sets out a five-step revenue recognition framework to recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, there was no impact to our reported revenue, operating costs and expenses or net income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders as a result of adopting ASC 606, as compared to legacy revenue guidance under U.S. GAAP. In addition, no cumulative catch-up adjustment to accumulated losses was required on July 1, 2018 as a result of adopting ASC 606. Please refer to Note 6 for additional discussion.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments

On July 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01 – Financial Instruments, which is guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. The amended guidance requires, among other things, that equity securities previously classified as available-for-sale be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income rather than other comprehensive income (loss) as required under previous guidance. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment in Accumulated losses of $1.2 million. The decrease in fair value of our equity securities was approximately $6.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 and is included in Fair value changes in equity securities on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The carrying value of the Company’s equity securities as of June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018 was $16.0 million and $19.2 million, respectively, and is included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2019, the Company owns 809,744 common shares of Contango Ore, Inc. (“CORE”) and 3,597,823 common shares of Rubicon Minerals Corporation.

Definition of a Business

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU guidance clarifying the definition of a business and providing additional guidance for determining whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or businesses. The Company adopted the new guidance on July 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Recently Issued

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires recognition of right-of-use assets and lease payment liabilities on the balance sheet by lessees for all leases with terms greater than twelve months. Classification of leases as either a finance or operating lease will determine the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses. ASU 2016-02 also requires certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. The Company is finalizing its evaluation of the impacts of ASU 2016-02, which includes an analysis of non-cancelable leases, joint venture agreements and other existing arrangements that may contain a lease component. The Company has completed the process of identifying contracts to which the new guidance applies and has substantially completed its evaluation of those identified contracts to determine the impacts of ASC 2016-02 at adoption. The Company has further enhanced its systems to track and calculate additional information required to comply with this standard on a go-forward basis. In addition, the Company is finalizing its evaluation of policies, internal controls, and processes that will be necessary to support the additional accounting and disclosure requirements.

The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of our fiscal year 2020 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company expects to apply the following practical expedients:

| · |  | an election to not apply the recognition requirements in the new standards update to short-term leases (a lease that, at commencement date, has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not contain a purchase option); and

| · |  | a package of practical expedients to not reassess whether a contract contains a lease, lease classification and initial direct costs.

Adoption of this guidance is anticipated to result in an insignificant increase in right-of-use assets and related liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets; however, the full impact to the Company’s financial statements and related footnote disclosures is still being finalized.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”). ASU 2018-11 provides an additional transition method for adopting ASU 2016-02, as well as provides lessors with a practical expedient when applying ASU 2016-02 to certain leases. The Company anticipates making a policy election in connection with adopting ASU 2018-11, which will eliminate the need for adjusting prior period comparable financial statements prepared under current lease accounting guidance. The Company will adopt ASU 2018-11 at the same time it adopts ASU 2016-02.

3. ACQUISITIONS

Acquisition of Silver Stream on Khoemac a u Copper Project

On February 25, 2019, the Company announced that its wholly-owned subsidiary, RGLD Gold AG (“RGLD Gold”), entered into a life of mine purchase and sale agreement with Khoemac a u Copper Mining (Pty.) Limited (“KCM”), a majority-owned subsidiary of Cupric Canyon Capital LP (together with its subsidiaries including KCM, “Cupric”) for the purchase of silver produced from the Khoemac a u copper-silver project (“Khoemac a u” or the “Project”) located in Botswana and owned by KCM. Cupric Canyon Capital LP is a private company owned by management and funds advised by Global Natural Resource Investments. Under the purchase and sale agreement, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, RGLD Gold will make advance payments totaling $212 million toward the purchase of 80% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u until certain delivery thresholds are met (the “Base Silver Stream”). At Cupric’s option and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to an additional $53 million in advance payments for up to the remaining 20% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u (the “Option Silver Stream”). The stream rate will drop to 40% of silver produced from Khoemac a u following delivery to RGLD Gold of 32 million silver ounces under the Base Silver Stream, or to 50% of the silver produced from Khoemac a u following delivery of 40 million silver ounces to RGLD Gold should Cupric exercise the entire Option Silver Stream. RGLD Gold will pay a cash price equal to 20% of the spot silver price for each ounce delivered under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream; however, if Cupric achieves mill expansion throughput levels above 13,000 tonnes per day (30% above current mill design capacity), RGLD Gold will pay a higher ongoing cash price under the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream for silver ounces delivered in excess of specific annual thresholds.

RGLD Gold’s first advance payment under the Base Silver Stream is expected to occur after $100 million of net new debt and equity funding is spent on Khoemac a u. The $212 million in advance payments to be made under the Base Silver Stream will be made in quarterly installments as project development advances according to the following approximate schedule: $60 million in the third and fourth quarters of calendar 2019, $125 million in calendar 2020, and the balance in calendar 2021. RGLD Gold will fund the advance payments through cash on hand or cash advances from Royal Gold. Royal Gold will fund any advances made to RGLD Gold out of cash flow from operations and amounts available under our revolving credit facility, as required.

Separate from the Base Silver Stream and Option Silver Stream, and subject to various conditions, RGLD Gold will make up to $25 million available to Cupric toward the end of development of Khoemac a u under a subordinated debt facility. Any amounts drawn by Cupric under the debt facility will carry interest at LIBOR + 11% and have a term of seven years. RGLD Gold will have the right to force repayment of the debt facility upon certain events.

The Company anticipates accounting for the Silver Stream and Option Stream (if exercised by Cupric) as an asset acquisition, consistent with the treatment of our other acquired streams. The $212 million in advance payments for the Base Silver Stream and $53 million in advance payments for the Option Silver Stream, plus direct transaction costs, will be recorded as a development stage stream interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets in the period advance payments occur.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Acquisition of Additional Royalty Interest on Mara Rosa

On June 29, 2018, Royal Gold, through its wholly-owned subsidiary RG Royalties, LLC, entered into an agreement to purchase a 1.75% Net Smelter Return (“NSR”) royalty on Amarillo Gold’s Mara Rosa gold project located in Goias State, Brazil for $10.8 million. The acquisition is in addition to the 1.00% NSR royalty on the Mara Rosa project previously acquired by International Royalty Corporation, another wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold. The new Mara Rosa royalty agreement includes a right of first refusal on future financing opportunities based on production from the project.

The acquisition of the additional royalty interest on Mara Rosa has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The total purchase price of $10.8 million, plus direct transaction costs, has been recorded as an exploration stage royalty interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets.

Acquisition of Contango ORE, Inc. Common Stock

On June 28, 2018 and October 3, 2018, Royal Gold acquired 682,556 and 127,188 shares, respectively, of common stock of CORE for consideration of $26 per share pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) entered into on April 5, 2018 between Royal Gold and certain individual stockholders of CORE.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

4. STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET

The following summarizes the Company’s stream and royalty interests as of June 30, 2019 and 2018:

As of June 30, 2019 (Amounts in thousands): |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Depletion |  | Net
Production stage stream interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  | $ | 790,635 |  | $ | (184,091) |  | $ | 606,544
Pueblo Viejo |  |  | 610,404 |  |  | (158,819) |  |  | 451,585
Andacollo |  |  | 388,182 |  |  | (86,675) |  |  | 301,507
Rainy River |  |  | 175,727 |  |  | (14,522) |  |  | 161,205
Wassa and Prestea |  |  | 146,475 |  |  | (56,919) |  |  | 89,556
Total production stage stream interests |  |  | 2,111,423 |  |  | (501,026) |  |  | 1,610,397
Production stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Voisey's Bay |  |  | 205,724 |  |  | (95,564) |  |  | 110,160
Peñasquito |  |  | 99,172 |  |  | (40,659) |  |  | 58,513
Holt |  |  | 34,612 |  |  | (22,570) |  |  | 12,042
Cortez |  |  | 20,878 |  |  | (12,362) |  |  | 8,516
Other |  |  | 487,224 |  |  | (386,501) |  |  | 100,723
Total production stage royalty interests |  |  | 847,610 |  |  | (557,656) |  |  | 289,954
Total production stage stream and royalty interests |  |  | 2,959,033 |  |  | (1,058,682) |  |  | 1,900,351
Development stage stream interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 12,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,038
Development stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cortez |  |  | 59,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,803
Other |  |  | 70,952 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,952
Total development stage royalty interests |  |  | 130,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 130,755
Total development stage stream and royalty interests |  |  | 142,793 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,793
Exploration stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pascua-Lama |  |  | 177,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 177,690
Other |  |  | 118,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,482
Total exploration stage royalty interests |  |  | 296,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 296,172
Total stream and royalty interests, net |  | $ | 3,397,998 |  | $ | (1,058,682) |  | $ | 2,339,316

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

As of June 30, 2018 (Amounts in thousands): |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Depletion |  | Impairments |  | Net
Production stage stream interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  | $ | 790,635 |  | $ | (152,833) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 637,802
Pueblo Viejo |  |  | 610,404 |  |  | (114,944) |  |  | — |  |  | 495,460
Andacollo |  |  | 388,182 |  |  | (59,851) |  |  | — |  |  | 328,331
Wassa and Prestea |  |  | 146,475 |  |  | (41,601) |  |  | — |  |  | 104,874
Rainy River |  |  | 175,727 |  |  | (4,028) |  |  | — |  |  | 171,699
Total production stage stream interests |  |  | 2,111,423 |  |  | (373,257) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,738,166
Total production stage stream and royalty interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Production stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Voisey's Bay |  |  | 205,724 |  |  | (86,933) |  |  | — |  |  | 118,791
Peñasquito |  |  | 99,172 |  |  | (38,426) |  |  | — |  |  | 60,746
Holt |  |  | 34,612 |  |  | (21,173) |  |  | — |  |  | 13,439
Cortez |  |  | 20,878 |  |  | (11,241) |  |  | — |  |  | 9,637
Other |  |  | 483,795 |  |  | (364,795) |  |  | — |  |  | 119,000
Total production stage royalty interests |  |  | 844,181 |  |  | (522,568) |  |  | — |  |  | 321,613
Total production stage stream and royalty interests |  |  | 2,955,604 |  |  | (895,825) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,059,779
Development stage stream interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | 12,038 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,038
Development stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cortez |  |  | 59,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59,803
Other |  |  | 74,610 |  |  | — |  |  | (284) |  |  | 74,326
Total development stage royalty interests |  |  | 134,413 |  |  | — |  |  | (284) |  |  | 134,129
Total development stage stream and royalty interests |  |  | 146,451 |  |  | — |  |  | (284) |  |  | 146,167
Exploration stage royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pascua-Lama |  |  | 416,770 |  |  | — |  |  | (239,080) |  |  | 177,690
Other |  |  | 117,481 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117,481
Total exploration stage royalty interests |  |  | 534,251 |  |  | — |  |  | (239,080) |  |  | 295,171
Total stream and royalty interests, net |  | $ | 3,636,306 |  | $ | (895,825) |  | $ | (239,364) |  | $ | 2,501,117

Impairment of stream and royalty interests and royalty receivables

In accordance with our impairment accounting policy discussed in Note 1, impairments in the carrying value of each stream or royalty interest are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each stream or royalty interest exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash‑flows. As part of the Company’s regular asset impairment analysis, the Company did not identify the presence of any impairment indicators and did not record any impairment charges for the fiscal year ended of June 30, 2019. The Company identified impairment indicators and recorded impairment charges for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 as summarized in the following table and discussed in detail below:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  |  | (Amounts in thousands)
Royalty: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pascua-Lama |  |  | — |  |  | 239,080 |  |  | —
Other |  |  | — |  |  | 284 |  |  | —
Total impairment of royalty interests |  | $ | — |  | $ | 239,364 |  | $ | —

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Pascua-Lama

We own a 0.78% to 5.45% sliding‑scale NSR royalty on gold and silver production from the Chilean portion of the Pascua‑Lama project, which straddles the border between Argentina and Chile, and is owned by Barrick. The Company owns an additional royalty equivalent to 1.09% of proceeds from copper produced from the Chilean portion of the project, net of allowable deductions, sold on or after January 1, 2017.

On January 18, 2018, Barrick reported that it is analyzing a revised sanction related to the Pascua-Lama project issued by Chile’s Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente (“SMA”) on January 17, 2018. The sanction is part of a re-evaluation process ordered by Chile’s Environmental Court in 2014 and relates to historical compliance matters at the Pascua-Lama project. According to Barrick, the SMA has not revoked Pascua-Lama’s environmental permit, but has ordered the closure of existing facilities on the Chilean side of the project, in addition to certain monitoring activities.

On February 6, 2018, in light of the SMA order to close surface facilities in Chile, and earlier plans to evaluate an underground mine, Barrick announced it reclassified Pascua-Lama’s proven and probable reserves, which are based on an open pit mine plan, as mineralized material. Barrick reported further details in its year-end results on February 14, 2018 and an update on the Pascua-Lama project at its February 22, 2018 Investor Day. A significant reduction in reserves or mineralized material are indicators of impairment.

On April 23, 2018, Barrick announced that work performed to-date on the prefeasibility study for a potential underground project has been suspended, and they will focus on adjusting the project closure plan for surface infrastructure on the Chilean side of the project. Barrick will continue to evaluate opportunities to de-risk the project while maintaining Pascua-Lama as an option for development in the future if economics improve and related risks can be mitigated.

As part of the impairment determination, the fair value for Pascua-Lama was estimated by calculating the net present value of the estimated future cash-flows, subject to our royalty interest, expected to be generated by the mining of the Pascua-Lama deposits. The Company applied a probability factor to its fair value calculation that Barrick will either proceed with an open-pit mine or an underground mine at Pascua. The estimates of future cash flows were derived from open-pit and underground mine models developed by the Company using various information reported by Barrick. The metal price assumptions used in the Company’s model were supported by consensus price estimates obtained by a number of industry analysts. The future cash flows were discounted using a discount rate which reflects specific market risk factors the Company associates with the Pascua-Lama royalty interest. Following the impairment charge during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Pascua-Lama royalty interest has a remaining carrying value of $177.7 million as of June 30, 2019. As a result of Barrick’s reclassification of Pascua-Lama’s reserves to mineralized material, our Pascua-Lama royalty interest was reclassified to exploration stage from development stage during our fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.

Other

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, the Company was made aware of insolvency proceedings at one of our non-principal producing properties (El Toqui). The outcome of the insolvency proceedings may impact our royalty interest and the associated carrying value, which is approximately $1.4 million as of June 30, 2019. The Company continues to monitor the insolvency proceedings; however, the Company could determine that a write-down to zero in the near future is necessary.

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5. DEBT

The Company’s debt as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 consists of the following:

|  | As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of June 30, 2018
|  | Principal |  | Unamortized Discount |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  | Total |  | Principal |  | Unamortized Discount |  | Debt Issuance Costs |  | Total
|  |  | (Amounts in thousands) |  |  | (Amounts in thousands)
Convertible notes due 2019 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 370,000 |  | $ | (12,764) |  | $ | (1,316) |  | $ | 355,920
Revolving credit facility |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,446) |  |  | 214,554 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,893) |  |  | (4,893)
Total debt |  | $ | 220,000 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (5,446) |  | $ | 214,554 |  | $ | 370,000 |  | $ | (12,764) |  | $ | (6,209) |  | $ | 351,027

Convertible Senior Notes Due 2019

In June 2012, the Company completed an offering of $370 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2019 (“2019 Notes”). The 2019 Notes bearing interest at the rate of 2.875% per annum, matured on June 15, 2019. The Company settled the $370 million aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest on June 17, 2019 in cash primarily from our available revolving credit facility.

Interest expense recognized on the 2019 Notes for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $24.3 million, $24.5 million and $23.6 million, respectively. Interest expense recognized includes the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and amortization of the debt issuance costs and is recorded in Interest and other expense consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Revolving Credit Facility

On June 3, 2019, the Company entered into a second amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017. The amendment extended the scheduled maturity date from June 2, 2022 to June 3, 2024 and reduced certain interest rates and fees to be paid by the Company.

As of June 30, 2019, the Company had $780 million available and $220 million outstanding under its revolving credit facility. The Company had no amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2018. Royal Gold may repay borrowings under the revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty.

As of June 30, 2019, the interest rate on borrowings under the revolving credit facility was LIBOR plus 1.20% for all-in rate of 3.65%. The Company was in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under the revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2019. Interest expense recognized on the revolving credit facility for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $1.7 million, $5.7 million and $9.9 million, respectively, and included interest on the outstanding borrowings and the amortization of the debt issuance costs.

6. REVENUE

Revenue Recognition

Under current ASC 606 guidance, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below.

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Stream Interests

A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser.

Royalty Interests

Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurred. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production, comprising our royalty interest, to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable offsite treatment, refining, transportation and, if applicable, mining costs.

Royalty Revenue Estimates

For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, the Company will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ significantly and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in Note 2. For the quarter ended June 30, 2019, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to June 30, 2019, was not material.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We have identified two material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 13.

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Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| June 30, 2019
Stream revenue: |  |
Gold | $ | 249,496
Silver |  | 33,282
Copper |  | 23,046
Total stream revenue | $ | 305,824
Royalty revenue: |  |
Gold | $ | 78,570
Silver |  | 5,497
Copper |  | 13,808
Other |  | 19,357
Total royalty revenue | $ | 117,232
Total revenue | $ | 423,056

Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows:

|  |  |  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | Metal(s) |  | June 30, 2019
Stream revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Mount Milligan |  | Gold & Copper |  | $ | 101,010
Pueblo Viejo |  | Gold & Silver |  |  | 82,844
Andacollo |  | Gold |  |  | 69,264
Wassa |  | Gold |  |  | 22,098
Rainy River |  | Gold & Silver |  |  | 22,142
Other |  | Gold & Silver |  |  | 8,466
Total stream revenue |  |  |  | $ | 305,824
Royalty revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Peñasquito |  | Gold, Silver, Lead & Zinc |  | $ | 13,865
Cortez |  | Gold |  |  | 11,383
Other |  | Various |  |  | 91,984
Total royalty revenue |  |  |  | $ | 117,232
Total revenue |  |  |  | $ | 423,056

Refer to Note 13 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment.

7. STOCK‑BASED COMPENSATION

In November 2015, shareholders of the Company approved the 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (“2015 LTIP”). Under the 2015 LTIP, 2,500,000 shares of common stock have been authorized for future grants to officers, directors, key employees and other persons. The 2015 LTIP provides for the grant of stock options, unrestricted stock, restricted stock, dividend equivalent rights, SSARs and cash awards. Any of these awards may, but need not, be made as performance incentives. Stock options granted under the 2015 LTIP may be non‑qualified stock options or incentive stock options.

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The Company recognized stock‑based compensation expense as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  |  | (Amounts in thousands)
Stock options |  | $ | 221 |  | $ | 318 |  | $ | 393
Stock appreciation rights |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | 1,988 |  |  | 1,851
Restricted stock |  |  | 3,336 |  |  | 4,487 |  |  | 3,840
Performance stock |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 1,486 |  |  | 3,899
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 6,617 |  | $ | 8,279 |  | $ | 9,983

Stock‑based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

Stock option and SSARs awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. Stock option and SSARs awards granted to officers, key employees and other persons vest based on one to three years of continuous service. Stock option and SSARs awards have 10 year contractual terms.

To determine stock‑based compensation expense for stock options and SSARs, the fair value of each stock option and SSAR is estimated on the date of grant using the Black‑Scholes‑Merton (“Black‑Scholes”) option pricing model for all periods presented. The Black‑Scholes model requires key assumptions in order to determine fair value. Those key assumptions during the fiscal year 2019, 2018 and 2017 grants are noted in the following table:

|  | Stock Options |  | SSARs |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Weighted-average expected volatility |  | 36.5 | % | 42.2 | % | 41.7 | % | 37.6 | % | 42.4 | % | 41.1 | %
Weighted-average expected life in years |  | 4.5 |  | 5.5 |  | 5.5 |  | 5.2 |  | 5.4 |  | 5.8 |
Weighted-average dividend yield |  | 1.13 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.11 | % | 1.13 | % | 1.10 | % | 1.11 | %
Weighted-average risk free interest rate |  | 2.7 | % | 1.8 | % | 1.2 | % | 2.7 | % | 1.8 | % | 1.3 | %

The Company’s expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock over the expected option term. The Company’s expected option term is determined by historical exercise patterns along with other known employee or company information at the time of grant. The risk free interest rate is based on the zero‑coupon U.S. Treasury bond at the time of grant with a term approximate to the expected option term.

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Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, is presented below.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |
|  |  |  | Weighted- |  | Average |  |  |
|  |  |  | Average |  | Remaining |  | Aggregate
|  | Number of |  | Exercise |  | Contractual |  | Intrinsic Value
|  | Shares |  | Price |  | Life (Years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding at July 1, 2018 |  | 66,227 |  | $ | 69.35 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 6,430 |  | $ | 77.73 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (27,930) |  | $ | 68.19 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (2,429) |  | $ | 82.29 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  | 42,298 |  | $ | 70.65 |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 1,334
Exercisable at June 30, 2019 |  | 32,125 |  | $ | 67.30 |  | 5.2 |  | $ | 1,130

The weighted‑average grant date fair value of options granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, was $24.12, $27.12 and $29.54, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, were $0.7 million, $1.4 million, and $0.5 million, respectively.

As of June 30, 2019, there was approximately $0.1 million of total unrecognized stock‑based compensation expense related to non‑vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.7 years.

SSARs

A summary of SSARs activity for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, is presented below.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |
|  |  |  | Weighted- |  | Average |  |  |
|  |  |  | Average |  | Remaining |  | Aggregate
|  | Number of |  | Exercise |  | Contractual |  | Intrinsic Value
|  | Shares |  | Price |  | Life (Years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding at July 1, 2018 |  | 252,886 |  | $ | 75.60 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 72,860 |  | $ | 78.06 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (144,360) |  | $ | 71.99 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (5,787) |  | $ | 87.42 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  | 175,599 |  | $ | 79.20 |  | 8.0 |  | $ | 4,090
Exercisable at June 30, 2019 |  | 53,886 |  | $ | 73.46 |  | 6.8 |  | $ | 1,565

The weighted‑average grant date fair value of SSARs granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $26.37, $29.17 and $29.76, respectively. The total intrinsic value of SSARs exercised during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, was $2.8 million, $6.4 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.

As of June 30, 2019, there was approximately $1.9 million of total unrecognized stock‑based compensation expense related to non‑vested SSARs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.7 years.

Other Stock‑based Compensation

Performance Shares

During fiscal 2019, officers and certain employees were granted shares of restricted common stock that can be earned only upon the Company’s achievement of certain pre‑defined performance measures. Specifically, for performance shares

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granted in fiscal 2019, one‑half of the shares awarded may vest upon the Company’s achievement of annual growth in Net Gold Equivalent Ounces (“Net GEOs”) (“GEO Shares”). The second one‑half of performance shares granted in fiscal 2019 may vest based on the Company’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) compared to the TSRs of other members of the Market Vectors Gold Miners ETF (GDX) (“TSR Shares”). GEO Shares and TSR Shares may vest by linear interpolation in a range between zero shares if neither threshold Net GEO and TSR metric is met; to 100% of GEO Shares and TSR Shares awarded if both target Net GEO and TSR metrics are met; to 200% of the Net GEO and TSR shares awarded if both the maximum Net GEO and TSR metrics are met. The GEO Shares will expire in five years from the date of grant if the performance measure is not met, while the TSR Shares will expire in three years from the date of grant if the TSR market condition and three year service condition are not met.

The Company measures the fair value of the GEO Shares based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. In accordance with ASC 718, the measurement date for the GEO Shares will be determined at such time that the performance goals are attained or that it is probable they will be attained. At such time that it is probable that a performance condition will be achieved, compensation expense will be measured by the number of shares that will ultimately be earned based on the grant date market price of our common stock. For shares that were previously estimated to be probable of vesting and are no longer deemed to be probable of vesting, compensation expense is reversed during the period in which it is determined they are no longer probable of vesting. Interim recognition of compensation expense will be made at such time as management can reasonably estimate the number of shares that will be earned.

In accordance with ASC 718, provided the market condition within the TSR Shares, the Company measured the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The fair value of the TSR Shares ($47.37 per share) is multiplied by the target number (100%) of TSR Shares granted to determine total stock‑based compensation expense. Total stock‑based compensation expense of the TSR Shares is amortized on a straight‑line basis over the requisite service period, or three years. Stock‑based compensation expense for the TSR Shares is recognized provided the requisite service period is rendered, regardless of when, if ever, the TSR market condition is satisfied. The Company will reverse previously recognized stock‑based compensation expense attributable to the TSR Shares only if the requisite service period is not met.

A summary of the status of the Company’s non‑vested Performance Shares at maximum (200%) attainment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, is presented below:

|  |  |  | Weighted-
|  |  |  | Average
|  | Number of |  | Grant Date
|  | Shares |  | Fair Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2018 |  | 184,664 |  | $ | 61.75
Granted |  | 59,820 |  | $ | 62.77
Vested |  | (21,953) |  | $ | 38.12
Forfeited |  | (7,716) |  | $ | 76.01
Non-attainment |  | (59,793) |  | $ | 52.48
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  | 155,022 |  | $ | 68.35

As of June 30, 2019, total unrecognized stock‑based compensation expense related to Performance Shares was approximately $1.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over the average remaining vesting period of 1.9 years.

Restricted Stock

Officers, non‑executive directors and certain employees may be granted shares of restricted stock that vest on continued service alone (“Restricted Stock”). During fiscal 2019, officers and certain employees were granted 32,840 shares of Restricted Stock. Restricted Stock granted to officers and certain employees vest over three years beginning after a two‑year holding period from the date of grant with one‑third of the shares vesting in years three, four and five,

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respectively. Also, our non‑executive directors were granted 10,620 shares of Restricted Stock during fiscal year 2019. The non‑executive directors’ shares of Restricted Stock vest 50% immediately and 50% one year after the date of grant.

The Company measures the fair value of the Restricted Stock based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. Restricted Stock is amortized over the applicable vesting period using the straight‑line method. Unvested shares of Restricted Stock are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment or service with the Company.

A summary of the status of the Company’s non‑vested Restricted Stock for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, is presented below:

|  |  |  | Weighted-
|  |  |  | Average
|  | Number of |  | Grant Date
|  | Shares |  | Fair Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2018 |  | 144,783 |  | $ | 72.94
Granted |  | 43,460 |  | $ | 77.96
Vested |  | (39,297) |  | $ | 62.32
Forfeited |  | (5,977) |  | $ | 78.95
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  | 142,969 |  | $ | 77.13

As of June 30, 2019, total unrecognized stock‑based compensation expense related to Restricted Stock was approximately $4.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted‑average vesting period of 3.0 years.

8. EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)

Basic earnings (loss) per common share were computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock‑based compensation awards that contain non‑forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two‑class method. The Company’s unvested restricted stock awards contain non‑forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. The Company’s unexercised stock options, unexercised SSARs and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two‑class method, the earnings (loss) used to determine basic earnings (loss) per common share are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two‑class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share.

The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the period:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (in thousands, except per share data)
Net income (loss) available to Royal Gold common stockholders |  | $ | 93,825 |  | $ | (113,134) |  | $ | 101,530
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS |  |  | 65,394,627 |  |  | 65,291,855 |  |  | 65,152,782
Effect of other dilutive securities |  |  | 110,908 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,171
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS |  |  | 65,505,535 |  |  | 65,291,855 |  |  | 65,277,953
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | 1.55

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9. INCOME TAXES

For financial reporting purposes, Income (loss) before income taxes includes the following components:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
United States |  | $ | (3,776) |  | $ | (39,662) |  | $ | 15,253
Foreign |  |  | 110,353 |  |  | (64,917) |  |  | 103,613
|  | $ | 106,577 |  | $ | (104,579) |  | $ | 118,866

The Company’s Income tax expense consisted of:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | (6,974) |  | $ | 24,621 |  | $ | 13,975
State |  |  | (13) |  |  | 253 |  |  | 308
Foreign |  |  | 26,230 |  |  | 22,741 |  |  | 10,602
|  | $ | 19,243 |  | $ | 47,615 |  | $ | 24,885
Deferred and others: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 916 |  | $ | (2,253) |  | $ | (1,443)
State |  |  | 17 |  |  | (223) |  |  | (18)
Foreign |  |  | (2,678) |  |  | (30,367) |  |  | 3,017
|  | $ | (1,745) |  | $ | (32,843) |  | $ | 1,556
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 17,498 |  | $ | 14,772 |  | $ | 26,441

The provision for income taxes for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable United States statutory federal income tax rate to pre‑tax income (net of non‑controlling interest in income of consolidated subsidiary and loss from equity investment) from operations as a result of the following differences:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Total expense computed by applying federal rates |  | $ | 22,381 |  | $ | (29,343) |  | $ | 41,603
State and provincial income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 135 |  |  | (104) |  |  | 78
Excess depletion |  |  | (867) |  |  | (1,440) |  |  | (1,517)
Estimates for uncertain tax positions |  |  | 3,180 |  |  | 8,574 |  |  | 2,870
Statutory tax attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 3,162
Effect of foreign earnings |  |  | (6,921) |  |  | 1,230 |  |  | 3,046
Effect of foreign earnings indefinitely reinvested |  |  | — |  |  | (19,004) |  |  | (22,922)
Realized foreign exchange gains |  |  | — |  |  | 18,330 |  |  | —
Unrealized foreign exchange gains |  |  | (38) |  |  | (1,610) |  |  | (746)
Effects of US income tax reform |  |  | — |  |  | 30,675 |  |  | —
Changes in estimates |  |  | (1,538) |  |  | (70) |  |  | (3,676)
Valuation allowance |  |  | (47) |  |  | 6,337 |  |  | 4,374
Other |  |  | 200 |  |  | (539) |  |  | 169
|  | $ | 17,498 |  | $ | 14,772 |  | $ | 26,441

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The current year effective tax rate includes the impact of changes in estimates primarily due to the Company’s analysis of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, partially offset by the effect of the newly enacted global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) tax regime.

The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards, which give rise to our deferred tax assets and liabilities at June 30, 2019 and 2018, are as follows:

|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 1,118 |  | $ | 805
Net operating losses |  |  | 56 |  |  | 1,933
Foreign tax credits |  |  | 11,125 |  |  | 11,172
Other |  |  | 7,960 |  |  | 7,346
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 20,259 |  |  | 21,256
Valuation allowance |  |  | (12,764) |  |  | (12,811)
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 7,495 |  | $ | 8,445
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Mineral property basis |  | $ | (74,360) |  | $ | (74,274)
Unrealized foreign exchange gains |  |  | (582) |  |  | (664)
2019 Notes |  |  | — |  |  | (2,631)
Investment in Peak Gold joint venture |  |  | (4,353) |  |  | (4,359)
Other |  |  | (150) |  |  | (213)
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (79,445) |  |  | (82,141)
Total net deferred taxes |  | $ | (71,950) |  | $ | (73,696)

The Company reviews the measurement of its deferred tax assets at each balance sheet date. The Company’s analysis indicates a cumulative three-years of historical losses in the U.S., primarily as the result of fiscal year 2018 impairments of certain non-producing assets. Considering all available positive and negative evidence, including but not limited to recent earnings history and forecasted future results, the Company believes it is more likely-than-not that all net deferred tax assets not currently burdened with a valuation allowance will be fully realized. As of June 30, 2019, and 2018, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $12.8 million. The valuation allowance remaining at June 30, 2019 is attributable to US foreign tax credits and capital loss carryforwards in non‑US subsidiaries.

At June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $0.2 million and $7.1 million of net operating loss carry forwards, respectively. The decrease in the net operating loss carry forwards is primarily attributable to the utilization of net operating losses by non‑U.S. subsidiaries. The majority of the tax loss carry forwards are in jurisdictions that allow a twenty-year carry forward period. As a result, these losses do not begin to expire until the 2038 tax year, and the Company anticipates the losses will be fully utilized.

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

As of June 30, 2019, and 2018, the Company had $36.5 million and $36.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. If recognized, these unrecognized tax benefits would positively impact the Company’s effective income tax rate. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Total gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year |  | $ | 36,346 |  | $ | 28,542 |  | $ | 26,960
Additions / Reductions for tax positions of current year |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 1,394
Additions / Reductions for tax positions of prior years |  |  | (912) |  |  | 6,180 |  |  | 188
Reductions due to settlements with taxing authorities |  |  | (596) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | —
Total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of year |  | $ | 36,547 |  | $ | 36,346 |  | $ | 28,542

The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal, state and local, and non‑U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years before 2014. As a result of (i) statutes of limitation that will begin to expire within the next 12 months in various jurisdictions, (ii) possible settlements of audit‑related issues with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions with respect to which none of the issues are individually significant, and (iii) additional accrual of exposure and interest on existing items, the Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of its net unrecognized income tax benefits will not decrease in the next 12 months.

The Company’s continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of its income tax expense. At June 30, 2019 and 2018, the amount of accrued income‑tax‑related interest and penalties was $12.6 million and $9.8 million, respectively. The gross unrecognized tax benefits reflected in the tabular reconciliation do not include interest and penalties and are not reduced by advanced deposits of $12.6 million made to taxing authorities.

10. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

The Company’s supplemental cash flow information for the fiscal years ending June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Amounts in thousands)
Cash paid (received) during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 10,638 |  | $ | 16,049 |  | $ | 18,999
Income taxes, net of refunds |  | $ | 44,435 |  | $ | (3,058) |  | $ | 26,835
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared |  | $ | 68,473 |  | $ | 64,814 |  | $ | 62,064

11. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 are described below:

Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model‑derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) by level within the fair value hierarchy.

|  | As of June 30, 2019
|  | Carrying |  | Fair Value
|  | Amount |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets (In thousands): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities(1) |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Total assets |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | 15,984 |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

| (1) |  | Included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s marketable equity securities classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy are valued using quoted market prices in active markets. The fair value of the Level 1 marketable equity securities is calculated as the quoted market price of the marketable equity security multiplied by the quantity of shares held by the Company. The carrying value of the Company’s revolving credit facility (Note 5) approximates fair value as of June 30, 2019.

As of June 30, 2019, the Company also had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non‑recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, intangible assets and other long‑lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs. Refer to Note 4 for discussion of inputs used to develop fair value for those stream and royalty interests that were determined to be impaired during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019.

12. MAJOR SOURCES OF REVENUE

Operators that contributed greater than 10% of the Company’s total revenue for any of fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017 were as follows (revenue amounts in thousands):

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019 |  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018 |  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017 |
|  |  |  |  | Percentage of |  |  |  |  | Percentage of |  |  |  |  | Percentage of |
|  |  |  |  | total |  |  |  |  | total |  |  |  |  | total |
Operator |  | Revenue |  | revenue |  | Revenue |  | revenue |  | Revenue |  | revenue |
Centerra |  | $ | 101,011 |  | 23.9 | % | $ | 133,534 |  | 29.1 | % | $ | 136,737 |  | 31.0 | %
Barrick |  |  | 99,283 |  | 23.5 | % |  | 108,285 |  | 23.6 | % |  | 104,009 |  | 23.6 | %
Teck |  |  | 69,264 |  | 16.4 | % |  | 57,413 |  | 12.5 | % |  | 60,251 |  | 13.7 | %

13. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company manages its business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Royal Gold’s long‑lived assets (stream and

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

royalty interests, net) as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of June 30, 2018
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total stream |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total stream
|  | Stream |  | Royalty |  | and royalty |  | Stream |  | Royalty |  |  |  |  | and royalty
|  | interest |  | interest |  | interests, net |  | interest |  | interest |  | Impairments |  | interests, net
Canada |  | $ | 767,749 |  | $ | 200,251 |  | $ | 968,000 |  | $ | 809,500 |  | $ | 214,562 |  | $ | (284) |  | $ | 1,023,778
Dominican Republic |  |  | 451,585 |  |  | — |  |  | 451,585 |  |  | 495,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 495,460
Chile |  |  | 301,507 |  |  | 214,226 |  |  | 515,733 |  |  | 328,331 |  |  | 453,306 |  |  | (239,080) |  |  | 542,557
Africa |  |  | 89,555 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 89,876 |  |  | 104,874 |  |  | 502 |  |  | — |  |  | 105,376
Mexico |  |  | — |  |  | 83,748 |  |  | 83,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,277 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,277
United States |  |  | — |  |  | 163,398 |  |  | 163,398 |  |  | — |  |  | 165,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 165,543
Australia |  |  | — |  |  | 31,944 |  |  | 31,944 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,254
Rest of world |  |  | 12,039 |  |  | 22,993 |  |  | 35,032 |  |  | 12,039 |  |  | 28,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,872
Total |  | $ | 1,622,435 |  | $ | 716,881 |  | $ | 2,339,316 |  | $ | 1,750,204 |  | $ | 990,277 |  | $ | (239,364) |  | $ | 2,501,117

The Company’s reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands):

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2019
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion |  | Segment gross profit
Stream interests |  | $ | 305,824 |  | $ | 77,535 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 127,770 |  | $ | 100,519
Royalty interests |  |  | 117,232 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,112 |  |  | 35,086 |  |  | 78,034
Total |  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 77,535 |  | $ | 4,112 |  | $ | 162,856 |  | $ | 178,553

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion |  | Segment gross profit
Stream interests |  | $ | 324,516 |  | $ | 83,839 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 129,662 |  | $ | 111,015
Royalty interests |  |  | 134,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 33,924 |  |  | 98,334
Total |  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | 83,839 |  | $ | 2,268 |  | $ | 163,586 |  | $ | 209,349

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2017
|  | Revenue |  | Cost of sales |  | Production taxes |  | Depletion |  | Segment gross profit
Stream interests |  | $ | 314,011 |  | $ | 87,265 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 121,530 |  | $ | 105,216
Royalty interests |  |  | 126,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 38,023 |  |  | 87,020
Total |  | $ | 440,814 |  | $ | 87,265 |  | $ | 1,760 |  | $ | 159,553 |  | $ | 192,236

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income (loss) before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands):

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017
Total segment gross profit |  | $ | 178,553 |  | $ | 209,349 |  | $ | 192,236
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 30,488 |  |  | 35,464 |  |  | 33,350
Exploration costs |  |  | 7,158 |  |  | 8,946 |  |  | 12,861
Depreciation |  |  | 200 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 83
Impairment of royalty interests |  |  | — |  |  | 239,364 |  |  | —
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 140,707 |  |  | (74,535) |  |  | 145,942
Fair value changes in equity securities |  |  | (6,800) |  |  | — |  |  | —
Interest and other income |  |  | 2,320 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  | 9,302
Interest and other expense |  |  | (29,650) |  |  | (34,214) |  |  | (36,378)
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 106,577 |  | $ | (104,579) |  | $ | 118,866

The Company’s revenue by reportable segment for the fiscal year’s ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):

|  | Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stream interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | $ | 123,152 |  | $ | 142,244 |  | $ | 136,736
Dominican Republic |  |  | 82,844 |  |  | 95,055 |  |  | 91,589
Chile |  |  | 69,264 |  |  | 57,413 |  |  | 60,251
Africa |  |  | 30,564 |  |  | 29,804 |  |  | 25,435
Total stream interests |  | $ | 305,824 |  | $ | 324,516 |  | $ | 314,011
Royalty interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 34,845 |  | $ | 39,496 |  | $ | 35,282
Canada |  |  | 32,602 |  |  | 24,254 |  |  | 23,208
Mexico |  |  | 27,224 |  |  | 42,959 |  |  | 41,945
Australia |  |  | 12,806 |  |  | 13,710 |  |  | 12,943
Africa |  |  | 1,416 |  |  | 2,098 |  |  | 3,131
Chile |  |  | — |  |  | 473 |  |  | 1,648
Rest of world |  |  | 8,339 |  |  | 11,536 |  |  | 8,646
Total royalty interests |  | $ | 117,232 |  | $ | 134,526 |  | $ | 126,803
Total revenue |  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | 440,814

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ROYAL GOLD, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Khoemacau Silver Stream Acquisition

As of June 30, 2019, the Company’s conditional funding schedule for $212 million related to the Base Silver Stream pursuant to its Khoemacau silver stream acquisition made in February 2019 (Note 3) remains subject to certain conditions.

Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition

As of June 30, 2019, the Company’s conditional funding schedule, of $163.75 million as part of its Ilovica gold stream acquisition in October 2014 remains subject to certain conditions.

15. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

The following is a summary of selected quarterly financial information (unaudited). Some amounts in the below table may not sum‑up in total as a result of rounding.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Operating |  | attributable to |  | Basic earnings |  | Diluted earnings
|  |  |  |  | income |  | Royal Gold |  | (loss) per |  | (loss) per
|  | Revenue |  | (loss) |  | stockholders |  | share |  | share
|  | (Amounts in thousands except per share data)
Fiscal year 2019 quarter-ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, |  | $ | 99,992 |  | $ | 25,333 |  | $ | 15,008 |  | $ | 0.23 |  | $ | 0.23
December 31, |  |  | 97,592 |  |  | 31,449 |  |  | 23,586 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.36
March 31, |  |  | 109,778 |  |  | 43,201 |  |  | 28,772 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 0.44
June 30, |  |  | 115,694 |  |  | 40,724 |  |  | 26,459 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 0.40
|  | $ | 423,056 |  | $ | 140,707 |  | $ | 93,825 |  | $ | 1.43 |  | $ | 1.43
Fiscal year 2018 quarter-ended: |  | (Amounts in thousands except per share data)
September 30, |  | $ | 112,476 |  | $ | 41,720 |  | $ | 28,631 |  | $ | 0.44 |  | $ | 0.44
December 31, |  |  | 114,348 |  |  | 40,962 |  |  | (14,765) |  |  | (0.23) |  |  | (0.23)
March 31, |  |  | 115,983 |  |  | (193,464) |  |  | (153,650) |  |  | (2.35) |  |  | (2.35)
June 30, |  |  | 116,235 |  |  | 36,247 |  |  | 26,650 |  |  | 0.41 |  |  | 0.41
|  | $ | 459,042 |  | $ | (74,535) |  | $ | (113,134) |  | $ | (1.73) |  | $ | (1.73)

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of June 30, 2019, the Company’s management, with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy (the principal financial and accounting officer) of the Company, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy have concluded that, as of June 30, 2019, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the required time periods and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Disclosure controls and procedures involve human diligence and compliance and are subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. As a result, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on management’s assessment and those criteria, management concluded that, as of June 30, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Our management, including our President and Chief Executive Office (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy (the principal financial and accounting officer), does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019.

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(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a‑15(f) under the Exchange Act during our fourth fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2019, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

(d) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Royal Gold, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Royal Gold, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Royal Gold, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated August 8, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Denver, Colorado
August 8, 2019

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2019, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

The Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics within the meaning of Item 406 of Regulation S‑K adopted by the SEC under the Exchange Act that applies to our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer is available on the Company’s website at www.royalgold.com and in print without charge to any stockholder who requests a copy. Requests for copies should be directed to Royal Gold, Inc., Attention: Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, 1660 Wynkoop Street, Suite 1000, Denver, Colorado, 80202. The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirements of Item 5.05 of Form 8‑K regarding any amendment to, or a waiver from, a provision of the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by posting such information on the Company’s website.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2019, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2019, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2019, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item is included in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Stockholders Meeting to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2019, and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) Financial Statements

Index to Financial Statements

|  | Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | 50
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 52
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 53
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity |  | 54
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 55
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 56

(b) Exhibits

Reference is made to the Exhibit Index beginning on page 84 hereof.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

The optional summary in Item 16 has not been included in this Form 10-K.

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Exhibit Index

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 3, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended on August 28, 2014 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on September 4, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on September 10, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.4 |  | Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of the Special Voting Preferred Stock of Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on February 23, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.1 |  | Form of common stock certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on May 3, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.1▲ |  | 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 3, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.2▲ |  | 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on November 16, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.3▲ |  | 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Royal Gold’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on July 20, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.4▲ |  | Royal Gold Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Royal Gold’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on July 20, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.5▲ |  | Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Tony Jensen (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on July 8, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.6▲ |  | Form of Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and each of the following: William Heissenbuttel and Bruce Kirchhoff (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on July 8, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.7▲ |  | Form of First Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and each of the following: William Heissenbuttel, Tony Jensen and Bruce Kirchhoff (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q filed on February 8, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.8▲ |  | Employment Contract effective January 1, 2019, by and between RGLD Gold AG and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on January 7, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.9▲ |  | Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2019, by and between Royal Gold Corporation and Mark Isto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on February 20, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.10▲ |  | Form of Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement entered into between Royal Gold, Inc. or certain subsidiaries and the directors and executive officers thereof (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on September 4, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.11▲ |  | Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.12▲ |  | Performance Share Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.13▲ |  | Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan in the form entered into by and between Royal Gold, Inc. and Daniel Breeze (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.14▲ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.15▲ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.16▲ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.17▲ |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.18▲ |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.19▲ |  | Form of Performance Share Award Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.20▲ |  | Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 1, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.21▲ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.58 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.22▲ |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.59 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.23▲ |  | Form of Amendment to Equity Award Agreements under Royal Gold's 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.24▲ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.57 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.25▲ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.58 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.26▲ |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.59 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.27▲ |  | Form of Performance Share Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.60 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.28▲ |  | Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2015 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.61 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on August 10, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.29▲ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on September 3, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.30▲ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on September 3, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.31▲ |  | Form of Performance Share Agreement (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on September 3, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.32▲ |  | Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement—Stock Settled (Officer) under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on September 3, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.33▲ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on November 7, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.34▲ |  | Form of Non‑qualified Stock Option Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on November 7, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.35▲ |  | Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement under Royal Gold’s 2004 Omnibus Long‑Term Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Royal Gold’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed on November 7, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.36 |  | Royalty Agreement between Royal Gold, Inc. and the Cortez Joint Venture dated April 1, 1999 (filed as part of Item 5 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on April 12, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.37 |  | Firm offer to purchase royalty interest of “Idaho Group” between Royal Gold, Inc. and Idaho Group dated July 22, 1999 (filed as Attachment A to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on September 2, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.38 |  | Royalty Deed and Agreement, dated effective as of April 15, 1991, between ECM, Inc. and Royal Crescent Valley, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10(1) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended June 30, 1991 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.39 |  | Form of Agreement for Assignment of Partnership Interest in Crescent Valley Partners, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on January 8, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.40 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement for Peñasquito and Other Royalties among Minera Kennecott S.A. DE C.V., Kennecott Exploration Company and Royal Gold, Inc., dated December 28, 2006 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q on February 9, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.41 |  | Contract for Assignment of Rights Granted, by Minera Kennecott, S.A. de C.V. Represented in this Agreement by Mr. Dave F. Simpson, and Minera Peñasquito, S.A. de C.V., Represented in this Agreement by Attorney, Jose Maria Gallardo Tamayo (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q on February 9, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.42† |  | Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGL Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of December 14, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on December 15, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.43† |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of August 8, 2012 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K on August 9, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.44 |  | Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Royal Gold, Inc., RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. and Terrane Metals Corp. dated as of December 11, 2014 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q on January 29, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
10.45 |  | Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated October 20, 2016, among RGLD Gold AG, Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. and Royal Gold, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on November 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.46 |  | Long Term Offtake Agreement, dated July 9 2015, between Compania Minera Teck Carmen de Andacollo and RGLD Gold AG (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 5, 2015)
10.47 |  | Precious Metals Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated August 5, 2015, among RGLD Gold AG, BGC Holdings Ltd. and Barrick Gold Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Royal Gold’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 5, 2015)
10.48 |  | Intercreditor Agreement, dated October 20, 2016, among The Bank of Nova Scotia for the Senior Debt Secured Parties identified therein, RGLD Gold AG and Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on November 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.49 |  | Revolving Facility Credit Agreement, dated June 2, 2017, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Mexico, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent for the lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.50 |  | Revolving Facility Credit Agreement Amendment dated May 15, 2018, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Royalties, LLC (f/k/a RG Mexico, Inc.), Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto, and the Bank of Nova Scotia, as administrative agent for the lenders
10.51 |  | Second Amendment to Revolving Facility Credit Agreement dated June 3, 2019, among Royal Gold, Inc., RG Royalties, LLC (f/k/a RG Mexico, Inc.), Royal Gold International Holdings, Inc. RGLD UK Holdings Limited, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and the Bank of Nova Scotia, as administrative agent for the lenders (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.52 |  | Pledge Agreement by Royal Gold, Inc. in favor of The Bank of Nova Scotia, dated June 2, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.53 |  | Pledge Agreement by Royal Gold, Inc. in favor of The Bank of Nova Scotia, dated June 2, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)
10.54 |  | Share Pledge Agreement by Royal Gold, Inc. in favor of The Bank of Nova Scotia, dated June 2, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 6, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)

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Exhibit Number |  | Description
21.1* |  | Royal Gold and Its Subsidiaries
23.1* |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1* |  | Certification of President and Chief Executive Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002
32.1* |  | Written Statement of the President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002
32.2* |  | Written Statement of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* | Filed or furnished herewith.
▲ | Identifies each management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
† | Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted by redacting a portion of the text (indicated by asterisks in the text). This exhibit has been filed separately with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ TONY JENSEN
|  | Tony Jensen
|  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ TONY JENSEN
|  | Tony Jensen
|  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ WILLIAM HEISSENBUTTEL
|  | William H. Heissenbuttel
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Strategy (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ WILLIAM M. HAYES
|  | William M. Hayes
|  | Chairman
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ KEVIN MCARTHUR
|  | Kevin McArthur
|  | Director
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ JAMIE SOKALSKY
|  | Jamie Sokalsky
|  | Director
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ CHRIS M.T. THOMPSON
|  | Chris M. T. Thompson
|  | Director
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ RONALD J. VANCE
|  | Ronald J. Vance
|  | Director
Date: August 8, 2019 | By: | /s/ SYBIL VEENMAN
|  | Sybil Veenman
|  | Director

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