13.	Financial instruments

We operate internationally and enter into intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Consequently, we are subject to market risk arising from exchange rate movements between the dates foreign currencies are recorded and the dates they are settled. We regularly use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce our risks related to most of these transactions. These contracts usually have maturities of 90 days or less and generally require us to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. dollars at maturity, at rates stated in the contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Gains and losses on foreign currency forward contracts are recorded in “Other – net” on the Consolidated Statement of Income together with the transaction gain or loss from the hedged balance sheet position. For the three months ended April 30, 2016, we recognized losses of $564 on foreign currency forward contracts and gains of $53 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. For the three months ended April 30, 2015, we recognized gains of $1,114 on foreign currency forward contracts and losses of $1,669 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. For the six months ended April 30, 2016, we recognized gains of $863 on foreign currency forward contracts and losses of $336 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. For the six months ended April 30, 2015, we recognized gains of $1,503 on foreign currency forward contracts and losses of $2,065 from the change in value of balance sheet positions.

The following table summarizes, by currency, the foreign currency forward contracts outstanding at April 30, 2016:

	Sell				Buy
	Notional Amounts		Fair Market Value		Notional Amounts		Fair Market Value
Euro	$	156,421	$	159,684	$	56,686	$	57,379
British pound		40,915		42,101		37,012		37,817
Japanese yen		26,671		27,596		17,317		18,075
Australian dollar		190		190		6,936		7,367
Hong Kong dollar		—		—		66,336		66,449
Singapore dollar		1,170		1,215		11,601		12,128
Others		4,455		4,522		23,477		24,142
Total	$	229,822	$	235,308	$	219,365	$	223,357

The carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments at April, 30, 2016, other than receivables and accounts payable, are shown in the table below. The carrying values of receivables and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

	Carrying Amount			Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,919		$	47,919
Notes payable		7,241			7,241
Long-term debt, including current maturities		1,065,774			1,075,201
Foreign currency forward contracts (net)		(1,493	)		(1,493	)

We used the following methods and assumptions in estimating the fair value of financial instruments:

Cash, cash equivalents and notes payable are valued at their carrying amounts due to the relatively short period to maturity of the instruments.

Long-term debt is valued by discounting future cash flows at currently available rates for borrowing arrangements with similar terms and conditions, which are considered to be Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.

Foreign currency forward contracts are valued using observable market based inputs, which are considered to be Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.