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Stock-based compensation (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Apr. 30, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Summarized Activity Related to Stock Options
The following table summarizes activity related to stock options for the six months ended April 30, 2022:
 Number of
Options
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price 
Per Share
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Term
Outstanding at October 31, 20211,235$130.93 
Granted83267.51 
Exercised(68)115.99 
Forfeited or expired(14)204.77 
Outstanding at April 30, 20221,236$140.12 $97,385 5.8 years
Expected to vest380$185.05 $15,565 7.5 years
Exercisable at April 30, 2022854$119.99 $81,711 5.0 years
Fair Value Assumptions of Stock Options
The fair value of each option grant was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
Six Months Ended
April 30, 2022April 30, 2021
Expected volatility30.6%-30.8%30.8%-32.6%
Expected dividend yield0.76%-0.76%0.83%-0.85%
Risk-free interest rate1.36%-1.47%0.43%-0.77%
Expected life of the option (in years)5.3-6.25.3-6.2
Summarized Activity Related to Restricted Stock
The following table summarizes activity related to restricted shares during the six months ended April 30, 2022:
 Number of SharesWeighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Restricted shares at October 31, 202119 $157.36 
Vested(10)146.50
Restricted shares at April 30, 2022$171.11 
Summarized Activity Related to Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes activity related to restricted share units during the six months ended April 30, 2022:
 Number of UnitsWeighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Restricted share units at October 31, 202167 $202.81 
Granted41 263.75
Forfeited(8)221.84
Vested(15)201.79
Restricted share units at April 30, 202285 $230.34 
Summarized Activity Related to Director Deferred Compensation Shares
The following table summarizes activity related to director deferred compensation share equivalent units during the six months ended April 30, 2022:
 Number of SharesWeighted-Average
Grant Date Fair
Value
Outstanding at October 31, 2021106 $68.11 
Distributions(7)48.01
Outstanding at April 30, 202299 $70.81